10. All_about_islands.pdf

7/24/2019 10. All_about_islands.pdf

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tyr ing

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AffiM

ls lands

James

tyring

lntroduction

1 What

s

an

sland?

2 Volcanicslands

3

Tropical

slands

4 Amazing

sland pecies

5

Remote

slands

6

Big slands

7 Man-Made

slands

8 Protectingur slands

Activities

Projects

Glossary

About

Readand

Discover

3

4

8

t2

16

20

24

28

32

36

52

54

56

OXTORD

UNIVERSITY

PRESS


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akes,

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ptants

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you

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ead

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stands

round

he

world


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ANTARCTICA


5/30

Vrlcanocs

undcr

th c

occan

crupt

and

thc

lava

can

frlrm

volcanic

islands.

n 2009,

a new

volcanic

sland

forrned

in

the Pacific

Ocean.

nearTonga.

Sometimes,

waves

move

the

sand

ar

the

bottom

of

the

ocean

o form

islands.

In

warm

oceans,

oral

grows

to

form

coral

islands.

Another

way

is

when

rivers

carry

rainwater

with small

piecesof soil, rocks,and plants. trfhen he water in a

river

goes

slowly,

these

hings

in

the

water

fall

to the

bottom

and

they

can

build

up

and form

islands

n

the

river.

The

Mekong

River

in

Asia

has

a lot

of islands

that

are

made

in

this

wav.

Amazing

pecies

The

animals

and

plants on

some

slands

grow in

different

ways

from

the

species

on

the

mainland'

Some species ive on only one island and nowhere

else

on

Earth.

Hispaniolan

solenodons

ive

on

one

island

called

Hispaniola,

n the

Caribbean

Sea.

Solenodons

are

about

50

centimeters

ong.

They

have

a

long

nose

and

they

are

the

only

mammal

with

poison

in

their

teeth.

They

use

their

nose

and

teeth

to

hunt

insects

and

other

small

animals.

Hispaniolan

solenodons

ived

at

the

time

of

the

dinosaurs,

65

million

yearsago The

solenodons

are

now

in

danger

because

people

are

cutting

down

the

forests

where

they

live,

and

dogs

are

hunting

them,

too.

If

we

don,t

protect them,

the

last

solenodons

will

die

and

the

species

will

become

extinct.

)

Go

o

pages

6-37

or

activities.


6/30

Volllcramilrcr

llsllla

ndls

When

otcanoes

rupt,

ot

gases,

sh,

nd

ava

ty

Into

healr.

When

votcano

nder

he

ocean

rupts,

thewater oolshe avaand t becomesock.After

lots

of eruptlons,

he

ava

an

orm

a

vo]canlc

stand.

Active

olcanic

slands

There

are

thousands

of volcanic

slands,

and

some

have

active

volcanoes.

Mount

Fuji

on

Honshu

Island

in

Japan

s

an

active

volcano,

but it

hasn,t

erupted

for

more

than

300

years.

The

volcano

on

Stromboli

Island,

n

the

Mediterranean

Sea,

erupts

about

every

two

hours

Some

of

the

Canary

Islands,

n

the Atlantic

Ocean,

have

black

beaches.

his

is

because

he lava

from

volcanoes

orms

a

black

rock

when

it

cools.

The

wind

and

waves

have

changed

the

rock

into

sand.

HotRock

The

underground

rock

on

volcanic

islands

s often

very

hot.

tilflhen

underground

water

meets

hot volcanic

rock,

the

water

boils.

Some

of

the

hot water

evaporates

into

steam,

and

the

steam

pushes

he

hot

water

up

into

the

air.when

this

happens,

he

hot

water

is called

a

geyser. celand

is a

volcanic

island

with

a

lot

of

geysers. celand

is cold,

but

even

n winter,

there

are

hot

water

pools

where

people can

swim.

Plants

grow

well

in the

warm

ground near

the

geysers.

z+:l7tr

f - tEl

V

Birds

ave

o

keep

heir

eggs

arm.

Most

irds

-7

-sit

on

heir

ggs,

ut

ncubator

irds

n

some

otcanic

isl.ands

eave

heir

eggs

n

warm

otcanic

sh.


7/30

Alicr

vol t ' l t r rocs

t 'ul) l orr

islanrls,

hc lnvl

cools

arr t l

l i rnrrs

rocl


8/30

There

are

a lot

of

tropical

slands

the Paci f ic

Ocean,

he

Caribbean

Ocean. ropicals lands rewarm

are

made

of

corat.

near

he

equator

n

Sea,

nd

he ndian

andmanyof thern

( lora l

looks

i l


9/30

' l 'hcrc

lrc

: rborr l

]0,000

islunt ls

rr

thc l) lci l ic

()ccun.

' l 'hc

cocont r t

cra[ - l

l ivcs

on

a lot ol ' l )aci l ic

islancls.

t 's

onc

ol ' thc

biggcst

ancl

crabs

on l lar th

urrd

i t 's

vcry st r ( )ng.

t

can

()pc11

l c()c() l lLr t

i th i ts

lcgs

Bamboo plants

gr()w

tal l

and

st rong

on

many

lracif ic

is lands.

Pcople

makc

houscs

iom

bamboo.

Marrv

pcoplc

also

eat

young

barnboo plants.

"#,cq w

Tr

m

66ry*

F

'

\CO/

OnPentecost

sland

n

Vanuatu,

he

young

men

ctimb

p

bamboo

owers

that

canbe

35 meters

at[.

Then

hey

dive

oward

he

ground ith opes round

their

nkles

The

dodo

only

lived

on

the

island

of

Mauritius

in the

Indian

Ocean.

Birds

usually

fly

away

rom

danger,

but

thousands

of

years

ago

here

weren't

any

other

animals

on

Mauritius

that

hunted

the

dodo.

The

dodo

didn't

need o escape y flying, so t flew lessand lessevery

year.

When

Europeans

ame

n

1507,

he

dodo

wasn't

scared

and

it

couldn't

fly.

The

Europeans'

dogs,

ats,

and

cats

ate

all

the

dodos.

The

last

dodo

died

by

about

1700.

and

the

dodo

became

extinct'

Go

o

pages

0-41

or

activit ies.


10/30

4Afinatzlilmr,E

lllslllar

ndl

pxexcrlilers

Some

slands ave

mazlng

pecles

f

anlmals nd

ptants

hatdon't lveanywhere

lse.Mostwlld

anlmals rescaredf people,utsome nlmals n

lslands

ren't

cared f anythlng. o

you

knowwhy?

Komodosland

The Komodo

dragon s the largest

izard on Earth.

It's

about

3

meters

ong. It has

strong egs and

a

long

tail.

It

only lives on Komodo

Island

and on three other

small islands n Indonesia.

The Komodo

dragon

can

run and swim fast. It has sharp teeth and it has poison

in its mouth.

It eats deer

and buffaloes

-

it

even eats

other Komodo

dragons.Young

(omodo

dragons have

to live in

trees so that the

adults

can't eat them.

NewGuinea

New Guinea

is a big

island

in the

Pacific Ocean,

near

Australia.The forestson this island arevery wild, and

there

are

places

hat

people

have never visited.

Scientists

keep

discovering

amazing,

new species

here.

There's

a kangaroo

that

lives in trees, and

a

giant

woolly

rat. The

woolly

rat

is

as

big as

a

cat

and

it's the

biggest

rat on

Earth

Most wild

animals

run away

from

people,

but the

woolly

rat and

the tree

kangaroo

aren't

scared.

his

is

because

hey

havenever seen

people before, and they don't know that people hunt

some

animals.

zrrl(t\

A-

'SIOP

\y

0n

NewGuinea,

cientists

ave

also

ound

giant

umping

pider

and

a rog

with

eeth ike

Dracuta's


11/30

il,*.r,

r - i t '

rl:

f.-

3i,

\-

,p

lr

-r&

:":L,frflrffi;

t'i i*o i{"'-.,..1*.1

T'{

:.

a5

l 'hc

(ialapauos

slar-rc ls

t rc

in thc

l ' l tc i f ic

()ccan,

l- lci l r

I

cr- raclor . ' l 'hc

is lant lsurc

f

at lous

t i r r

t l - rc

ialapagos

torto isc. ' l ' l - rcrc

rc i t lportant c l i f f l rcnccs

bctwccn

t l - rc

tor to iscson thc c l i l ' l ' crcnt a lapagos

slauds.St tmc

t l f

thc

islar-rclslrc clry, and solt tc

arc

rait -tv.

I 'he

tttrtoiscs

on thc clr' l i*l 'rr-rcls

avc

a

krng ncck.

This helps

thctr-t

to cat thc

lcavcs

of t rees.

l ic tor to ises

on thc

rainv

islar-rclsuvc a

short ncck bccausc tl-rc5rat

grass

atrcl

othcr

pl : ln ts

on the

grouncl . ' l 'hcsc

cl i f fercr-rccs

clp

scientists o unclcrstlrncl

ou' atriurals

ha'n'c

r()\\ ' t l

c l i l lcrcr-r t lv

n d i f lcrcnt

p laccs.

' l 'hcrc l t -c r t t ' rotr l10,000 s1' rccics l 'p l l t t . t t on

i\ lu t lagasciu ' , l

t r ig is lant l in thc Int l iurt

()cclt t .

i \ {ost

o l ' thc

plants

clon' t

l ivc anl ' r . l 'hcrcclsc. Macl irgascar

baot-rab rccs arc

hugc thcv catr

gr() \ \ '

30

r-nctcrs a l l

and thc1, can

l ivc f i r r 1,000

r,cars.

Sotnct i t lcs

i t

c locst ' t ' t

ra in f i r r

nronths,

but t l - rc

baobabs can l i r ,c bccalrsc thcy

ere l 'u l l

( ) l

\ \ ' l t lcr .

Nrc{

9U

rhere re bout o ypes

of

emur nd heyonly ive

th-

tSr

on

Madagascar.lemur ses

th

,\,' ' , ' '

i t s ong aiI

o

move

n

the

t rees,

nd

o communicate

wi th other emurs.

,"w

's- * ", ' , ?,

u \'

t l" l | r

for act iv i t ies.

w& Pmts tr

'-

rdi6.,r**,.

1,*

Go o pages42-43


12/30

It

can

be

hard

o

ilve

on

standshatare

very ar

rorn

the

malnland. nsome

emoteslands,ife

hasn't

changedor housandsf years.

Anuta is a very

remote sland

n

the

middle of the

PacificOcean.

About 250

people

ive on Anuta.

They don't use

money and they

shareeverything.

The weather

s hot, so fruit

like

coconuts,

papayas,

and

bananas

grow

well, but the

island s

tiny.

Sometimes

he

people

can't

grow

enough

ood, so

they

sail to another

sland where they

have a

garden

' l l ' i s t l r r

t l l t

(

l r r r rh l

is

o l rc o l ' t l tc

n ' l ( )st

'cn l ( ) lc s l t r r r r ls

on

l :ur th. I t 's i r r

thc

rrr i r l t l lc

o l ' thc

At lunt ic

()ccun.

' l ' l rc

wcl thcr

isn ' t

col t l ,

' rut

hc At lnnt ic wincls

nrc

st r( )ng. ' l 'hcrc

l rc a lot

o l ' ( )ccl r )

' l i r t ls , i l


13/30

l ' ) rstr . ' r ' ls l l r r r t l

s i r r

t l rc I t lc i l ' ie

( )ccl r r .

j ,5oo

l i i lor r rcrcrs

l i 'onr

(

l l r i l t ' ,

in Sotr t l r

Arr rc l ic l .

( ) r rcc,

i t l r l t l

b ig

l i r rcsts

l t t t t l

t r

lot ol 'bi r t ls . ' l ' l tcr r

nt( ) l 'c

thln I

,000

vclr r -s

.rgor

pcoplc

cl lnrc

lo

t l rc is l lnt l

in

clnocs. ' l 'hcy

brr i l t

l i r r r r rs

lut t l

t ( )wns,

lnt l

l i r r hunt l rccls

ol 'yc l r rs, t l rcV cr .r tc lorvn :r

Iol ol ' l i l rcst

trccs

to t tur l


14/30

-a

o

ls lands

n

the middte

f

The

biggest slands

re

islands

o

you

know?

the

oceans

re

often

small .

a[[ near

a cont inent.

What

biq

' l ' l r is

1 ' r ic t ru 'c

l ' l ' l l r th

shows

hc cig l r t

b iggest

slant ls.

( i r -ccnlunr l

is

thc t - r iggcst

s lant l

i t ' s

r t rorc

han

2

nr i l l i .n

sqLlarc

i lonrctcrs

(knrr) .

Sonrc

big

is lar-rds,

l i l


15/30

{'\

tv'V3gfr".21

Most o l 'Ncrv

Zcalur-rd

s

[ \ \ ,o r i { - Is lar ] t ls

a l lcd thc

Nort l i Is lunt lancl hc Sot r th Is lant l . ' l 'hc slancls rc

vcrv

cl i l lL ' rcnt i " ( ) l t r

ach othcr. ' l 'hc

Sout l - r s lar-rc l

as

a lot o l 'b ig

nrountains

it

cvcn has somc

glacicrs.

' l ' lrc

1,onl

ol't l tc 1?rrg.s

rovics

wcrc frln-rccl

) l t

thc

South

Is lar-rc l . ' l 'hc

orth

Is l i rncl s

volcanic,

wi t l - r

gcyscrs

anclhot

\ \ 'u tcr

pools.

Peoplc

havc ivcclon

t l - rc s lar-rc ls

i r r

about I ,200

Vcars.

Thrcc

of

Ncw Zcaland's

bi rds

can't f ly. ' l ' l-rc

nost famous

of

thcsc b i rds

is thc k iwi .

' l 'hc

hcaviest nscct

on

E,arth,

hc

giant

wcta '

a lso

ivcs

n

' l i rs rr l t t t i l t

is : t

l r t r ' . : ' l : tn , l ; l l ro t l l

. l l ( )

l i i lo l l l ( ' l ( ' l ' \

: 'o t t l l t

o l '

l l t t ' t t t l t i t t l : t t t t l , r l , ' \ t ts l t

l r l i : t

' l ' l r t " l i rs t t l r r t i l r t t

r l t ' r ' t l

, rn l t

l i r . . ' s , t t t ' l i ts t t r t t t i l t .

l t ' s

t l r t '

s lu)1e s izr ' l ts : r

sn l i r l l t loq r t t t t l

t t l l ( ' t t

l l

\ \ ( : t t ' r ' t l ,

i l

t t t t t l


16/30

^^*-'-;"_:

Solne

arts

of the world

arevery

busy

and here sn't

enough and

or

everyone.

hat's

why

people

ometimes

buitdnew stands

or arms,homes, tores, nd airports.

Sonrct inrcs

1' rc.p lc

t r i l r l c i t ics on nrl ln-nracic slar-rc1s.

()claiba

slanri

s in' lol


17/30

I r r r ' l rcol t

l t t let 'nl l iotut l

Ai t 'pol ' t

i r r

Sott l l t l r .ol t ' l r

is btr i l t

( )n

l t

nl l l t t - t tut t lc

is l l r r t t l

bctr r 'ectt

l \ \ ' ( )

l l l l l t t t ' l t l

is l l t l t t ls .

I t tc l tc6tt

is

6tte

tr l ' t l rc

l r t ts i t 's l

l t i t '1 ' r9t ' ts

r l t l te

ryot ' l t l ,

l t t l

i l wlsr t ' l

l l rc

l i l 's t l t i r '1r r ) t ' l

) l l

i l

t l l l t t ) - t t t l t t l t '

s l l t r r t l . ' l r ,vo

( lhi r rcsc

l t i t ' l tor ts

l tnt l

l ivc

. f

t l l l t t tcsc

t i t '1 lot ' tsl l 'c

l l t r i l t

( )n

ntal t- l tut t lc

is l l t l t t ls ,

oo. ' l ' l r t '

l i rs t r t ' l ts

( l t t ls l t i

I t r tcr trat ionl l

Ai r 'por l

i t t

. f

tpl t t r .

Ai r l - r r l r ts: t t 'c

ol ' lcr r btr i l t

ot t is l r t t t t ls

r , . ' t ' l t r ts t ' l l lc t 'c

str ' l

cn()Lrgh

atrc l

tcut- l t ig

ci t ics.

Air 'pot ' l

is l l t t t t ls t l 'c

big

about

4 k i lonrcLcrs

lottg. ' l ' l tcV

l t t 'c

ol ic l l

c( ) l l l lcc ' lc t l

to

thc

mainlancl

by

lor- rg

r ic lgcs. ' l 'hc

tr r idgc

l i 'ot t l

l t lc l tcotr

to thc

u-rainlancl

s ur t l rc

than

20

ki lomcLcrs

lol tg.

In

l)ubai

in

thc

Unitcd Arab

Emiratcs,

ourists

likc

thc

clcar

bluc ocean.,

ith

prctty

tropical

f lsh

and

coral.

Thc land

is

vcry

dry and

sandy,

and thcrc

arcn' t

enough

bcaches,

so

people

havc

built

islands

n

the ocean.

The

f irst

area of

man-madc

is lands

was Palm

Jumcirah.

I t has

hotcls,

storcs,

and

rhousandsof homcs.

#%

:JQJ

rhe Burj

At Arab

n Dubai

s

one

of the a[[est

otelsn

he

wortd

it's

321meters

att. t

looksike

he

saiI

f a boat

nd t 's

bui l t

on

a sma[[man-made

sland.

+


18/30

Earth's

slands

ave

mazing

nimals

nd

ptants,

ut

life

on

stands

s

often n

danger.

pecies

an

become

extinct, ndsome standsouldevendisappear,o t, s

important

o

protect

ur stands.

()ur

cars,

actor ics,

and

p()wcr

stat ionsproducc

too

many

gascs

ikc

carbon

dioxidc.

Earth

is

gctting

warmcr

bccausc

thcrc's

too

much

carbon

dioxide

in

the

air. ' l 'his

is

callcd global

warming.

Global

warming

means that there

are

more

storms

and

rain.

More

ice

is

melting

in

the

Arctic

and

the

Antarctic,

so

the

sea evel

is

getting

higher,

and

some

islands

are

disappearing.

A

few

islands

between

India

and Bangladesh

have

already

disappeared

nderwarer.

Somc

slands

n thc

Paci l ic

)ccau

wil l

protr lbly

disappcar

n

100

ycars if wc don't

slow clowtr

glotral

warming.

Some

of

thc

Maldive

Islands

n thc

Inclian

Ocean

will

probably disappear

ooner.

Most

o1'thc

land

is

less han

2 meters

above

sea

evel.

'We

can

try to

slow

down

global

warming

by

making

less

carbon

dioxide.\7e

can

drive

and

fly

less,and

we

can

use

cleaner

ars.'We

hould

use

esscoal

and

oil

to

make

electricity.

There

are

cleaner

ways

of

making

electricity.

I

ro hetp

he

Mal.dive

lslands,

eople

re

designing

new

slands nd

owns

hat

float

These

stands

on't

disappear

ndenvater.

ii,.i


19/30

Disappearingpecies

Global

warming is

changing

life on islands.When

the sea evel

gets

higher,

some

speciesdon't have

a

place

to

live.

Storms and

floods can kill

plants

and

animals.Coral

dies when seawater

ets

oo warm.

Thousands

of species

ive

around

coral reefs,bu t

they can't live there if the coral is dead. U7ean help

specieson islands

by slowing down

global

warming.

\flhen too many

tourists visit small

islands, t's

sometimes

bad

for

plant

and animal

life.\7e

can

protect

special slandsby making

them a

conservation

area.

The islands n

this

photo

are

a

conservationarea

nThailand.They

are a safe

place or plantsand animals o live.

ls landshat

AreProtect ing

arth

The

Svalbard

slands are

n the Arctic Ocean.

Global warming

probably

won't melt Svalbard's

ice, and

its high mountains

probably

won't disappear

underwater. This is why scientists rom Norway

built the Svalbard

Global SeedVault

here

in 2008.

It's a

place

where they will store

an example of each

of Earth's

1.5 mil l ion seeds.

plant

could disappear

becauseof

global

warming or a

natural disaster,bu t

it

won't

becomeextinct.

That's because

eople

ca n

grow

another

plant

from the seeds

n

the

Glclbal

Seed

Vault.

TheGtobat eed

Vault

s nside rocky

mountaint

he

end f

a long

unnet. ost eeds lllstayresh t

mlnus

18

degrees

entigradeor20,000

earsl

) Go o pages0-51 oractlvltles.


20/30


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