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Using and Citing Sources
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Lisa DonohoeProject ManagerEnglish Language and Nonproliferation ProgramJames Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Fall 2007 CIF Workshop
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The Contradictions of Research Writing
Show you have done your research
Appeal to experts and authorities
Improve your English by mimicking what you hear and read
Give credit where credit is due
Write something new and originalImprove upon, or disagree with experts and authoritiesUse your own words, your own voice Make your own significant contribution
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
But…
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Using Existing Knowledge
Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideas
AND/ORParaphrase or quote, and cite– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the
meaning in another form– Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)
Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full source information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.)
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What is Plagiarism? (1)
DeliberatePlagiarism
Probably AccidentalPlagiarism
Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper
Hiring someone to write your paper
Copying from another source without citing(deliberate or accidental)
Using the source too
closely when paraphrasing
Building on someone’s ideas without citation
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
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What is Plagiarism (2)
Plagiarism is representing someone else's work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you use– a whole document– a paragraph– a single sentence– a distinctive phrase– a specialized term– specific data– a graphic element of any kind
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
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What is Plagiarism? (3)
“…[using] an idea developed by another as if it were your own. If you use any work created by someone else as your own without acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in the work with your name on it, thus implying that it is your work, then you commit plagiarism.”
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
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You Need To Cite When You…
Use or refer to someone else’s words or ideasGain information through interviewing another personCopy the exact words or a “unique phrase”Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, videos, musicUse other people’s ideas (printed, or through conversations or email)
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
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You Don’t Need to Cite When You…
Write from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject
Use “common knowledge”--shared information in your field of study
Compile generally accepted facts
Write up your own experimental results
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
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What is “Common Knowledge”
The same information uncited in at least five other sources
Information that your readers will already know
Information a person could easily find with general reference sources (encyclopedia)
General information NOT quoted directly
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
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To cite or not to cite?
Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent and disgusting, confused to utterly certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.
”
Fact/Common KnowledgeHamlet is the source for “To be or not to be.”
Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.” Granta 59, p. 251
Quote“
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with …“the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern of thought…”
Use your own words when you paraphrase, don’t just move things around
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
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Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
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Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Note quotes and proper citation.
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Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
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Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Stop for discussion:Why is this plagiarism?
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Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Even with a citation, this is plagiarism.
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Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
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Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
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Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
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Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
Word substitution
too close
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Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
Word substitution
too closeSame order of
information
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Sentence 2
Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
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Sentence 3
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are.
In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
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Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
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Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...
Citation is still required.
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When Researching, Notetaking, and Interviewing
Mark everything that is someone else’s words with a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marksIndicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Proofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways:
– In-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks, indirect quotations
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:
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When Paraphrasing and Summarizing
First, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.
Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ...Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks:
– "savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system.1
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When Quoting Directly
Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paper
Select those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Put quotation marks around the text that you are quotingOptional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quoteIndicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .)
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When Quoting Indirectly
Keep the person’s name near the text in your notes, and in your paper
Rewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structures than the original text
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that endDouble check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:
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How to Cite
Footnote– Use automatic footnoting in Word– Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or
end of document– According to Langacker,1
In-Text Citation– According to Langacker (1973)
• With an indirect quote, don’t need page number
“…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)With a direct quote, cite page number
1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY:
Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60
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Citing a Photo in a Presentation
Nodong Missile Spacewar.com
On last page of presentation, provide full citations according to regular citation guidelines.
Atomicarchive.com
Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant
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Complete Citation Information
Many styles, but information must include– Author– Title of work– Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)
• Name of publication
– Date of work, date of publication– Page number– For book: Name of publisher, City of publication
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Examples: Book
Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 208.– Name of book in italics
Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1991 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), Table 6-1, p. 96.
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Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.– Name of journal in italics– Title of article in quotes
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
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Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.– Name of journal in italics– Title of article in quotes
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
Volume number
Issue number
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Newspaper & Magazine Articles
Felicity Barringer, “Chernobyl, Five Years Later the Danger Persists,” New York Times Magazine, April 14, 1991, pp. 28, 32.
Reuters, “Iraq Asks UN to Ease Hardships, Lift Sanctions,” Lost Angeles Times, February 9, 1993, p. A9.
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Reports & Resolutions
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Report of the Secretary-General, UN General Assembly document A/48/344, October 11, 1993.
UN Security Council resolution 687, April 3, 1991.
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Internet
Web site– “Strutktura,” SRIAR Website,
<http://www.niiar.simbirsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm.
Print publication on Web– Astrid Forland, “Norway’s Nuclear Odyssey,”
Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htm>.
Online periodical– Svetlana Dobrynina, “Prodayetsya kvartira dlya mirnogo
atoma,” Nezavisimaya gazeta online edition, July 24, 1999, <http://home.eastview.com/news/ng/>.
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Treaties
U.S. Department of State, “Nuclear Weapons Test Ban,” August 5, 1963.
“Denmark and Italy: Convention Concerning Military Service,” July 15, 1954.
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Interviews
Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary, James Chemical Engineering, Groton, Connecticut, telephone conversation with author, July 31, 1991.
Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.
Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.
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Sources
Purdue University Online Writing Lab website,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html“Graduate Honor System,” Graduate Honor System website, Virginia Tech, http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.htmlJames Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Style Guide,” Nonproliferation Review, http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdfBunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History, Political Science, Education, English (Stamford Campus) website, University of Connecticut, http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html