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What do you observe when you dilute an acid?

Experimentation and field investigation1. Describe an activity to observe the

reaction of metal oxides with acids.A. Take a small amount of copper oxide in a

beaker and slowly add dilute HCl acidwhile stirring. We will notice that thecopper oxide present in the beaker dis-solves in dilute HCl and the colour of thesolution becomes bluish-green.The reason for this change is the forma-tion of copper chloride in the reaction.The general reaction is Metal oxide +Acidg Salt + Water.In this reaction metal oxide gives salt andwater when it reacts with acid.

2. What do you observe when you dilutean acid?

A. We can observe the increase of tempera-ture of the beaker and the diluted solu-tion, while diluting an acid, as it is anexothermic process.

3. How do you test the following:1. CO2

A. We can test CO2 by bubbling the test gasthrough limewater - calcium hydroxidesolution. Carbon dioxide turns limewatercloudy white.2. H2

A. We can test H2 gas by inserting a lightedsplint into the test tube. The lighted splintwill extinguish with a characteristic"pop" sound, confirming the presence ofH2 gas.

4. How do you help Ramesh in testing pHof the soil in his agriculture field?

A. I advise Ramesh to collect the soil sam-ples from various places in various bagsand ask him to put about 2g of soil in atest tube and add 5 ml water to it and iwill ask him to shake the contents of thetest tube and filter the contents to collectthe filtrate in a test tube. The filtrateobtained can be subjected on pH scale, toknow the pH of the soil.

5. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbonsare taken in test tubes A and B.Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added totest tube A, while acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. In

which test tube will the fizzing occurmore vigorously and why?

A. In test tube A fizzing occurs more vigor-ously. Because HCl is stronger acid thanacetic acid. Hence, HCl liberates hydro-gen gas more vigorously, which causesfizzing more vigorously.

6. How does plaster of Paris reacts withwater? Write down the chemical equa-tion?

A. When water is added to plaster of paris itforms hard substance called Gypsum.The required chemical equation is givenbelow:

7. What do you observe when zinc metalpieces are dropped into sodiumhydroxide bottle?

A. Zinc react with sodium hydroxide to pro-duce zincate sodium and hydrogen. This

reaction takes place at a temperature near5500C. The chemical reaction required isgiven below:

8. Write two observations you would makewhen quicklime is added to water.

A. when quick lime is added to water ,waterstarts boiling this is because exothermicreaction takes place. exothermic reationsare those type of reactions in which heator light is evolved. the chemical equationfor this is:

so when calcium oxide starts reactingwith water it produces an enormousamount of heat; thus water gets boiled.

9. A student dropped few pieces of mar-ble in dilute hydrochloric acid, con-tained in a test tube. The evolved gaswas then passed through lime water.What change would be observed inlime water? What will happen if excessof gas is passed through lime water?Write balanced chemical equations forall the changes observed.

A. Marble is chemically calcium carbonate.When dilute HCl is added to calcium car-bonate, it forms calcium chloride, waterand carbon dioxide. The chemical equa-tion for the reaction is as follows

Carbon dioxide gas turns lime watermilky due to the formation of calciumcarbonate. Following is the chemicalequation showing the reaction betweenlime water and carbon dioxide.

Information skills and projects.

1. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When itchanges into curd (Yogurt), will its pHvalue increase or decrease? Why?

A. When it changes to curd its pH willdecrease. It is because curd contains lac-tic acid. Since acids generally have a lowpH value, when fresh milk changes tocurd its pH will decrease.

2. A dry pellet of a common base B, whenkept in open absorbs moisture andturns sticky. The compound is also a by- product of chlorine - alkali process.Identify B. What type of reactionoccurs when B is treated with an acidicoxide? Write a balanced chemicalequation for one such solution.

A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a common-ly used base and it absorbs moisture fromthe atmosphere and becomes sticky. Theacidic oxides react with base to give saltand water. Lets take an acidic oxide-Carbon dioxide. The reaction betweenNaOH and CO2 can be given as follows:

3. A metal compound ¡¥A¡¦ reacts withdilute sulphuric acid to produce a gaswhich extinguishes a burning candle.Identify the compound ¡¥A¡¦ and the agas produced. Write a balanced chemi-cal equation for the reaction if one ofthe compounds formed in the reactionis sodium sulphate.

A. When sodium carbonate reacts with sul-phuric acid, it produces carbon dioxidegas with effervescence. Carbon dioxide is used as fire extinguisher. Hence, it extinguishes a burning candle. Therefore, the metal compound A is sodi-um carbonate.

4. When zinc metal is treated with adilute solution of a strong acid, a gas isevolved, which is utilized in the hydro-genation of oil. Name the gas evolved.Write the chemical equation of thereaction and also write a test to detectthe gas formed.

A. The gas evolved is hydrogen and which isuse as a rocket fuel. To test if hydrogengas is evolved just place a burning match-stick above dat particular solution and itwill burn wid a pop sound. The balancedequation for the above reaction is as fol-lows:

5. Salt A commonly used in bakery prod-ucts on heating gets converted intoanother salt B which itself is used forremoval of hardness of water and a gasC is evolved. The gas C when passedthrough lime water turns it milky.Identify A, B and C.

A. Salt 'A' is NaHCO3(Sodium HydrogenCarbonate - Bakingsoda) Salt 'B' isNa2CO3 (SodiumCarbonate - WashingSoda) gas 'C' isCarbondioxide gas,which is evolved inthe reaction.

14. What do you inferfrom the below fig-ure?

A. From the above figure we can infer thatacids can corrode any substance easily.So while doing experiments with acids, itis advised to be cautious and careful.

C ommunication through draw ing andmodel making

1. Draw the diagram of arrangement ofapparatus that shows dil. HCl conductselectricity.

A.

A ppreciation, A esthetic sense, values& A pplication to biodiversity

1. Write the uses of bleaching powder,washing soda and baking soda.

A. Uses of bleaching powder are as follows:1. It is used as a disinfectant and germi-cide especially in the sterilization ofdrinking water.2. for manufacture of chloroform.3. for making wool un-shrinkable.4. as an oxidising agent in industry.5. mainly as bleaching agent for cotton,linen and wood pulp.

Uses of washing soda are as follows:

1. It is widely used in glass and paper industries.2. It is used in the manufacture of borax.3. It is used for removal of permanent hard-

ness of water.Uses of baking soda are as follows:1. It is added for faster cooking.2. It is used as an ingredient in antacids.3. It acts as a mild antiseptic.4. It is used in the making of cakes and bread.2. Write a short note on chemicals from

common salt.A. Salts are the ionic compounds which are

produced by the neutralization of acidwith base. Salts are electrically neutral.There are number of salts but sodiumchloride is the most common amongthem. Sodium chloride is also known astable salt or common salt.Sea water contains many salts dissolved init. Sodium chloride is the predominant com-ponent and it is separated from these salts.

The common salt is a raw material forchemicals given below:

1. Sodium hydroxide2. Bleaching powder3. Baking soda and 4. Washing soda

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

physical sciences10th

G.SravanaChandra

Senior Faculty

VÊ¸$ΔÊˇ$–ÈΔÊˇÖ 23 ØË˛–ö˛Ö∫ΔÊˇ$ 2017BÖ{´ßÊ˛gZ≈Ü10 Á‹tyÓ˛

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17. –ö˛$´ßÊ˛≈-{Á≥-ßÛ˛-‘å˝-ÃZ∞ CÖy¯-ΔäˇÃZ fΔÊˇ$-VÊ¸$-ôË˛$ØË˛≤"ØÛ˛ÁŸ-ØË˛Ãå˝ ΔˇhœÖVä¸ ^ÈÖÌ≥-ƒÊ˝$-Øå˛-ÌŸã-≥&2017'ÃZÁ‹”Δ>~À$ ›Î´®Ö-_ØË˛ {MÓ¸yë-M>-ΔÊˇ$À$ & –È«—øÍ-V>ÃZœ Á‹ΔˇO-ØË˛® VÊ¸$«¢Ö-^Ë˛ÖyÏ˛?1. Á‹$÷Ãå˝ MÊ¸$–ö˛*Δäˇ & 74 MÛ¸iÀ$ 2. XôÈ ¥˜VÊ¸så˝ & 59 MÛ¸iÀ$ 3. ›ÎÑÏ¸ –ö˛*ÕMä¸ & 62 MÛ¸iÀ$ 4. Á≥–ö˛Øå˛ MÊ¸$–ö˛*Δäˇ & 86 MÛ¸iÀ$G) 1, 2, 3 –ö˛*{ôË˛–Û˛$ º) 5 —$ØË˛‡ —$VÊ¸-ôÈ—Ì‹) 1, 3 –ö˛*{ôË˛–Û˛$ yÏ˛) A±≤ Á‹ΔˇO-ØË˛–Û˛

18. Áúã‹t M>œã‹ MÊ¸œªå˝ {MÏ¸M¸-så˝ÃZ 151 ∫ÖôË˛$ÃZœ 490Á≥ΔÊˇ$-VÊ¸$À$ ›Î´®Ö-_ØË˛ {MÏ¸M¸-rΔäˇ "ıŸØå˛ yëyä˛fi-–˛Ãå˝' H ßÛ˛‘Ë˝-Á‹$¶yÊ˛$?G) B{ı‹t-ÕƒÊ˝* º) CÖVÊ¸œÖyä˛ Ì‹) ØË˛*≈h-ÃÍÖyä˛ yÏ˛) ßÊ˛ÑÏ¸-◊Í-{ÌúM>

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22. ØË˛–ö˛Ö-∫ΔÊˇ$ 15ØË˛ ∏˘Δäˇæfi Á≥{ÜMÊ¸ {Á≥MÊ¸-sÏ˝Ö-_ØË˛ BÌ‹-ƒÊ˝*ÃZ AôË˛≈ÖôË˛ Á‹ÖÁ≥ØË˛≤ MÊ¸$r$Ö-ªÍÃZœ ôˆÕ›Î¶ØË˛Ö ¥˜Ö®Ö®?G) –ö˛$$MÛ¸ãŸ AÖªÍ∞ º) iMä¸ –ö˛* Ì‹) Œ yÏ˛) AiÖ {ı≥–í˛$i

23. 2018 fØË˛-–ö˛« 1 ØË˛$Ö_ H ßÛ˛‘Ë˝Ö øÍΔÊˇ-°-ƒÊ˝$$-ÀMÊ¸$ —$ØË˛-‡-Δˇ$$Ö-Á≥#ô¯ MÊ¸*yÏ˛ØË˛ ∫Áfl˝ì‚Ê˝ {Á≥ƒÒ˝*-f-ØË˛-M>« “›Î-ÀØË˛$ AÖßÊ˛-gÙ˝-ƒÊ˝*-À∞ ∞ΔÊˇ~-Δˇ$$Ö-_Ö®?G) fΔÊˇ√± º) ÌúÕ-Ô≥µØå˛fi Ì‹) f¥ÎØå˛ yÏ˛) ßÊ˛ÑÏ¸◊˝ Mˆ«ƒÊ˝*

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26. øÍΔÊˇ-ô¨˛ & –ö˛$ƒÊ˝$-ØÈ√Δäˇ MÊ¸ÕÌ‹ ØË˛–ö˛Ö-∫-ΔÊˇ$ÃZ ôˆÕ-›Î-«V> ∞ΔÊˇ”-Ìfl˝Ö-_ØË˛ Á‹ÖƒÊ˝$$MÊ¸¢ Ú‹O∞MÊ¸ —ØÈ≈-›ÎÀ$?G) ƒÊ˝$$ßÊ˛Æ AøÍ≈ã‹&2017 º) Øˆ–ö˛*-sÏ˝Mä¸ GÕ-ÚúÖså˝&2017 Ì‹) IMBAX - 2017 yÏ˛) SINBEX - 2017

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29. {Á≥–ö˛$$Q {sÍ–˛Ãå˝ –ö˛*≈VÊ¸-gÒ˝OØå˛ "ŒfΔäˇ' {Á≥M>ΔÊˇÖ2017MÏ¸ V>ØË˛$ {Á≥Á≥Ö-^Ë˛ÖÃZ AôË˛$≈-ôË˛¢–ö˛$ Á≥Δ>≈-rMÊ¸ ßÛ˛‘Ë˝ÖV> GÖÌ≥-M¸O-ØË˛®?G) M¸ØË˛yë º) Iã‹-ÃÍÖyä˛ Ì‹) –ö˛$M>–ö˛# yÏ˛) {∏ÎØå˛fi

30. {Á≥Á≥Ö^Ë˛ BΔ¯VÊ¸≈ Á‹ÖÁ‹¶ B´ßÊ˛”-ΔÊˇ≈ÖÃZ ØË˛–ö˛Ö-∫ΔÊˇ$16&17 ôÛ˛©ÃZœ ΔÊˇ⁄Î≈-ÃZ∞ –ö˛*›˘PÃZ f«-WØË˛AÖôË˛-Δ>j-°ƒÊ˝$ Á‹ßÊ˛-Á‹$fiÃZ "sÓ˝Ω'∞ GÁ≥µ-sÏ˝-–ö˛-ΔÊˇMÊ¸$AÖôË˛Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝*-À∞ ∞ΔÊˇ~-Δˇ$$Ö-^ÈΔÊˇ$?G) 2050 º) 2030 Ì‹) 2025 yÏ˛) 2020

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33. –ö˛ΔÊˇÃå˝z GMÊ¸-ØË˛-—$Mä¸ ∏˘ΔÊˇÖ2017MÏ¸ {Á≥MÊ¸-sÏ˝Ö-_ØË˛"{Á≥Á≥Ö-^Ë˛Ö-ÃZ∞ AôË˛≈ÖôË˛—‘Ë˝”-Á‹-±ƒÊ˝$ {Á≥øÊ˝$-ôÈ”ÀgÍº-ôÈ'ÃZ –˛*© ØÛ˛ôË˛ñ-ôË˛”ÖÃZ øÍΔÊˇ-ô¨˛-MÊ¸$ À¿Ö-_ØË˛ Δ>≈ÖMÊ¸$?G) 3 º) 46 Ì‹) 74 yÏ˛) 103

34. –ö˛ΔÊˇÃå˝z GMÊ¸-ØË˛-—$Mä¸ ∏˘ΔÊˇÖ 2017MÏ¸ {Á≥MÊ¸-sÏ˝Ö-_ØË˛"{Á≥Á≥Ö-^Ë˛Ö-ÃZ∞ AôË˛≈ÖôË˛ —‘Ë˝”-Á‹-±ƒÊ˝$ {Á≥øÊ˝$-ôÈ”À gÍº-ôÈ'ÃZ ôˆÕ ›Î¶ØË˛Ö ¥˜Ö®ØË˛ ßÛ˛‘Ë˝Ö?G) M¸ØË˛yë º) ØÈΔÛˇ” Ì‹) CÖy¯-ØÛ˛-ÌŸƒÊ˝$ yÏ˛) Ì‹”rj-Δ>œÖyä˛

35. ØË˛–ö˛Ö-∫ΔÊˇ$ 20ØË˛ V¯–ÈÃZ {¥ÎΔÊˇÖ-øÊ˝-–˛$OØË˛ "CÖr-ΔÛˇ≤-ÁŸ-ØË˛Ãå˝ ÌúÃå˝√ ÚúÌ‹t-–ö˛Ãå˝ Bãú CÖyÏ˛ƒÊ˝*' EôË˛fi-–ÈÃZœ CÖyÏ˛-ƒÊ˝$Øå˛ ÌúÃå˝√ Á≥ΔÊˇfi-ØÈ-ÕsÓ˝ Bãú ßÊ˛CƒÊ˝$-ΔäˇV> GÖÌ≥-M¸O-ØË˛®?G) ⁄ÎΔÊˇ$-Mä¸-RÍØå˛ º) Δ>f-–ö˛ò„ Ì‹) A—$-ôÈ-∫-^Ë˛aØå˛ yÏ˛) Gã‹.-Ì≥.-ªÍ-À-Á‹$-{∫-–ö˛$◊˝≈Ö

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Ððl¬§ýlsìæ Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… & 1951: D çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ §éÓÆ> BíÜ¢ çßæMýS$P{´ë«§é ]lÅ™èl ]l$ ™èlWY… èlyé°MìS {´ë£ýlÑ$MýSçßæMýS$PÌZÏ Æð‡…yýl$ A« MýSÆý‡×æË$ ólÆ>aÆý‡$.A§ól Ñ«§ýl…V> Ððl ]lMýSºyìl ]l Ð]lÆ>YË ÐéÇMìSÇfÆó‡ÓçÙ ]l$Ï Mö ]lÝëW… èlyé°MìS Ð]l$ÆøA« MýSÆý‡×æ ]l$ ¡çÜ$Mö^éaÆý‡$. D çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ§éÓÆ> D MìS…¨ M>ÏkË$ ólÆ>aÆý‡$.

G) 31G {ç³MýSÆý‡×æ {ç³M>Æý‡… fÒ$…§éÈÑ«§é¯é°² Æý‡§ýl$ªç³Ç ól Ô>çÜ¯éË${´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PÌZÏ° BíÜ¢çßæMýS$PMýS$ÑÆý‡$§ýl®…M>§ýl$. ÝëÐ]l*hMýS AÀÐ]l– ®MìSÐ]lÅMýS$¢Ë [Oò³ÐólsŒæ BçÜ$¢Ë ]l$ Æ>fÅ…ÝëÓ«© ]l… ólçÜ$MøÐ]l èl$a.

¼) 32(¼) {ç³MýSÆý‡×æ {ç³M>Æý‡… Aç³µsìæ Ð]lÆý‡MýS$ÑÑ«§ýl Æ>[çÙt {ç³¿¶æ$™éÓË$ ólíÜ ]l ¿¶æ*çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æ èlsêtË$ ðlË$Ï™éÆ‡¬. AÑÆý‡§ýl$ª M>Ð]l#. Mö™èl¢V> Æ>gêÅ…V>°MìS™öÑ$Ã§ø òÙyýl*ÅÌŒæ ólÆ>aÆý‡$. C¨ ¯éÅÄ¶æ$çÜÒ$„ýS ç³Ç« MìS…§ýlMýS$Æ>§ýl$.

íÜ) 15(4) A«¨MýSÆý‡×æ {ç³M>Æý‡… GïÜÞ, GïÜt,½ïÜË Ñ§éÅ ÑçÙÄ¶æ*ÌZÏ Mö°² ïÜr$ÏÇfÆó‡ÓçÙ Œæ §éÓÆ> CÐ]lÓÐ]l èl$a. (C¨{´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PËMýS$ Ð]lÅ†Æó‡MýS… M>§ýl$)

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Ô¶æ…MýSÈ {ç³Ýë§Šæ Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü Ä¶æÊ°Ä¶æ$¯Œæ B‹œC…yìlÄ¶æ* MóSçÜ$ (1951): D MóSçÜ$ÌZÐðl¬§ýlsìæ Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ÝëÆý‡¦MýS™èl ]l${ç³Õ²…^éÆý‡$. AÆ‡¬™ól 368 {ç³MýSÆý‡×æ{ç³M>Æý‡… {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË ]l$ MýS*yéçÜÐ]lÇ… ól A« M>Æý‡… ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$E…§ýl° çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t ¡Æý‡$µ ðlí³µ…¨.

fÒ$…§éÈ Ð]lÆ>YË$ (1952): Ððl¬§ýlsìæÆ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ðlËÏ§ýl° fÒ$…§éÈÐ]lÆ>YË$ MýS*yé çÜÐéÌŒæ ólçÜ*¢çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t ]l$ B{ÔèæÆ‡¬…^éÆ‡¬. AÆ‡¬™ólÐéÇ Ðé§ýl ]l ]l$ çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t™øíÜç³#_a…¨. fÒ$…§éÈË$ Æý‡§ýl$ª, ¿¶æ*çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æ èlsêtË$ ðlË$Ï™éÄ¶æ$° ¡Æý‡$µðlí³µ…¨. AÆ‡¬™ól C§ól MóSçÜ$ÌZ¿¶æ*Ð]l¬Ë ]l$ ¡çÜ$Mö ólrç³#µyýl$ ðlÍÏ… ól" ]lçÙt ç³ÇàÆý‡…' ¯éÅÄ¶æ$…V> E…yéË°õ³ÆöP…¨.

»ñæÌêÏ »ñæ¯]lÈj Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü ç³ÕaÐ]l$ »ñæ…V>ÌŒæ (1954):D MóSçÜ$ÌZ Ð]l*Æð‡PsŒæ ÑË$Ð]l {ç³M>Æý‡…" ]lçÙtç³ÇàÆý‡…' ðlÍÏ…^éË ól§ól E§ólªÔ¶æ….]lçÙt ç³ÇàÆý‡… A…sôæ ¯éÅÄ¶æ$OÐðl$ ]l]lçÙtç³ÇàÆý‡Ð]l$° çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t{ç³MýSsìæ…_…¨.

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çÜÐ]l$çÜÅË™ø MýS*yìl ]l ÑçÙÄ¶æ$…V>ç³ÇVýS×ìæ…^éÆý‡$. A§ól Ñ«§ýl…V> çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t¡Æý‡$µ ]l$ A« VýSÑ$… èlyé°MìSÆ>gêÅ…V>°MìS 4Ð]l çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ólÔ>Æý‡$. 4Ð]l Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… (1955): DçÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ èlrt… {ç³M>Æý‡… ´ûÆý‡$Ë BíÜ¢°ÝëÐ]l*hMýS Eç³Äñæ*V>°MìS ÝëÓ«© ]l…ólçÜ$MýS$ ]l²ç³#µyýl$ G…™èl ]lçÙtç³ÇàÆý‡…CÐéÓË ól¨ {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓÐól$ °Æý‡~Æ‡¬çÜ$¢…¨.©°² {ç³Õ²… ól çßæMýS$P ¯éÅÄ¶æ$Ýë¦ éËMýS$Ìôæ§ýl° çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ólÔ>Æý‡$. ©°§éÓÆ> 31GA« MýSÆý‡×æ ç³Ç« ° ò³…^éÆý‡$.

G….òßæ^Œæ. Q$Æó‡íÙ Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü ¼àÆŠæ (1958): DMóSçÜ$ÌZ °Æó‡ªÕMýS °Ä¶æ$Ð]l*Ë ]l$AÐ]l$Ë$ç³Ç ól Ô>çÜ¯éË$ {´ë£ýlÑ$MýSçßæMýS$PËMýS$ ¿¶æ…VýS… MýSÍW… èlyýl… Ìôæ§éÐésìæ ç³Ç« ° ™èlWY… ólÌê E…yýlMýS*yýl§ýl°çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t AÀ{´ëÄ¶æ$ç³yìl…¨.

MóSÆý‡â¶æ, Ð]l${§é‹Ü ¿¶æ*çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æ ^èlsêtËOò³ ¡Æý‡$µ(1964): D Æð‡…yýl$ Æ>[çÙt {ç³¿¶æ$™éÓË$ólíÜ ]l ¿¶æ*çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æ èlsêtË$ "¿¶æ*MýSÐ]l$™éËOò³' ç³ÇÑ$™èl$Ë$ Ñ« …^éÆ‡¬.D Æð‡…yýl$ èlsêtË* ðlËÏÐ]l° çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t{ç³MýSsìæ…_…¨.

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MóS…{§ýl {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ… ™öÑ$Ã§øòÙyýl*ÅÌŒæÌZ ólÇa…¨.2. Ð]lÅÐ]lÝëÄ¶æ$ ¿¶æ*Ð]l¬Ë ]l$ MýS*yéÐ]l*Æð‡PsŒæ ÑË$Ð]l {ç³M>Æý‡… {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ…]lçÙtç³ÇàÆý‡… ðlÍÏ… èlMýS$…yéÝëÓ«© ]l… ólçÜ$MøÐ]l èl$a.

çÜfj¯Œæ íÜ…VŠæ Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü õÜtsŒæ B‹œ Æ>fÝë¦¯Œæ:(1964): D MóSçÜ$ÌZ 17Ð]l Æ>gêÅ…VýSçÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ÝëÆý‡¦MýS™èl ]l$ {ç³Õ²…^éÆý‡$.{´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË ]l$ çÜÐ]lÇ… ólA« M>Æý‡… ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ E…§ýl°çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t ¡Æý‡$µ ðlí³µ…¨. D çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æðlË$Ï»êr$ AÐ]l#™èl$…§ýl° õ³ÆöP…¨.

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VøËMŠæ¯é£Šæ Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü õÜtsŒæ B‹œ ç³…gê»Œæ (1967):D MóSçÜ$ÌZ VøËMŠæ¯é£ýl A ól Ð]lÅMìS¢ 1, 4,17 Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æË ]l$ ólÄ¶æ$yé°MìS

´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ E ]l² A« M>Æ>°² ÐésìæÝëÆý‡¦MýS™èlË ]l$ {ç³Õ²…^éÆý‡$. ©…™ø BíÜ¢çßæMýS$P™ø çÜà {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË ]l$çÜÐ]lÇ… èlyé°MìS ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ A« M>Æý‡…Ìôæ§ýl° çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t ™ðlÍí³…¨.Æ>gêÅ…VýS…ÌZ° 13(2) A«¨MýSÆý‡×æ{ç³M>Æý‡… ðlËÏ§ýl° ¡Æý‡$µ ðlí³µ…¨. D¡Æý‡$µ™ø ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$, çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$tÐ]l$«§ýlÅ çÜ…çœ$Æý‡Û×æ {´ëÆý‡…¿¶æOÐðl$…¨.

¯øsŒæ: Oò³ MóSçÜ$ÌZ E ]l²™èl ¯éÅÄ¶æ$Ýë¦ ]l…¡Æý‡$µ™ø {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË$.. °Æó‡ªÕMýS°Ä¶æ$Ð]l*ËOò³ Mö…™èlÐól$Æý‡ Oò³ ólÆ‡¬Ýë« …^éÆ‡¬. D ¡Æý‡$µ ]l$ A« VýSÑ$… èlyé°MìS ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ E ]l²A« M>Æ>Ë™ø Æ>gêÅ…V>°MìS 24, 25Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æË$ ólÔ>Æý‡$.24 Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… (1971): DçÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ Æð‡…yýl$ A…Ô>Ë ]l$ ólÇa…¨. 1. ©° §éÓÆ> Æ>gêÅ…VýS…ÌZ° {´ë£ýlÑ$MýSçßæMýS$PË™ø çÜà H ¿êV>O ðl²¯é çÜÐ]lÇ… ólçßæMýS$P ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ MýSÍµ…_…¨.2. Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ¼Ë$ÏËOò³ Æ>[çÙtç³†™èlç³µ°çÜÇV> çÜ…™èlMýS… ólÄ¶æ*Í.25Ð]l Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… (1971): DçÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ §éÓÆ> Æ>gêÅ…V>°MìS Mö™èl¢V>31 íÜ A« MýSÆý‡×æ ]l$ ólÆ>aÆý‡$. ©° {ç³M>Æý‡…Æð‡…yýl$ M>ÏkË$ MýSÍ´ëÆý‡$.1. °Æó‡ªÕMýS °Ä¶æ$Ð]l*Ë$ 39¼, íÜ AÐ]l$Ë$ólõÜrç³#µyýl$ {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË$ 14,19, 31MìS ÑÆý‡$§ýl®…V> E¯é² ðlË$Ï™éÆ‡¬.2. {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PËMýS$ Ð]lÅ†Æó‡MýS…V> E ]l²Òsìæ° ¯éÅÄ¶æ$Ýë¦ ]l…ÌZ {ç³Õ²… èlÆ>§ýl$.A…sôæ ¯éÅÄ¶æ$ çÜÒ$„ýS ]l$ A§ýl$ç³# ólÔ>Æý‡$.

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MóSÔ¶æÐé¯]l…§ýl ¿êÆý‡† MóSçÜ$ (1973): D MóSçÜ$ÌZMóSÆý‡â¶æ {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ ¿¶æ* çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æË èlsêt°²MóSÔ¶æÐé ]l…§ýl¿êÆý‡† {ç³Õ²…^éÆý‡$. D{MýSÐ]l$…ÌZ çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t MìS…¨ ¡Æý‡$µË ]l$ÐðlË$Ð]lÇ…_…¨.1. {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË ]l$ çÜÐ]lÇ… ólA« M>Æý‡… ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæMýS$ E…¨. °Æó‡ªÕMýS°Ä¶æ$Ð]l*OÌñæ¯]l 39¼, íÜ {ç³MýSÆý‡×æË$,{´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$POÌñæ 14, 19, 31 Oò³B« MýSÅ™èl MýSÍW E…sêÄ¶æ$° õ³ÆöP…¨.2. H çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ólíÜ¯é Æ>gêÅ…VýS "Ð]l˜ÍMýSçÜÓÆý‡*ç³…' Ð]l*Æý‡aÆ>§ýl$.

3. 31 íÜ °º…«§ýl ]lÌZ° Æð‡…yø M>Ïk ]l$ Mösìæt-ÐólíÜ…¨. M>Æý‡×æ… ¯éÅÄ¶æ$ çÜÒ$„ýS A ól¨¯éÅÄ¶æ$Ýë¦ éËMýS$ E…r$…§ýl° ðlí³µ…¨.4. ]lçÙtç³ÇàÆý‡… {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ… CÚëtÈ† ]lM>MýS$…yé ¡çÜ$MýS$ ól BíÜ¢ ÑË$Ð]lMýS$ Mö…™èlçÜ…º…«§ýl… E…yéÍ.

¯øsŒæ: Oò³ ¡Æý‡$µ ]l$ A« VýSÑ$… èlyé°MìS 42Ð]lÆ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ èlrt… ólÔ>Æý‡$.

¯éË$Vø §ýlÔ¶æ: 1976- & 7942Ð]l Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… (1976): DçÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ §éÓÆ> ólíÜ ]l Ð]l*Æý‡$µË$:1. A°² °Æó‡ªÕMýS °Ä¶æ$Ð]l*Ë$ (39(¼), (íÜ)ól M>MýS$…yé) {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$POÌñæ ]l 14,19, 31 Oò³ B« MýSÅ™èl MýSÍW E…sêÆ‡¬.2. 368 °º…«§ýl ]l MìS…§ýl ólõÜ çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æË ]l$¯éÅÄ¶æ$ Ýë¦ éÌZÏ {ç³Õ²… èlÆ>§ýl$.3. çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t, OòßæMøÆý‡$tËMýS$ ¯éÅÄ¶æ$çÜÒ$„ýS ]l$ ™èlWY…^éÆý‡$.44Ð]l Æ>gêÅ…VýS çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æ ^èlrt… (1978): A ólMýS ÑÐé§éË ]l…™èlÆý‡… BíÜ¢ çßæMýS$P ]l${´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$P ]l$…_ ™öËW…^éÆý‡$.12Ð]l ¿êVýS…ÌZ 300G °º…«§ýl ]lÌZèlrtº§ýl®OÐðl$ ]l çßæMýS$PV> ç³ÇVýS×ìæ…^éÆý‡$.1980 ™èlÆ>Ó™èl Ñ$¯]lÆ>Ó Ñ$ÌŒæÞ Ð]lÆð‡Þ‹Ü Ð]l${§é‹Ü

{ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ…(1980): D MóSçÜ$ÌZ çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t MìS…¨ Ñ«§ýl…V>¡Æý‡$µ ðlí³µ…¨.1. 368 {ç³MýSÆý‡×æ ólõÜ çÜÐ]lÆý‡×æË ]l$ ¯éÅÄ¶æ$çÜÒ$„ýS ólÄ¶æ$Ð]l èl$a.2. 39(¼), (íÜ) °Æó‡ªÕMýS °Ä¶æ$Ð]l*Ë$Ð]l*{™èlÐól$ {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$POÌñæ ]l 14, 19{ç³MýSÆý‡×æËOò³ B« MýSÅ™èl ]l$ MýSÍW E…sêÆ‡¬.Ñ$VýS™é A°² °Æó‡ªÕMýS °Ä¶æ$Ð]l*Ë${´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PËMýS$ ÌZºyìl E…yéÍ.

Ð]l¬W…ç³#: {ç³çÜ$¢™èl… B§ólÕMýS çÜ*{™éËMýS…sôæ{´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË$ Mö…™èl {´ë«§é ]lÅ…´ë…§éÆ‡¬. ©°²ºsìæt B§ólÕMýS çÜ*{™éË ]l$AÐ]l$Ìôæ ólÄ¶æ$ ]lçÜÆý‡… Ìôæ§ýl° ¿êÑ… èlÆ>§ýl$.Æ>gêÅ…VýS… Ð]l˜ÍMýS çÜÓÆý‡*´ë°MìS ¿¶æ…VýS…MýSËVýSMýS$…yé ´ëÆý‡ÏÐðl$…sŒæ B§ólÕMýS çÜ*{™éË$AÐ]l$Ë$MýS$ {´ë£ýlÑ$MýS çßæMýS$PË ]l$ çÜÐ]lÇ…-èlÐ]l èl$a. A§ól Ñ«§ýl…V> ¯éÅÄ¶æ$Ýë¦ éËMýS$¯éÅÄ¶æ$ çÜÒ$„>« M>Æý‡… E…yýlr…{ç³gêÝëÓÐ]l$Å §ólÔ>ÌZÏ A™èlÅÐ]lçÜÆý‡….

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VýSÐ]l$°MýS: 2017 ]lÐ]l…ºÆŠæ 22 ]l "Ñ§ýlÅ'ÌZ{ç³ èl$Ç™èlOÐðl$ ]l èlÇ{™èlÌZ 11Ð]l {ç³Ô¶æ² ]l$"çßæÆý‡´ëµ ¯éVýSÇMýS™èl ÑËíÜÍÏ ]l {´ë…™èl ¿oVø-ãMýS ÑçÜ¢Æý‡×æÌZ §ýl„ìS×æ _Ð]lÆý‡ ]l E ]l² ]lVýSÆý‡… &O§ðlÐ]l*»ê§Šæ'V> èl§ýl$Ð]l#MøVýSËÆý‡$.2017 ]lÐ]l…ºÆŠæ 21 ]l "Ñ§ýlÅ'ÌZ {ç³ èl$Ç™èl-OÐðl$ ]l Ð]lÆý‡ÌŒæz íßæçÜtÈÌZ 17Ð]l {ç³Ô¶æ² ]l$ "AÐðl$ÇM>-ÌZ Ýët…ç³#Ë èlsêt°² AÐ]l$Ë$ ólíÜ ]l çÜ…Ð]l-™èlÞÆ>°²&1765'V> èl§ýl$Ð]l#MøVýSËÆý‡$.SAKSHI EDUCATIONAlso Find

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♦ Tense denotes time and action.♦ Tense is that form of verb whichstates the time and action of anevent. Kinds of Tense There are three Kinds of Tense.1. Present tense 2. Past Tense3. Future tenseEach type of tense has its sub-types Present Tense1. Simple 2. Continuous3. Perfect 4. Perfect ContinuousPast Tense1. Simple 2. Continuous3. Perfect 4. Perfect ContinuousFuture Tense1. Simple 2. Continuous3. Perfect 4. Perfect ContinuousStructure of TensesPresent Tensei) Simple Present:Subject+ Verb1 + (s /es) + objectEx: 1. They go to college2. Priya goes to collegeii) Present Continuous:Subject + is/am/are + V1 ing +objectEx: 1. Princy is doing home work 2. Iam writing a letter3. They are singing songsiii) Present Perfect:Subject + has/have + V3 + objectEx: 1. She has completed the work2. They have eaten breakfast justiv) Present Perfect Continuous:Subject + has/have + been + V1 +ing + objectEx: 1. Pavan has been taking photos2. The children has been playingcricket.Past Tensei) Simple past:Subject + V2 + objectEx: 1. Pandu wrote a letterii) Past continuous:Subject + was/were + V1 + ing +objectEx: 1. Vikranth was attending theclasses2. They were playing drums iii) Past perfect:Subject + had + V3 + objectEx: 1) I had completed the work iv) Past perfect continuous:Subject + had + been + V1 + ing+ objectEx: 1. Raju had been typing this bookFuture Tensei) Simple future:Subject+Shall/will+ V1 + object.Ex: 1. I shall meet you tommorow 2. They will go on picnic nextweek.ii) Future continuous:Subject + Shall/Will + be + V1 +ing + object.Ex: 1. Radha will be conducting theprogramme2. I shall be waiting for youiii) Future perfect:Subject + Shall/will + have + V3+ objectEx: 1. Ramya will have arranged this.2. I shall have sung a song iv) Future perfect continuous:Subject + shall/will + have +been + V1 + ing + objectEx: 1. We shall have been learningEnglish.2. Rakesh will have been colle-cting the amount.Previous Questions 1. She saw me. The negative formof the sentence is:(TET - JULY 2011)1) She don’t see me2) She is not seen me3) She doesn’t see me4) She didn’t see me2. Choose the appropriate questionto get the reply. I am from Delhi.(TET - JULY 2011)1) Where you are from?2) Where are you form?3) Where do you form?4) From where do you come?3. It was warm, so I ____ my coat(take). Fill in the blank with thecorrect form of the word given inthe bracket. (TET - JULY 2011)1) have taken 2) am taking3) took 4) was taking4. For / I’ve caused / I’m sorry / anytrouble. Identify the correct orderof the words to make a meaningf-ul sentence. (TET - JULY 2011)1) I’m sorry I’ve caused for anytrouble2) I’, sorry for any trouble I’vecaused3) I’ve caused trouble for I’msorry4) I’ve caused trouble I’m sorryfor any5. Find the correct sentence thatcontains the words ‘birds, distan-ces, fly, long, migrating.’(TET-JULY 2011)1) Migrating birds fly distanceslong2) Birds fly long migrating dista-nces3) Migrating birds fly long dist-ances4) Birds fly migrating long dist-ances6. ‘My father____ (drink)tea every-day.’ Choose the correct form ofthe erb given in the brackets tofill in the given blank. (TET-JULY 2011)1) is drinking 2) drink3) drinks 4) drank7. ‘Lalitha used to take a slate toschool’. It means that:(TET-JULY 2011)1) Lalitha has been taking a slateto school2) Lalitha doesn’t take a slate toschool now3) Lalitha takes a slate to school4) Lalitha is taking a slate toschool8. Identify the correct sentence.(TET - JAN 2012)1) How far your house it is fromhere.2) You are doing that way?3) How far is it from here to yourhouse?4) Where you are going now.9. To make the past perfect tense,we use this helping verb.(TET - JAN 2012)1) have 2) had3) has 4) having10. Choose the correct phrase to fillin the blank in the sentence.The ____ living here Since 1999(TET - JAN 2012)1) have been 2) has been3) are being 4) have being11. Identify the question to get theanswer. (TET - JAN 2012)Yes. We go there every year1) Did you been to Ooty?2) Have been to Ooty ever?3) Did you to Ooty never?4) Have you ever been to Ooty?12. Identify the correct sentence thatcontains all the words in the box. (TET - JAN 2012)1) The sun makes us for the clouds2) The sun makes the clouds for us3) The clouds makes the sun for us4) The sun clouds makes for us.13. Choose the grammatically correctsentence. (TET - JAN 2012)1) I’ll see you next Friday2) I’ll see you on the next Friday3) I’ll see you on next Friday4) I’ll see you the next Friday14. If it hadn’t been for your help, Idon’t know. (TET - JAN 2012)Choose the correct answer.1) What i’d done2) what I’d have been done 3) What I’d have done4) What I’d had done15. ‘Where ____ ?’ ‘In a village nearVijayawada’. Fill in the blank,choosing the correct answer.(TET - JAN 2012)1) your uncle lives2) does your uncle live3) lives your uncle live4) do your uncle live16. A) Didn’t you go to the cinemayesterday?B) _____. (TET - JAN 2012)1) Yes, I didn’t 2) No I do3) Yes, I did 4) No, I did17. What would you say in a hotelwhen you have to wake up earlyfor an important meeting?(TET - JAN 2012)1) Could I have a cell at 6 am.please?2) Can I ask you to call at 6 am.please?3) May I have a call at 6 am?4) Shall I have a call at 6 am?18. Identify the part of the sentencethat has an error. There parts arelabelled as a, b, c and d. Would you / follow me / (a) (b)wherever / I would go?(c) (d)(TET - JAN 2012)1) a 2) b 3) c 4) d19. A : I don’t like cucumbers B : _____. (TET - JAN 2012)Identify the grammatically corre-ct response of ‘B’1) Neither I do 2) I don’t either3) I do too 4) I nor do20. Mr. Rao: Are you going to theparty ? (TET- JULY 2012)Mr. John: ______Identify Mr. John’s response.1) No. I haven’t invited2) Yes, I haven’t been invited3) No, I haven’t been invited4) Yes, I haven’t been invited21. Read the following sentences.a) I’d rather make salad andcustardb) I’d rather you cook the dinner.Identify the correct statement inthe above sentences.(TET- JULY 2012)1) Both sentences are correct.2) Sentence (a) is correct andsentence (b) is incorrect.3) Sentence (b) is correct andsentence (a) is incorrect.4) Both sentences are incorrect.22. Choose the correct form of theverb given in the brackets in thesentence: He was afraid ___(go)near the dog because he wasafraid of ___ (be) bitten.(TET- JULY 2012)1) to go; being 2) going; being3) went; was 4) going; been23. Choose the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets to fillin the blanks in the sentence:Two people ___ (report) to ___(injure) in the road accident nearthe capital early this morning.(TET- JULY 2012)1) reported; have injured2) are reported; have beeninjured3) resported; be injured4) are reporting; injure24. The man sitting next to me wasnervous because he ___ before.Identify the correct option to fillin the above blank.(TET-JULY 2012)1) hadn’t flowed 2) hadn’t flown3) hasn’t flown 4) hadn’t flew25. Observe the verb pattern.S + V + Obj. + Prep + V ingIdentify the sentence that fits intothe above verb pattern.(TET- JULY 2012)1) She said to me for praying toGod.2) They asked me to meetingthem at once.3) We told them about the mee-ting tomorrow.4) I thanked them for helping me.26. Choose the correct form of theverb in the brackets to fill in theblanks in the sentence:The train ____ (arrive) beforewe___ (reach) the station.(TET- JULY 2012)1) will arrive; will reach 2) arrives; reach3) will be arriving; shall reach4) will have arrived; reach27. Identify the correct question to g-et the answer. (TET- JULY 2012)Yes, I think we have1) Haven’t we met somewherebefore?2) Don’t you think we had a cupof tea at this restaurant?3) Didn’t we meet at the TajMahal last month?4) You think we shared a room ata hotel in Shimla?28. Identify the second person’sresponse.PersonI: Didn’t you go shoppingyesterday? (TET-MARCH 2014)Person II: ____1) No, I did2) Yes, I did 3) No, I had done4. Yes, I didn’tKey1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2 5) 36) 3 7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 111) 4 12) 2 13) 1 14) 3 15) 216) 3 17) 1 18) 4 19) 3 20) 321) 2 22) 1 23) 2 24) 2 25) 426) 2,4 27) 1 28) 2sun, clouds, makes, the, the, us, for:Tense denotes time and actionM. VeerababuSubject Expert, Nalgonda. ´ùsîæ ç³È„ýSË

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SSC

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07 23 2017- ntbhadradri.comntnews.com

1) Manushi Chillar from India, hails from

which state, who has won the coveted

Miss World 2017 pageant at Sanya, in

China.?

a. Haryana b.Punjab

c. UP d.MP

2) The world’s biggest toilet pot model

was launched at Marora, popularly

known as the ‘Trump village’,In which

state it has been launched?

a. Punjab b. Haryana

c. Telengana d. UP

3) Which edition of the Global

Entrepreneurship Summit-2017 will be

held at Hyderabad from November

28th?

a. 6th b. 9th c. 8th d.10th

4) The World Toilet Day (WTD), is

observed every year on……………?

a. November 18 b. November 19

c. November 20 d. November 21

5) India is hosting the ………….

International Congress of Military

Medicine (ICMM-2017) in new delhi?

a. 40th b. 41st c. 42nd d. 43rd

6) Name the city that is hosting the 2017

Women’s Youth World Boxing

Championship (YWBC)?

a. Guwahati b. Dispur

c. Indore d. Hyderabad

7) Atom Egoyan hails from which country

, who will be honoured with the lifetime

achievement award at the International

Film Festival of India (IFFI 2017).

a. Canada b. USA

c. Norway d. Brazil

8) Jana Novotna, the former champion

passed away. She was associated to

which sports?

a. Badminton b. Wrestling

c. Tennis d. Gymnastics

9) The UN Climate Change Conference

(COP23) has concluded on November

17, 2017 , in which country?

a. Germany b. Brazil

c. India d. Bangladesh

10) International rating agency Moody’s

Investors Service has recently upgraded

the Government of India (GoI)’s local

and foreign currency issuer ratings

from its lowest investment grade

“Baa3” to ____?

a. Baa1 b. Baa0

c. Baa2 d. Not determined

11) The International Film Festival of India

(IFFI) will set up Next Gen-Bioscope

Village in which city?

a. Patna b. Puducherry

c. Panaji d. Shilling

12) Pandit Jagdish Mohan , the renowned

Hindustani vocalist of Kirana Gharana,

was passed away. He hailed from which

state?

a. Uttarakhand b. Jharkhand

c. Goa d. Haryana

13) The new chairman of Bombay Stock

exchange (BSE) is …?

a. Prem kumar b. Ramdorai

c. Sethuratnam Ravi d. Ravi kishore

14) The Aadi Mahotsav – a fortnight long

Tribal Festival of 2017 , with the theme

of ‘A Celebration of the Spirit of Tribal

Culture, Cuisine and Commerce’

celebrated recently at Dilli Haat. In

which city it is?

a. Hyderabad b. Thiruchi

c. Kottayam d. New delhi

15) Shagun Chowdhary has bagged a

national champion crown on winning

the women’s trap event at the 61st

National Shooting Championship in

New Delhi recently. She is from which

state?

a. Gujarath b. Odisha

c. Rajasthan d. Bihar

16) The 4th Global Conference on

Sustained Eradication of Child Labour

was held in Buenos Aires. In which

country it is?

a. Algeria b. Argentina

c. Sweden d. Venezuela

17) Name the web portal that has been

launched by the Union Government for

monitoring universal household

electrification?

a. Saubhagya b. Samridhhi

c. Sadhana d. Sumangal

18) The new ambassador of World

Packaging Organisation (WPO) is …?

a. Charan raj malhotra

b. Chakravarthy AVPS

c. Ruby guptha

d. Chakradhar IVCS

19) Which country will host the 2023

Rugby World Cup , according to the

global governing body “World Rugby”?

a. Bhutan b. USA

c. France d. England

20) Who among the following, has been

chosen for Prof. Yashwantrao Kelkar

Youth Award 2017?

a. Gopinath R b. Gopal Manjrekar

c. Gopal Krishna nair

d. Gopal kishan

21) Sergio Ramirez Mercado, the author

and former politician, has won the 2017

Cervantes Prize, which is the Spanish-

speaking world’s highest literary honor.

Sergio hails from which country?

a. Cuba b. Nicaragua

c. Norway d. Cambodia

22) In which category , Sushil Kumar has

won gold at the 2017 National Wrestling

championship?

a. 67 kg b. 70 kg c. 74kg d. 78kg

23) Name the country that has officially

declared Yoga as a ‘Sports Activity’?

a. Saudi Arabia b. Bngladesh

c. China d. Japan

24) India’s longest expressway from Agra

to which city will soon provide free Wi-

Fi services on the entire 302-kilometre

stretch?

a. Bhopal b. Lucknow

c. Guwahati d. Indore

25) The president of the 36th International

Geological Congress (IGC – 2020) is ?

a. Sadhana suprathik

b. Manohar biswas

c. Vijay Prasad Dimri

d. Varun mehtha

26) RBI Governor has been appointed as

advisory board member of the

Financial Stability Institute (FSI) of the

Bank of International Settlement (BIS).

Who is he?

a. Urjit Patel b. Kaushik basu

c. Amartya sen d. All above

27) Which bollywood actor will be

honoured with the Personality of the

Year Award at the IFFI 2017?

a. Shahrukh khan

b. Amitabh bachhan

c. Amir khan d. Akshay kumar

28) The National Press Day (NPD) is

celebrated every year on …?

a. November 14 b. November 15

c. November 16 d. November 18

29) Which edition of Global Conference on

Cyberspace (GCCS-2017) will be

inaugurated by Prime Minister

Narendra Modi in New Delhi on

November 23?

a. 6th b. 7th c. 1st d. 5th

30) Among the following, who has been

chosen by the Andhra Pradesh Govt for

the 2016 NTR National Film Award?

a. Rajinikanth b. Kamalhassan

c. Prabhudeva d. Chiranjeevi

Raghunath Pavan Kumar

Kautilya careers,

Hyderabad

Current Affairs

ANSWERS

COP-23 summit held in which country?

1-a 2-b 3-c 4-b 5-c 6-a

7-a 8-c 9-a 10-c 11-c 12-a

13-c 14-d 15-c 16-b 17-a 18-b

19-c 20-a 21-b 22-c 23-a 24-b

25-c 26-a 27-b 28-c 29-d 30-a

KTR launches ‘Cheneta Mitra’ scheme

� Telangana Chief Minister K.

Chandrasekhar Rao announced waiver

of the pending power bills of

Scheduled Tribes. Of the dues

amounting to 70 crore, Mr. Rao said

the government will reimburse power

distribution companies to the extent of

40 crore. The balance 30 crore

will be waived by transmission

corporation on its own

� All cases related to power booked

against STs will also be scrapped.

Power connections will be given to all

habitations, households, agricultural

pump sets and patta lands having

record of rights belonging to STs.

Funds will be allocated in the next

budget to construct roads for all ST

habitations. Only local children will

be admitted to residential schools to

be set up in tribal areas. Self

employment schemes like supply of

subsidised sheep will be extended to

STs.

� The connections to individual houses

should be given with an application

fee of only 125.

� The service wire, internal wiring and

two electric bulbs will be provided in

each house. There will be no energy

charges for consumption up to 50

units a month, the officials informed

Mr. Rao.

� He regretted that there was no three

phase connection to 8,734 villages out

of 9,737 tribal habitations in

Telangana. Therefore, all of them

should get three phase connections.

Power dues of STs waived

For AllCompetitive

exams

� Textiles Minister KT Rama Rao launched Chenetha Mitra

scheme for the benefit of handloom workers in Warangal. It

provides subsidy for Handloom workers. The Government

has allotted Rs 1283 cr for handloom sector and procuring

clothes for school uniforms, Bathukamma festival, sarees to

Anganwadi workers and other requirements of the

schemes.

08 23 2017- ntbhadradri.comntnews.com

6 í∫’®º’¢√®ºç 23 $´ç•®º’ 2017v

✤ °∂œ≠æKÆˇ éπ∞«¨»©í∫© >™«x àC ?– ØÁ©÷x®Ω’ >™«x ✤ v°æ°æçîª Ç£æ…®ΩÆæçÆæn á°ærúø’ à®ΩpúÕçC?

– 1945 ÅéÓd•®Ω’ 16 ✤ ´’† ®√w≠ædç™ ¢Á·ûªh ≤ƒí∫’ ¶µº÷N’áçûª? – 47% ✤.Ççvüµ¿v°æüË¨¸™ ≤ƒçvü¿ ú´≤ƒßª’°æü∑¿éπç v°æ¢Ë¨¡ Â°ôd•úÕ† ¢Á·ôd¢Á·ü¿öÀ >™«x àC?

– °æPa´’ íÓüΔ´J >™«x ✤ Ççvüµ¿v°æüË¨¸ ®√w≠æd B®ΩÍ®ê §Òúø´€?– 974 éÀ.O’ ✤ ú´≤ƒßª’ ®Ω’ùNüµΔ†çÂ°j Æœ§∂ƒ®ΩÆæ’©’ îËÆœ† éπN’öÃ

àC? – ïßª’B°∂æ’≠ˇ éπN’öÃ ✤ êK°∂ˇ °æçôèπ◊ NûªhØ√©’ á°ærúø’ Ø√ô’û√®Ω’?

– ¢Ë’– V™„j ✤ üË¨¡ç™ ú´≤ƒßª’ ÇüΔßª’°æ†’o†’ v°æA§ƒCç*†éπN’öÀ àC? – ®√ñ¸ éπN’öÃ

✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡ç™ ú´≤ƒßª’®Ωçí∫ç™ éπ†°æúË E®Ω’üÓuTûª àC? – v°æîªa¥† E®Ω’üÓuTûª

✤ £æ«JûªN°æx´ç ÅØË °æüΔEo ¢Á·ü¿ô ¢√úÕ†C á´®Ω’? – NLßª’ç áØ˛í¬xçú˛

✤ ¶µ«†’v°æû√°ˇÆœçí˚ éπN’öÃ üËEE Åüµ¿ußª’†ç îËÆœçC? – îË°æ©’, ®Ìßª’u©’ ÖûªpAh

✤ à ÆæçÆæn© éπ©®·éπ üΔy®√ Ø√¶«®˝f à®ΩpúÕçC? – ú´≤ƒßª’ KÂ°∂jØ√Ø˛q, ÅGµ´[Cm ÆæçÆæn, Jï®Ω’y

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– ®√ï≤ƒnØ˛ ✤ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ ÅçîªØ√†’ à ´’çvAûªy¨»ë« N¶µ«í∫çE®Ωy£œ«Ææ’hçC? – í∫ù«çéπ ¨»ê

✤ ´’† üË¨¡ç™E ¢Á·ûªhç Ö§ƒCµ™ ú´≤ƒßª’®Ωçí∫ç ¢√ö« áçûª? – 57 ¨»ûªç

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✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡ç™ °æçô©’ °æçúË NÆ‘h®Ωgç™ ´’†®√w≠æd≤ƒn†ç? – 4´ ≤ƒn†ç

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✤ 2001™ v°æAÈ®jûª’©èπ◊ Ö†o ú´≤ƒßª’ èπÿM©¨»ûªç? – 1.74 ¨»ûªç

✤ í∫ûªç™ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç §ƒúÕ °æJv¨¡´’ ÅGµ´[Cmv°æéπöÀç*† °æü∑¿éπç? – °æ¨¡Ÿvé¬çA.

✤ °æ¨¡Ÿvé¬çA °æü∑¿éπç éÓÆæç ÍíüÁ©†’ à ®√w≠ædç †’çúÕCí∫’´’A îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’? – £æ«®√uØ√

✤ @´vé¬çA °æü∑¿éπç üΔy®√ ¢ËöÀE °æç°œùÃ îËÆæ’h Ø√o®Ω’? – íÌvÈ®©’

✤ °æ¨¡Ÿvé¬çA °æü∑¿éπç à >™«x™ ¢Á·ü¿ô v§ƒ®ΩçGµçî√®Ω’? – éπúø°æ >™«x™

✤ °æ¨¡Ÿ´€© üΔù« Íéçvü¿ Ö†o ®√w≠ædç àC? – £œ«≤ƒq®˝°∂æ÷ö¸ (éπ®√gôéπ)

✤ ¶µ«®ΩBßª’ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ç†’ N.Èé.Ç®˝.N ®√´€¨»vÆ‘hßª’ °æü¿mA™ á°ærúø’ ™„éÀ\çî√®Ω’? – 1931–32

✤ à ®√w≠ædç™ í∫J≠æd Ææçêu™ üΔJvü¿uÍ®êèπ◊ Cí∫’´†ÖØ√o®Ω’? – H£æ«®˝

✤ Ææ÷n© ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAhE ™„éÀ\çîªú≈EéÀ Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ECàC? – §˘®Ω’© ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ç

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✤ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª÷Eo ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ ÅçîªØ√ ¢ËÆœ†¢√®Ω’ á´®Ω’? – üΔüΔ¶«ß˝’ Øˆ®Ó>

✤ ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª÷Eo á™« ™„éÀ\≤ƒh®Ω’? – ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª÷Eo ïØ√¶µ«îË ¶µ«Tçîªí¬ ´îËaC✤ ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ ´[CmÍ®ô’ üËEéÀ Ææ´÷†ç?

– ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ ´[CmÍ®ô’ †’çúÕ ïØ√¶µ«

´[CmÍ®ô’†’ BÆœ¢Ëßª’í¬ ´îËaC ✤ üË¨¡ ÇJnéπ´[CmE éÌ©´ú≈EéÀ ÆæJßÁi’† Ææ÷* àC ?

– Ææ÷n© ®√w≠‘dßª’ ÖûªpAh ✤ üË¨¡ç™ @´† v°æ´÷ù´·†èπ◊ v§ƒA°æCéπ àC?

– ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ç✤ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ç üËEéÀ Ææ´÷†ç?

– Eéπ®Ω ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAh úßª’é¬®Ωé¬©™✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡ç™ üΔJvü¿uÍ®êÂ°j ÅCµéπ v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷Ê°C?

– ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ç ✤ ú≈IIN.Èé.Ç®˝.N.®√´€ ¶µ«®Ωûª ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ç ™„éÀ\ç°æ€™ à °æü¿mA Ö°æßÁ÷Tçî√®Ω’?

– †N’tRûª °æü¿mA ✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡ç™ †÷ûª† Ææ®ΩSéπ[ûª §ƒJv¨»N’éπNüµΔ†ç†’ á°ærúø’ v°æéπöÀçî√®Ω’. – 1991

✤ .¶µ«®Ωûª °æ€®√ûª† É†’´·–Öèπ◊\ °æJv¨¡´’ àC? – ïçÂ≠ú˛°æ‹®˝™E öÀ≤Ú\

✤ÅCµé¬Jéπçí¬ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡°æ€ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ç á°ærúø’™„éÀ\çîª•úÕçC. – 1950-–51

✤ ÅûªuCµéπ ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ç í∫© ®√w≠ædç àC?– £æ«®√uØ√

✤ ñ«Bßª÷üΔßª’ç üËEÂ°j ÇüµΔ®Ω°æúÕ ÖçC?– ´Ææ’hÊÆ´© ÖûªpAhÂ°j

✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡ç™ ûª©ÆæJ ÇüΔßª’ç Ææy©p ´[CmÍ®ô’ ™Öçúø’ôèπ◊ ´·êué¬®Ωùç?

– ïØ√¶µ«™ ÅCµéπ ´[CmÍ®ô’ ✤ Åüµ¿’Eéπ ú´≤ƒßª’ç Å´’©’°æ®Ωaú≈EéÀ ´·êuéÌ©´÷Ø√©’ àN? – éπ´’û√© véπ´’•Dméπ®Ωù

✤ äéπ Ææç´ûªq®Ω é¬©ç™, äéπ üË¨¡ç™ ÖûªpAh Å®·†´Ææ’hÊÆ´© ´÷È®\ö¸ N©’´© ¢Á·û√hEo à´’çö«®Ω’?

– Ææ÷n©üËQßÁ÷ûªpAh ✤ Ææ÷n© ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAh™ †’ç* üËEE BÆœ¢ËÊÆh Ææ÷n©üËQßª÷ûªpAh ´Ææ’hçC?

– NüËQ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ´©x ´*a† Eéπ®Ω ÇüΔßª’ç ✤ Ææ÷n© ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAh úèπ◊h©èπ◊ ™‰üΔ §˘®Ω’©èπ◊v§ƒüµΔ†uç ÉÊÆh, Ææ÷n© üËQßÁ÷ûªpAh üËEéÀ v§ƒ´·êuûª Eîª’a†’? – v°æüË¨»EéÀ

✤ Ææ÷n© ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAh N©’´, Ææ÷n©üËQßÁ÷ûªpAhN©’´ Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ àC áèπ◊\´ Öçô’çC?

– Ææ÷n© ñ«BßÁ÷ûªpAh áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçô’çC. ✤ 2006–07™ ñ«Bßª’ÇüΔßª’ç™ CyBßª’®Ωçí∫ç

¢√ö« áçûª – 26.3%✤ CyBßª’®Ωçí∫ç™ ÅCµéπ ¢√ö« éπ©C?

– ´Ææ’h ÖûªpAh ✤ ñ«Bßª’ ÇüΔßª’ ÅçîªØ√ éπN’öÃ á°ærúø’ à®√pô’

Å®·uçC? – 1949 Çí∫Ææ’d ✤ ™ô’ vü¿úNüµΔØ√Eo Å†’ÆæJçîË ÅGµ´�Cm îÁçü¿’

ûª’†o üË¨»©èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨»EéÀ ´JhçîË vü¿¢Óu©sù ¶µ«´† àC?–úÕ´÷çú˛°∂æ€™¸ vü¿¢Óu©sùç

✤ vü¿¢Óu©sù Í®ô’ áçûª Öçõ‰ üË¨¡ ÇJnéπú´Æænèπ◊ ´’ç*C? –3 ¨»ûªç

✤ ™é˙Ææ¶µº Ææ¶µº’u©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ææ¶µº’u©’í¬ Ö†oéπN’öÃ©’ – ÅçîªØ√© éπN’öÃ

✤ ´‚úøçîÁ© °æçî√®·B ú´Ææn

– 20 ©éπ~© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ« Ö†o ®√w≥ƒd©èπ◊ûª°æpEÆæJí¬ ´Jhç°æñ‰ßª’†´Ææç ™‰ü¿’

✤ ¶µ«®ΩûªüË¨¡°æ€ ßª÷çöÃ ö«uçé˙ N’ÂÆjp™¸ àC? – Ø√í˚ ✤ v°æë«uûª †´© Å®·† C í¬ú˛ §∂ƒúø®˝†’ á´®Ω’®√¨»®Ω’? – ´÷JßÁ÷ °æ‹uñ

✤ Ç®Ωu ´’£œ«∞« Ææ´÷ñ«Eo ≤ƒn°œç*†C á´®Ω’? – ®Ω´÷¶«®·

✤ ßª‚öÃ °æ€†®Ωyu´Æ‘néπ®ΩùÈéj Eßª’N’ç*† éπN’öÃàC? – ¢Áj.Â£«î˝.´÷™‰í¬¢˛’ éπN’öÃ

✤ ≥ƒL´÷®˝ ü¿ véıØ˛ †´™« ®Ωîª®·ûª á´®Ω’?– Ææ™«tØ˛ ®Ω≠‘l

✤ È®çúø´ ´÷Ææd®˝ éπçvö™¸ Â°∂ÆœLöÃ ÍéçvüΔEo áéπ\úøà®√pô’ îË¨»®Ω’? – ¶µ§ƒ™¸

✤ 1945™ ö«ö« ÉØ˛Æœdô÷uö¸ Ç°∂ˇ °∂æçúø¢Á’çô™¸KÂÆ®˝a†’ á´®Ω’ ≤ƒn°œçî√®Ω’? – £æ«ÙN’ ñ„.¶µ«¶µ«

✤ ®√´’éπ[≠æg N’≠æØ˛†’ ≤ƒn°œç*†C á´®Ω’? – ≤ƒyN’ N¢Ëé¬†çü¿

✤ Ææ’ëß˝’–30 ßª·ü¿m N´÷Ø√©†’ à üË¨¡ç †’çúÕCí∫’´’A îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω? – ®Ω≥ƒu

✤ ¢√úø°æLx Öü¿çûªç à >™«xèπ◊ îÁçCçC?– ûª÷®Ω’píÓüΔ´J >™«x.

✤ ¢√úø°æLx Öü¿çûªç™ ñ„j©’èπ◊ ¢ÁRx† Ø√ßª’èπ◊úÁ´®Ω’? – véÌNyúÕ Lçí∫®√V

✤ ÇçvüµΔ™ È®jûª’ ®Ωéπ~ù Ææç°∂æ’çí¬ ïO’Ø˛ È®jûª’© Ææç°∂æ’ç≤ƒn°œç*çüÁ´®Ω’? – áØ˛.> ®Ωçí¬ (1934)

✤ ≤ƒyûªçvûÓuü¿u´÷EéÀ Åçúøí¬ EL*† ûª÷®Ω’píÓüΔ´J >™«x §ÚMÆæ’ á´®Ω’?– úø°ær© Ææ’¶«s®√´€

✤ Eñ«ç ®√v≠æd Ççvüµ¿ï† Ææç°∂æ’ç á°ærúø’ à®ΩpúÕçC?– 1921

✤ Ççvüµ¿ ï† Ææç°∂æ÷EéÀ Å†’•çüµ¿çí¬ à®ΩpúÕ† ´’çúøL àC?– Ççvüµ¿°æJ¨üµ¿éπ ´’çúøL

✤.Ççvüµ¿ ï†Ææç°∂æ’ç áéπ\úø à®ΩpúÕçC? – Â£j«ü¿®√¶«ü˛™ ✤ Ççvüµ¿´’£æ…Ææ¶µº á°ærúø’ ®Ω÷°æ€Cü¿’lèπ◊çC?

– 1930 ´÷Ja™ ✤ Ççvüµ¿´’£æ…Ææ¶µºéÀ Åüµ¿uéπ~ é¬®Ωuü¿®Ω’z©’ á´®Ω’?

– Ææ’®Ω´®Ωç v°æû√°æÈ®úÕf, ´÷úø§ƒöÀ £æ«†’´’çûª®√´€✤ Ççvüµ¿´’£æ…Ææ¶µº ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ´÷¢Ë¨¡ç áéπ\úø ïJTçC? – ¢Á’ü¿é˙ >™«x ñTÊ°ô

✤ Ççvüµ¿´’£æ…Ææ¶µºÂ°j Eñ«ç v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµç*† Ççéπ~àC? – 'Ççvüµ¿# °æü¿ç Öçúøèπÿúøü¿E

✤ ûÁ©’í∫’™ é¬®Ωuéπ™«§ƒ©’ E®Ωy£œ«ç* ûÁ©’í∫’éÀ v§ƒüµΔ†uç É*a† Ççvüµ¿ ´’£æ…Ææ¶µº B®√t†ç á°ærúø’ïJTçC? – 1935 – ÆœJÆœ©x™ ïJT† Ø√©_´

´’£æ…Ææ¶µº™ ✤ Ææ£æ…ßª’E®√éπ®Ωù™ Ççvüµ¿™ áçûª´’çC Ø√ußª’¢√ü¿’©’ ûª´’ ´�AhE Ć™‰¨»®Ω’? – 103 ´’çC

✤ éπÆæ÷hJ¶« Çv¨¡´’ç áéπ\úø ÖçC?– ®√ï´’çvúÕ™ Æ‘û√†í∫®Ωç Çv¨¡´’ç

✤ ÇçvüµΔ™ ¨»ÆæØÓ©xç°∂æ’† Öü¿u´’ç™ ¢Á·ü¿ôí¬ îÁ°æp´©Æœ†C àC? – ¶„ï¢√úø ´·Eq§ƒLöÀ

°æ†’o© E®√éπ®Ωù ✤ v°æûËuéπ ´’ûªví∫çü∑¿ç ™‰E ´’ûªç àC? – ≠œçö®·ïç ✤ Bv´ N´’®Ωz©èπ◊ í∫’È®j† â®√Ææ ´÷†´ £æ«èπ◊\© éπN’≠æØ˛≤ƒn†ç™ éÌûªhí¬ à®√pô’ îËÆœ† ÆæçÆæn àC?

– â®√Ææ ´÷†´ £æ«èπ◊\© ´’çúøL ✤ 1966™ à®Ωpúøf ÇÆœßª÷ ÅGµ´[Cm ¶«uçé˙ (áúÕG)v°æüµΔ† é¬®√u©ßª’ç áéπ\úø ÖçC? – öéÓu (ï§ƒØ˛)

✤ Â£j«vúÓïØ˛ ¶«ç•’ ®Ω÷°æéπ®Ωh á´®Ω’? – áúøy®˝f õ„©x®˝ ✤ ´÷†´€E™E ®Óí∫E®Óüµ¿éπ ¨¡éÀh ®Óí∫E®Óüµ¿éπ ú´Ææn©†’í∫’Jç* Åüµ¿ußª’†ç îËßª· ¨»v≤ƒhEo à´’çö«®Ω’?

– É´‚uØ√©@ ✤ ÆœpíÓo´÷ØÓO’ô®˝†’ áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷T≤ƒh®Ω’?

– ®Ωéπh°‘úøØ√Eo éÌ©´ú≈EéÀ ✤ °æ´†¢Ëí¬Eo éÌ©’îª’ôèπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷TçîË °æJéπ®Ωç àC?

– áE¢Á÷O’ô®˝

✤ ®√@¢˛í¬çDµ ë‰™¸®Ωûªo Å¢√®Ω’f §ÒçC† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ úéÀhá´®Ω’? – N¨¡yØ√ü∑¿Ø˛ Ç†çü˛

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2 marks questions

Q: Which is the largest botanical garden in theworld? Name a few well known botanicalgardens in India.

A: Largest botanical garden in the world -Royal Botanical garden or Kew Botanicalgarden - England.

Botanical gardens in India - Indian Botanicalgarden - Howrah,

National Botanical Research Institute -Lucknow.

Q: What do the terms phycobiont and myco-biont signify?

A: Phycobiont is the algal partner of a lichen. Itcarries out photosynthesis and shares foodto the fungal partner.

Mycobiont is the fungal partner of a lichen.It absorbs moisture and provides shelter tothe algal partner.

Q: State two economically important uses ofheterotrophic bacteria.

A: Heterotrophic bacteria are used in produc-tion of antibiotics.

Rhizobium is used in fixing atmosphericnitrogen in agricultural lands.

Lactobacillus is used in making curd frommilk.

Q: Name the books written by Parasara andmention the important aspects discussed inthose books.

A: a. Krishi parasaram - deals with agricultureand weeds.

b. Vrikshayurveda - deals with differenttypes of forests, external and internalcharacters of plants (medicinal plants).

Q: Who is popularly known as father ofBotany? What was the book written by him?

A: Theophrastus.

De HistoriaPlantarum.

Q: Who discovered the cell and what was thebook written by him?

A: Robert Hooke.

Micrographia.

Q: What is paleobotany? What is its use?

A: Paleobotany is the study of plant fossils. Ithelps in the understanding of course of evo-lution in plants.

Q: Name the branches of Botany which dealwith the chlorophyllous autotrophic thallo-phytes and non-chlorophyllous heterotrophicthallophytes.

A: Phycology deals with algae (chlorophyllousautotrophic thallophytes).

Mycology deals with fungi (non-chlorophyl-lous heterotrophic thallophytes).

4 marks questions

Q: What are the characteristic features of eug-lenoids?

A: Characteristic features of euglenoids:

★ Euglenoids are single celled fresh water pho-tosynthetic protists.

★ The cell body is covered by a protein richlayer called pellicle.

★ There are two unequal flagella at the anteri-or side.

★ The anterior part has a cell mouth(cytostome), gullet (cytopharynx) and areservoir.

★ There is a photosensitive stigma or eyespoton the membrane of the reservoir.

★ The pigments in euglenoids are similar tothose of higher plants.

★ In absence of sunlight the euglenoidsbecome heterotrophic.

★ Reproduction is by longitudinal binary fis-sion and palmella stage. Ex: Euglena.

Q: Write the role of Fungi in our daily life.

A: Fungi play both useful and harmful role inour daily life.

Useful role:★ Fungi are a good source of antibiotics like

pencillin.

★ They help in decomposition and recycling ofelements.

★ Yeasts help in fermentation and production ofalcohol.

★ Mushrooms are edible and good source ofproteins, vitamins and minerals.

★ Some fungi like Neurospora are used forgenetic studies.

Harmful role:

★ Fungi like Rhizopus cause spoilage of food.

★ Some fungi cause diseases in plants and ani-mals. Ex: Albugo caused white rust in mus-tard. Puccinia causes rust in wheat.

Q: Give the salient features and importance ofChrysophytes.

A: Salient features of Chrysophytes:

★ Chrysophytes are single-celled eukaryoteswhich belong to the kingdom Protista.

★ They include microscopic photosyntheticplankton like diatoms and desmids (goldenalgae).

★ They are aquatic which may be marine orfresh water.

★ They are surrounded by a soap box like cellwall which is composed of two overlappinghalves the epitheca and the hypotheca.

★ The cell wall is made up of hard and inde-structible silica.

★ Based on the symmetry the diatoms may beclassified into Centrales (radial symmetry)and Pennales (bilateral symmetry).

★ They reproduce by binary fission and forma-tion of auxospores.

Importance of diatoms:

★ Diatoms are photosynthetic and chief pro-ducers (phytoplankton) of seas and oceans.

★ The diatom cell walls accumulated in the seaform diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr.

★ It is used in polishing, filtration of oils andsyrups.

Q: How would you distinguish monocots fromdicots?

Q: Differentiate between liverworts and mosses.

Q: Differentiate between red algae and brownalgae.

Q: What is growth? What is the difference between the growth in liv-ing organisms and growth in non-living objects?

A: Increase in mass and volume of an individual is called growth.

Growth in living organisms is internal which occurs by cell divi-sion.

Growth in non-living objects is external that is by accumulationof materials outside.

Botany

Dr. P. Uma AmareswariSubject Expert

Writer:

Who discovered the cell..?

MonocotsThe leaves showparallel venation.The flowers aretrimerous.

The root system isfibrous root system.

The seeds show onecotyledon.

DicotsThe leaves showreticulate venation.The flowers are pen-tamerous / tetramer-ous.The root system istap root system.

The seeds show twocotyledons.

Red algae

They belong toRhodophyceae.

They showChlorophyll a and d.

The other pigmentpresent is r-phyco-erythrin.

The stored food islaminarin or mannitol(a complex carbohy-drate).

The cell wall containscellulose, pectin andpoly sulphate esters.

The spores andgametes are non-fla-gellated and non-motile.

Sexual reproductionis oogamous.

Ex: Polysiphonia,Gracilaria

Brown algae

They belong toPhaeophyceae.

They showChlorophyll a and c.

The other pigmentsare carotenoids, xan-thophyll and fucoxan-thin.

The stored food isfloridean starch (sim-ilar to amylopectinand glycogen).

The cell walls arecoated with gelati-nous substancecalled algin.

The zoospores andgametes are biflagel-late with two lateralflagella.

Sexual reproductionmay be isogamous,anisogamous or oog-amous.

Ex: Ectocarpus,Laminaria

LiverwortsThe plant body isthalloid.

Vegetative reproduc-tion is by fragmenta-tion and gemmae.

Paraphyses areabsent.

The sporophyte issimple with foot, setaand capsule.Elaters help in sporedispersal.Peristomal teeth areabsent.

Ex: Marchantia

MossesThe plant bodyshows filamentous(protonema) andleafy stage (game-tophore).Vegetative reproduc-tion is by fragmenta-tion, gemmae andbudding in sec-ondary protonema.Sterile hairs calledparaphyses are pre-sent between the sexorgans (antheridiaand archegonia).The sporophyte iselaborate with foot,seta and capsule.Elaters are absent.

Peristomal teeth helpin dispersal of spores

Ex: Funaria

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¢Á¶ -ÂÆjö¸: www.rbi.org.in

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¢Á¶ -ÂÆjö¸: nredcap.in

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