1. Water

O

H

H

Due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less

dense and able to float

Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

They are held together by polar bonds which give a slight + and – charge to opposite sides

Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most substances dissolve in it.

Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, with the force of attraction coming between opposite poles

1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst. Which property of

water causes this to occur?

• a. Water is a universal solvent

• b. Water changes temperatures rapidly

• c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid

• d. Water is a nonpolar molecule

2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A gives it the ability to attract

water molecules?

a. acidityb. conductivityc. densityd. polarity

Structure A

2. Macromolecules

Four Basic Macromolecules

ProteinsNucleic Acids

LipidsCarbohydrate

Make up sugars

Used for Energy

Used to create proteins

Glucose created in photosynthesis

Used in cellular respiration

Steroids, hormones, fats,

waxes

Make up cell membranes

Subunits:Fatty acids

Subunits:Nucleotides

Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Guanine, & Cytosine on both

DNA and RNA DNA: ThymineRNA: Uracil

Make up DNA & RNA

Subunits:Simple Sugars

Stores genetic info

Subunits:Amino Acids

Created in the ribosomes

Make up enzymes

The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to

a. form cell membranes

b. catalyze cellular reactions

c. supply energy for the body

d. provide building blocks for proteins

Which of these supply the main energy source used in cellular respiration?

a. Lipidsb. amino acidsc. nucleic acidsd. carbohydrates

The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape. What is the main structural

component of the cell wall of a plant?

a. Lipidb. Cellulosec. amino acidd. nucleic acid

Which statement describes the major role of lipids within a

cell?

a. They cause DNA to replicateb. The move RNA in the cytoplasmc. The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell

cytoplasmd. The are the main structural components of

membranes

A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids.

Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids

a. Proteinsb. Carbohydratesc. Lipidsd. minerals

Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA

molecule?

a. fatty acidsb. Nucleotidesc. amino acidsd. chromosomes

Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds during the winter

months. Some of the carbohydrates in the cardinal’s diet come from these

seeds. Describe:

- the building blocks of carbohydrates- how the sunflower produce carbohydrates

- how carbohydrates are used by living organisms

• +1 building block of carbs are sugars• +1/2 identify photosynthesis as process

that produces carbs• +1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by

chloroplasts to get initial energy• +1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the

waste products• +1/2 living organisms use cellular

respiration to create energy• +1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down

to create ATP• +1/2 ATP used as energy

3. Enzymes

Reactants ProductsReaction

Enzymes:

• A molecule that increases the speed of a biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction

Enzyme

SubstrateActive Site

Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action

Temperature pHAmount of Substrate

Amount of Enzymes

What molecules control the reaction rate of

photosynthesis?

a. Sugarsb. Enzymesc. Fatty acidsd. Nucleic acids

Which of these most affected in the cells of goldfish when the

water temperature is lowered?

a. enzyme activityb. pH levelc. DNA base sequenced. Salt concentration

The table below lists the enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and

the normal pH and temperature ranges of these locations:

Location of Enzyme Enzyme pH Ranges of location Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location

Mouth Salivary amylase 6.0-7.0 36.7-37.0

Stomach Pepsin 2.0-3.0 37.3-37.6

Small Intestine Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase

7.5-9.0 37.3-37.6

- Use your understanding of the structure and function of enzymes to:

- Predict how the activity of pepsin will change after it moves from the stomach to the small intestine

- Explain your prediction using data from t he tableDescribe how change sin pH and temperature affect enzyme

activityPredict how a fever of 40 degrees Celsius would affect enzyme

activity

• +1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine

• +1/2 this is due to an increase in pH• +1/2 data used from table• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain

temperature• +1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting

active site• +1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above

temperature range of all listed enzymes• +1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature

increase

4. Cells

Organelle Buzz Word Function

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Ribosome

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Lysosome

Energy production

Control center

Protein Synthesis

Cell Transport /Diffusion/OsmosisMade of lipids

Protection & structure/made of celluloseTraps Sun/creates sugars

Storage

Cell Digestion

Plant Cell:

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Animal Cell:

Lysosome

No Cell Wall

Eukaryotic

Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to this toxin cannot carry out many of their

normal processes:Which of these cell organelles are

most directly affected by this toxin?

a. ribosomesb. chloroplastsc. mitochondriad. vacuoles

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and

the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the

cell is primarily responsible for this exchange?

a. the cell membraneb. the nucleusc. the cell walld. the ribosome

Which of these organelles in animal cells provide energy

for cell activities?

a. Mitochondriab. Chloroplastsc. Ribosomesd. nuclei

Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from

using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce

a. Lipidsb. Sugarc. Mineralsd. energy

Maryland white oak trees make their own food. Their cells

contain structures that capture energy from the sun. What are

these structures?

a. chloroplastsb. nucleic. mitochondriad. ribosomes

In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used to make

sugars?

a. Flagellab. Ribosomesc. Mitochondriad. chloroplasts

Which structure in a cell is used to release energy in the cell?

a. nucleusb. cell wallc. chrloroplastsd. mitochondrion

5. Cell Transport

Active Transport

Passive Transport

Endocytosis: large particles enter cell by means of a vesicle

Exocytosis: large particles leave the cell by means of a vesicle

Osmosis:Movement of water across the cell membrane

Diffusion:Movement of

particles from an area of

high concentration

to low concentration

- Requires energy

- Typically goes against concentration gradient

Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell

- Works with the concentration gradient

- Does not require energy

Ion Pump: A protein in

the cell membrane that pumps ions against

the gradient

Which of these is the process by which water moves across a

selectively permeable membrane?

a. Osmosisb. Transpirationc. capillary actiond. active transport

If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what

will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like

after two hours?

a. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change

b. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change.

c. Neither solution will turn blue-blackd. Both solution will turn blue-black

Which of these processes is demonstrated by the

experiment shown in the diagram?

a. cellular respirationb. active transportc. endocytosisd. diffusion

In an experiment, a group of students placed ten raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water. They covered the container and let the raisins sit overnight. The students removed the raisins from the container and observed that they were larger. They also observed that the volume of water in the container had decreased.

What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins to become larger? In your response be sure to:

• name the process that caused the raisins to become larger

• describe how this process caused the raisins to become larger

• explain the role of this process in living systems

• +1 identified osmosis as the process

• +1 defined the term osmosis

• +1/2 described there was a concentration difference inside and outside the membrane

• +1/2 mentions and explains passive transport

• +1 describes how water cross through cell membranes in order to maintain cell processes

How do living systems control the movement of materials into and out of cells?

In your response be sure to:

• identify the cell structures and body systems involved

• describe the functions of the cell structures and body systems involved

• identify and describe the processes responsible for the movement of materials into and out of the cells

• +1/2 identifies and describes active transport• +1/2 identifies and describes passive transport• +1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a semi-

permeable membrane that controls the flow of substances into and out of cell

• +1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as a means of active transport

• +1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive transport and describe each

• +1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis as active transport and describe each

6. Body Systems

Body Systems: Key Word(s): Role:

Endocrine Chemicals

Releases chemicals/hormones in order to direct life

functions

Skeletal StructureProtects and gives

structure to the body

Excretory Removal of wastesRemoves metabolic

wastes from the body

Nervous CommunicationSends signals from the

brain to other parts of the body

Circulatory Transport

Transports nutrients to all parts of the body

using vascular tissues

Respiratory Exchange of gases

Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen

between the environment

Digestive AbsorptionAbsorbs nutrients from

food into the body

Which body system produces chemicals that act at different

sites in the body:

a. the circulatory systemb. the endocrine systemc. the excretory systemd. the skeletal system

In the human body, which of these systems transports

sugars to the cells where they are used:

a. Excretoryb. Respiratoryc. Circulatoryd. digestive

Which of these is not a direct function of the skeletal system

a. blood circulationb. muscle attachmentc. support of the bodyd. protection of the organs

What is the primary role of the endocrine system:

a. to produce chemicals that affect other parts of the body

b. to remove waste products from the bloodc. to defend the body against illness and infectiond. to coordinate movement of the body

Which system in the frog produces chemicals that

regulate functions in different parts of its body

a. respiratory systemb. excretory systemc. endocrine systemd. circulatory system

Which of these organ systems is responsible for the removal of

metabolic wastes from the blood

a. Endocrineb. Nervousc. Respiratoryd. excretory

Which of these body systems transports glucose and other

substances in the blood to the cells of the body

a. digestive systemb. endocrine systemc. circulatory systemd. reproductive system

7. Homeostasis

Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant internal

environment by making changes to the internal or external

environment

Equilibrium: the state of homeostasis where all factors

are balanced or at optimal levels

Maintaining Homeostasis:

Input:Change in

equilibrium

Influx of sugar into

system

Receptor/Sensor:

Detects the change

Body detects high blood

sugar

Control Center/Integr

ator:

Receives info from and

decides on the way to return to

equilibrium

Brain tells pancreas to

release insulin

Effector:

Change in body made in

order to return to

homeostasis

Pancreas releases insulin

Output:Return to

equilibrium

Body’s blood sugar level returns to

normal

Which of these is an example of feedback in a biological

system?

a. the movement of salts from cells in the bloodstreamb. the release of insulin into the bloodstream when blood sugar

increasesc. the decrease in oxygen levels in the blood after vigorous

exercised. the use of energy when muscles contract

Birds, mammals, and theropod dinosaurs can maintain a

constant body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant

body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant body

temperature is an example of

a. Respirationb. Homeostasisc. a reptilian traitd. an acquired trait

Mammals are exposed to a variety of outside temperatures. However, they are able to maintain a constant internal body temperature.

Describe ways that mammals warm and cool themselves in response to their environment:

Include in your response• an example of a mammal and its environment• both body structures and activities they use• specific examples of both warming and

cooling

• +1/2 named a mammal

• +1/2 named its environment

• +1 body structures identified (hair, fat deposits, muscles, etc.) that are used to maintain body temperature

• +1 warming activities identified (shivering, sitting in sun, feeding, seeking shelter)

• +1 cooling activities identified (sweating, seeking water, seeking shade)

8. Photosynthesis

LIGHT

CO2

Chlorophyll, a pigment in the

chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy

Oxygen is released as a waste product

Forms glucose

Used in cellular

respiration

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)

Light Intensity:• The rate of photosynthesis increases as light

intensity increases, till all the pigments reach saturation point, then it levels out

Carbon Dioxide Concentration:• The rate of photosynthesis increases till all

the pigments reach their saturation point then level off

Temperature:

• The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a certain temperature, too extreme and it decreases

A scientist wants to study photosynthesis in a newly

discovered species. Which of these cell structures should

the scientist study:

a. Vacuolesb. Chloroplastsc. Mitochondriad. ribosomes

During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide and

other materials to:

a. Lipidsb. amino acidsc. nucleic acidsd. sugars

In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increases levels of carbon

dioxide resulted in a increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in circumference is a results

of process of:

a. Osmosisb. Adaptationc. Transpirationd. photosynthesis

Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a

student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student

counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant.

What energy source is used by Elodea?

a. Heatb. Lightc. Oxygend. carbon dioxide

The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly?

a. oxygen b. carbon dioxidec. Nitrogend. water vapor

The energy required for photosynthesis is provided

by:

a. Proteinsb. Sunlightc. Chlorophylld. carbohydrates

9. Resp. vs. Chemo. Vs. Photo.

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Chemosynthesis

What is it?

Process by which sunlight

and carbon dioxide are

used to create glucose

Process by which oxygen

and glucose are used to create ATP (energy)

Process by which

organisms who live in harsh conditions

create their own food from inorganic chemicals

Initial Energy Source

Sun GlucoseInorganic

Compounds

Inputs (needs)

Carbon Dioxide &

Light & Water

Oxygen & Glucose

Inorganic Compounds

Outputs (wastes)

Oxygen & Glucose

Carbon Dioxide X

Where does it occur?

Chloroplasts Mitochondria Prokaryotes

Types of organisms

PlantsPlants & animals

Bacteria

Autotrophs or

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs

Which of these best describes the process of chemosynthesis

a. DNA molecules are formedb. Cell membranes are constructedc. Food is produced using energy from inorganic

compoundsd. Food is produced using energy from light

One of the organelles in a cell releases energy from sugars. What is this process called?

a. Respirationb. Transpirationc. Photosynthesisd. chemosynthesis

Compare the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in a cell. In your response, include:

- the name of the process that occurs in each organelle

- the products of each process- the importance of each process

to the cell

• +1/2 chloroplasts = photosynthesis

• +1/2 mitochondria = cellular respiration

• +1/2 define photosynthesis

• +1/2 define cellular respiration

• +1/2 products photo.= oxygen & glucose

• +1/2 products respire.= carbon dioxide

• +1/2 photosynthesis is important because it creates the sugars (food) necessary for autotrophs to survive

• +1/2 respiration is important because it is the energy producing processes used to create ATP for use during body functions

10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Homologous Chromosomes

• Pairs of the same chromosome

Crossing Over

• Process by which alleles on homologous chromosomes are exchanged creating genetically unique combinations of genes

Diploid Cells (2n)

• Cells with two sets of chromosomes (homologous), body cells

Haploid Cells

• Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete

Sex Cells/Gametes

• Haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes

Somatic/Body Cells

• Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells

Mitosis Meiosis

Purpose:To create genetically identical cells for the purpose of cell growth and

repair

To create genetically unique sex cells and reduce number of

chromosomes for sexual reproduction

Types of Cells Involved:

Body Cells Sex Cells

Beginning of Process: Diploid or

HaploidDiploid Diploid

End of Process:Diploid or Haploid

Diploid Haploid

Cells at End:Genetically

Identical or UniqueGenetically Identical Genetically Unique

Does crossing over occur:

No Yes

Two homologous chromosomes During meiosis, when homologous pair

come together (one from mother and one from father), portions/genes are exchanged

Unique combinations of genes are created and thus passed onto offspring

Each body cell in an earthworm contains 36 chromosomes.

How many chromosomes are in each of its gametes?

a. 18b. 36c. 54d. 72

Which of these represents the number of chromosomes in

cells before and after the process of meiosis?

a. n nb. n 2nc. 2n nd. 2n 2n

After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is fertilized, how

many chromosomes will be present in the zygote?

a. 8b. 16c. 32d. 64

A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the

moth’s wing cells?

a. 66b. 112c. 224d. 448

Reproductive cells are produced during:

a. Mitosisb. Meiosisc. Fertilizationd. Budding

Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization?

a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete

b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote

c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote

d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete

Some coral cells undergo meiosis. Which of these would not occur during

meiosis?

a. Formation of a zygoteb. Chromosomes crossing-overc. Production of gametesd. Reduction in the number of chromosomes

Which of these does not occur during meiosis?

a. Production of identical gametes

b. Production of new gene combinations

c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes

d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half

Horses have 64 chromosomes in each body cell. If a horse cell

undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes should

be in each gamete?

a. 16b. 32c. 64d. 128

One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur during meiosis when a pair of

chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of these

represents the sex chromosomes of a male organism when this type of

chromosomal mutation has occurred?

a. XXYb. XXc. XYd. XXX

11. DNA vs. RNA

Nitrogen Bases

Sugar Phosphate Group

Nucleotide

DNA:

Double Stranded

(double helix)

Thymine

Deoxyribose

Stores genetic info

RNA:

Single Stranded

Uracil

Ribose

Involved inprotein

synthesis

Both:

Nucleic Acids

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

Type of RNA Purpose Location

mRNATranscribes DNA triplets and

transports it to ribosomeNucleus

Cytoplasm

tRNATranslates mRNA’s codons and affixes amino acids

Cytoplasm/Ribosome

rRNAMakes up the structural component of ribosomes

Ribosomes

Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA TTC GCA. What do the G and

A represent in the DNA sequence?

a. Sugarsb. Amino acidsc. Phosphatesd. Nitrogen bases

Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA

molecules?

a. Fatty acidsb. Nucleotidesc. Amino acidsd. Chromosomes

Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA?

Which of the following is correctly matched with its

function?

a. rRNA – contains codes to make new riobsomesb. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomesc. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up

ribosomesd. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the

ribosomes

The genetic information for making a protein must move

from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these

moves this information to the cytoplasm.

a. A ribosomeb. DNAc. RNAd. An amino acid

Which of these is a

nucleotide:

a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4

Which of these is a sugar:

a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4

What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?

a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNAb. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acidsc. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomed. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

12. Genetics

Term What it Means Genotype

Dominant Trait A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles present

A

Recessive A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is present

a

Homozygous A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or recessive

AA or aa

Heterozygous A genotype in which alleles are different Aa

Phenotype:

• The physical expression of ones genotype

Genotype

• The combination of alleles and genes

Cross Aa versus Aa:

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa

Genotype: AA:Aa:aa, 1:2:1, 25%:50%:25% Phenotype: n/a

A cross between a tall plant (TT) and another tall plant

T T

T TT TT

t Tt Tt

Genotype: TT:Tt, 1:1, 50%:50%

Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100%

A cross between a homozygous dominant person with Brown Eyes (B) and a homozygous recessive person with blue

eyes (b):B B

b Bb Bbb Bb Bb

Genotype: Bb, 1, 100%Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100%

In humans, the trait for having a second toe that is longer than the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait for having a second toe that is shorter than the

big toe (t) is recessive. A family has eight children. Six children have second toes that are

longer than the big toe. Two children have second toes that are shorter than the big toe. What are

the most likely genotypes of the parents?

A. Tt and TtB. Tt and ttC. TT and ttD. TT and TT

In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant; the allele for short stems (l) is recessive. The

scientists crossed a heterozygous, long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed plant. Which of these

shows the expected results of this cross?

a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed plants

b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed plants

c. 100% long stemmed plants

d. 100% short stemmed plants

A scientist crossed a tall pea plant with a short pea plant.

All of the four hundred offspring produced were tall pea plants. Which of these

explains these results?

a. The allele for tall pea plants is dominantb. The offspring are homozygous dominantc. The allele for short pea plants is dominantd. The offspring inherited a new mutation

In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children.

Which of these is the predicted ratio of the children with dimples to

the children without dimples?

a. 1:0b. 1:1c. 1:3d. 3:1

In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is

recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has attached earlobes.

What is the probability that this couple’s child will have unattached earlobes?

a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%

The presence of absence of freckles is determined by one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is

recessive. A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their parents’

genotypes can only produce children with freckles. Which of these are most likely the

genotypes of the two parents?

a. Ff and ffb. FF and ffc. Ff and Ffd. ff and ff

In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of

parents can produce offspring with curly hair?

a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair

b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a homozygous female with straight hair

c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a heterozygous female with straight hair

d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair

Which of these combinations results in the expression of a

recessive trait?

a. Two dominant alleles

b. A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome

c. Two recessive alleles

d. A dominant allele and a recessive allele

In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes and a male with short eyelashes have a child. What is the probability that their offspring will

have short eyelashes?

a. 0%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%

In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-

linked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data is shown

below:

What are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?

a. RR and rrb. Rr and Rrc. rr and rrd. RR and Rr

Using the data in the table, what is the approximate ratio of red eyed offspring to brown eyed

offspring?

a. 1:1b. 2:1c. 3:1d. 4:1

In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant. The allele for brown fur (b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as

shown in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from the cross.

What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown fur?

a. 0%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%

Which of these describes the phenotypes of the parent

guinea pigs?

a. Both parents have black furb. Both parents have brown furc. One parent has black fur, and the other brown furd. One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur,

and the other has black fur

A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain offspring.

Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male gamete are

Abc

a. AaBbCcb. AABBCCc. aabbccd. AABbCc

One parent is homozygous dominant for brown hair (BB). The other

parent is heterozygous for brown (Bb). What is the probability that

the offspring will have brown hair?

a. 100%b. 75%c. 50%d. 25%

13. Protein Synthesis

Code Location

Triplet DNA

Codon mRNA

Anti-Codon tRNA

Molecule Role Location

DNA Store the genetic code nucleus

mRNA“transcribe” the genetic

codeNucleus/

cytoplasm

tRNA“translate” the genetic code and carrying and

bond amino acids togetherribosome

rRNAForm ribosomes and bind

together amino acidsRibosome

EnzymesSplit open the DNA so it

can be copiedNucleus

Amino acids

Bind together to form proteins

Cytoplasm

Amino Acid

Ribosomes

Protein

tRNA

mRNA

DNA

Transcription

mRNA

Translation

tRNA

Amino Acids

Ribosome

mRNA

protein

DNA mRNA tRNA

A U A

C G C

T A U

G C G

G C G

A U A

T A U

C G C

T A U

Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA

sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?

a. UCG-AUG-UGAb. UCG-UAC-ACUc. TCG-ATG-TGAd. AGC-UAC-ACU

According to the diagram, in

which step is messenger RNA being

constructed?

a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV

Which step involves transfer RNA?

a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV

Which step involves

ribosomes?

a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV

Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following

segment:TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC

Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA?

a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAAb. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTCc. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAGd. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC

Which of the following is correctly matched with its

function?

a. rRNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes

b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes

c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes

d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes

Which of these statements best explains how genes and

proteins are related?

a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins

b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes

c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins

d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes

A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence TAC-CGG-

AGT. Which of the following is the complementary mRNA sequence produced from the

strand of DNA?

a. UAC-CGG-AGUb. ACU-GAA-CGAc. AGU-UCC-UACd. AUG-GCC-UCA

The genetic information for making a protein must move

from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these

moves this information to the cytoplasm?

a. A ribosomeb. DNAc. RNAd. An amino acid

Structure 2 in the diagram represents

a:

a. Ribosomeb. Mitochondriac. Proteind. Chloroplasts

The process in the diagram

occurs in the

a. Nucleus

b. Cytoplasm

c. Vacuole

d. Chromosome

Structure 1 is produced in what part of

the cell?

a. Vacuole

b. Cytoplasm

c. Mitochondria

d. Nucleus

A cellular process uses a strand of genetic material to produce a new

strand. Parts of the strands are shown below:

Original Strand: ATT CAGNew Strand: UAA GUCThis new strand will most likely

be used for:

a. gene splicingb. DNA synthesisc. Crossing-overd. Protein Synthesis

What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?

a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA

b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids

c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes

d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes

Reproduction

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Result of meiosis

Genetically unique offspring

Requires two parents

Creates genetic variety

Result of mitosis

Genetically Identical offspring

One parent

No genetic variety

Asexual Reproduction

TypeDescription

Budding

When a clone of the organism develops on the side of it then breaks off

when fully devleoped

Binary FissionA single cell is replicated

and splits itself

Fertilization – When two gametes come together to form a zygote

Zygote - A growing cell that is the result of the gametes coming together

Streptococcus is a type of bacteria that causes strep throat in humans. Which of

these is the type of reproduction used by

Streptococcus?

a. Binary fissionb. Meiosisc. Crossing-overd. Budding

Cholera bacteria perform binary fission to

a. Reproduce asexuallyb. Digest food rapidlyc. Regulate temperatured. Increase body size

Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization:

a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gameteb. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygotec. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygoted. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete

A student observes a unicellular organism under a microscope. After a while, the organism begins to split

into two cells, as shown in the diagram.

Which of these best describes the process shown in the diagram?

a. binary fissionb. Meiosisc. Osmosisd. sexual reproduction

Sea stars are genetically different from each other and

from their parents. These genetic differences are the

result of:

a. Mitosisb. Cloningc. Sexual reproductiond. Asexual reproduction

What is formed when a male gamete combines with a

female gamete?

a. Zygoteb. Eggc. Spermd. Chromosome

Apomixes is a type of asexual reproduction in which adult plants grown directly from egg cells. Which of these

does not occur during apomixes?

a. Mitosisb. Translationc. Fertilizationd. Transcription

Mutations

Mutation

• A mutation is a change in the gene sequence in the DNA and is passed on through generations

Caused by:

a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied properly

b) Chromosomes do not completely separate during meiosis

c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed on

During cell replication, an error may result in a base pair

substitution. Which of these terms describes the change

in base pair sequence?

a) Cloningb) Meiosisc) Mutationd) Translation

Which of these describes a mutation that can be

inherited?

a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA

b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke

c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell

d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

A rare disorder is caused by changes in a gene. Parents of individuals with the disorder

have only normal copies of the gene. Which of these most likely

caused this disorder?

a) Mitosisb) Gene splicingc) Mutationd) Natural Selection

Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of

genetic material

a. An enzyme substrateb. A mutationc. A feedback loopd. An adaptation

Normal thymine is found in the old strand. It is replaced by an abnormal molecule (T*) in the

new strand. The abnormal molecule binds to guanine

instead of binding to adenine. This is an example of:

a. An adaptationb. Protein synthesisc. A mutationd. Binary fission

Evolution

Natural Selection:The process of change by which

new species develop from preexisting species over time

Overproduction

Every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity

Variation The individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ

Selection Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more because their traits are more advantageous

Adaptation

The traits of those individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in a population

Evidence for

Evolution Notes

Fossil Record

DNA Similariti

es

Comparative Anatomy

Embryology

Biogeography

By comparing fossils from the past and bones of living things patterns of gradual change can be seen

Similarities in embryo structures can be seen in the early development stages of many organisms

Similar environmental conditions have led to similar development of adaptations Similarities in the

genetic code of DNA suggest a common ancestry

Similar structures can suggest a common lineage

Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures

Structures with a similar function but different structures

Mammals living in extremely cold climates typically have thick fur and a layer of fat that insulate them from the cold. Which of

these terms best describes these characteristics:

a. Translationsb. Alterationsc. Adaptationsd. Recombination

Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which

term describes this characteristic?

a. Alterationb. Mutationc. Adaptationd. Recombination

The mole rat is an animals that avoid predators by living underground. Its long

claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had

shorter claws and teeth. Which of these processes results in the

long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat?

a. natural selectionb. selective breedingc. genetic engineeringd. asexual reproduction

Rafflesia flowers produce the smell of rotting flesh. This smell attracts

flies. When the flies land on the flowers, the pollen attaches to them. The flies then transport the pollen to

other flowers. Producing a smell to attract flies is

an example of:

a. Parasitismb. Adaptationc. Replicationd. predation

Loggerhead turtles in the Atlantic Ocean return to lay their eggs on the same beaches where they hatched.

Scientists have observed that the turtles have a “compass sense”. This sense allows them to use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way back to the

beaches where they were hatched. Which of these terms best describes the turtle’s ability

to use Earth’s magnetic field?

a. Diversityb. Habitatc. Successiond. adaptation

South American honeybees are resistant to the mites. Scientists believe that the North American

honeybees may also become resistant to the mites in another ten years. Which of these processes will

cause the honeybee population to become resistant to the mites?

a. natural selectionb. Chemosynthesisc. aerobic respirationd. succession

Students used the three organisms shown below to study evolutionary relationships .

Which of these structures are the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship?

a. bat wing and bee wingb. bat lower jaw and whale lower jawc. whale flipper and bee wingd. bat wing and whale flipper

Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider turtles hatch on the beach. The researchers discovered that larger baby turtles are more

likely to survive than smaller baby turtles. They hypothesized that the larger turtles could move more quickly toward the water than the smaller

turtle, reducing their exposure to predators. The survival advantage for the larger baby

turtles is a result of:

a. natural selectionb. gene splicingc. Mutualismd. commensalim

Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The

diagram below shows this development of amphibians over time. Which of these terms best describes how amphibians could have

developed from lobe-finned fish

a. Selective breedingb. Cloningc. Migrationd. Natural selection

The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the seal’s flipper and a monkey’s arm.

a. Migrationb. Genetic engineeringc. Successiond. Natural selection

The skeletal structures of the flipper and the arm are similar even though they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for

swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping and lifting.

The seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm differ in appearance. This difference is the result of:

Which of these explains why the skeletal structures of the

seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm are similar?

a. Seals and monkeys have a common ancestorb. Seals and monkeys have identical DNA

sequences.c. All of the same genetic mutations occurred in

seals and monkeysd. All of the same vitamins used for bone

formation in seals and monkeys

The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has

large ears that release body heat. The arctic fox lives in cold climates and has small earls that conserve body

heat.

Which of these processes led to the development of ear sizes in foxes?

a. Selective breedingb. Successionc. Natural selectiond. Mutualism

Male fiddler crabs attract females by quickly waving their large front claw. If a claw is lost in a fight or

accident, they quickly grow a hollow claw of equal length. Because the new claw is lighter, they can wave

it faster. A male fiddler crab is shown below.

The male fiddler crab’s new claw can be described as

a. A cloneb. A genotypec. An adaptationd. A dominant trait

The new claw probably helps the male fiddler crab to

a. Successfully reproduceb. Maintain homeostasisc. Fight more successfullyd. Evolve into a new species

The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is shown below:

Which of the vertebrate skulls shown below is probably most closely related to modern birds?

An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects. Most insects are killed the first time they are exposed to an insecticide. However, some insects carry a gene that enables them to survive their first exposure to an insecticide. When these surviving insects

reproduce, This gene may be inherited by their offspring. The number of insecticide resistant insects usually increases over time because increasing numbers of offspring are able to survive and

reproduce.

Which process enables increasing numbers of insects to survive their initial exposure to an insecticide?

a. Cloningb. Mutationc. Natural selectiond. Genetic engineering

Ecology

Abiotic Factor

• A non-living factor that affects the environment

Biotic Factor

• A living factor that affects the environment

Predation When one organism (predator) hunts and eats another organism (prey)

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unharmed and does not benefit

Mutualism A relationship between two organism s in which both organisms benefit

Parasitism A relationship between two organism in which one is harmed and the other benefits.

Producer

Consumer

Consumer

Consumer

Consumer

ConsumerConsumer

Consumer

Consumer

Herbivore

Herbivore

Herbivore

Omnivore

Carnivore

Carnivore

Carnivore

Parasite

MOST ENERGY

LEAST ENERGY

TROPHIC LEVEL

TROPHIC LEVEL

TROPHIC LEVEL

TROPHIC LEVEL

1. Which of these is an example of mutualism?

A. a dragonfly eating beetlesB. algae and fungi providing food and shelter for each

otherC. a wasp laying its eggs inside a caterpillarD. a woodpecker drilling for insects in the bark of a tree

2. Which of these describes the role of algae and cacti in an

ecosystem?

a. herbivoreb. omnivorec. decomposerd. producer

3. In addition to eating fish eggs, the arctic grayling also eats

insects and small fish. What is the ecological role of the arctic

grayling?

a. herbivoreb. decomposerc. omnivored. carnivore

4. Which of these shows how energy is usually transferred in a

food chain?

a. herbivore producer carnivoreb. producer carnivore herbivorec. carnivore herbivore producerd. producer herbivore carnivore

Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the

plant fluids they excrete a liquid called honeydew.

5. Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms

best describes the relationship between the ladybugs and the aphids?

a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalim

6. Some species of ants protect aphids from predators. The ants

benefit by feeding on the honeydew produced by the aphids. Which of

these terms best describes the relationship between the aphids and

the ants?

a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalisms

7. The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other

fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the

newly discovered fish?

a. consumerb. predatorc. scavengerd. producer

8. Which of these describes the relationship between cholera

bacteria and copepods?

a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. commensalismsd. producer-consumer

9. Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this

ecosystem?

a. foodb. bacteriac. water temperatured. giant tubeworms

10. Which of these describes the role of the vole in the

Yellowstone ecosystem.

a. decomposerb. producerc. herbivored. carnivore

11. Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their

environment. Which of these factors is biotic?

a. water temperatureb. mineral nutrientsc. freshwater algaed. inorganic sediments

12. Reef-building coral are marine animals with single celled algae living in their tissues. The coral

provided protection for the algae and the algae provides food for the coral. Which of these statements

best explains what would happen to the coral if the algae die?

a. The coral would grow well because it does not have a competitorb. The coral would die because it needs the food produced by the

algaec. The coral would grow well because it does not have a parasited. The coral would die because it cannot produce food for the algae

13. Algae leave the coral when the water is too warm. What kind of factor is temperature on this

relationships?

a. bioticb. abioticc. parasited. commensalistic

14. The deer tick feeds on the blood of the red squirrel, deer,

and deer mouse. Which of these best describes the role of the

deer tick in the forest food web?

a. parasiteb. producerc. carnivored. omnivore

15. When gypsy moth catapillars hatch which of these populations

benefits first?

a. red oakb. deer tickc. blue jayd. carpenter ant

16. Which of these describes the role of the red oak in the forest

food web?

a. omnivoreb. parasitec. herbivored. producer

17. Which term best describes the ecological relationship

between hummingbirds and insects?

a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalism

18. Which of these best describes the effects of human

disturbance on the black skimmer’s eggs?

a. a biotic factorb. an allelec. a niched. an abiotic factor

19. Which of these terms best describes the relationship

between the crows and the black skimmers?

a. mutualismb. commensalismsc. parasite-hostd. predator-prey

20. A continued decrease in black skimmer populations will

most likely lead to:

a. a decrease in scavenger populationb. an increase in producer populationsc. a decrease in decomposer populationsd. an increase in prey animal populations

21. Snakes and lizards come to the bromelids to feed on frogs

and their eggs. Their relationship between the snakes and lizards and frogs can best be described

as:

a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd.commensalism

22. Which of these types of organisms break down dead

organic matter in the rain forest?

a. producersb. predatorsc. herbivoresd. decomposers

23. Which of these best describes the wide variety of

plant and animal species in the rain forest?

a. nicheb. diversityc. commensalismsd. mutualism

24. A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the

protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and

completes its life cycle. Which of these describes the relationship between the

protozoans and the cat?

a. commensalismsb. parasite-hostc. mutualismd. predator-prey