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Year 8 Geography Year 8 Geography ExaminationExamination

20112011

Please note- this requires you to Please note- this requires you to keep going.keep going.

Do not write more than you need Do not write more than you need to!to!

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Qu 1: You must do this question: Qu 1: You must do this question: Type in the correct country by the Type in the correct country by the number which links to each mapnumber which links to each map

1. Norway2. Spain3. Poland4. Greece5. Estonia

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Qu 1: You must do this question: Qu 1: You must do this question: Type in the correct country by the Type in the correct country by the number which links to each mapnumber which links to each map

6. Libya7. Mali8. Nigeria9. Kenya10. S Africa

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Qu 1: You must do this question: Qu 1: You must do this question: Type in the correct country by the Type in the correct country by the number which links to each mapnumber which links to each map

11. Brazil12 Argentina13. Bolivia14. Venezuela15. Ecuador

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2. Key words – complete the 2. Key words – complete the followingfollowing

Answers in Notes below slideAnswers in Notes below slidea) What N P is an area of land that is set aside for the environment and for the people visiting it?

b) What M E is the way in which spending by tourists increase spending throughout the area?

c) What H is a narrow piece of land that projects into the sea.

d) What T is the wheel that is turned by steam in a fossil fuelled power station?

e) What A R is a process that kills trees and fish in rivers?f) What M is the part of the earth that causes the crust

plates to move?g) An increase in what G H Gs are forcing Earth’s

temperature to rise?h) In which C plates do they slide past each other?

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i) Which A is the process by which stones become smaller and rounder?

j) What C is the major problem of too much traffic in National Parks

k) What E is caused by too many people using footpaths in National Parks?

l) What E-T is one that protects the environment and local culture?

m) What T transports large boulder along the bed of the ocean?

n) What F F are coal, oil and gas?p) What S together with wind, water and

biomass are renewable sources of energy?

2. Key words – complete the 2. Key words – complete the followingfollowing

Answers in Notes below slideAnswers in Notes below slide

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3. Changing Earth3. Changing EarthChoose only Choose only ONEONE of (a) or (b): of (a) or (b):

(a) Explain what happens when an earthquake occurs (both what happens to the Earth and what you would feel)Mention focus, epicentre, rushing train feeling, thump and finally shaking (surface waves)Or (b) If you live in an earthquake zone, what are 3 important things you and your family ought to know about or do? Explain why.Emergency pack, Securing moving objects, Drop, cover hold practice

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4. Changing scenery: Look at the 4. Changing scenery: Look at the diagrams and explain how they diagrams and explain how they

were formed using as many were formed using as many geographical terms as you can:geographical terms as you can:

Mention crack, cave arch sequence. Mention erosion and at least 2 types e.g abrasion corrosionCould talk about chalk/ limestone being the main rocks(a) The Arch

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4. Changing scenery: Look at the 4. Changing scenery: Look at the diagrams and explain how they diagrams and explain how they were formed using as many were formed using as many geographical terms as you can:geographical terms as you can:

Long shore drift – swash and backwash waves, transportation and deposition. Turn inland the coastline but deposition builds up at the end (b) The spit

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5. Economic Activity5. Economic Activity

For * items choose from the WORD LIST only and for ** answer in your own wordsa) A farmer and a ____ *are both part of ________* industry because …..**b) A teacher and a ______ *are both part of _______* industry because …..**c) A factory worker and a ______ *are both part of _______* industry because …..**[WORD LIST: baker, miner, primary, quaternary, scientist, secondary, shop-keeper, tertiary. NOTE: There are more words than you need in this list]

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5. Economic Activity5. Economic Activity

For * items choose from the WORD LIST only and for ** answer in your own wordsa) A farmer and a miner *are both part of primary* industry because …..**( extract)b) A teacher and a shop-keeper*are both part of Tertiary* industry because …..**( service)c) A factory worker and a baker *are both part of secondary* industry because …..** (manufacture)[WORD LIST: baker, miner, primary, quaternary, scientist, secondary, shop-keeper, tertiary. NOTE: There are more words than you need in this list]

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6. Working World: Tourism 6. Working World: Tourism Referring to an area you have studied, describe the problems caused for the inhabitants and the environment by tourists, and explain some of the steps taken to conserve the area.Lake district – congestion, rubbish, high house prices, erosion of pathsMaking the paths resistant – encouraging the use of public transport, park and ride, stopping roadside parking etc

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6. Working World: Tourism 6. Working World: Tourism Referring to an area you have studied, describe the problems caused for the inhabitants and the environment by tourists, and explain some of the steps taken to conserve the area.Kenya – Reserve – large buildings, lots of tourists, buses, roads, frightening the animals, stop the Masai living/working thereSelenkay – only building that can be taken down (canvas) – tracks that grow over, 4 x4 and not buses, provide on solar energy, recycle rubbish, give Masai jobs and rent and wells ect

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7. Fragile World7. Fragile World“The disposal of waste can give rise to a number of problems.” State and explain three of these problems. Describe three ways in which such problems could be avoided in the first place.Disposal = throw away = landfillProblems with landfill:1 takes up space2. chemicals e.g batteries get into water3. Organic matter breaks down methane - adds to green house gasesSolutions 1. Compost organic matter and so also save on fossil fuel based fertilizer2. Recycle all materials that can be re-used e.g batteries3. ?? Burn methane to make electricity? Re-use anything that can be?

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ReportsReports

Many of you have a comment in Many of you have a comment in targets for improvement saying targets for improvement saying

something like: something like:

Watch out for geography on holiday Watch out for geography on holiday and take some pictures and make and take some pictures and make

some notessome notes

And those who don’t, it is just that

there was not enough room!

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How will that help me improve?How will that help me improve?

If you visit a place and see something that interests you, what could you ask yourself about it? Here are some ideas – there could be lots of others. Then what?

Why is it there?

What is that?

Who would use it?

Where might these have come from?

What do they look like?

How did they get like that?

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How will that help me improve?How will that help me improve?

Now the pebbles on the beach should be really easy and maybe a bit boring, but what is that building there may be a bit more challenging

Why is it there?

What is that?

Who would use it?

Where might these have come from?

What do they look like?

How did they get like that?

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How will that help me improve?How will that help me improve?

This is also called an enquiry. It is all about deciding what you need to know and then trying to work out the answers – not boards to help you this time. Not just listening to what the teacher has to say!This is the kind of skill you need to do geography at a higher level.So do a quick sketch of your object/place – put all the important questions around it that you can think of – then see how many you can work out the answers to.Aim: to do one of these over the holidays!Email your results and I will post them on-line somewhere!

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Where does your Where does your coffee come coffee come

from?from?

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Today we are going to find out about Today we are going to find out about different ways coffee can be growndifferent ways coffee can be grown

Then having decided which is the best way, you will

Think up a name for a new better brand of coffeeandCreate an advert for it

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Coffee demand may kill Coffee demand may kill endangered animalsendangered animals

Rhinos, elephants and tigers could be dying because we are demanding too much coffee. So much robusta coffee - the instant type in jars - is being produced, that more and more forests are being cleared to make way for coffee plantations. Problem is, the land in Indonesia where most coffee beans are grown is home to the world's most endangered animals. In the last 5 years 28%

more land was cleared to make way for coffee growing, says a report by the Wildlife Conservation Society.

Experts say numbers of tigers, rhinos and elephants are dropping fast because they are losing so much of their habitat as a result.

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Coffee demand may kill Coffee demand may kill endangered animalsendangered animals

The main coffee area, Lampung, is next to a big national park where lots of endangered animals live. But Indonesia wants to grow even more coffee there.

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But we have had coffee for a long But we have had coffee for a long time – so what is new?time – so what is new?

Coffee grows on small trees that were found in the rainforestIn order to increase the yield of coffee trees and to cut back on a fungus disease there was a movement over the last 20 years towards the "technification" of coffee farming.They replaced traditional shade grown farming with sun cultivation – remove the surrounding cover, pack in rows of trees and you get far more coffee to the hectare. With no cover trees getting in the way you can machines in to do some of the workThis caused an immediate loss in biodiversity, both in the many types of trees and plants that were eliminated, as well as the animals and many birds that depended on them. 

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What are the other problems with What are the other problems with the new methods?the new methods?

In shade plantations, dead leaves from the canopy trees provide compost to the coffee shrubs as they decay.  In sun plantations, these nutrients are not available, so fertilizers must be used, especially nitrogen, which is essential to coffee growth. There are fewer weeds in shade plantations, because fallen leaves from canopy trees in shade plantations act as a natural mulch.  Herbicides are needed to control weeds in sun plantations.Soils in sun plantations are eroded by heavy rains, taking all the chemicals into the rivers. So erosion and water pollution are serious consequences of growing coffee on sun plantations.Coffee plants in sun plantations grow faster and age more quickly than those grown in shade, and therefore must be replaced more often, about  6 as against 30 year intervals.

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So why would So why would anyone want to anyone want to

grow coffee in the grow coffee in the sun?sun?

• They make far more money for They make far more money for each piece of landeach piece of land

• They can use machines and do They can use machines and do it much faster without the so it much faster without the so much labour and so save time much labour and so save time

and moneyand money

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Shade-grown Fair Trade Shade-grown Fair Trade CoffeeCoffee As there are fewer tree on a pieces of land, shade-grown

coffee therefore costs more to produce, but it only costs the end customer a little bit more per pound to buy. Growing coffee in the shade is also helpful to the farmers themselves, because they can also grow other plants on the same land that they use to farm their coffee, whereas it's only possible to grow coffee plants on a cleared coffee plantation.So they grow crops to feed their families and maybe some fruit for the local market.In general, about 150 species of bird species are able to live on shade grown coffee plantations in the rainforest, whereas only about 20 are able to live on sun-grown land. Consequently, shade growing helps many species avoid extinction, and helps the farmers too because the birds eat many of the insects that blight the crops, almost eliminating the need for pesticides. In addition to birds, many more mammals, beetles, ants, amphibians can live on shade-grown land than on sun grown plantations

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The Dilemma for FarmersThe Dilemma for FarmersCurrently there are many small-scale, local coffee farmers living in the middle of the world's rainforests. They get paid approximately 1$ US cents (60p) per kilo of 'gourmet' coffee, while the companies that then sell the coffee on to consumers charge on average $22.10 (£12.60) for the same pound of coffee. Many people often work for these farmers, but they usually only get paid around 12cents (7p) an hour because there is so little money coming into the farm. Many coffee farmers find themselves in such a challenging financial situation that they are unable to maintain their environmentally friendly farming methods - consequently they find themselves having to give up growing shade-grown coffee in order to make a bigger profit so as to stay in business.But there is one more option.

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Fair Trade CoffeeFair Trade Coffee

There is a product called fair trade coffee, where the farmers get at least $2.54 (£1.52) per kilo. Most fair trade coffee is also shade-grown, so the extra money that the farmers get is almost always put to good use. Since more money must be paid to farmers, fair trade coffee is usually more expensive than regular coffee, but being fair to farmers is definitely worth a bit more money.

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Why Choose Shade-grown, Fair Why Choose Shade-grown, Fair Trade Coffee?Trade Coffee?

As well as helping the farmers and the environment, shade-grown coffee also benefits the consumer because many coffee drinkers think that it has a richer, less bitter taste. Many drinkers believe it's more aromatic - that's because the beans are not baked in the sun and are given a longer time to ripen. The drinker will also benefit if they are the kind of person that enjoys doing things that benefit other people and the environment.Right now the demand for shade-grown, fair trade coffee is minuscule, but that can change. If more coffee drinkers started buying shade-grown, fair trade coffee (not even necessarily as a regular habit), animals and bird species, the rainforest and farmers would all benefit rather than suffer. It would also help reduce global warming, because the trees that would normally be clear–cut replace some of the carbon in the air with oxygen. So the next time you buy a cup of coffee, just try shade-grown, fair trade and see what it's like to drink

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Now – what is Now – what is the name of your the name of your

new brand?new brand?Write an advertisement for your Write an advertisement for your

fair trade coffee!fair trade coffee!

If you want to finish it off later, If you want to finish it off later, then you can send me an email.then you can send me an email.