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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1
Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works
PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle
Studying led to diverse ideas
Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)
LiteracySpread of ideas
Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry
InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope
MathematicsFrancios Viete (French lawyer)Used of variables (letters)
Astronomy
Geocentric ModelPtolemaic systemEarth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres
Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ systemSun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish mathematician Born: May 1543 Publication
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System
Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician Against Ptolemy
Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement
Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets
Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope
Inventor/developerMade regular observations of the heavens
DiscoveriesMountains on the moon4 moons of JupiterSunspots
Issues with the church**Cardinal BellarmineDebate: Church teachings vs. Science
Sir Isaac Newton Most brilliant mind of the era
United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background
Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor
Important WorksMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyPrincipia
Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe
Medicine Developments
AntiquityGalen (100 AD)Greek physician
Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body
William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins
Chemistry
Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law
○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied
Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry
Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish
English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters
○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name
Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position
○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman
Philosophy and Reason
Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeaology
○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefor I am” certain
Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century
RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge
Scientific Method Francis Bacon
English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist
“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”
Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidenceMajor element of modern science
Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking
Scientific Method
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1