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Power and Politics
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Implementation through Others
Culture
Shared vision
Use of hierarchical authority Use of informal power
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Power
It is capacity of a person, team or
organization (A) to influence other(B) so that B acts in accordance
with As wishes. It is potential to do
so.
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What Creates Dependency?
Importance
Scarcity
Non substitutability
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Counterpower
The capacity to a person, team ororganization to keep a powerful
person or group in the exchange
relationship.
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Person A
Counter Power
Power
Person BPersons B
Goal
Dependence in thePowerRelationship
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Coping Uncertainty
Prevention
Forecasting
Absorption
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ContingenciesofPower
Substitutability : The extent to which peopledependent on a resource
and alternative to that resource.
Centrality: The degree and nature ofinterdependence between
the power holder and others.
Discretion: The freedom to exercisejudgment.
Visibility : When power base is visible
to others.
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DerivedPower
Cultivating social relationship
Close and intimate relationship
with the formal authority
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Bases of Power
1. Formal Power: It is based on an individuals
position in an organization. Formal power can
come from the ability to coerce or reward, or
from formal authority.
1.1 Coercive Power: It is dependent on fear
1.2 Reward Power : It is based on positive
benefits.1.3 Legitimate Power: It is based on structural
position
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Base of Power(Contd)
2. Personal Power: It comes from an individuals
unique characteristics.
2.1 Expert Power: Experience, special skillor knowledge.
2.2 Referent Power: It is based on desirable
resources orpersonal traits.
It is also known as charismaticpower.
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Operating ValueofPower
Fixed
Free
Legitimate
Power
( Direction Style)
Reward and
Coercive Power
( Pressure Style)
Expert
Power
( Logical
Persuasion
Style)
Referent
Power
( ExchangeStyle)
Cool Hot
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PowerTactics
How do people translate power bases in to specificactions for influencing others:
Legitimacy
Rational persuasion Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Exchange
Personal appeals
Ingratiation
Pressure
Coalition
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Influencing the Hierarchy
Seniors
-Rational persuasion
Juniors
-Inspirational appeals
-Pressure
-Legitimacy
Peers
-Consultation
-Coalition
-Personal appeals
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Politics
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Power and Politics
Ifpower refers to the ability to influence,
the politics relates to the ways people gain
and use power
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Politics inOrganizations
Behaviors that others perceive as
self-serving tactics forpersonal gain
at the expense of otherpeople andpossibly the organization.
But, those who are engaged in
such behavior justify by linking it
with the organizational goals
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Politics in the EyeofBeholder
Political Label EffectiveManagement Label
Blaming others
Buttering
Passing the buck
Playing safe
Creating conflict
InterferingOpportunistic
Arrogant
Fixing responsibility
Demonstrating loyalty
Delegating authority
Documenting decisions
Encouraging change
Improving efficiencyAstute
Confident
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Political Behavior
When employees in organizations convert
theirpower into action ( which is not part offormal role ), we describe them being
engaged in politics. It is influence or
attempt to influence the distribution ofadvantages and disadvantages within the
organization.
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Type of Political Behavior
Legitimate
Illegitimate
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Politicking
Employees getting engaged in the
activities to influence or taint thefacts to support their goals and
interests.
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Factors Contributing to Political
Behavior Individual-Personality traits
-Expectation of success by usingillegitimate means
-Perceived job alternatives
Organizational-Low trust
-Resource crunch
-Promotion opportunity
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Impression Management
The process by which individuals
attempt to control the impression others
form of them
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Use ofImpression
Management
In interviews through self-promotion
In performance appraisal throughingratiation
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Impression Management
Techniques
Conformity
Excuses Apologies
Self-promotion
Flattery
Favours
Association