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Page 1: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.
Page 2: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.
Page 3: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.
Page 4: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-1 Introduction

Page 5: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Page 6: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Assumptions

Page 7: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Page 8: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.1 Hypothesis Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Known

Page 9: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-1

Page 10: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-1

Page 11: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-1

Page 12: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.2 Choice of Sample Size

Use of Operating Characteristic Curves

Two-sided alternative:

One-sided alternative:

Page 13: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.2 Choice of Sample Size

Sample Size Formulas

Two-sided alternative:

Page 14: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.2 Choice of Sample Size

Sample Size Formulas

One-sided alternative:

Page 15: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-3

Page 16: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.3 Identifying Cause and Effect

• When statistical significance is observed in a randomized experiment, the experimenter can be confident in the conclusion that it was the difference in treatments that resulted in the difference in response.

• That is, we can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship has been found.

Page 17: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

10-2.4 Confidence Interval on a Difference in Means, Variances Known

Definition

Page 18: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-4

Page 19: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Example 10-4

Page 20: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

Choice of Sample Size

Page 21: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known

One-Sided Confidence Bounds

Upper Confidence Bound

Lower Confidence Bound

Page 22: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

10-3.1 Hypotheses Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Unknown

We wish to test:

Case 1: 22

221

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10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

10-3.1 Hypotheses Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Unknown

The pooled estimator of 2:

Case 1: 222

21

Page 24: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

10-3.1 Hypotheses Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Unknown

Case 1: 222

21

Page 25: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Definition: The Two-Sample or Pooled t-Test*

Page 26: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Example 10-5

Page 27: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Example 10-5

Page 28: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Example 10-5

Page 29: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Example 10-5

Page 30: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Minitab Output for Example 10-5

Page 31: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Figure 10-2 Normal probability plot and comparative box plot for the catalyst yield data in Example 10-5. (a) Normal probability plot, (b) Box plots.

Page 32: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown10-3.1 Hypotheses Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Unknown

22

21 Case 2:

is distributed approximately as t with degrees of freedom given by

Page 33: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown10-3.1 Hypotheses Tests for a Difference in Means, Variances Unknown

22

21 Case 2:

Page 34: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances UnknownExample 10-6

Page 35: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-6

Figure 10-3 Normal probability plot of the arsenic concentration data from Example 10-6.

Page 36: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-6

Page 37: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-6

Page 38: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

10-3.3 Choice of Sample Size

Two-sided alternative:

Page 39: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Example 10-7

Page 40: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown

Minitab Output for Example 10-7

Page 41: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 1:

222

21

Page 42: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 1:

222

21

Example 10-8

Page 43: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 1:

222

21

Example 10-8

Page 44: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 1:

222

21

Example 10-8

Page 45: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 1:

222

21

Example 10-8

Page 46: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-3.4 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means

Case 2:

Definition

22

21

Page 47: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

• A special case of the two-sample t-tests of Section 10-3 occurs when the observations on the two populations of interest are collected in pairs.

• Each pair of observations, say (X1j , X2j ), is taken under homogeneous conditions, but these conditions may change from one pair to another.

• The test procedure consists of analyzing the differences between hardness readings on each specimen.

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 48: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

The Paired t-Test

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 49: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-9

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 50: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-9

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 51: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-9

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 52: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Paired Versus Unpaired Comparisons

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 53: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

A Confidence Interval for D

10-4 Paired t-Test

Definition

Page 54: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-10

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 55: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-10

10-4 Paired t-Test

Page 56: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.1 The F Distribution

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

We wish to test the hypotheses:

• The development of a test procedure for these hypotheses requires a new probability distribution, the F distribution.

Page 57: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.1 The F Distribution

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 58: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.1 The F Distribution

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 59: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.1 The F Distribution

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

The lower-tail percentage points f-1,u, can be found as follows.

Page 60: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.3 Hypothesis Tests on the Ratio of Two Variances

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 61: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.3 Hypothesis Tests on the Ratio of Two Variances

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 62: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-11

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 63: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-11

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

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Example 10-11

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 65: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.4 -Error and Choice of Sample Size

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 66: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-12

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 67: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-5.5 Confidence Interval on the Ratio of Two Variances

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 68: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-13

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

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Example 10-13

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

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Example 10-13

10-5 Inferences on the Variances of Two Normal Populations

Page 71: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.1 Large-Sample Test for H0: p1 = p2

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

We wish to test the hypotheses:

Page 72: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.1 Large-Sample Test for H0: p1 = p2

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

The following test statistic is distributed approximately as standard normal and is the basis of the test:

Page 73: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.1 Large-Sample Test for H0: p1 = p2

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 74: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-14

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 75: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-14

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 76: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-14

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 77: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Minitab Output for Example 10-14

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 78: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.3 -Error and Choice of Sample Size

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 79: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.3 -Error and Choice of Sample Size

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 80: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.3 -Error and Choice of Sample Size

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 81: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

10-6.4 Confidence Interval for p1 – p2

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 82: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-15

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 83: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

Example 10-15

10-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions

Page 84: 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Inference for a Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Known Figure 10-1 Two independent populations.

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