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Section 1Science and the Environment
Section 1: Understanding Our Environment
Preview
Bellringer
Objectives
What Is Environmental Science?
The Goals of Environmental Science
Many Fiels of St!y
Scientists as "iti#ens$ "iti#ens as Scientists
O!r Environment Thro!gh Time
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Preview, Continued
%!nter&Gatherers
The 'gric!lt!ral (evol!tion
The In!strial (evol!tion
Im)roving the *!ality of +ife
S)aceshi) Earth
,o)!lation Gro-th
What are o!r Main Environmental ,roblems?
Section 1: Understanding Our Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Preview, Continued
(eso!rce .e)letion
,oll!tion
+oss of Bioiversity
Section 1: Understanding Our Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Bellringer
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Objectives
Defineenvironmental science an com)are
environmental science -ith ecology/
istthe five major fiels of st!y that contrib!te to
environmental science/
Describethe major environmental effects of h!nter&
gatherers$ the agric!lt!ral revol!tion$ an the In!strial
(evol!tion/
Distinguishbet-een rene-able an nonrene-able
reso!rces/
!lassif"environmental )roblems into three major
categories/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
#hat $s Environmental Science%
Environmental Scienceis the st!y of the air$ -ater$
an lan s!rro!ning an organism or a comm!nity$
-hich ranges from a small area to Earth0s entire
bios)here/
It incl!es the st!y of the im)act of h!mans on the
environment/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he 'oals of Environmental Science
' major goal of environmental science is to !nerstan
an solve environmental )roblems/
To accom)lish this goal$ environmental scientists st!y
t-o main ty)es of interactions bet-een h!mans an
their environment1
23 %o- o!r actions alter o!r environment/
43 The !se of nat!ral reso!rces/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
(an" )ields of Stud"
Environmental science is an interisci)linary science$
-hich means that it involves many fiels of st!y/
Im)ortant to the fo!nation of environmental science is
ecology/
Ecolog"is they st!y of interactions of living organisms
-ith one another an -ith their environment/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
(an" )ields of Stud"
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Scientists as !iti*ens, !iti*ens as Scientists
Governments$ b!sinesses$ an cities recogni#e that
st!ying o!r environment is vital to maintaining a healthy
an )ro!ctive society/
Th!s$ environmental scientists are often as5e to share
their research -ith the -orl/
%o-ever the observations of nonscientists are the first
ste)s to-ar aressing an environmental )roblem/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Our Environment &hrough &ime
Wherever h!mans have h!nte$ gro-n foo$ or settle$
they have change the environment/
For e6am)le$ the environmental change that occ!rre on
Manhattan Islan over the last 788 years -as immense$
yet that )erio of time -as j!st a 9blin5: in h!man history/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
+unter'atherers
%!nter&gatherers are )eo)le -ho obtain foo by
collecting )lants an by h!nting -il animals or
scavenging their remains/
%!nter&gatherers affect their environment in many
-ays1
23 ;ative 'merican tribes h!nte b!ffalo/
43 The tribes also set fires to b!rn )rairies an )revent
the gro- of trees/ This left the )rairie as an o)engrasslan ieal for h!nting bison/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
+unter'atherers
In ;orth 'merica$ a combination of ra)i climate
changes an overh!nting by h!nter&gatherers may have
le to the isa))earance of some large mammal
s)ecies$ incl!ing1
23 giant sloths
43 giant bison
73 mastoons
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he -gricultural .evolution
-gricultureis the raising of cro)s an livestoc5 for foo
or for other )ro!cts that are !sef!l to h!mans/
The )ractice of agric!lt!re starte in many ifferent )arts
of the -orl over 28$888 years ago/
The change ha s!ch a ramatic im)act on h!man
societies an their environment that it is often calle the
agric!lt!ral revol!tion/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he -gricultural .evolution
The agric!lt!ral revol!tion allo-e h!man )o)!lations to
gro- at an !n)receente rate/
's )o)!lations gre-$ they began to concentrate in
smaller areas )lacing increase )ress!re on the local
environments/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he -gricultural .evolution
The agric!lt!ral revol!tion change the foo -e eat/
The )lants -e gro- an eat toay are escene from
-il )lants/
%o-ever$ !ring harvest season farmers collecte seesfrom )lants that e6hibite the >!alities they esire$ s!ch
as large 5ernels/
These sees -ere then )lante an harveste again/
Overtime$ the omesticate )lants became very ifferentfrom their -il ancestors/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he -gricultural .evolution
Many habitats -ere estroye as grasslans$ forests$
an -etlans -ere re)lace -ith farmlan/
(e)lacing forest -ith farmlan on a large scale can
ca!se soil loss$ floos$ an -ater shortages/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he -gricultural .evolution
The slash&an&b!rn techni>!e -as one of the earliest-ays that lan -as converte to farmlan/
M!ch of this converte lan -as )oorly farme an is no
longer fertile/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he $ndustrial .evolution
The In!strial (evol!tion involve a shift from energyso!rces s!ch as animals an r!nning -ater to fossil
f!els s!ch as coal an oil/
This increase !se of fossil f!els change society an
greatly increase the efficiency of agric!lt!re$ in!stry$
an trans)ortation/
For e6am)le$ motori#e vehicles allo-e foo to be
trans)orte chea)ly across greater istances/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
&he $ndustrial .evolution
In factories$ the large&scale )ro!ction of goos becameless e6)ensive than the local )ro!ction of hanmae
goos/
On the farm$ machinery re!ce the amo!nt of lan an
h!man labor neee to )ro!ce foo/
With fe-er )eo)le )ro!cing their o-n foo$ the
)o)!lations in !rban areas steaily gre-/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
$m/roving the 0ualit" of ife
The in!strial (evol!tion intro!ce many )ositivechanges s!ch as the light b!lb/
'gric!lt!ral )ro!ctivity increase$ an sanitation$
n!trition$ an meical care vastly im)rove/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
$m/roving the 0ualit" of ife
%o-ever$ the In!strial (evol!tion also intro!ce manyne- environmental )roblems s!ch as )oll!tion an
habitat loss/
In the 288s$ moern societies began to !se artificial
s!bstances in )lace of ra- animals an )lant )ro!cts/
's a res!lt$ -e 5no- have materials s!ch as )lastics$
artificial )esticies$ an fertili#ers/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
$m/roving the 0ualit" of ife
Many of these )ro!cts ma5e life easier$ b!t -e are no-beginning to !nerstan some of the environmental
)roblems they )resent/
In fact$ m!ch of environmental science is concerne -ith
the )roblems associate -ith the In!strial (evol!tion/
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Section 1Science and the Environment
S/aceshi/ Earth
Earth can be com)are to a s)aceshi) traveling thro!ghs)ace as it cannot is)ose of its -aste or ta5e on ne-
s!))lies/
Earth is essentially a close system/
This means that the only thing that enters the Earth0s
atmos)here in large amo!nts is energy from the s!n$
an the only thing that leaves in large amo!nts is heat/
S i d h E i
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Section 1Science and the Environment
S/aceshi/ Earth
This ty)e of close system has some )otential )roblems/
Some reso!rces are limite an as the )o)!lation gro-s
the reso!rces -ill be !se more ra)ily/
There is also the )ossibility that -e -ill )ro!ce -astesmore >!ic5ly than -e can is)ose of them/
S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
S/aceshi/ Earth
Environmental )roblems can occ!r on ifferent scales1local$ regional$ or global/
' local e6am)le -o!l be yo!r comm!nity isc!ssing
-here to b!il a ne- lanfill/
' regional e6am)le -o!l be a )oll!te river 2888
miles a-ay affecting the region0s -ater/
' global e6am)le -o!l be the e)letion of the o#one
layer/
S i 1S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Po/ulation 'rowth
The In!strial (evol!tion$ moern meicine$ ansanitation all allo-e the h!man )o)!lation to gro-
faster than it ever ha before/
S ti 1S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Po/ulation 'rowth
In the )ast =8 years$ nations have !se vast amo!nts ofreso!rces to meet the -orls nee for foo/
,ro!cing eno!gh foo for large )o)!lations has
environmental conse>!ences s!ch as habitat estr!ction
an )esticie )oll!tion/
S ti 1S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Po/ulation 'rowth
Most scientists thin5 that the h!man )o)!lation -illalmost o!ble in the 42st cent!ry before it begins to
stabili#e/
Beca!se of these )reictions$ -e can e6)ect the
)ress!re on the environment -ill contin!e to increase
an the h!man )o)!lation an its nee for foo an
reso!rces gro-/
S ti 1S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
#hat are our (ain Environmental Problems%
Environmental )roblems can generally be gro!)e intothree categories1
23 (eso!rce .e)letion
43 ,oll!tion
73 +oss of Bioiversity
S ti 1S i d th E i t
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Section 1Science and the Environment
.esource De/letion
atural .esourcesare any nat!ral materials that are!se by h!mans$ s!ch as$ -ater$ )etrole!m$ minerals$
forests$ an animals/
;at!ral reso!rces are classifie as either a rene-able
reso!rces or a nonrene-able reso!rce/
S ti 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
.esource De/letion
(ene-able reso!rces canbe re)lace relatively
>!ic5ly by nat!ral )rocess/
;onrene-able reso!rces
form at a m!ch slo-er rate
than they are cons!me/
S ti 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
.esource De/letion
(eso!rces are sai to be e)lete -hen a large fractionof the reso!rce has been !se !)/
Once the s!))ly of a nonrene-able reso!rce has been
!se !)$ it may ta5e millions of years to re)lenish it/
(ene-able reso!rces$ s!ch as trees$ may also be
e)lete ca!sing eforestation in some areas/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Pollution
Pollutionis an !nesirable change in the nat!ralenvironment that is ca!se by the intro!ction of
s!bstances that are harmf!l to living organisms or by
e6cessive -astes$ heat$ noise$ or raiation
M!ch of the )oll!tion that tro!bles !s toay is )ro!ce
by h!man activities an the acc!m!lation of -astes/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Pollution
There are t-o main ty)es of )oll!tants1
Bioegraable )oll!tants$ -hich can be bro5en o-n
by nat!ral )rocesses an incl!e materials s!ch as
ne-s)a)er/
;onegraable )oll!tants$ -hich cannot be bro5en
o-n by nat!ral )rocesses an incl!e materials
s!ch as merc!ry/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
Pollution
.egraable )oll!tants are a )roblem only -hen theyacc!m!late faster than they can be bro5en o-n/
%o-ever$ beca!se nonegraable )oll!tants o not
brea5 o-n easily$ they can b!il !) to angero!s levels
in the environment/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
oss of Biodiversit"
Bioiversity is the variety of organisms in a given area$the genetic variation -ithin a )o)!lation$ the variety of
s)ecies in a comm!nity$ or the variety of comm!nities in
an ecosystem/
The organisms that share the -orl -ith !s can be
consiere nat!ral reso!rces/
We e)en on them for foo$ the o6ygen -e breathe$
an for many other things/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
oss of Biodiversit"
@et$ only a fraction of all the s)ecies that once roamethe Earth are alive toay$ an many are e6tinct/
Scientists thin5 that if the c!rrent e6tinction rates
contin!e$ it may ca!se )roblems for the h!man
)o)!lation/
Many )eo)le also arg!e that all s)ecies have )otential
economic$ scientific$ aesthetics$ an recreational val!e$
so it is im)ortant to )reserve them/
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
'ra/hic Organi*er
Section 1Science and the Environment
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Section 1Science and the Environment
0uic2 -B