A visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol
Ow-lotte Gerlings
100 Great
• tlStS
• r IS S
visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol
harJotte Gedin · .
ARCTURUS
CoVER I U .uSTlIA:rto ss
Artist<' ponr.irs, kft to right:
"Ii,l' ",," I'.ul C6..tnne , Ed, .. ,,] ,\ lunch, \r,nCt:nt ,'an Gogh, p<~<.,. I'aul Rubens, Angelico Kauffi"ann, Jean-Aug"''': Ingn:s, Iknhc ,\ lori,ot
11",::e erntrll images: D<"t:I.il frum Tb, Gartlm a/EArtbly DdigbtJ I')' Ilicrunp"us Rosch: Marla lita by Lc().,."k, d. \r,nei: ,bail rr."" Tb, C'bair and rb, Pi", by \r,,..,rnt ,"n Gogh
nottom rO,,': E<~"J:t "I ,\ to oct , John .n'l" iStc Cor"', Rcmlmtndt , .. n Rijn, Francisco Gora, J'''''I><' "I'nt().-ct"', P.ul G.uguin, I hns 11(~bcin the Youngcr, Raphael Santi. J(Jl", Scll COb"an , Eugene Dehcro;x
W ARCTURUS
Arctums l' ublL'<lling Lim i((xi 26127 Bid:e ls Yard
1:' 1 1:'3 Ikrmon<i'>('Y S(R'e( London SE I 3HA
l'ublL,lwd in ",~ocialion ,,;(h
foulsham w. Fotll.'<llam & Co. Ltd, Th.: I'ubli.shing HOll_"':' Iknnem CI05<:, CipPGnhatll, Siougb, ikrl<sbir<: SLl :'AP, England
ISH:\'o~~n·O~ 1 61.()
'11,;' "Ii, •• , jn " .. d i " 2IIIl6 C.,,)Tight C 2IIIl6 .~ «t <IU> Pub li.!,i,,!! Limi,'"
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CONTENTS
Introduction 6 Giotto <Ii Hondonc " Peelers. CJ3rJ "S Gin.in. Tholl"" 7S Picasso, Pablo ';0
Angelico, Frn S Goya, Frnncisco .. Picro Ddla Frnllcesca '" Anguissola, Soronisb. W EI Greco S' Pollocl J.d.on '" Arcimboldo, G i"''''I'I''' " Griinc"'a1d, ,\lathias "' Popova , Liulx", 156
Bellini, CiovalUli " Hal •• Frnns SO Poussin , Nicolo. "" Blake, \\r,lIiam " Hiroshigc, ","do R8 Pu.·is de Ch~\'anncs, Pierre-
Bonhcur, Rosa '" Hockney. David 90 cecile '6<J Bosch, Hieronymus 10 Hodler, Ferditl3lld 91 RaJ'had Sam; 162
BOIticdli , S,ndro 11 HOg"lrth. \\"lIi ,m '" Rcmbrnndr nil Rijn '" Boucher, F"",<;<>is " Holrusai, K>l<ushika % Renoir, Pierre Augus.e '" Bruegd, Piclcr 10 /-Ioll>ein. HailS ,he Younge.- 98 Rou,,,,.u, Henri "" Can.lctro, Antonio 'S Homer, \\" "s lo", '00 Ruben., Peler Paul '70 C.r<waggio, ,\ Iichel.ngdo )0 De Hooch. Piclcr '01 S"",so .. , Alexei m CezalUlc. Paul )l /-Iol'per. Edward "" Schiele , Egon '" Chardin, jem-B~I,r.is!e H In gres, je.n-Augu.<le "" Seu,.,.!, Georges no Cimabue, Giov~nni J6 Kandin.<L:y, Wassil y ". Stubbs, Ceorl\" "" Claude LOlT'Jin )S Kluffinann, Angelic~ "0 Tinroreuo, j.COllO 'SO Cole, Thomo< <0 Kiim! , Gustav '" Titian '"' Con<!able, john 41 Leonardo Ih Vinci '" Turner,Josel,h ,\hllord
Com!, Jeon -ihl,tisre 44 Lorenzeui , Ambrogio '" \\r,lIi.m ,"4
COlnl3n, john Sdl 46 ,\ bc~e, Augus!e "S Uccdlo, P~olo 186
Courbe! , c.usr,,,'e 4" ,\bgriue. Rene 120 Van Der Wcyden, Rogier '"S Crnnach , Lucas the Elder 50 ,\Jalcl'ich , Klsimir '" \'iln Dycl:. Anrhony ,9<)
Doli, Salvador 51 ,\Jane!, Edouard '" \'iln Eyd:, jan 192
D,vid , jacques-Louis 54 ,\bn!egn;} , Andrea 'M \'iln Gogh. Vincenr '" Deg>.<, E<1g>r " ,\brtini, Simone "" VeI.zquez, Diego de Silva y 196
DeI:>eroix, Eugene 5" ,\\asaccio, TOnllll3SO "0 Vermeer, johannes "" Ducciodi Buonin<egn. 00 ,\luis,"" Henri '" Veronese. Paolo '00 Durer, Albrechl " ,\Iichd.ngdo Buon.rmti '34 W~rhol, Andy 202
Eakin<, Thomas " ,\Iillai<.john E,,=u '" \ValleaU, Anroine '04 Friedrich. ('.:I<llaI' David ("- ,\Iodigli.ni, Amedeo "" \ Vltistler. j.mes Abbou
G~insborough. Thoma< 68 ,\Iondrian. Pie! "" ,\Jc,'\'eill 206
C.~ugin, Paul 70 ,\ Ione!. Oaude '" C.enrileschi, AJ1eml";' 72 ,\ Iorisol, BeJ1he "4 Gcricauh, Theodore 74 ,\IWlch, Edv~rd "" ,\d:nOldedgemen IS 70S
INTRODUCTION
It is a pleasant but far from simple task to pick one hundred \,'Tcat' artist.~ from hundRxls
of others. Everyone has a range of favouritcs, and a gL"{)gI'aphiGil spread is necessary too.
With the carlysccdcrs, the European an tradition crossed thcAdantic to [be New \Vorld,
and travel led with traders to the Far East. This hook helps to show how that tradition was re
imerpreted in different locations. inL"Vitahly, my editors and I had to make many reluctant
omissions, and the constraints of copyright affent.:\ the choice of twentieth-century and
conccmpol'J I)' artists. H owever, the sck~[ion that fo llows is intcndc<i to take readers on a
"idc-I'Jnging journLj' through the story of wcstern art, with the aid of one hundn..:! examples
of its leading cxponcnt.~. For the most part, thL]' have trained, inspired or influenced one
another from the thirteenth century to the present day. It is a fJscinating, L·ver-dL-vc!oping
part of our lives that we shall never ti re of looking at.
Major exhibitions are a feature of g'dlleries in every principal city now3lLiys. CUl'dtors put
years of planning and negotia tion into assembling 'hlod:hlL~ter' shows of both old and
modern masters, whose works are borrowed and tl'dnsportL-d all over the worM. Yet we must
remember that we can go to the S3me g'd!!eries at other times, simply to vicw their standing
exhibitions; and the youngest of gallery visitors are often b>1ven a special welcome. N ational
and provincial galleries not only house famous works hut also brive us the opportunity to
discover the paintings of less well -known artists. These pcople frl"tluently \\"Orkl-d alongside
the b'Tcat names, sharing idcas ani\ techniques, sometimes in
the role of teacher o r pupi l.
Standing in front of a Renaissance picture hy the likes of
Botticc!!i Of Mantegna, for example, it is hard to imab>1ne that
the painters and sculptors we admire were o ribrinal!r
classified as 'mere' Cl'dftsmen. ,\ 'Iost came from humble
backgrounds and were accepted into a studio around the age
of nine. At first, they earned thei r kcep by cleaning and
running errands, gradua ll r working up from apprentice to
journLym'ln and fina lly mastcr. The fresco painter Qnnini
has !eft this d aunting account of the Renaissance apprentice's
tl'Jining schl-dulc: 'Start fin"!: of all by grinding colours,
t"Ntall from The ,\ Iystic Nat i,; ty (/500) by Sandro Bom'"Uj
hoiling up giue, mixing plaster, then going on to prepare pands, re
touching them, polishing them, applying gold leaf, learning how to
grain. Then another six years to ... tudy the w;e of colour, the
application of mordant.~, to find out how to paint d!"aperies and folds
and how to work in fresco. And all the time you must p!"actise
drawing .. work-tby and feast-tl ay.'
If an artist brraoiuate.:i to set up his O\\Tl studio, the process hegan all
over ag-ain with ~warms of apprentires ~u!Tounded hy the tools and
materials of the blL~ine<.. .... , in pUl"!.uit of lucr.ltive commissions. The
ma~1:ers who became Court painters had father more security - as long
as thl"}' pleasl-.:i their patrons - hut their stlm~ was often that of a
selVant o r r abce workman. Some fresm paintel'o", lOr c.\::Jmple, were
p,lid only hy the amount of wall they covered. OCGIsionally, an astute
artist like CralJach or Ruhens was elL-vatcd to the rank of diplomat.
The more we examine the b'Teat artises of all periocls, the more we
appreciate that, no matter how suhlime their work, thl"}' were
touchl-.:i hy the l-venes of history as much as the next person. Their
lives were disrupted by wars, transformed hy scientific discoveries,
{"tit short by the tlll-.:iil"val p!3b'lle or twentieth-century influenza.
To treat our subjeces as fu lly as possible, each one occupies their
1)",,,,1 tum fr"'" ,\\..orie de Medici Discmb ... ldng~t ,\\..orseillcs After ,\\..orrioge To Henry IV of Fr .... "" by p,," P"ul RuJm" (/622- 2 5)
own double-page spread containing two pictures, a commentary and a time line that poines to
the principal l-venes of his or her life. The selection of some less familia r pictures will, I hope,
hroaden appreciation and encourage a fresh approach. OcC"asionally, I have combinl-.:i a pair,
where the connection is particularly interesting o r useful. \¥here the commentary mentions
an artist with his or her own entry in the hook, that name appears in bold type for easy
reference. Fo r the same reason, the arr.mgement is alphabetiGlI, incidentally making for some
remarkahle neighbours.
It is hopl"{/ that this hook may he enjoYl"{/ as ,I reference by student.s and pr.lctising artises,
and a companion to the genera! reader who loves looking at pictures and is interestl-.:i in
fincling out how ski lls and personal st}1e come through in service of the creative process.
Charlotte C~rlings 100)
1187(')
1407
1409_14
1414-18
1419_1f
14JJ
1416-4f
1447-49
1449_fZ
14H
FRAANGELICO
B()rn Guno di P~!TO in Vl«bio di MUg<Uo, TW<lmy
EnutT /J(}miniam mo""'try al Find" mar florm"
Papal pditi,""ik monk< '" F()h!;"", in Umbria
PlaK''' dr;"" ,b,,"
'" Comma
R"""", long_turn 10 Find" krom~ Fra Gi"'anni
Co,"miIJioRM '" paim rb, Linenwo.-kers' Ttir,,),ch
C"mmiIJiomd by C",""O th' Mu/sii.
drnml1" Gm'''''' of s"" MlIT'o, FI()rm"
Int'iud 10 Rom, by Pop' Eugmiw Iv. Pain1T ponrai' if Cbarl~ I'll if Frana
B'gi", fr,,,(n in Cap<Ua di S"" Bri=io, On'i"o
TriR .. d"o Rom, ,;:ilb pupil Go;::",}i 10 paim PJ<fJ" of SS S""bm and un::r"',, in J "tiam', Cap<Ua Ni«di""
R"ur'" 10 Fi""k, <i<,,,d Prior
Rmum 10 Rom, ,;:b= br din
Ikposition ofChri., (d"aif) (14J6-4f) Tbr fr"''''' in Ibr am-ml if S"" Marro drnJnl"d botb ,b, ",,"munal '1'''''I mill ,b, nun,' p;,-"u "lb. ,;:b'H rbry "."" dmg",d '" ''''"Mag' m,dilll1ion . Fra Ang<h"Q" '7'-;"'" '" an il/","i"""'r ,IMt.":! in bi, Ibin. pm" appJication of paint. I, "'aI "" ithal ,""bod f()r d",';ling "'ingfalbff'! ""d ,,"bro<dny., and ".,1/ rniud '" baaground fa",,,,,, ", II""::,, in Ibi, d"ail
Fr~ Angeli"" and his 1",,,hcI lk""dL~tt, No'hing is known of Ft~ Angeli""'s early
ioined 'hc Dominic.n O"kT of ,cachl:rs , othcr ,h.n 'he influer-.cc hc >hows of Pre..,h~rs 'oge,her in 1407. A, thcir ,he Siene", ",hool. Angelico .nd Ikn.,<lctto
mon~"."y in Fie,ole , ,he }'"ung men wen: pmbahly m.de ,he le~p to full.,;""le fn:s""
di ",,,,,,l to illwnin .. ing manuscripts, .nd i, is I",iming during 'hc fill: l 'cars tha' ,heir order
p( ... it~e ,hey "'m.in"l in artistic 1>1"""rshil' ""!S exiled in ,hi: U m1lri.n hill 'own of FoIig"".
for n""" of ,h<;t Ii"",. Giotto 's f",sco", .. Assisi would h,,'e been
F,.. Angelico S<lOn gain"l. "'1., .. ';0", j;:Jr his within <:asy tc:lch .nd 'hc bmthers a '" "", .. in to
,echnical ,kills in ""ml_"i,i(lfl ~nd colour .nd hal<: "isi",1 ,hml.
,,"is I'nJlllo,,,1 to ",.::rsl..::ing a busy W(,.- I..>11(1' On<:-.:: he h.d mOl',,1 to Floren<:-.:: ., 'he
inside 'hc Order. His religious ti,le " ... , F.. illli .. ,;on of Cosimo de' ,\I "lici .nd ... ,,<,1
G in. '.nni hu, 'he other fri.rs n.,kn.m"l him de"lra,ing ,hc Com'::n' of S.n ,\hrco, Fn
'Angelico'lt:.r his pil"Y'nd ,hi: be.utiful wor l Angelico's h.ndling of fo.- m, PLT'l'l-cr;,'e .nd
,h .. he p",<lu<:-.::d. lie is "'I>u ,,,l nc • .:: r to h".:: ",lour d""do pcd e"'n fur,her. Ik""d",to is S3id
.hen:d or n:n".,h"l.ny of his pain'ings, fi",~y to h"" wo.- k,,) alof1g,ide his bru,her on 'he "~>' belie,ing ,ha, to do so would h,nt: bl..::n alrin" S.n ,\lam, ",mmi,,;on, .nd one of 'hcir
God's will. 'pl1«",,';<:-'::''''''s 'hc l"ung Iknozw Gozl.(~i.
The Al bl rpiece of ~ ,\1:>""0 (/4J6-4f) F", Angdi'" bad an im"'''a';,~ apprOilch to comp",i,;"n and I!. i, <T,di"d t::i!b tl!. im~rlti"n if ,I!. S:lCrl Comer.;; ,ju.,e, a dn-r, ,:,bich plllm all tb, Jig"'""
in a p"intingd_!o '"" aTlOlb<r, a, tlxJugb in rom-m"lltion, Althougb !b, R,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,",an! a rmmg m"", "'t::amr bUman;"", Fra Ang,/ico', "",*
mairltai",d a firm ,"-,.,-Nl,", for !I!. Cbrim'ilt/ id,al
I H2(!)
1<;46(1)
IH4
IH9
H70
J:i71 (?)
1621
162!i
SOFONISBA ANGUISSOLA
Born in CrmlOfIIl, L,,""Mrdy, daugb," if a I,alb" and ri/J: d,akr
Srutli" art IInd.,-Campi
iIImr Mitbdang<kJ in Rom<
Appoinud eM" painu,- by Philip II </S/",in
,11arr;" Sid/ian ndN,,"an Om Pabrbo d< ill_win, ridtJ,;:<d
I{mum '" C,n"""", MllfTj" ,bip" "'p",in Ora:;io L(Jm<ilirw, unh in Gn/(Jil.
Vitj"d by Jim
0,"
OJ,, in Painm" Philip II of Sp:oin with the Order of the Golden F1eece (/565) AnguiJJda)- lifo at 1k Spani'h Cour, Ivgan in I 559, ,;:b", ,b, ';:ar imrod"",!
IH an artist a!andy tror'ry ",b. high'" nganJ. AngtUIRJia mad< ,"uch u" " ,b, balf-Imgtb f"Jr1l7lit throughoUt b.,. "',ur
S0itJniSh. Anguiss()1. waS one of Se,"n girls to p.inters' Slu<lios hec:"",, ""ct:I .... I~".
child"'n _ six girls and. boy _ ",hast: H()w<'I'IT, thCYWLTc sdl rut allow,,[ to bcc .. llc
enlighte ned father had his Elmily wor kshop "I,,,cn,ius and worl alongside the
"due:tled in :",,,olll with Rcnai<S3.,..,e hw"anist mm. "Ini. "cry much , ,,,n-i,,,,,1 w(. "m in the
principl"'. "in .. ,,,,u1,,,<1 in ",,' of his <hughters, 'ul ~""ts thL'Y ",u1d I" int _ no nude males, for S() fo nisiJa and Elena , going to study f()r cxaml~e _ and s<' Anguis.oia fou nd hcr niche in
three J'urs with the reim()",n,,1 L()mbardy ponraiture. She gal'e early notice of h.,.
a"i,,, Ilcrna"linoC ... n~,i. intna",i,,: app""ch with an unusual dou ble
l nanb to the p"'gr",si,'e attitudes of ponrait mtitled Bnnardino Campi Painring
Anguiss(~a 's f:tther and Cln~,i, the admission o f S<fonirlm AnguiIJllIll.
Anguissoh'. unique style w.s also
historically significant, FirSdr, she undtTmined
,he rigid anificiality of &4ional~e l_ml'1irs :
and "",,,,<Hy, she <Jc.n>nstl'1,ed wha, k" .. le
sens.it.ili'r could I,.- ing in the way of e,mtiollal
can<k,ur '" ,he ttsl.: of c:t pt uring a lilene,;,;,
Through her many self_ponrai,s , she was
co ", £01 nJ "'''phasiz.c her Own refined ..I .. I'1C"' ''
in ,he"e stin-ing ,imel, it was stiD i11l1_,nan, '0
"'Ill"y m,><lesty and ,i'ttJe .
The G~me of Chess (/555) 7bt-" if 'k AnguiJJda ,if"", Lucia, E"rop" ilrId iIIimn.'a, play ebm, ,;,bil, ,b," ~t'"",JJ looh on, Tb,ir old" ,isur SofoniJba, 0'" if Ik Jim 1::"",'" to
gain an i"',rTlati""aJ r'P"'arion a, a pain=, bad a maru<U"", ability to
wP"''' b" ,it,,,, '"pr",j(J''' and '0 "WIT" rb,ir ',"(Jlion,
Anguis'oh's tt k:n' made hc:r lit ,mIlS all 'NtT
Eumpe, bringing he, into """act with
Michcl:mgclo a' ,he stan of her carert and
\'~ n Dr"!. ncar 'he md. In bcrwt't:n , she was
ap pointed no' only OlU" I",in'rt to Philip II of
SI",in bill also hdy-in_" .. iting to 'wo ,ue"""i,,,
qut't:ns. I"", restingly, she r",<"in,1 a ",hr)' OS
bdy_in_waiting; htT ari''''''l'1tic status
p<",'en,,,1 her fmm selling hc:r w()< ls and 'hc:y
were always "",<Ie a< gifts to th;,se cOIl<cme<l.
1f27
1f49
I HR
1f62
H64
1f66
1f69
1f70-71
H76
HRO
IfR7
1f91
1f9J
GIUSEPPE ARCIMBOLDO
B()rn Giw'PP' Ardmbddoin Milan, ..... <la painw'
m"king tlJ fatb.ri amnant at Milll1l Catb.dral
I"NIigm lapmry for Como Ca,kd",1
Mo,..,- 10 Prag'u, /!<rom" (~, painur '" F=linmuJ I
R""aim COIlTl paint" ,-"bm Maximih'an il J'U,,,,dt hrdinll1ld I
Trltt .. ""o Ilaly
Pr."nrr ;\Iaximilill1l il ,;:i,b S""s<lnS and Four Elcm.:nlS
Orgll1li= 11.." rayal ;;:rotiing'
R.maim COIlTl painlff ,;:bm Rudolf Ii J'Uccudt Maximih'an Ii
Ennohl.d by EmfJ'Yor Rudolf Ii
L",,~, Prag'" for Milan
SmdJ \'crtllmnu< to
Prag'u, .k,,,,d '0 Coum Pala,iIU
Di" of kitlnry di"a" in ;\Iilan
Vcnumnus (tk'ail) (159/) A magnifi,ml piKtrait of Rudolf il ii' tb. ll1Iam, Roman god of"'Kwllion Il1Id Ik changing " ... ""., \'enumnus 1::a, abo ,b. 'Y"'bd of C(Jmmffu, 711. ""fJ'Yar 1::a, tkligb"d ,;:itb 'k itka afbimulf at lb. ,,"bodimml of fruitfo/lUE, barmony and a nrong <C""""'y, IlfId pr"mp,ly Itt;:artkd Artimbddo tb. ,i,l. <I Count PalalilU
Giu"'I" e Arcimboldo was an artist of grut ingcnuity. I're_,t.,ing the
Surre.lists 1»-' Mer 300 ye.", . hi.
c''''pos.i,io))s of p.in",d Aowers. ,'egetables .
and o,her morc Ilium: ohjects took 'he
six"'<:nth-c<:ntury l lapsburg Coun by "nnn.
11",:e sutces.i"" empef()f"S , Ferdinand L ,\ I:tximilian II and Rudolf II , b<:C:tmc ,but""
of h .. exnaolllinary I_mrait ",ric •.
In 1562 , Arcimboldo a,.;,.-",,,I an il1~><"lial
imitation H.I lef, ,\lilan for P"'goc. The n: he
assumed 'he I"'" of Court I",inter and
d<",)<al<).-, e,"nts ',.-pniz.cr, CostwnC ,k:signer
and all-",un,] • n "h'i«:r.
The UfF'iri in Flo n: ,..,c has. red le.,her f,~d""
de'~""ted I<) Rudolf II. Inside are 148 of
Arcim boldo'. pen and "'"iSh ,k<~ches dettiling
UlStwnes .nd '1''''1''' ~)f ,"rious <~'<:nts ",.,,1 0., da<si""I.lk·g<>ry. 1nc", e_"" g-'nzas we n:
designed I<) ,~sl~'Y the 1I'I"burgs' dJ'nastic 110wer to hund n:ds of high_ .. nking gueSts.
' i lle Umri l )(m~)lio is. "LTY ", re i,em, as
littlc of Arcimb"ldo's s.igned wo .. k ,ulVi,'cs,
m)< ,~d he I"",,: .ny writings, .khough he ..
known to hal'e heen highly "Iucated. Ilis
... bu. sp'nn,,1 the ans, scien"'" <:ngine"'ing
.nd philosophy, he ,,'"is • trut 'Renais"'n'"
man'. Y'" f, )< nO olll;ous n::I5<))) , his work sank
Along wi,h ro)"tl w"ldings, festi,;,ie,., into obscuri,y until re,~scO\ered in the
Court <'o."isted of l'.gt:.nt< and I<-.J m'ments. ninct"'nth """tmy.
W2ter from ' Inc Four Eleml:nlS' (/566) Ar a y<lUng man, Arcimbddo painud nailUd g/= for Milll1l ,atb.drut hilt j, "'ar ,bnlugb tapm'7 d.rign tba, bi< richly arrllll"m!lli nyi. """yd. to mat"'"' in tk painml "rj"o/'S""S<l<IS' and 'ElementS'. ArdmboJdo 1::ar '" ropy \\'''<"1 many
r",m,f()r gifr to imp",rtb." mipimrr ,,·itb tb. g/oryofrb. HapJimrgr
14JO(')
l44f(')
140
14fS-u)
1460-68
1470
147!
147f_79
14S'i_!
1490-1f01
H 06
H I 6
GIOVANNI BELLINI
B()rTl in J ~nj", RlRofpainur Jacopo B,l/ini
Gj"'."armi and brOiM Gmli/. "'gin ",..-k /lJ
J«opo" amrtll1llT
iIIa""gTlll mam" !b,jr firm- and INc"",,, /afting
j"flu"''' In P",l1", ,;:irb
;\Ia""g""
R""'*to J~nj"" ",,,,.IT '"' flIT! ,"ai'F ",,,,mi,,i,,,,,
&tahJi,bno1:.'rI ,;:o.-hOOp. Vi,;lT Rim;,,; and POllY., '"' "...-} of lim tkr IIrydm
Engag",;:itb f],,"i,b "cbniq'" t;:bm ilImi"" i"'rodt.'" .xl paiming,,, J~Jlj"
Rc'urn:",iofl , f,m J ...... ,j"" paiming ",,,,,,.d in oil gl"""
Painu panrailJ and alk§'ri"ar ,,·,0 at ,,/igiow rubj«rr
Giorgi"" and TiN'an am'"'g hi, pt<pih
Viriud by Viirrr
j)j" in J'ro;"
Doge Leon.:..rtlo Lored:.n (c. IW /) TIN ruJ.,. of l Mi" ""an gold d","a,} nbs. "" imp",,<d fabric tbat rignifi,d lb. proJp<riry <f J mie. ara ",,",",,,jill "", .... B,Oini n!pruduaJ tb.1frcr by painting til< nuf"u roughly in onl" li' alttb ,b, ligbl
Gim,anni Ikllini i. re'I><Jnsiblc for
.... ising the ,t3ndanJ of the \ 'cntti.n
s<·hool of I",inting to thc I><,; nt wherc
the city ri,'alled Floren,,, as • Centre of
RCn:l issanet: excellcn,". Ilis fAther, brot her .nd
brothc:r·in_J.w W,TC .ni,,, tm, but it is the
latter, Andrc:l M~ntcgn:.o , who initi.lly Si>UIT"J
Ikllini On to p.inting J.nd=p'" and defining
the """"J of a picrurc . Likc.1I his hali.n "mtL'''I_''''''es, Ikllini
was accustom"J to wor king in w .. te,_bas"J
"."1"1'=, eithc:r on w'><Hlen p.nck or pl,,-,,cr
walls. Ilo w",'er, Onet: he had ""en the won: of
Rogier , ·.n dcr WC)..Jc n, he was .... ger to trphc
Flmli,h oi l glaring tcchniq"" brought to \'eniet: byAntondJ.,h,\ lcssin. in 14i5.
Ikl~ni was always cxperimenting. No,,", with
thc rich tr1nsluet:nce of oil gJ.u:s at his fingcnips _ r""c:lling nCw ,le pt hs n, lill"ilia,
colou rs .nd dL,nanding • diffLTCnt ty pc of
brushwo,k _ he un""'ercd • wc:llth of
possibiliti",. \ Vhcn Hellini learned how to
tnn'J.", the \ 'cneti.n pl.}' of light betwC,,, sky
and w.tCr, he h.d the key to all thc subde
hall"oni", .nd I. illi.nt ",lours that would
"'me to signifythc <ct.",1 "fVcniet: f,. the nCxt
",,' <"<-"Ilturi",. Ikllini inn""n"",J the cou ,,", uf Eur",can
p.inting through the l',ung p.interS
apl" ""iet:d to his "" . k.<I"". T"", "f the mo" fAmous w,TC G iorgionc. nd Tit",n, wt.,"" later
""al,y he "",k in his ""de. On a ,'isit to \ 'eniet:
in 1505, Diirt .. "1" " ""1. 'he is n:ry ,~d and "ill
he iSthe be" p.in,er of them all".
,\bdont1.:.l of the M.,.~dow (,,15(15) &Uinil Mat/()nnat;;.y" !Ortually bi, rrad,mllT}, at;;.'", tb, m'l'niry and
tmdrrn= t::i,b ;;.,bicb b, porrr"Y'd ,b,m, H,.,., 'h< ,bild J= ,I."" Hirrfillly IllIlkF bi, ,"",b,.,.l-K"'" t::bik daily lift K"',on "'bind ,b,m in ."". ",b, ar~'rr', "''lui,i" landmzpl'!, Only tb, brooding rtn.'m and ,b, ",J.nJn po""f 'h< Vnxin
bint a' rh< day m o,k'llT)', t::bm tbi, JIlm, ron ;;"iO Ii, d,ad in h<r lap
6
170
1771
1774-87
1781
1789
1790--91
1794
I S()(}"()]
I SO;
,,"'-'"
I S I S
1827
WILLIAM BLAKE
Born in /.imdoo, RlR of a 00""-
Apprm,;"d for "'~" Y'iltT to "'g'-'''''''- BaJi,.
Of"'" Il1Id rUnT a
Lond<Jn prim ,bop tuttil tkatb if broIb.,. Ribr,
Mum" o"b.rj", B()iIro", bi,arn'st_ aIJirtllrll, PtthJiJOO Jim booko/panlfJ, P,,{"tiC:l.I Skc",ho::.
Pubh',b" Songs of lnm>CCncc
Engrat·" hy pr"" " . .".-):, 'Ih" ,\hrriag<: of lie",'"" .nd Hell
Puhlirb" Songs ,,(Experience, illt/uding 'n,. Tygn'
Tum up by parron WiDi"m Hay!q. BJahr ,"ot~ to Pdpbam, Swur
CbiU"J{'dt::itb ,,,.,,,on III Chid",,,,. and
""I uirud
Pubh',bd ,\ 1 ikon, i"dllding ,]mwbn
BlIlh h:'YJrJ:
gatb"" Y'""'K di<lipJ", inc/llding Sam",/ Pub,,"
OJ,, in /.<Jnt/(JtI
\rorgin md Child in Egypt (/8 /OJ (h" "fl-- """lar paimin", thaI Blah mad< in grn/ifllll< to a P"""'" 71xJlnllS Bu"" v:ba '''pp",",,;1 bim by ""ding bit w" for dt"tn::ing /",,,,!!. Blal:,
,bought jt ,"or< "biea/ '" paint in "'''f''Y''' a ,;:"..,-_"'=d "",/i",", ,ban oil, ill it ,",'a, ,"a" d,,",mding of ,b, artin', ,h'l/
Willia", RI.kc ~ eng"""', ]"inter, lIe c"un'ed Roy"] ,..."dem;""'" John
I. ' .... and mystic ";'iona,), ~ wrotC. Haman and llenr}' Fusdi a",ong his ck,,,,,, illust,.,cd and printed his own friends. n e n ,hough he had <~slik,,1 ~""111
hooks. It ,,-,,; his belief ,h., tho: im.gin.,ion .. "1< ",h()<~ing himself. RI.ke claimed n) h."c ""'" ,uP""-;'" to, and mOn: rC11 than , the ,.,;" n.li,m gho,ts and a"gels >.inc<: childhood ~ ,,",'CJl th., he
and 11l.,.-ri"li'J11 of his day: he found himself h.d s l',)k<"Tl to the \r,rgin ,\!"y _ s<) it is dcar
finnl}' outside the ruku,..1 mainstrC1m in the that Fuseli', fa"...,y art was in tunC "ith and
Age of Enlib"'",nmCJl'. lIe "'.,,, .Iso "sul'l',Jncr inAucn""d his own. T he muscular nude. of
of the F "'nch and American R.""IUlio,,-,. ,\Iichdmgclo arC ano.her dca, inspi,a,ion,
N",,10n (1795) In tbiJ larK', t~ry 1K",,"pJ;'b.d "'lour prim, It"", "',,;:ron ir Jbm:.·n Inl1i/y
J7ltioflllli~ing lb, un;"""'" ,;:itb lb, aid of a pair of "''"pm"'' Blah tIS,'idd ,b, /Nxkground into"'" brigh' and on, dark ",ti ... , impJying tbat tb. gr,a'
ma,bnnatilian and pir!,i';" ""'ugb, no, mlighwunm' bu, a ~dJm nigbt_tim" Blah b.1i<tJI!d tbal UTtim ala", "Yr' "'palm </ tIS,-;", inrigbt and tbat tb, t<JlJl "'o1f
abayJ Jtruggling to fr" imlf frum ,b, ",nfin" of "am" and organi~d n4igio"
but th~ hc h.d known ~" m.ny yearS thmugh Another of his tcchniqu.s ,,-!S mOre akin tn
his u,lIe",i,., "f engravings . monoprinting. l ie took impressions dire",
Blake's spccial printing P"'ttSS invoh'ed from the I", in",d surfutt uf stout p."ebo.n]
t"'n,krring r"""'<£"<] im.!:"s of his words and and ", fined the <k:t:tils in ink and ext'" p.in~
pi",ur.s Onn, u'I" '" I~ate in .n .cid.resisting P"''''rSdy. if ll hkc h.d bcm tich mough n,
ink. Afn::r etehing in acid . it pmduttd, rdid .ffi",] lett"'p n:ss printing and fine p.inting
illl'ge. which u,uld ridd dOl£ns mOn: u~,ies. malL"rial •. his worlo w<", ld su", ly ha,'c lost its
llhke .nd his wifc hand_u~our,,1 coch I" int idio;yncratic edge and the tangihle sense of
indi'idrnlly. using cheap c.mdh.it brushes. i",ol",mcnt with his mcssage.
'"
1822
I S4 1_B
1848
184 9
I SH
I SH(1)
1860-80
1889
1894
1899
ROSA BONHEUR
B..-n Mar;,· R(J>Illi. B(Jn}uur in Bord"l1lx. dill/gil",." a lall/lKap' pain",-
&bibitJ ugularly ,,! til. PariT Salon
A'::ard<d Jim Gold Mulal by 1"''''/ ,bat indud,d CorOl, D<!"m,;x and InKY"
Tu" at'.,. [ath..-', an .moo/ on hi, d,lltb
T he 1 h"" F. ir ,;:inr acdaim Il1Id prit-Ill' ,.im by QU«rI Vier..-;"
BuY' roa""" ~ar Fontalruhkau, ,b""t/,;:itb N",ball. Mi""
Ji'(..-} "II> cbi<jly in Eng/lmd
i"Nalb ,,[Na,bali. ilIi"", Rdllli(J",bip "'J1hJi,bd ,;:;,b AnTIll FJ""h<,b KJu1l1ph
Through EmpmJ
Eugmi" M""''' fim ""'1111111
aran/,lI Grand e"'Ir of hmtb 1.'gimo/Ho1Wllr
OJ,, in ,\/<1"", Fontalruhkau
Ploughing in Ni,'em~is (/84S) 0", "&nhrorl '""" "Mffaud ""imingy. /, it /m"J on Bonb",,-', "','" mulj", and alI" imp;".lI by Po"N", il ",~""m!b .. mtury l)rltch i11li1l1aJ paint'" Tb, nobility a/lb." bUK' labouring ani1l1ah "PP<= to _paD" lb, 1fta;"nuJf(Jftb. 111m drn:;"g tlmn
The eldest of IiJur child"'n - all "f th,," ani,u _ RoSOl fi<,nheur <k:cid"d early'"
'1',,,iali,,, in I .. in,ing and sculpting animals. lie, Iit'her encou rJ.g("(1 her h).. alkJwing
~ sh,,,p '" be kel" On ,he b:. k:ony of their sixth·
nom I'.ris apatbllen,.
llon beur's unc"m.:ntion.lity w"ls' ke}TlO'e
'" h ..... He: 4e wore cr<1' I",d h.i" , mok,,1 in
public and , whm "i,iting ,hughterhou<t:s a .. 1
m"LetS to study .nim.1 an.tomy, C3,ried
au,hor i""i"" by the Paris Pn::h::<ttJre '0 wu, a
m.n's 'n" ....... s ~nd ""'Jeli: in pulllic. The SOIme
outfi, worn to ,be thC3tre d n::w loud """l~.ints fmm a m.n in the next IlOx , until he was ,okl
,ha' 4e .. "'s the Etm()us a'bSL
llonheur "Jmmunica,ed • di"'ctne« .nd
hone"y with h ...... nimal subjects. so
,di-eshing~' fret: fnJlll 'he social "Jmcntions
,ha, ,he h.d to ""'tend with herself as ,hey
were. Iler worl .. "'s .echin",d h).' 'he S.lons
.nd she m.de • good li"ing f,om it, while
st,,,ring de1r of the "'ml~1:X sm,imen,.li,}, of ,be age .
' Ihe n:: ,,",S no n'''m~'' smtimen,ality., her
ch.""u when:: >he housed. men.gerie ,h., included. p,i, of lion<, • >tag , C3ttle, num.:mus
<~,gs and. P'rtlJL ' Ihe ch.,c:tu .. -as al,o hon'" '"
a fn::e 1rt .chm l: 1I000h...." .. as. 'yml"theti;
,cacbcr, just as her f.ther h.d been. She .. "'s well·1mown~" he, gencr",i,y ",,,",,d. ani,1S in
<lifficuhya .. IIi> , m.king p,mision ~"<"I'el)'one
who w<l<k,,1 f,,< he,.
Buffiolo Bill (/889) A porn-a;,"[Colmu/ It;Ui"m f: Cody, ",/m-t'i" .b",,,.,,
il! ,b. ,/w!:-"",n 'BuffillJ Bir. Thi, por1rai, "'a, mw/. afur Co,ryl- t',i, Jo &nb"rrJ roa,,,m, during lb. EtlTop<= "'tIT o[bu Wild U·'51 &bj,itil6l in /889. A[u,- &nNllrl-dwb, i, "'il! "f""dtlad '" a
po51<1" w/"<rliring lb. ,bm;,', Jour" 1905
I4fO(!)
1480(')
1486
" .. HI6
HIERONYMUS BOSCH
B()rn Himmy,"'" t'1l1I A1:m in 't_
/f""'gmixJw, ",n "[apainw'
M~rri" Alry' GayafftJ !'an dm ilfun.-m'"
Joim Brorb.,-b.lod o/Ollr uuly
La" Judgement w,","irriotU& by Pbiip I of S""in
1);" in 'r_ HmogmixJJ<b
King G~sf"'rd. AdorAion of the M:.ogi (d""il) (151(1) Bow', /i",r ""rh tkpicud fr~'" and larg" fig"'"" playing OIl' Q 'ingk r.-m" Gaspard j, "," </ rb, Magi in &,ro) '-"";iII of ,b, At/()rariorl_ B,bind him, bit pal:' 1:'<'1lTT a bi=arr, 'bomy }mmdrnJ, 'Y,"/xlic </ ,b, oo/y <Tin::" ,bat ebri" ;;:il/ r.'.,- '::'IIT
H ictn"}"llus Rosch C~n not be litllliliar I'r"y"ms ~nd ~JIIJ()rc t() <,<",unCn, on C3tcg<>rj,,,d. lie links back to the ,hi: hWlla" ""n<~tj()n. IIi. ,,,,,,,,, .. tion<_'IHc ad
l1lini.,urc naru,;,·c. sec n On across ,hOll<:inds of in<ti"idwl figu n:< in the
illumin.",d "':l"uscriplS ., the Slme .ime H
anticipating the pOlS and I" ns "fDu",h gL-n,C
painting. Ilis f.milr WIT" lay "",,,,I,cr< of ,h< Bro,hcrho(kl (,( Ou, Lady in \<_ llertogenl..-,sch.
1ni< Catholic gr()up W()< kt,] ~" the cul'ural
brncfi, of the <:i,y ... hen: Hosch liH:d and (tied.
Hosch's unbridl .... J imagina,ion cxplo(k:s as h< dcpicts life as a con ,inua I struggle betw,..:n man
and his inner na'un:. "Inere are "'any ,h<'"ries
about his "-"on ishing ,-is;o" : one of the mo"
persisten, being ,h., his s}'nboli'11l encodes ,he
docrrin'" of a he n:,ical ('",(",ic S<'" ""lied ,he Ca,harS, \ \'I,.",,-e, H(.o;ch hctiL~-"L hI: h1d an
aCute awan: n",S (,( hwnan p»"h(~ogy. lie uscs
,reming p1nds of his ,riPlj-ch< _ a,e continually
,urf:tCing , as if to "]moni,h ,he ,-iewer 0' p<oc l.im a n:,da,i()fl, and 'h, .... diving ag1in
inn) ,he ,wnul,. Ik.o;ch p,inn::d alia prima, ,ha'
is <~n:ct~· onto a gr()und wi,h no und",!" in'ing
0, gta>cs, • m<~hod which ""lied ~)r (xpen
h.ush ... o"'. "Il>c: register ,ha' ""'onls his dc:tth describes
Bosch as 1 'dis,inguished pain,er'. lie "'""s rerninly 1 strung inn""nre on Bruegel the Elder and his allegori", of ,-ilt.g.: lill::. b,er,
lk,sch's I" intings we n: a,-i(Hy collect"] Il)' I'hilip
II (,( SI" in. he~, n: ,he I'ro,e,t:t n' Rcto<lnation
finally di'missed him to (~',"",ri'y.
oj) •
•
The G~rden or E.orth ly Delights (c./500) On, if lb. bm hi""", if &J<b', painting!, rbi, it ,b, "n", p""'/ if a bilK'
panorllmic tripryeb. 711, "''"f'O'ilion ;, mll5urfoJ in ,b, "'try b, '""";fllli"" IN picr<=-pJ_ "'ram ,b, """ ... and difr-r"" J,,~I! if aern:,ry in til< pier ..... , Argumm" ",,,tin,,, .,.,. &><h', intmtioTIJ ,dtb ,bi, "'",k, ivtt."«1I !Ix", 1;:00
1N1ir-.', it ,b.m'r" ""rid mgagro in rinfiJ pI,am", muJ ,00.. roo tbint it i, 001I' humanity might bi1'~ /i!·,d ,:.';,Iwu, ,b, flaD "IAdam and h "
SANDRO BOTIICELLI
144:; Born AI,_ndro di Mariano Pi/ini in Plor",«. "Jr/ of a 'an1l<r
1461_ 67(')
1467_ 70(')
Apprmrj"d '" Fra f;'lippo Lippi IHapainr<r
ANJaa",,;:irb A",..,;" PoUa;""'. and J m-o..-bio
1470 Sm up "· ... hlxJp in rlor",,,, ua;,~rfim co,","i";",,
1472 Brol,"","m"'r"! Sf LaJ:,', Guild
1474 Pai"" St Scilliti.n for s"m" .Uaria Maggi"'"" N ... ffl"
1476-77
1481_82
1482_8r
1484--92
1491
1497
/f l O
Pai"" ""r1rail if CiuJi"". d, ;\1,dri
In Rom" thora'" ,blip'! of Pop< Sirtu! V, /au .. TIIl,",J til< Sisti", Cbapd
Pai"" all'ga.-ieal "'",.IT
Painrr mtarpim, form-""I Florm"n. dmrrb"
B"","" follot."" of s"tmlll",i"
Tbrot....- "'''-.iT MID
'{J,mfiuroftb, 11m,,;,,'
j)j" in Norm"
P rim",'''r~ (th'''il) (c.I478) Tb, grtIC" co/wring il1ld ilrap<rin aftb. N(Jf"Q fig- ".= /,amro from f 'ih'ppo lippi. &"",,1/,\ ,arry la/ntt for drtr~,jng trilJ proiNlhJy /a5t",d by lb. PoIlaitl()kJ broth",. ,;:00,. ".,..-} al gddmtitb, and mgm'YT'J uquirro drafO'mambip rf a bigh ani.,.
During his lilt: Rotticd~ w"" oonn,-"""I
with three m'j(l< l>hilo'ol'hies. Iii.
c.rlr I'ic"m:s .re stlnd. "I ,\ 1a,t'nn:l<,
k:.so ..... "1M 1,,-"';(.1 J;dbl llottict:Di's <rleb ... t,-,]
'1");In' worlo;, 7b, Binb<!lhw .... 1 Pritlfllt""'.
hcrJ"hingch.nge<l.vin in 1491, f(~]owing
m,,1e ~Jt guilds .nd I'ri,.", clienlS. IlowCl'cr, thl: d".,h of Llr"nzo. Giro!.mo S""n'ru!. , Rotticd]i's reJ.tionshil' with co",'!:ntion.1 f.n.,ie.1 ,'ic .. r.g.::ncr.1 of the Dominic.ns,
Christi.nitru .. lcrwcnt,..(~cal.diu;;t",.:ntwhen .ni,'cd to d.im Florenet: I .. d 1<" Christ.
he won the 1" tron.ge of Horenti nl: ruler, Sa,onm~a i"-"it",,,1 the inf .. ",ous 'llon fires of Lorenzo dt:' ,\ 1"lici. the V.nitics· .nd llottiet:lli, nOw one of his
Dc:' ,\ bG<i ad,,,ea,,,d hwn .. nO;.I1\ th",ugh thl: ~,lIowerS, ol><:,~endr th",w ""'e",1 of his Own
N",·P1anlrli,ts. the "'h(~.rlr gnlUI' of men hi: ,1N"'ing< .nd ] .. inting< into thl: A.mes. The
"~I"",,,d .,,,u .. 1 him. TIK;r .i", .. .,IS nl m .. rrr rem.ining pictures of his e.re ..... . re notic""blr
d.ssical I'haoso]>hr with Uristianitr ~,r.n mo .. " ,,>her in nlnc.
entirdr new ';L'W of tl><: unil'<"rS<:: one when: lIottiet:lli'" ",OoSt E""ou;; pupil .. "" Filil'l'ino
]"Vni,,,, was tc.<]lC""-,1 .nd .. neg"rr taught life's Lippi, Son of Fili],,,,.
T he Mystic N:rth';ty (/500) 711, inHTiprion "ftrring to tM ApoCDIy"" and 'tTlJUhktoi Italy' iT in both 'rYu}
and Luin. Botti"Oi hat u"d an ttrroai( dr. .. ic, tha, magniji" 'M VlTgi" and Child; alrog,rhN", 'h, pic,."., if callingfor a wurn to ,""Jir. .. ai m(Kality
1701
1720
1721
1728_11
1711
1711
1714
I7W
17H
176!i
1770
FRAN<;:orS BOUCHER
B()rn in Pari" JOn of an "m/mNdny dmgn<1"
Apprmli"d a, an mgrat-.,- 10 Can, /"'<1" m'", nllllio, ofumuy",
W;", Ib, Prir d,
Ro"",
Studi" in Rom,
Admi,,,,! IlJ th, AGllJimr Ruylll' a, a bi'llJry pai"'<1"
Marri" iIIari, · J,a"''' &"au, 'bry Ja," bat" ,b= childrm
BrnJm"a M'lnkr ofth, ,-J.oom'Y and, I",,,, Profoor and R<CllJr
G",m pa"Mag' " Mad"m, d, Pompaoour
BrnJm" dirUllJr if ,b, R"Jal Goo.bm fMory
Mad, Fim Pai"'lT" '" I1mit XV
Oi" in Pari,
Othli,,! ue (1745) Bouch" oomir.d lI~n",u, ,;:l](m ""'} b, nl</Ji<d and "pod""d ilJ
mgrat'ingr in bi, youth. H<r~'n .. ", ,b, "",,,Ill odab'quu tbat Bouch" prud""d f()r /.Qui, XV and t'ario'" ()lim- pit-"" cirnn 'Inn a far cry from 'k Acadnny-apprm-<d f<~e gabn"', 1.."bi,b barhd Inx} '" an <1"a " ro,,,,ly Im-,_ Hi, "tIt",;,-, 1""ng ",",/Illn ilY' t~ry m",b of 'Ii<ir .,,'n tim,: 'Th, pmy tbing i,tb, ",u} Oftli< ag' _ and tb, gmiU! if Boucb"'
French art of the rightttnth Ct:ntury took
its cue from the hedonistic COurt at
Versailles and espttiallr fmm Louis ",Y', mi,rress M .. dame de Pon~l1dour, wh(",e
f,,,,urite anist w'1s FrJ."'.,';< Ro..,he"
Roucher was the sup n: me cxponent of
Rocc.::o , a lu_mrious d,-'::o1'1ti,'e strle , which
sensuous, light.hcar",d m}~h,~ogi<:":ll subjectS:
godde><e< and cupids cOl'orting happilr .nl(lngSt the douds mim,.-ed the self.
indulge,",e of the Frmch ar;'t[)er'1<:)--.
AC'l<itmic ohje",io.,s were rais,,!, hmh to
il<,..,her's subject matter and use of ,,~our. but
these were as much against the self· made
dominated the wulthiest home interiors. M .. rquise de Poml'''[our'. I"""etfull""nnagt:
Al n:adr an cxttllmt draugh~'11lan . he rrained as against il<",cher himself. After all . was it ,"It
with Lm",)',",. the ttiling anist at Versailles: u,uallr ari'tocratic mm who commissioned
fnml Lmlo}TIe I-.:: l<:":lrn",l" ,'erS:ttile technique picru",< of enticing. pearlr nudes?
that he apl~ ied to all the de"" .... ti," 3Jts he .. "1< il<JUcher .. "1< "LTr hard wo.-ling: he would
engagt:d in . fr, . " "'I""")' to I",.-ttlain designs. oftm 'pe.-.I twel,'e ",urs , dar at his e"--.:I and
After th n:c J'e'1rs in Rom". lIouch,,, tti",1 1'1n" busr Studio where F1'1g()flard ,,"1< 01'" of
dL,nonsrrating his seriousness with a h::w hi"",y his pupils, lIe <lid h,", a hcautiful ... ife with
paintings, Rut they were not to the curr<TIt ttstC ex p"n,i", "'->les that he ""1< ohligt:d nl please.
Or fashion of the timt . so he ... mt f, ,.- the m("'t but deda n:d he would "",'er wi,h to exchangt:
luenti,'c ,,'nllnissiof1S and wOn fame ... ith his his Ca"'LT foO' '11)-' o. her,
M:arl:.me de Pomp:odour (tktail) (c.I758) 7br-OIlgb &"d=, ;\talli,m, tk Pompaoour Ja'" a ,",am if portraying b,,""lf
a! Fran,,', IImbarrilOOr if ,b, artJ. /-I, ,,'W "'" kun <In painting port"';" and in 1m"" ,b, c<lnfitkd ,my ".= ""t "clJ{t h'km,<= but !k didn't mhlt! '" /<lng
w tbry prop"d tb, rigb' hnag'. /-I". tk i, a, a "",nan if lim-ary atUJmpJi,bmmtJ, E.rp<rt rmd<ring of1m- go"'" "mi1llit '" tbat, ,,·itb bi,
fatkr tm "nbronny d"ign<r; it i, lil:./y tbat B""cb,r 1lR:! and bandkd fm fabriC! from an ,arlyag'
I fU(!)
I H O(?)
l U I
1HZ
H H _54
I H 4 _ff
I US
H61
H64
H 6S
H 69
PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER
B()rn in Bru'l:b.1
Apprm';,,'} '" I<rlding Anrarp ani" C",d: '-/l1I A,M
B"","" a Marur o/,b.Ann::"p Guild
T~ I!aly
S",p in Rom" ,,,,,-d, oom, ria S,;:;". All"
1I· ... h in Anre,"p 'I;:itb Hi""''Ym'" Cod, "'W""" and f'lihJiJb<r
Pint painting, ]'" ,,-c.-h,
MarTi« Mayl:m, daugl,," <le_}, 'liry m,/, in Bru=/J
Binh" ..... Pi,,", A"I!UUJ ,;:udtby parron. Niro/"" 1011gb_Ii".}
Bmb if ..... Jan
Dj" in Bru=h
P.. r~l>le of the Hli nd (d""il) (/ 568) A dnail frllm Br""?'!'f /art major ,,,,,* rifffTing to Q quOl"';"" from M"rtbro', ~"Pd: 'Iftb. Nind /rod ,11< Wind, ""'b mall fall into ,11< dirrb . . In ,bi, Rlkmn aU'gory for ,b, btunll1l fir""tion 'M 'Iring of unfon'''''''' P'"pJ" ,acb by dinging bJiT/tOy to lb. na:t, aT< jopardi=ing lb," 0"'11 wk-ation ra,bff tban t..",king it aU! for ,bt-,""h~J
A"'l1larlal>lC f"",.bout Pi",,, , Bruegel is ]'I' nti n the pri ntrt . nd G(~tzius the eng""· ..... tha' .fte , " ,,,,,lIi ng nIL-n,i,'ciy in lral)· So i, wou ld be ~ mistake to conlU", him with One
he retu rned fmnc t" then "'<IDne wor k of his I",.,..nt figu "'s, in an unahe",d Flemish style. Il is l tolian lie hegan p'inting c<,mpHa,j,'<:ly h,e ,
sie,chbo"b were lUll of the g",nd<.." of thl: Pn"",'br ,h'es frum 1558. It «:t. I",,,e rn f,.
All''' ",th~ , th.n col,;es of Renai"'an"" ~rt. combini ng ,cal ism and imagina, in n, dnu ],tlc;;s
H' ''''gd the Elder .. "1< nidrnam"] '1'<"1<. nt" inspi , ,,] by Hosch , Simil~rly. H, ucgel".
he""u.., he li ked to go in di'gui", ~mnng ch~r1C,erS nftcn po, n' to mo",l. and m, ke
o"linary worung 1><'(JI~e , lI e ""1< actu:t Dy One s:niric~1 oh", ,,,.,i<-.,,, On lill:" ahl>:,ugh Hmegel"s
o f ~ glllup of di'ti nguished Flemi,h hwnani,tS, apl" ' '''c]' is '" the r ,m'" gentle tha n Hosch ' •.
which included the geog"'pher O ndus, also "Iru ... " robust ='1, tions a n: Th< PilD of ,b,
R,IvIAng,b, TN Tril,'"pb.IO""band MadM'g (Dull Grin) . In fact , the fi ,st nightmHish
im.gc wa< anrihuted to Rosch until rctrlming
r<~'CiI"l lIru"gd '. s;gnatu n: . Il is '''ngd iJl Mad
iI/'g may be • n: k n: nu: to thl: termrS of the
Spmish Inquisition .
lI, uegd m,,1e sc.,;.I.nd 1. ,lititalll« lte,ts 1<
rc:t(tily 1< he <"lch,Jtcd thl: jO}S of li'ing. In
painting he ~'w)(l. "itllme'ns of ""p rt:ssing his
inner and ou ".,. ,isi()f) : 'In .11 my " .".. b therc
,,-as mO n: thought th.n p.inting:
Chi Idr<"tI 's G.me. (1560) Brtugd't <kill ,:,itb gmt"< ,"",' ,um '" tbi! ",''. d<pi,ting buru/,.d, </ Ii,r/,
propk ",ring out a ,ilIalog'" </ p,,,,i,",,, ,,'a, Ixm<d 1::bil, N 1::", an mgr"''''' ,,·itb tb, Ann::"1'publi,Nt; Him"'y,"w eod-, Hi, figumar, ",In,,·itb b'rrl,
moiNlling but tbry an "",ulnfu!ly Ii,·,/y; and ktond ,b, laJri""ti"" 01 idmtifying aU tN gama and an;"ti". IN "in:"" j, "',a"d t. a "",,'i1lling
nmt /'"'f'«';'y '"' tN right, and a iNligbrfol gli,"!= oltypiCtlI fJ"mitb lamkap,"" ,b, kfi
1697
1719
1720
172f
17JO-J9
1740-41
174 2
174 6
17f1
17H
1761
1768
ANTONIO CANAlETTO
Born Gia'.nmi Anton;o CIl1lllk in
lmi""JOn<!a ,at" pal"'''-
Trat',h",;,b /",bn to R"In' "" tb.1l1,", imIin=
Nil,", rMJro,d in
"git",-/l! J """jIlR pai"'", guild
Four ,-"'r.iT C(J,"",imo",d fir ,"",cb"nt Sul_ Conti
SfUdio ,,,,,*, for
'k Englisb mllr!..'
Tr",.<!, B"nlu C"""I ",,;:ard, Pad""
Painlf R(Jman rui", m-j~ for parronJ""pb Smith
rIm ";rit "' I.""oon
f{""",, /Jrj'jly !rJ
lmj"bifor, r""aining in England
"nul'''''" J~ni", p<"na"mt/y
EJm,d", ]'""ilm AaltN1I1jofFin. Am
Din of fi"'r in ]-mj",
Eton College (c. 1754) Tbj, "in;, "f ,b. I,,'"ow- Eng/im puNic rdxxJ lUar Wind",r t. .... , p";""d "';;"arm lb. rod "f Cllnm"'o I ITay in England. ,::bieb bi>d h<gtm in 1746
An",n;" Cln,I",,,, ehoo" to paint his T he <"m"-" itself "" •• well lrwwn, and fir"
n3li,,: cit)". Venice. Ln<""'ing it c"u1d """,,1,,1 in I 550. CanalettIl 1:1 ught ,,"'crS hOI,,'
make him I~""ty"f ".)n<) Ili< ~", "'ul. to use it ~nd thus ",nder l'e<Sl'~cri,'e
_ m'''.''' ' of det.il",:! .",hit""'u"" shimmering {'(,mincinglr. Iii, n<l,he ... , Ikmordo lkllott[) ,
.... tcr, ~ nd bloc skies _ w""t down well "ith the I,..o, 'ed.n excell""t 1'''1', 1 and e":'ntu.IIJ'l'aint,,1
English nobilitr doing the: G r""d l iJUr. So well ~"<To,,'n,,1 he:.d .. 11 o,,:: r Eu"' p'"
thot , ot One st'g.:: , J<l(I(:ph Smith. the IIritish Wor in Eur<1,e in 1740 <~srupt,,1 ~,"'ign
{'(,"suI_in_""iting, w1.. acting as his .g.::nL trJ,eI .nd it w .... time n, s.:t:k Ou t English
In time , ('..analet'" rcr.n<:d his <JUq,ut to suit elients ., home. Fn"n 1746, Cana letto lin,1 in
the marlet e,,::n b<~n:r. His "'p"noi", grew tn London for .1mo't ten rears, working It:.r
include populor Vcneti.n festi,.ls .nd p"rons such .. the llonOl'eri"" Duke
""",m<)flies .nd he "., willing tn I'" im .n emi", of Richmond.
series of ,.rouu (citr ,ie,,') in • uni~,nn ,iu:, n) AI".}"S the best ""snlln<:rS of CtllOlcttt), the
furnish.nrstttt:lJ'h<M'H'. sole of josc ph Smith's entire {'(,lIecrion to
C.n.b", m.de nO «-cret of his rdi~n<:e On George III in 1 i61 b",ught to Engl.nd
the "",""a d>"tIt'a (st" p.g.:: 198~". ,k:6nition the w<Hld'. finest selccrinn of hi. paintings
of this <bice) , e;peci.II), ot sketchl)(lOk Sttg.::. .nd d",wings.
B~sin of St ,\I,...k 's Squ:.ore, Venice (tkuri!) (c. 1745t) 1'b. ,-inii thaI'" many Grand Touri", tT",'dkd '" '", and buy _ <PI cam'a,. /1 "-a,"'" unhwl::"jir nllb",.iamcdimn-
'" Ulh ,b.ir Canal",,,, 00'"' iNjir, ,b, paim bad drid
H7J(1)
I'iS4-8tJ
IPJ2
H96
1f99-1600
1606-(J9
1610
MICHELANGELO MERISI DACARAVAGGIO
B()rR in Car,,' .. aygio, lUar Milan, _ if an arrbirut
Orpbll'wl, rrQilUJ "'''kr P""zarUJ, a pupil <ITt,;,,,,
G"" '" R(Jm,
iII"". fim parrlltl, Cart/ilUl/ tid iIIo"u
fij,-;r p«hJi, c(J,"mirrion
Im'(Jk-,d in crimiTlllI «"'.'i,i .. , fI= Rilm, for Napl"
Tnn-,/J to }1/a1<a, Syraltln, ;\1",iTlll, Pal""," and Napl" "gain
R«,;"" papal paroon. /);,,,1 millarial i"'" in Parro End, Boy \\r,th ~ B",k", of Frui t (/ 59J.-4)
Th< boy. ;;:00 !<JoE, ilJ jib. could k oJJ",jng him,,'! 1lJ Ik ,.i""yr along ,;:irb Ib, frui" j,p=iblya "If-ponrait. D"''''llggio ,;:ould bll'~ il«nllr()ilnd 21 pan if ilK' b", ahaJy d,m"ID1I7l,d an ",rurll1l", in blllldling lb, ,,,,",",,,,/Ii#, and d!OOiJIJJ
J:TW~'n '" chi. m,cUfo
C"",-.ggiO'S <:arl)" cduC:I,ion in
Lomb'''ly g'lt: him. I'.ssion for r",,~sm and a <lis~kc of ideali",.;o",
later. in Rome. hi: ""uld ,lisco, · ..... th., thesc
were "','olu,ionary con""],,,. T he modds
chu«:n roo- ,.,in's and ,ul" licants in his rdgious
pictures we re gt:nuine peosants with rlgs ,
wrilllJcs and <tiny fttL Not surprisingly, this
ul,,,,t ,..-tJ.:l<lo% I'"""ts and m"'"Il ..... ' of the public alile , who p",ferred the contri'Td
elcganet: of ""n""rum to Ca,."-.ggio'. <~Jwn·
to_crth ot..LTl"1tion.
C"'a,'aggio himself ,cry much admired
Midle l:"ngelo lI uona"ot; and I'aid h,""agt:
to him "" ..... al times . "Inc angcl's hands in 711,
''''pira,ion "f s, iIIanb""" p,inted for the Con", re lli C hapel , recalls God', Cua,io" of
Adam 'lfl the SiStine Cha pc:l ceiling: and in S,
Job" til< Baptirt ('"",b ,;:jtb Ram) , the lin)" I","es exactly lile Onc ()f the ig"udi, als() ()n the
Sisti nc cci ling.
It al" C:lrS th.1t C '''''"1ggio'. m<~h,.1 wos to
p,int directly f",m his modds, with no
p« l,"ato' -y drlwing . This in'~C1n:s the US<: ()f
T he Su pper 3 t Emm~us (d""i[! (1596_16()2) 711, gfflU,n in tbi, picn,u ,,/I "'" g"'" J.d. 711, (JutJtT<trkd b"ndr a[tb,
di,.ipl, on tb, rigbt, and lba" a[tb, iJlbff gripping bi, chair, "'P''''' Ik imm,dia" ,"oo,,'" " "'"grlili"", /lJ" Ib, MmllaT )'latb IINy '"" along tk
moo "'-,ait bi,""I[I" '" ch, ",,,,,, .. ud ebri" by hlming Ib, ,",al Tb, nil/_ lift" frui, ,"ahI hibhllli "["m,,, '" un(Hd Ii[, and "pawi"", fiJfil/,J,
,::biM 'b.app/" _ rymooit"[ '''''pta,.,n _ ,,,nain niJl£'''bJy bligb"d
lenses ~s a «..::hnical aid. Ilis p""'n , Car<linal Cou nte ,_ Refo,mation too , as thl:)" hoped
del ,\ loote, is kn"",'n to ha,'e had Some cxpenisc: that dramatic in,. ger)' in their ch urches
with optics .nd m.y h"'e 1"""id,,1 the eould he used to tempt people b,d fi-om
... tist with "quil_"cnt th" would have dour I'rotes",ntism.
pnJi<"(1ed the im.g.::s <lirttdy onto the c.",-.s, Car"-.ggio combined • ,hort , wild,
hcll,; ng to n:1""<lu,,, I. ,ints of high Con tr!St o",,-.sion.liy criminal lill: with an i"'n<..::I''-'Iic
and foresho<t"ning. attibJd". Ilis in!lu",ce li,,,d on in the stu<lios of
By upholdi ng his uwn .esthetic ,alues .nd toc G""ilcschi family, l>1niruh rlr til. t of toc
Hoiding .nr cons"!.t"')' app",,,,,h to hi. r"" ... bblr tal"'ted Anemi';. Ge ntil eschi.
suiJj"ru; , C"'''''ggio quite literollr ph",d • rt Ca "'H"ggio'. worls continue to reM)n' te,
in a new light. The fn:sh immediacy of his sl'<..::ificalir with film_m"kcrS such .. 1'.",lini,
work suited the aims of the C.,holic J"m.nandBrtt"I,.,,,.
ISJ9 B()rn in Air_"'_ P,,"''''a, ,on of" han}.,-
ISf2_9 Srudi" at CoU'g' BoutPon ,;:itb Emil.Ua
ISf9_61 Srudi" law a' Air
IS61 Srudi" QT' in
Pari" "'''''''' ro Air
IS62_70 R<j«"d by Pari, Salm. foyan .. _
Pruman .:aT dm'" bim to
I'&""J"'" M"" /-Ionm" Fiq"'"
IS72 Binb </ _ Paul
IS71_79 In Ponroi" tmd A""ffT_JUr-Oi" ·/):itb pj<rartJ
ISSO_SS Li,~, in l'Erw'l"" and Ia",,- lmJ'~' to Gardarlm
ISS6 Mamn /-Ion"", Fatb ... di" I,aring bim an inb"i'ana
IS9f Firrt ""<-man ,botri a' Ambrui" J ~UQTd ,,,,U<ry, PaTi,
1906 Di" of pmulnonia in Air
Still Life with POts and Fruit (1890_94) A rtlilly </ ,bap'_ """"'n, and roliJllr, all Injnnuly arranK't/, to iUusrTat' pnf«riy Cbnm',at..." "'0111" 'Tua' naru" by In",'" "ftb, rylind<r; ,b, ;ph,,,_ ,b. roll<', ".-uytbing brougbt into pr"fJ'T fJ'tTP'cti:~., ,dir«ud ro"'anl, a em'Tal point. '
P~UI Ch~nne ",os ~ shy, itri,~hle m~n ",ere n'Jt <j'ml",h",ic to his idul of'the logic~1
",ho, ~fter • di,,,,,uroging Start in tho: d""ciopmcn' uf e,'crphing ",e s{'(: and feci
early 1860s - • ~"hidding father. ,hr(JUb'" 'hc srudy ofn .. ure', It wa. his deli re
cX:lInin .. ion litilu n: ~nd S,lon rct...,ls _"'~rcdy ~"this essen,ial harmony. e<pres.«:d h).- c(~o ur
seemed dcstined for !.sting recognition, a< ,one . ",hich d rew him b,d '0 his bdn''']
Ace],im wa. h:tnl ",On. taking 0"" ,hirty ycars Pr",,,n\1' in 1 SS2, ' Inc ""Iusc who wished ~o
of disciplined "",l bc~,re his first one_m'n male uf Imp"'''';oni,,,, «,m",hing s"lid and
exhihition in 1895: ~,llowing ",hich. Y'JUnK"r duroble ' e,'en,ually ",en' much further.
artistS like the N. bis fon,,"] an enthusiastic I><o" iding the in~l<~u<~" Cubism. Abstr.ction
clique . alert to Ceunne 's pushing of ,he and 'he gamut of 'van'_ga"le ""pcrimcnt:ttion. b(lUn<b ries h<)"nd ai!)' Iml><"", ionisrn , Renoir a4,,1: ']-low un earth (l,cs he do it?
C6.3 nlll: knew th .. thc thco.- ics of I'"i,ian 11<: <'0 nro" pu, 'wo t<lUches of col(JUr on n, 3
"".dm,ics and critics, Ic' .Ioflc public ollinion. COnyiS with(lU ' its b<;ngab-cadr.n .chieR,,,en,:
In the P. .. l ofClt .. <-~u Noir (e.IS95)
C'=<Inll<') IIlrIllTC"/,,,oftbi' riod """ roh'dly hllil' fum pla1Ut"f ,oJ(JlJr. hut 'modulation' triM at.::"Y' C"'''''lI<''' k.p:.'<Kd arid b. tri<Khd !",ub., </ rubt/,
,arm bUd rob.,-m,/y a/ongrid, rtrong.,- t""" if gr"" and hb~ for a ¥n"dy naagi"""," r.,'(J(at"'n </ bi, "",it"< ,ou"'ry,id,
JEAN-BAPTISTE SIMEON CHARDIN
1699
1714 (?)
BIKrI in Pari" J.m of" cabi"" mak.,.
SUlrtJ training and t:'Grking aJ
un",""
1724 Ad",i,uJ", ,b, A auJi",;' tk Saint·we
1728 Dj""'."md by ,VimJ", J, Largilli"', at Sal", d, Jrnm=. El«uJ to F,nl<b Aaukmy
1711 MatTi"
1711
I7Jf
iIIarg'"r;" Sa"'Uln/
T!lrnJ '" gmt? paiming
l"Ra,b "f .:if' and ru" daugburr
1740 Pm",,,dulLou;,
17f1
1761
1767
1779
XV
Mamn Frtm{UiJ<
MarK,,,r,,, PGIlg"
R""",, to paiming m'lIlift
B"","" oDicial bang" at Pari, Sa/()n
i"Natb"f "''' Pi"r __ 1,,'"
The JUy (/728) O"'"f ,b, pair (Ib< otb,r "'ar Lc Ruff<~) ,bal Chardin rllb"",,,d to ,b, Prmcb Aallkmy ,;:bm Ninila; d, Lm-gillii-r< firrt di,..,,=d hi", am""g Illb ... Y"""g 1xJp'/uh. at til< SRk", tk J'UlUn., Propk bad ""ITa}", tb. eant"",,, 11K fik",irb niH lif" and tbry ,,"" romid.,.,d ~od ,_gil m go flr.::ard "",",dimly ar Cban/in ', dipJ","" pi""
C h."lin .. "1< the I.,." ( .. tcnt~tjou< of own I'",it hourgc<~s hou<ehold .. c n: his ~""'S.
cighteenth_u:ntur), French I" interS .nd m.de thci r " ... )'onn, the " ... lIs of wuhh), a" but iso/"ten cited, ",ith \\',.,t .,.~u, .. the Io,'crs all ",'cr Eu"'pe. l ie h.d .n instin", f"."
gre,,,,st. La "" admirers of his ,1J1oc;;tic sttnes tdling the eu", ox'ment when .. look 'l< gC;;tu n:
we n: Cou , b.,t, \'~ n Go g h .nd Gun"". could he crrstolli ",d for posterit),. ' Ii,gt:the,
T here is no hint of Rococo IfJiet)' in ",ith th., gift , he h.d e,'ol,'ed • speci.1
Chardin's pictures, despite the emuhe"'nu: t"'hni,!"'" using thick br<TS of pigment ."d
sho",n hr othe, Htists of his dar such H thin , luminous gb",s to pmduu: JUSt tl>< right
Bo ucher .nd La""reL tcrtu re.a,"lplar "flight .
' Ii, hegin ",ith , he p",duu:d ,~ill·lili::s of Ch"din 's h.ndling of tonal nlue< "'e ,,,
.nim.ls .nd frui~ similar to the I" ir th., w,., imp re~i"e enough , but the ,,·ritcr Dide,,,,
him his pl.u: ., the F,ench Aeademr. Then < ... lIed him 'the g"''' so,ecro t" because his
"",,'" his g<onno pcri,.1. with" nod to the Dutch pictures offe",d So much mo re. \ \r,thout
sch,.,1 but none o£the hcavr humour. pre.ching 'J< !itlse sentiment , he tapS into •
F<l< cight reus , the "",i,itic;; of Ch.nlin·s consciousne~ hcp",d out,,"'rd al" "'''' ""c;;.
The Young Artist (/718) L'bardin', ,,"en 'OO, Pi"""-J,un, around tb, ug'"f Jrt'nl. Draud in a bJt«
"",*ing apron, k i, picrurd ",itb a rrirhf ",bi" mall, in a Ixrltkr, rrudying a drlrdng in front ofbim, Pi~ J''''' did in flXt gr(l"", up to k an iUn'" and
"'aT /iring in I mi" ill 1 767 ,,·hm b, di,d in my,,"io'" ,"""""a_,
1245(1)
1272
1277_81
I JOI"()]
HOI
GIOVANNI CIMABUE
B()rR enm; tIS P'P" in Norm"
Acti:~ in R",",
A,,;,~ in F/ornlct! and Mis;
Acti!~ in Pi",
Di" in Pi",
The Snu C roce CrucirIX (.-.1272) Tbarua/irio" of ebri" "'aT a major tb"", for Cimam" and br iT Iv/in"d to
hat"' p";""d tb. mbj<cr ""<1""/ rim", Th< ""tbiJ, oftbi, gracifuJ /iK"'"' je «h«d by tb, griif oftb. moUYnn, in IN """de,", ,it},.,. rid., Sr..'''''/y d","agd by tb, AnIiJ jlood in 1966, tb. <ruafir ba, rin« ,,"n r<IT(lHd
G,o' .. nm Cil1labuc • I-lo,-cntme Onl: of his p.-inci!,'] worb is ,hI: s .... of
p'mter and mosa,clS' "'.... • frescoes that he and his IlUl'~S l .. in' .... 1 for the
(".-crunncr of the Rcn .. ss.n<"t Tncrc church "fSt Francis., A«isi , b<~wccn I! 77 and arc h::w ",,,,.-(10<1 ,k:l:Iil. of his lill:, lou, he did 1281: another is his al'''' mosaic in ]'i ..
,,.,,,,1 n) Rome in 1172, whcrc 1><~itjC:l.I.nd C.th<dr.Ldcl'ittingStJohnth<:Enngclistand
religious "'~)nn ,.."l' in the ai, und", 'he new "JI1~,I",ed in 130Z. \\'hil" "'maining litithfulto
I><~": ' ( Oreg".-y X. G"'g<"-y waS a ,mn of b rge ,ho: Hp.an,i"" rradition , Cimahue "mll',·"l to
idea<.lle ealled fo' a Gent ..... 1 G)uncil in Lp)f)s, gi,'e f,"'ms a new (limmsio." adnowl"lging
which ,ur""d Ou' to be a high."-,,er marl of ,ho: ,pa", and di""n"'.
,\li(1I1eAg.:s. So 'he ma>ler 1''''<,1 the "-'y~" his I)H'"
T here in R()me, Om.bue <lism,'( ... "l th., b"'OUS I'ul'il. Giotto. It is said th., they I)"" e,,::n the .n;,1S w"'eeag.:,~ ... change. ,\\urllislS ()f)e (b y ()n the lk~()gna ,<x,d. Gio"" was a
were C>'1~( ... ing "-'}"S of bringing I))(,.-e ",.Iism sh<l,herd hoy. SCM,ehing ,he I'icru", of a ,heel' inn) their wod. T he", "-.,, strung (bite to onto. rock and, ,ttogniring his ,.Ien"
mmC '''''y &om 'he ,n<li,ional n. Iness of Cin,abue im"ed him nJ he",,))e his '1'I'I"<'n,i",
H}'untine .n and Cim. b"" >Y"'I",hiu:d. in Flo .. ....,"'.
The Sant:.o Trinit:.o ,\bdonn.:.o (dUO) Cimabu.', pionuring tk'ign J<Jfimd BFamin. ",onlmunUlliry and ro",'""ud it to InOU .artbly di",mrion<, Although til< foldT" ,b. Virun)- cloal au "iO d'Ji",d ",itb !f1/d li"'I, tb. d",P"7 bang' qui" n,,"'rally; "nd ,b. fac~ bllt"
","cbanyd til< f"""ah'ly" iron< for a nro t::anmb " ,,:pm;rion
""
1612
16H_26
1626
1627
1629
1611
16JS
16B(?)
1682
CLAUDE LORRAIN
Born CliUJd, Gd/i, in Cbamag"" Lorrain
Orpb,,"'d
StudS" in R(l,"' v:itb /anthrapi'" T.m
To Namy for apprmlje.Jbip ,;.'ilb iJn-U<l
R""",, to Rom, p"WlIlRm,ly
Pint daud,,'or}, bn<i;cal'c with C. ttle and Pc.s,,,, ••
JO<RI pain",,' A",J;mit tk S"im_i..uc
B'g;'" Liller Verin,i,;, a uffJrd
a/b;,,,,::,,,,,..-}
Binh </ dnugbu,. AIl'I"', 'b<Jugb Claud, "maim ""mllrri,d
Dj" in R"",,,
Vicw of Seaport with Mist Effect (c. 16j()) A typiCilI Gil/Ilk "apan ,-in.", ,;:irb ",/I ImildiTlgJ jlanking ,b, cum/""iri<m Imd 11gb, flooding lb, "'/xJ, """from" point jUS1 aM-' til< bor"'on. Thi, picmr< aim ilium-a," Ix1!:J d'P,b i, ",bin:.d by /ooJ:jnK "'":lIrlV rb, ba=y bor;",,,, ,brougb a griN/1m1 fading of ,harp out/ill< arid ttronge"'o",.
Claude LHfain's chief c()fltribUl;'" nJ a'tlde's I'1tJUns g<:n"'ally came fmlll the
classical landscape I" inting ",."" his F,rnch or It.lian ariS"'<1'1q-. II" I',in",d rJ.pidly
m3S"'rly bTabllCnt of lighL Although fi-(." n<"C .. "<Sity, hut ne\(" ncglem:d. thomugh
not fi-Inllally educat"!. Cb ude lnL· ... the sn",es 1"''1",otion thmugh d",wing, c'p<",.Dy fn,," that l1<o, .. ided his themc, fi-(. 11 m)'thology and nature. Somet;mes he painted outdoors, to
the Hil~e. He ""uld adapt the s<~tings _ p .. ,,,,,.al """'n'c sunri", and ,un"'t at firSt hand.
0, {'('''''al _ for an 0l"onunity to cxpk'it light
and atmo"I"'c", (". perhaps "",,,,h n, a bro.d
hotlwn. Hut alwaY', the b .. ,ic in'l,; tation ,,":IS
thc Campagna , thc st"'tch of low-lying
{'(,urn'}~id" arou nd Rome, st"' pcd in antiquity.
Tt«;' Claud<'scar~' """,her, If'''' him b.<ol\S
in l"'rSl"'<1;,'e and compo,ition, figurlS and
aninnls. aaude then p"'1:=<,-,1 to I"int ""'I"'ns and , fi-om around 16040, to lmnumental
Iand,a1"'s with tl''''"S wi ... ling through ",11 ""IS.
Claude a nd Pouss in dominoted thc
"""rneenth ",rnury in this genre and 'pawn"]
",any im;'"to .... In 1635, to k",l' ttad of his
O,,,]., t and guanlagain." ~,rgcrT' Claudc began
,,,,,,,ding his {'(llllll1i«ions in a si<1chbook
called the Libra lffi'ati" the '1>:,<11. of truth'. Financially SeCUre , hc 1,,1 a quiet life and
tuto,,,1 on ly two ,rudmts. II is worls went on to
in'pi,c gcn<nt;ons of artists, likc \\'~!tc~u,
\\~Is"n , Turner and Cole: nO, should
A decade Ian.,., his ""rl b<"C>.llle stiD nx' ", <,,;c: we ",'eriook his enduring inAocncc on
",ther ,.,itmn a ... 1 m}"''''tlous and I"in",d On eighteenth_ and nineteenth_century English
large cam""" with a W(~cr 1"let"" landscapc If'<<k:ncN.
Londsc:>fH' with the Nymph Egeri> (/669) 0", if Clautk '''au,. and largm cam'a", ,bm::f Eg<ria
in mounlingfo,. b<r tkad broband, fb, king of Rom" 71","" if gri'f and ",,,,,,larion ",., u/""d throughoUt a ,igh'/y orgrrniz,d ",lJur ,d",""
,"odularing}Tll" darlf '" light. Tht! "",* <i<m"''' of a Claud, Iand=P' "'"' unifi,d by a "'fi ligbt "r<aming """:anl, ,b, t'ir~..,., ,;:1"", 'Y" au g"'t/y
grrn,d arotmd a =-i" if ""all, p,,,,ic "ign"'"
1801
I S I S
1821
1826
1829
184 0
184 1-42
184 8
THOMAS COLE
B()rR Boiton, Englll1lll, ..... if a manu/aewu,- if "XN'/"
f amilY''"War" to USA
Stud,,, at
Pbiladdpbia AGliumyofAn
S"t/" in earshUt, m-fourllk HIltbon Rh',," SdJooI
Tra,-.iJ to Ellro/". ,"un Com",bk.
Lr~'"na I1tId TUn"r in umd""
II'<..-k iHromn
j","llJing/y u/igi(}UJ
Rn 'irirr EUriif"
1);" in ,Y".:I )or} Ni.W"',. F" lls (186 7) by ]i"" kTid C hurch JlJamr<! ",,_ami, lamb.""", Church t."ilJ rb, only papil"1 OJ. Imd "'p"",ihl. flK """' 'l:.wulnfol imag" if fr, ·industrial Am,.,-;"" in ,b. I{",,,amic ,,,,diti,,,, , Hi, NiaW'''' '" lis rrod,.,.., rbi, '"00 ;proacuJllr ph"",,"m.., t."jtb a typicaUy impmd mill arr(6nph',b.d bandJing if light, 'P"" arid ';:a',.,.
W ~h,.., ~Jnll,,1 rraining, 'he ~Ju ndc t
of the innut.",i,,] ll uds<", Rj"cr
Sol",,,!. T homas Co le, ic:.m"] 'he
b»;cs of oil painting from .n itinerant
1" J<,nitist in O hio, II" f(~ I()w,,1 tha' with" sdf·
,"ught d,.,,,ing I''''gram mc: tha' wou ld "'n'c ,,,
undt'llin.1I his land=pc wori<.
C,~c'. pmgrcss to IUD "''''~ nition w"lS "'p id.
Ilis I"intings "" ulting from his firSt trip up the
Il ud«", to thc C:t~4.i1l ,\")untai ns earn,,] :tn
cnthusi.'tic "'''''I" i(", in Ncw '''rI.:. IIr 1829,
when C,~e ,i,it"'] Eu"~lC, he w"lS "'V"]"'] "lS
Amc ric:i 's It .. ding p,inte r of .wc_inS l'iring
s""nc rr , singlc _h.ndcdlr ""I)(JI~,ihlc fo r
in", .. ]u<ing the notion of the Ro m'ntic
l:tnd""l'e. As OnC who h.d grown up in •
m.nuf.cruring envirunmcnt , Cole " .. s ,'e rr
",,,,iti,'c to the Lfll:crs of indu"ri'~"ti(", 'n<l
(b ngcrs of <ity 'I'",wl. G)le returned to Amcric:i with .mbitious
p],ns j;:Jr a hiSto<r-strle ,lIcgoric:i1 ", ries,
entitled 711, C"uru"f Empn-. . II() w<~'c r, his
l"mIlS I" ctrt",d his "i ..... ,. of Americ:in rn IU rc,
which thcr rCl'c ",d almOst a. re~gious im'gcs.
Aftcr ,nothc r trip n) Eur(~le in 1 fW 1~2 , C,~e
.dol'",d the prodigiously t.lent<,] Fr"']erid
Church (18!6-1900) .. his pupil. Follo,,'ing
C<~c's sttrtlinglr earlr death in IfW8, C hurch
show",] him,.,lf wcll .ble to c:i rrr o n the
Il u']s"n Ri,,:: r t"' (~ti,,,,. Li ke C~e , he 1" '1"m]
for his Stu<tio worb with hiking and sketching
eXI'",litions. A braliant draftsman and c'~o uri<t .
he n",k himsclf moch fUnhLT than his teachtT;
to cx()t ic k>C:ttions in South America whe n: he
found" ,·cri .. l~c l'"adO;c. and Onet: on" 1000g
tril' right around thc shores of the
",,,Iitcrrlnean Sea.
Stjohn the Bapti .. in the Wilderness (d""if) (1827) br 1 n ooll"1.< Culc Pain"d in N"", ) ... .1-. /vt1:.y,n Cd,', birrori, trip up rit·,.,. and bi, jim "iIi, to
EtIrTJf'" ,bi! d"mJnrrram tb, Htrt/mn Rir.-", ScbooI't 'nann,nr if rb, a"YS<!m, Am,.,.i,an t."iltknl<JJ. / , nat "nly frd ,b, ,,·..,tkr if tratJt!U,.,." ,,·itb i" J(}aring
m'lt"'taim and pitUlging "'''''ifal'', bu, air. mrr<d '/vir _Ir in am"'""",';"n if"G"d in .",,'a,m·"
1776
1796-98
"" 1802
1816
1824
1828
1829
/811
1817
JOHN CONSTABLE
BIKR in &m B<rgbolt, ..... if a
coni ,"",bim!
TaX" 1=_ from John 7biJinM
Smith and /aUT. Grorg' Frart
Em", Royal AcatNmyScbook, L(J(IOOR
PainIT Jim UniOR of IJrobIOn J il.k
Elop<T ,;:;tb mid marri" Maria Bielm.lI, ,/try ""~I, in Lonmn
Til< I by",""!;n ,;:;m gold ,",dill a' tb. PaT;' Sal""
Maria dhTOfTB, /,a"Rg C_Ulhk
,::itb "''''' cbildrm
El«ud a Royal AaliUmriil1l. Pai"" HaJJ'igb C""k
PainIT SaJiJ!mry C",b,drai
Di" in umd",
Study of Sky aM T rees f"1K Con""iIk, ~kying' ,",am maKing ,mall ",I muli" " d(JuM. t."jtb fiJI R"u,';:ritr"'(JR ,It, INK}. TypicaUy. b.c",".,.,d ud prim" in tbrk "roc" and (Jt~rlapping cdwIT. ,;.'hich gill" tkptb to til. cloud form"';OII, Thry """.. 1I()t mmmrily pan </ Q":J larg" wmp"rition, b", ucortkd til< uah'ry if ,-"<arb", light and colour in a piUricuJar fH',rb if'ry
J ohn C()n<ral~ c b1<cd his paintings On
sketches done outdoors. di'e",ly (". "
nature. As .. student he had dutifully "'~l i",1
the landS<:':Ipes of \ 'a n R ui"l.cI and other
maste", but ~ although he .dmi",d th{")" grc:tdy
_ he ", fused to <Tc:tte wo.- l in the "me Sllie.
"Jing, 'It wou ld Il< ,~soone<t to wc:t, Ct.udc'.
"'lOt and <:':III it mine :
" on'tallle's method depended on using 'di,-id,,1 tone.' ([JUre roloms iuxtaposed to
,""<':Ite the ,illrln"J' of Crt<,.nal light) hid 0.,
with r, pid brush,trokes. Such a ,hringlyoriginal
ap p«)ach ,,':IS <T~iciu:d by the English ,"'adomy
but aechimed by the F "'nch. It .. ':IS Pa,is th.,
ga'''' Co." tal~e due ",,,,'Snitio., ~ and a guld m",t.1 ~ when Th, HilJ.::ain w1.S exhibit,,1 in
1814. Dd.eroix and Geri"'~ ult bec'me in.'ttnt
,k:",n::e< of his Ron .. ntic natu",li'n>. Th, /Iayt;:ain <:':Ime from C o,,<lahle', Lnn,kln
<ludio, .. -hi: ", he had ~,·<,I sin"" his ma,riag<' in
1816. All the riCture< that he I .. in",d the,e
,died on skillful p.-cp'r1tion fmm full·siu:
sien::""s, and many of the Cam':lSe< we'" 'six·
f,.o:"e"'. O nly when "un'table h.d pieced
tob"'thrt. sletch in sufficient dettil to 'L{",sh
his melm,y, w1.S he P"'I .. ,,,I to hegin wo.-k.
Sa,Dy. kw bought Con.'table's wo'" in hi.
liktime , 6,rcing him n, ", Iy()n the genrt'>< ity of
ot hCJ"s. Ilis lo.,g-a"':Ii .. ,<1 a,bni""ion nl the RO)':II
'''''''kmy Came in 1 829, • ftt., )""" off.ilu", to
:tekno ... I .... lge his d .... li<:':ltion to intCJ"p", ting the
mutallili'J' of t.nd""' pe: and jlbt when 11rgt:
,"':Ithe< of it we '" bcing ,,,':1110 ....... 1 up h).. the
indu,,,i.1 ",,,,Iution.
TIt" Cornfield (1826) Th< inbabi"d land=/" 1:'a, Conrtllhk)- ro"'tlmt iUld ImM intim"'. tbnn •.
Th. liUI. to tb. rornfidd i, tb< JIll'" .'" tb< an;J1 jOJ/(f!;yd ro J<boo~ ,biJ i,tb. SufJOIIc ,bat b. CIlJTiro in biJ b.an aU biT lifo, "!nc CU.-nfi<:id tra", "uraJ
pain" in tim. and '1"'''' Th< urtica/ forma, J1«Tf tb. "",Yr', g""', from til< MJ a' rb. """m, til ,b. man uaping rb. c<1nl iUld fi""Uy, t. 'Il< cburch ro""",
among tb. rr",. Tb. R .. nantic pa" JI'..-dr!.c' ... ,b ",/nrrihd to ,b. fond ,ba' purcha"d ,biT pim", for 'Il< EngliTb Natiorllll ('.aU")'
1796
1822
182f_28
1828_14
1811
181411"d 1841
1847
1848 "ltd 1849
INfO
ISH
1862
IS7!
JEAN-BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT
B()rR in Pari" J.m Ofildrap<randa ,"jlli"..-
Q,urr ill drapni apprm,ict! to ttudy an u"tIff B<rrin
rJm ,.j,i, to R(J"", t'i" S,;:;",.,-m""
Tr",.d,Yo"nd Frana
Wi", ,""lnl ", Salon
R" .. irirr 1!1l1y
k'QTtkd L'gion of H(Jrl<JtIr
At"". ThkuJo" R(Jt<=au. Ekcud
m"nil<r"f Salon j",
Murr A/iO"
Vi,;" B</gj"," and Holkmd
At"". Cour"',. Vi,;" England
Dj" in Pari,
The \\'hedl .. rrow (1881) by Camille Pi"""", Uh Milk, and 1"M"m;..-, Pi=nu ,b"T<d a pn/otmdmpm for.;:..-Jdng propl_; mOff tban ,b"" b. ' ;:a, int-oh-,d in "}Cia/j,, pol;,,,,. Although b,
kMW bard'hip hi"",I! marllUll "",* II "n',," porrr"Y,d aT banb OT <km'lUIing: >JI .... k j,,, 11w,dnfo/ ugulallJr a/mind and b<Jdy. I flrg" all """-""', grj,f, hit"m=/VId I n om jgn(JH ,lit''" aJrug,rb<r in 'k jJy</ ""rl:ing . . H=" "",,,IllI pa""I1::irb Il1I anlf/u} of rmr., ,,,,tiff ;;:b"t mwrtI a rriu'"pbal areb, form,J by 'Il< appJ, rrm
The worb "fCamilie Coro . .... nn(.,ize
with .hc..;e of hi. nin .... '''n .... centu'y
F,{"Jlch "","'mllO ""ics, ",the, lile .he man himself, who was. lind and g{"Jle,ous
friend to m.nr. y,~ his.n docs 110. "elong ttl all)'
s;ngle c:t.ego,,", dcspitt: his b"" a"lu:tintance
with .he R.rl,iz.on Sch(.~. Origin.llranr!<:1<,1 by
" ........ coIou ri" Honingtt)n's lightncs. of touch.
Cow. "''''SrUzed the I. ,,whilities of bnd,cape
p.inting, .nd th .. ther w''I'C 1<10 oft{"Jl ignor,,1 in
fl,,,,,, of. stand.nl cla",ic:tl in''''''p",tt.ion ,
Af ...... hi. firS, "i,i. ttl It.lr , which " ... tt,
p",,'e SO cruci.1 to his de,.:: lopm{"Jl~ Coro.
p",duced rich tonal work th .. :teIrnowk,lg"!
• he tradi.ions of Pou« ;n .nd Churle .nd
bon"w,,! clementS of R.:lm.n.ici,m. It 1<:'<1 ",
success in .he S.I<Il s .nd ""en innuenced
Ce ... nne and .he l"lS •• lmp",ssion i.ts. F'om
.he I 850s on,,""ls, Cow. began to p.in. using
.. m.ny ... wen.y .oneS ,e'r do'" to one
anot he" resulting in • <Ic~c:t.e s;h.::ry look that
m.d" ."". lool l>1'liruh,~' .n"",Ii,.::. Co,,,, " ... gre .. l), .dmi,,,1 br .he Imp,css;onists, .nd
Ilcrthe Morisot b"""mc one of his pupi!. during
the 1860 •.
'..:tmille Pi .s:.orro (1 83 1_1903) " ... bom in
.he \ \ \::s. Indies .nd "ri,'''! in P.ris in 1855. lie
m<~ ,\ionc:' ... he Ac.demie Suisse, .nd " ...
inAu<~ced, like moS. }'nmg poin.ctS, b), Co,m
.nd C ourhe .. Co,m, ker "hice ttl him " ... to
'''u<~' ligh •• nd ",nal , .. I""" exeru.ion .nd
",10," S;ml~r .dd ch"m', Pis ... ,n, showed ... 11
tight Iml""",i<..,i" exhibitions .nd b"""mc •
,~Iocd m,:n"lI' '0 ' .. hanne and G'1uguin. As
",dJ as .c:tching, he " ... al" .. )'S c:tg ..... '0 k .. rn
new n::chniqucs , such .. Scur. , ;; poimilb"m,
Al'J'le Picking in Ari,,";. ( •. 1867) by Canlill<: Cow. 0,,, of Corot', n'h'''Y 10rubCllp'~ in ;;:bich b""!,,,,u, a JI"ring ,"",",111
of light and ,"o",,"rot t::itb wch tkliciICJ tba, bi, app!. pid:" rould "''"'''t IN turo for om of ,IN nymph' in a Claud, ""'aria. H" ba=y
pr"n/a /m-, talraly bintJ at CO"") lat" ,biJ,,:ing a, a romp'iling fH'irlt""f porrra," and ""din if 11YJmro
1782
1798
"" / 800_0/
180J
1807
1809
/ 812_12
1817_20
I S2J
1814
1841
184 2
JOHN SELL COTMAN
B()rR in Nin::rb,
roR"f a ,ill: ,""WI'
SlUdi" in l.ond"" '":ilb Gmin'Teirek "/';:aumJour anirrr
rJm ,,,bibi';G,, a' Royal Acw/""y-L(J(IOOR
Toun Bri'a;n, b«",,,,, dra,;:ing ruror
Join! Sk.ttbing S<xi,'Y in Lmd""
I{mu-m to
N()f-dcb to "lICit, "IT "l' imag' library for 111u/mtr
MarTi« An" Mil"
B""diR )iu,,""u,b, (bj,jly prirlfmai:ing
Th= roun<j Normandy yi,/d
""" """h,,",, of "chinI(', pubJirb,d in 1822
R"""", to No,-deb to uJUm, painring
B"","n Jim O,-,rdng iIlaJm-at King'r CoJ/'K' &baal, Londikl
Pinal t'itit to Noifoll<, ,"at., IT IIll,,, for iantk"P"
Di" in U"u/ikI
TheM~ rI Pit (c.lSIJ9--/())
Around IS()4, C(J,man', rtyl"t"h~d '" til< """/for ""lI<TO/ ",,,,Jllla'" colouF /HId dramatr ligb' and thad., and k rumbimd 'NT< ,..~" d',"nltJ ro Cffa" biT di"inn;,.. ,·j_1 pan"",. "fbi, tk:'dopmmt m"rt probably all'" arou, 'brlJUgb biuNJaatiiltl ,;:;,b fobn J miry. a frUi&' ,",,"lNr if rb, L(JfIoon SJmcbing Sod<'Y
L ooling h:td at thl: age of sixty, John Scil which "",l<,] their own N(lrlOlL c"untTyside. Cot",an said, ' I nner Im"w the ti",e Cot"'an 's b.sic technique _ including
when I "'"1$ not fo.,d of dr .... ing, . nd I",inting outdco:l1'S with 3 limited p.lcrtc - ""1$
ha,'e heard my mot h ..... $:I)' I d rc ""long he~, rc I Icam<,1 in his tttnsat the open studioofGirtin,
<:(., Id s peal,' These ... o nls c"nfinn ... hat we who"e brief <'a rcer IHu~'undl)' inAuenttd all
know of CA'bnan: the 1"'I...J ar ",ach ..... "-~ up a IIriti4 ""lI:n"~ourists. Cotm. n showed a ,'ery
<:ircula ting lib", 'y of ""cr 1000 im3gt:s fo< p<t'Cis<: c"ntml in the w"y he 'hdl (., t· his white
"udents t" p<acbS<: &(. '" . nd h .. ",lent ~Jt line a,cas , , ath ..... than ",·"hing c"lour 0, ' ..... all and
illu"ration extended to fine printmaking, scraping 0 ' 'I_Jnging b.ck to the ... hite 1"' 1''' ' at cal<'fing to the tasll: fo , European cultu rc a hte , , .. ge. Ilis cho itt uf particular
3"lui rcd hythe.;" who h.d ma,k: thl: G r.nd 'lour. ,;ewl. ,i ,"s , high 3nd low, ga,..: «"1''' for his uS<:
I I"' ... ~· ..... , Cot man is hI:" Imo ... n a, 0.,,, of of ah'If"'" p"'<'fning in a,C3' of sh:t,k: and
the essentially English , No ,wich School of rcAc",im. T his, and his cha .... "'eri"ic h""d
land"'JI'" I",inl<'f$, which he and 'Old ' Joh n " .. 4es, ... e re cump""'] at the tim" to the
Cn"n" I",] fnlln 1803. Ther dr ... w in'pi ... t;o., '-"nerging worl$ of Chi ... and Jap.n and ,]uite
fmm D utch p.intings of fbt land a nd hig slies, "ardingly pn: figure the mo,lcmi"s.
The Chirk A'l,, ~~h, ~' (r.I.~ /0) Tm moollmmtaJiry of ,bit Uatb "'IU<dllrr ilaa:"'WlllrJ i" 'm drumll';'
""pping; irr /lITb..- art J,jubJy mtpbatiz..J by 'm I"", "'''''''''''''', mirrtJl"rJ in ,m",,,,,,, It if bhly ,ba' ,mi,"a". "'//t m,.,l,d,h lIN "M .f,m ~""'~T"
lucid. _ a pri"" that projuud 1111 im"g' ""'" // flal ""tI I{ dr"",i"" pllfltr - .t tbt hroIlNT .fCotm",,'t frimd, ]«m I .Iry, hlid ""'mil)' dn:rlO(>rJ .. Itlttropt.
t....non. &tb Jr,'," "flU" ro",iJr .... hI. ,nil III ~R
18 19
1841
" .. 184 7
184 8
I SH
ISH
I Sf6--69
1870
1871
1872
187J
1877
GUSTAVE COURBET
B()rR in o,.-""n.-, "'Ro/a/arm.,-
SlUm" Ia'w in Paru 1m, thang" t" painting
S.I/_prrlrai, acc'P"d Iry Pari, Sal",
I."",," Virginia Bin" kilrf him a
"" Pari, ",,",urian. ahdit"'.'" "fLoW, Phiipp'
MUlr{Hltrun
A/f"d Bray'"
Slag" ,,,,bibiti()rl in P,,, .. ,I,,,,, of R<ah'mt, Parh
Trtr.,./t Enro/"
Acti!~ R<pUhlittm afrrd<fra,o! Na,,",ron III
'mprjro,uJ for Ii" ,"o",hr, /in<d for u 'JoJutionnry acril-iti" with Pari, Co,",""",
l"Narb of J<JR
nU'lil <",ik in S;;,ir-.Lrland
Di" of dropry in La TOUN<-P,ii::.
The P:.ri nter's Studio (d.'ail) (/855) Tb,y fig"'''' "PfJ'ilT at til< em,,.. </ a bug, "'''''/H ,",aJUring 12 r 2()
fm. A)'ro"gh b, bad rrudi,d IMg..,,,,k pim,,,, in til< u,ttt-r, (Courk' ".", '"fElly ,,1/_UWgbl), ,hi! romp"Jirion jn'ny rimpl.; Y" ,,,"'ain "'p«rr ulx> bhoomirurionjir R"nbmnd, Il1Id JH""'Ii=. Many Olb.,. figur" CTI1!:.-J in on ,,'th.,. riO. ",b, foB pim,", ,;:bieb C_Iv, d=rikd if! ~b, moraJ and f!hyica/ bi,"'Y "my ",illiG'
Gu"".c GJurb<1 rt'Och,,] his p",l a<. ill~J]ic:lti()n< of the shift &,. n.n agn.rian tn an
Re,li,t l",intCl' in tl>< 1850s. &.Ii,,,, indu,n-ializ.cd so:K'i<1}': 'I "lU" ],e fn::c <~'cn of
w:lS n:gardcd :IS ,bngcrous Il}' ,hc golt:mmCl'lts. The prol~e hal'e m},S)'"p"hics,
Fn::nch ,"'a,km)" who di,lil,,1 anphing l",in,,,1 Imu" address them 'tir""ly:
in a 'IHIfl "'nmus, wlron,ri""lmannt".. In ,h,"e Cou riJ<1 tUll &,. " tl>< R,. "amic mo"::",,,m a
days, Cou riJ<t's bmle for artistic fn::cdom w:lS Ii..::ting of ",,,,I "",)t;o",,1 im"~"::"":n~ bu, he
'onlly {'(,nsi>t<:n' with his po~ties. which .. "re discard,,] 'hc ct:n'nl mle of the in,~,'idu:tl.
s<K'ialist and anarchic. lie fough' any llcJirting ,ru'" and dignity w<".e 1,)C:t,,,1 in ,I>< org; niu,ion . hal·i ng alrcady gr:lSped the {,(lflllllUnity and rcality of <~'ery,b)' lill::.
P".""'ts Ret umi ng to r;1 :og"y from ,\hr kct (/8 50) On' if ,br" R,alirr pictU""bar ,"ad< CotlTk, I ""'"' ar ,11< 18 5()'" 51
Pari, SQ/on. TI1< otb,r r~·. "Yr' T he: Stont bo-eakLTs, and bi, [nTI ,""""mm'Q/ "'m'/lJ" Rurial a' Om. ns. All ,br" painting, 'Nchd tb, puNic
kcau" ordi""ry t-iDa!."' "Yr' pr"",ud in a ttyl' tbat nmhd tbn" ,,·itb ,b,ir 'k,,",'. Opinionaud and pr<1tYJCa,ity a, ,,~r, C()tlTk, " . ..,- purring an
a' tb, ""'if< of JrJcial ",-0/",;""
\ Vhen ,he jill)' ~" the 1855 I'aris Uni,'crsal 11lj-',h(~ogie:t1 ".- his,u";cal ,hemes, Courbe, ''''
Exhibi'ion rejected Courl)e, 's Tb, Pain"r', ou ' '0 demolish ,he ,ndi,ional hierarehies of
S,udi{J , I lC(~'1c ridiruled him ~" ha"ing se, up ""hi"'" ma"." and increase ,ho:: eml", ,,is On his Own show in a 'P.,.ilion of Rnlism', pun: ly fo.- mal ,'aluts, l ie felt ,he acnlal C"m"!S
I lowe"' r, One "fhis Ii:." supl><}("'''' ' Del ....... );.. , and pain' ",e re :IS muth his suhj<'C' ma"cr as the
publie:tlly ,k.::b red: "InC)' ha,'e re ;Cct",J On< of ""'ne he depicted, Such ideas we", ",ell " he.d
'he mc..;, ou tsttnding I>oin,ing< of ,he times.' of 'hei r ,ime and Courb", 's d""I"a,ion of
Ry gi"ing "hing< :IS ,her arc' ,he ere .. i,'e ind<l,endence opened a dom for
monum<'n,al '",a",ltn' nonnall)· .<,,:-onled to M~"", and ,he Im p.-es,i"., i,ts,
LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER
14 72 B()rn Luau S""oo- in
Kronam • ...., "" painw'
,,"HOJ
,,"IHO
/fOG
HI9
H20
un "nd H 40
IHO
Iff]
;\1"",.,- to Vim"", in aNKiation ;;:ilb "'t.? tmit.~rJjty
To Wi,,,nM'X '" c_, paln_ to
f:,..d.,.itk Ill, Elm"," of Sax(l/Y.
At"". muJ ""YO for MlU, jn i.mb,r, aim MU,"'I dty cOiIrItil1or in 151? Hi, iarg' 1::orhlxJp ""ploy< J"'" Hamand u,./H
Fi,i" Ib, N"b.rlalllh
EJroro '" 1I'i,,,nM,,, '""." clJimtii
AaJ'ur,.,"P"'h«ary'I,bop ,;:itb prin"r't pal""
TaAllgdmrg;;:,"tb ,,,,il,d Elm",-Jobn Pud.,.idr.
Oi" in lI;'imar
Sdf_Port r';t (<<tllif) (1550) 7bi, "/f-porrrait, ,"aM "'1::11111< tb, nul </CrilrllKh', lifo, fro"', II rypraJ. f'"bP"- h"'K"'nast<r 1m, gi!~J "" an,,/hi, "",;tn-".w, and ad'<mtur,~ "'" dl[i"'''Ill. Cnmacb aiJ~ }mu/,d II thri:-ingt."YKhbop, 1-"bicb b,
tn",d (Jtl '" hfJ....,andpupi~ ~th< '",mg"
D " .. il. of Locos Crlnach's youth arC 50 rcar.>, during which time he "' .... ",,1. IJim m: (~ "run: but it is I',.;sihlc ,ho, he and a,chi,,, of the Electo.-'. entire ('lIlil}, and o, her
Grunew~ ld studied unde r the •• me I'fU mincnt figu'""', bot h Catholic .nd l' m'e>t:tnL
mOS!!:r. Wk" C,.,n..,h mOl"d to Vienn. in In \ \r,"enberg , Cnn..,h bcc.mc • do",
ISO! , he plt. l"""d ",,) fine I. l<tr.its, one of ,he friend of ,\ I.:t n in Luther a nd dc.<igocd ,..oodcut
R<""l< o(Vienn. Un~'<-rsitr .nd ,he o, her of ,he illu;;,n,inn' for ,he fi rst Ne .. · ' Ihtammt in the
",iii:: of the I'rob,,,, of La .. ·. lie .Iso pain!!:d his C rtman 10 nguage. The Re~Jn" .. i()n signalled.
e.rlie>, religiou, ,ubj"'" 711, Rm '"' ,b, Fligb, nCw en in maSS cOl1l munic:uions ,..i,h
iruo Egypt, in the "ric of the llinuhc St"'><~. the coming of the printing P"'''; Il« . ,,(),ing
Cnnach h.d d<":trlr esttbli,J",1 his the rapid ci rmJ.tion of ideos. Arti,,, li l e
rq)!Jtation when in 1505 he .. -..s im'ited to C,.,nach and Durer Soo n di«'o,,, n::d th., the
\\r,ttenbcrg os CAJurt p,in"' r .nd dil~om .. ic mcch.nic.1 reproduc'ion of thcir pictures "b",nt n) Fn::dcridthe \ \lsc .l lis as.«ri .. ion with .f~",k,1 thelll .n ext,., _ .nd ,'er}, I..,,.,ti,.., _
the EI<'CI(l<SofS,,-<on},wo • .dd ")min",, ~".b"o., ()!J,1et to. ,..id", au,~eoce.
C upid C ompl.:t in ing to Ve nus ( •. 15;0) CrarlllCb d"',lop,d ,b, gmT< of 'Il< "OII: nlld, for a "ht hand if pri:-a" roD«mrr. Gmmdly rIIlm,d 4'" nymphr or godth= - foran dnnmt of
rUf'«!Ilbih'ty _ """'parmt drapny. ,laborau batJ aflll j"",b- only rum m nnphari=, tb,i,- naJud",,,, Tht! ,1,fIll"" Mann",irt ""t/i", if til< hotlY"'ggmr
rba' Cranacb t::orhd ""'from a Ii:" mothl but fr(Jm rtyli=:Ld mgra";ngr
" SALVADOR DALI
1904 B()rR in Fig"m", RlR of a n",ary
/921 _13 SlUdi" paiming and drm::ing at L'f.:.ok th &aux .'lTIJ. Madrid
192f rJm O"'-1l1an ,bow in &raI011"
1928 Mo,.,.,. to Pari!, IVnw"",,,play for Snji",n Un Chim And"lou and }Jim S1l1na1irrr
1914
19J9
1941
1948
1974
1992
1999
C;,.;/ marring' to Gala (Hdnl" !"NIII,.i"" DiahnoJj)
iJ«mu~ "'ppon for fi-"""" br,,,h 'with Surmuim. S"r/" in USA, 11«(/"''' R,,"nan Catbdi(
Firrt r.tr"'Proit'< at ill",,,,," if ,\tot/anAn, NnIJ )i.o-}
R""",, '" Spain
Op"" "arm Mum, Dali in Fig""'"
!"Natbo/Gala
OJ,.,. o/b<art [ailu" in figlMraJ
lI,,~d (<./912) by Juan ('..- is In 'b"itrly 'arla/ytic' ph_ "Cubi,,", Gri,' pal"" t::QTCooDy lim;"d. A",und 1912, hi, to_ grr", ricb.,. and b, _d rt<=! bro,,'rIJ and <Y'''my rbi!n In addiri(Jfl, b, ,,·wld rrjppJ, til< rurfaa in ,",uin M'''', all of ,;:bich marhd hi, ''''''-Nnmt ",":ard, Cub;',"', ''Ymb"r' ph""
Sal,'ador )),Ii ,,-!S an irn::l' n::ssii>lc self· I<f. Eur(~lC~" Amen"" "'turning to SI"in in
puhlicist and the culti".,or of the art 1948. D.li's fame "'-.s al"",),, contr<II'cr$ial.
world's mOst fam ous mou>tache. T he thanks n, his 1" "'''<:":Iti,,, ""hillitiof) i,,,, as much
t""hnic~1 brilli"n"" with which he could I"i", as t() the me<lia. "" in his own lili::time, h"
and draw g"'<: him equal facility for 110pularity sUPllOned twO m""'um,; <blicat<,1
rep""lucing "arious s l)'les. fmm Reali'm , ""elusi,,:lytlJ hisworu.
Imp",,,,ion"m and Culli,,,, to the M""firitll of
the Italians de Chiric" and Carra. Ilis ,,"'s:ttilitr
and ,lills also ext<:,,,k:d to sculpture and
fib,,-m' king.
T he ,., ,,,enpl.), he w",'" ~" Huilutl's Un
Cbim Ant/Ill"" admitted Dali to the Surrealists'
group whcn hc m,"',,1 t() Paris in 1928. Tnis
])ali's i",,,. I..,';on to Cubism and the an of
",Ihg.: <"AmC ah"ut through a fcllow SI" nia,,1
Juan Gris (1887-1927). lie was the mO.t al~<:
practitioner of Cuhism and e,,,I,,,,1 an
in<~,'idual al, ,,,l1ch through m<~iculous grid
drawings (he had originally studied
<"Tlgineeting). On arri,ing in Paris in 1906, he
c"intid,,1 with his ,li""JI,et}""fFrcud's the," yof ,.,nl,,1 among pj<::>. so's circle in ,\ ''''' ''nanre,
the un"",scious: ",",~ng 711, Inurpr"urion"f which included '\j)(Jllinai"" and ",",s
0,.,,,,,,, led to D.li's ""pha,is Of) dream imag.:ry champi"n,,1 1».' the writet G etuude Sttin. In
and his ~l1rano;ac-critic:t1" method. I.,cr }<:ar$ , Di.ghilev {'(,,,,,,,i,,,ion,,l him to
lIowe,'cr, the anist's right_wing I><~iti<:":ll design f,,, the H.lku Rus«:s. Unfo< n",.,dy,
"iews <:":Iu,.,d an e,"Cntu.1 split with the G ris ,ulf",,,l ch",nic d'l",::,,;on and I"'ysical
Surrealists. As w"lr Immed in 1939, he and Gala illness, which bo-ought 1 hout his early ,k:.,h.
In ,isi 1.1" Afglun "ith Al'f"'rition on B"~,,h of F~c" of G~rci.o in Fonn of Fruit Dish with Three Figs (19J8) t.,.. S"lndo< D.li
Tb. 'pilranoiaMTirica/' ,""bod wNi in Dalil- 'bimd_pain"d dr",m pbomgrapbr' im·ok·.d p"",,it-ing '""" than '"" imaK' in a <Dnfigura,i"", Tb. d"""iflllrll imoK' N,", i, IN fa" <DTl5trtKud from an Urn and """ '""') Nadr;
,b. figr ar. fonn.d by ,b. ""h hryond; and lb. "ullin. of lb. Afghan b<Jtmd llli:" ,bop' tbt-uugh ,;:inm';:",' cloud" itr b.ad "rring"" tb. di/fi and in paL..,"" lb. umd Doli', frimd. lb. PO" L..-ea. bad;"", h'l/.d in lb. ::'-pani,b Cit'it
Jj-;'" in 1916 and lbi, may "'plain bi, 'appari'ion'
1748
1766-74
l77f_tID
1782
1784
1789_'}4
1796
1797
1802_15
1816
1825
JACQ!JES-LOUIS DAVID
B()rn in Pari" J.m of a ,"",barl!
SlUdi" paiming a! Pari> R")'ai Aallkmywukr Vim. ,:: j",. Prir d. Ro"",
StuJi" in [!Illy, finally rm.rm to Pari,
Marn" ilfargtl<r'u,
Cbar/,,'" PrnJuJ;
'bry Ia," bat" fo1lr cbildrm
Pail", L()iJi, XVI', c(J,"mirrion The O"h of the ]I", .. tii
Politically imYJ/:-ro in r ,mtb R<vo/urion. until arr'" and rI,,"<roIl
"cap< jf-"m J.atb.
Di!'omd by ';';/' 1791
Rnnarri" ,;:ift
At"". Nilf'"lion for por'rai, ,i,ring
Cli,"hTranh<! L'gima/Ho1WUr
BaniJb.d", "Wdtk on fallof Napdron, jim to Brumlr
OJ,, in Bru",1T
N..poleon Bon..pone Crossing the All" (/ S()I)
Tbir/it·</y propagartM ""rtrait ';:"HOpiro "" In.Yr man four ti"," by IJa,.id IrlId hi, ,"u/il. n" '"~"'f,' tugg<sud II tbat ifNapo/i()n am attack ,b, AJ~';:i,b nub ,';giJtlr. ,b",b<rio flOP a! _bing
When J'''''lucs-Louis D,,·id Came
hack to F .... n"" f",,,, 1t~lr in 178(1,
he returned with stlong ide. Is
ba",d m ,he ,ul'''''''! "inues of a"cient R,. "e.
lie w"ls "","ni",,1 n) Nco .. cla«ici,,,, , ",hich dc",and",:1 thn a"i,ts should tale ,hci, subjeCts
and 'l)'le f'"m antit]"" m,)(lels, as Pou";n had
150 }" a,s p""iou,ly. Tne F"'nch ,es pondcd by drt:1ing U"'id II) bo, h the Acadc",y and ,he
Salon. Hi s highly finished linc , colou, and
"'"nl""i,io., ",c", W"atly a,bni,,,,!. Mo.-c ,han
that , his St}ic wa. I",,,,,,i,,,d as ,"",~u'io.,al)',
matching the country'S »nod fo , an end n)
a,i''''''rltic OOITUI" io., and. ""urn to the ,tr,n,
p"riObC morals of ''l)ubliC".ln R,.nc.
Upo., ;)ining the ",,,~ution:try Commtion,
nn'id ll)",d for L ., .. XVI'<cx<"CUbo.,.Hut ()f) the
,bth of Rolle'I';.",.e and the end of ,ho:: Reign of
"Ie,,,,,, he """ gaol,,! and might ha," b<"n
cx"""",d 1<"', had his "'}"'~" ",ifi: "''' int<:n'm,,1 with the nL'W 'Em p"'o,', Nap'~&'" ll<,.,al",tt:.
nnid b<"a""e a ,b',"ed I(,lIo",c, of
N'I.)~''''' He ~"md h~n<df at the height ofh ..
inll"","", :trod goi",,! a knighth()()d in tho:: ro::w Legion of]]o,.,ur.
Exaed to H,us,ds • ft ..... Nap'~"""'s f,1I fro""
pow ..... in 1816, DOlid _ an ,., lStt ,"ling ,eacher
_ continued to train }'lUng painters, including
l ngres. lie ,,",S the "inual . n ,li=to, ofF,anc<:
~'" gmcrl,io., : his influenc<: s p.-cad to Iit,hio."
furniture design and interiorS, and fou nd ""I.:)es
in ,he ,b"I'1"n<"J)t of ,w,alphik)S<)lthy.
Tb~ /J~lllh af IHIl'''! (drr~t'f) (179 J) 711ir i, DIII.'id', gr,am, ""..1: and ~ "'/1""''' m,mpl, of poh'llrIlI
palming. 711, radical rn"'",illtUlr:'f M~r~' if sixm'n pi ..p .... Cb",./1It1t Cardll)' - a GntuJi" _ "", Irirhd 1m' 'l:'q in, ",i,b ,ht 'IOU '''''I ht i,
1Iill balding, and 1Iabb<d blm i" bi, /M'b. Tht immrnrr ""r~ Jf><ttr .b«'t Mar..," htad ""pb~nYr Iht luill lb~, ht b~,ltft, "",b in Iht J~,.bin
(III<U and i" tht lifo of biT [rimll IMI,UI., The DC>lh of ,\ bn' ""S oft'" M" camp"'" ",ilb MUhtI_".~) I'j"",; " iT alf i",~1l' of _"'",.
"''''']''11-
18J4
184 7
I SO
I SH -f9
I S6S
1872_7J
1874
1876-86
1880
18S1
I S9f
/ 909_11
1917
EDGAR DEGAS
Born in Pari" J.m of a /mnhr
iJ<",bofmorb<r
Gir" up Ia~. Snltb'" drtr~'ing ,::itb L,,,,"'k. arrmdJ rruJi()" Barri",
Mak" "'~",I1rjfH to ' '''Iy rtudying and palming
Paru Sal", tklmt
Tra,-.iJ ,;:itb
brlllb", Rmi '" Nn., )i.o-k iltId Nn:> 0.-1,,,,,,
H,Ip, organi=, fim ""p"",ionist .rbibition
Taka par' in mb"qum, Imp",,,,,;,, ,,,,bibiti",,,, ImT 1882
FiJi" !>pain. Ettbing 1::"b Pi,,,,",, and
Ctroll"
&bibin!im "Wp"'''' if J""","
Tun up pbomgrapby
C'IlJ" t:"rk J", to fa iling ':'T"igbt
OJ,, in Pari,
The Ope .... Orchestr~ (/868- 9) Th< fim </ a =-j" " ,ant'am foaturing orrbmral ,"usia,,"', rbi, j, a ""r1",it if' D<gal' fiimd Diriri Dibilll, ikmolTatiallly plllad "mong ",b.,In,,"imT if lb. or.b."", JUS! h<I<J1;} a brigb, fri= of dlltl=-r in ,Ii, rill", fOO'/igbn. Til< ""or} i, r<iam',/y ,,,rly and bmn- at InKY" Il1Id TkNllTlJrr. hmb "dmiud by iJ<gaJ. D<gilJ and IJ<//Jffilix bad a ujm,i/it j","", in ",lJur 'brory iltId pig,"Uln
Edgar ])cga,' 1""S<lflal wealth gal'e him nflight and rolour. ,' lanet " .. y or may not holt,
f,.,,,I,. ,, to de,,"" him,.,lf to art. lie ,uggt:",-,<I. new apl" """h to him but. at ~ny
shunn,,1 formal o-aining, p,di::rring nJ "te. he did int",d..::e Dqps to the futu ,.,
study the Rrn.i""anct: tlvough h'l..::nt o-il" nJ Iml" ess.i'lfl i,<.<. Degas exhihitcd with tl><:m right
Italy and _ 'lfl hi, uwn ,h<..-,,'l' _ rop:l'ing in the Il-,." the Stt n in 1874. althuugh he ne,Cr wh,~ ly
LOUl' '''. There in 1861. he and ,\ b nct met in ""e'l"ed their doctrines or techniques f, ..
ftont uf a Vi::b"'I"::z. ])<-1;:a, . who ne,." """""I hi""df. lie 'lfllr'ign"l his works whrn I><: s,~d imcstilf"ing ",'ery tt:chnie .. 1 a'pect of l<tinting or cm ihited them. thus '-'<"'troll ing their
and drlwing, h.d Spcnt th rt:" yC:t IS on the ru<ies nw"her and ,'alue in the mark<~I'I.ct:.
His subje",s COme f". " his uwn
b.dground: the high.hom f"''''rnity uf the
ra"""JU r<C and " pc", h,JUS<:: b.llet rehearsals
attend,,1 as a pri"aeg>'d "i,in", and the nude.
srtmingly ub",,,'<'1, a< he said himself,
''''''JUgh the keyhl~e '. Degas \\'1$ .Iso caIJti,~",d
by Jap.n"", prints, which in'l,;ml him to
ttperi",,::nt w~h I~~iqueand unu",all"""I"""~"S.
Unf"nunatc~ .. Dtps' caustic wit lu" him
'me Llundresses (., 1 aN) Notbing ",uJd I!< much fortl!<r frllm tl!< g/am_ if ,b. Op..-a tbaN ,I!< roil
if ""0 ""ary launt/rmfY, Imt ,I!< ,troog dia§!""/ if ,I!< ironing talm i, r,,"iniJcm, if tb •• dg< if tb. nag., Hi, otb", impiYa,ion for ,bi, pirtur.
,,'ar tb. ua/i"" if I)"umi..-', ponr",a/ if "",ying lift· l'Nga"lJUnud a/m"" 2()()() I)aumi", prinn "mong bi, p,,"ar< aT! roJlurion
m.ny friends and he C.me '" • ,"'~tary uld age.
"" his biggest I "-I~,I",,, \\"1< alw"!ys his failing "J'e<ight . I>erhaps th1t \\"1< why he ",uk "P
Ilhu,ugr:tphyat the ag>' "f 6 L the camrta being
efl'e",j",ly a new p,ir of eJ'C<. lIis exprtt
,,,nture intu I""ds \\"1< anuthrt att"'''I'' to
wo.-k .IU",..I the pmblc,,~ Hut his Ia" reSort \\'1$
n, make s,mall w:IX SCW ptures of dan""'s and
1>:,,,,,,: ' ,.one S<"tS ro' longer cxet,,, in """",.-y.'
1798 B()rn and raimJ '" Rln </ a g""<rnnr<RI mini,ur, pOIJibJy TIIllUml ",n </ TalkFand
18H SlUdS" ","kr Nro-darrian GUmn, mutI (".iri'IlkU
1816 Ent,.,-, L '£COl, d" B,aux.-ArtI, mutI Bonington
1822 Finr "«'1"_' ill Pari,Sakm
182f Vi,i" Boning",n in England, ",ah, li'rograpb!
1811 At::ardd LLgi(Jfl 01 HOTlllur
18n &,..II Frnl<b
AmromMor '" Maroc'"
18H_n Pain" ",any pom-ai, '(6"mim'ont
1818-+1 iJ«oram- pan 01 Palai"Ju LUXN"ruurg
18fO--fI im()ramailingol ApoUo Galhy in Lo"''',
18H Sro"~ 48 "",*, al Pari, Unit~",,1 Erbibiaon
180 EJro:ro '" r ,mtb h"~'!tlu
1861 Fini,l1<, mural, for cburtb </ Saint_ Sulpia, Pari,
1861 Di" </ !tlhffrnlo,i, in Pari,
DELACROIX
Women of Algie rs (d""i!) (/814) In 18 J2, Ddacroir 1;:a! among Ib, r"i~", ""mdSng ,b, Frnl<b AmNDiloorft'i,i, '" ,b, Sul'an </ Maroa", and 11< fr'qumt/y tirro:! "P'" ,b, '''/''Yin/a for inrpira,i",,_ Thi! tkUlii 00"0""17"" ,11< ucbniq'u atiopud by i'NlalToir, an" """n.'ng Co""ah/,', Un </ 'dit-itkd ,o/our' and iII "brant 1fim
Eu~nl: Dd'U:Toix IJt id"d him«::lf on the
<1'1:<,1 .. which he cou ld work: 'skilful
enough to sletch. man f.lling Ou t of.
win,k",,' during the bml: it ttles him to get ,.n,
thl: ground: And notonlydid he luim. ho: 10" ",1
music. ",~d ",ide~'. and wmII: flscinating k~t"'<
• nd iournalsa bo", his lill: .nd times,
Dd""'oix Studi",1 with G<'rie.ult undl:'
C ue,in ~nd subs.::qucntly 11O«::d ~" his friend as
the I'mnl: figure On the Raft _/rb, U"/ru,,, Tne
I'icrurl: 1'""id<,1 im petus to Ddacmix's Own
"'cati"itJ-' hut he nen'" =<1",,,1 the Romantic
hho:l. obstinately insiSting that hI: ",'as '"
I'u", dassicist'. I-Ie grcatly adm"",1 and <:'<'l'i<,1 ,\Iiehdangelo. Vewt>CSC ",.1 Rubens in thl:
LO"'TC. and alwar< made ""y """, ful
IJt<l"rot<Jty d"'''''ings . Lil1<rty L,ading ,11< P,op/' is Dd~c",ix's
110Iiticai maslI:'l'itte. an ~lIego'r l',int",1 in the
w.le ofthl: 1830 Paris r<~'(~ution . l ie includ,,1
him«::1f besjde ,he iconic Libeny figu re as ,he
an,,<,1 man in ,he "'I' ha',
Dda"'o;x had coo"p"",,1 ,hc iourney fn. "
"a,rling, in,..""ti,·c "~our", n, ,c<p<"(1ed "Ide,
art"t by the time he elme t() innu"""" "". Icrn
m1""'S, likc C"", ,,ne, Deps, \'~ " Gog h .nd
PiCisso. As long as hc lin,1 he .. -as, as the I,oe,
n.uddairc w,Otc, 'p:tSsjon>tdy in I",,, with
p, .. <i oo, and c(~(lly ,k:te,mincd n, seck ,he
",," n< '" <xp ress p:tS.<ion in the ,,"nne, ,isjblc',
,\Ius~cre 3' Chi", (/824) Inrpi"d by ('.iri,au/t)- ma''"'''t </ tb, tb",,, "mjfmng, l"RlalTo ... ·
1'"""" a blllTm::ing ",n, from tM ('.ru} ""'Dion agaiTl51 tM Turh, 1::bich nlu"d ,"any EU"'p<aTlJ" (induding Byron) '" ,b,ir ",,,,.. Tb, paiming 1::,,,
bougb, a' rb,Sa/()" </ 1824by ,b, Frmrb g"'·trn,"mt, rbapJby TaDryrand in ,m·..,-, "'pport o/bi, JOO. Signij"i"m,/y, a' ,b,tI,,", Salon,
DdamNr mroun,",d Cum'alm', I byw.in
12U(!)
1278
1290(')
12Sf
129f
HOI
I J08_11
11 / 9
DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA
B()rR in Sima
Sim", mlmi"pal wlnmirrion for 12 '/):oodm pmulr
Marri" 7;'t'iIl"".
'bry hm', "'~R ,hild""
Altarpim w,"mi"i(JtUd for Sam" Maria Not~Ua, Norm"
App"i"ud '" Wlnm;,," of clltb,dr"i non<maron,
Altarpim CiH",",'m'oMJ for cbapd in Pala;::;:o PuNic.
PaY,"n/! "ronJ, for ,\ he,tiI. for Sj"", CIllb.dral ,b, only.", rigmd by OW""
I)i" in Sin/"
A 'Rish(~) S.in"fr.o" ,\bescl (dnai!) (/ JOS_II) "[b, Siro", pair/un bad a r"",lrJ:abk fo<lingfor colour and ill", ;m,"m" drnm"i:~ ,}ill ruth in p",uming and lb. applialtion "f gold Tht! ",nlnlIT ivM:.Y'" ,b, painting of lb. hi,lxJp) fa" and biTt''''m'''tJ j, in lb. Brdlmi1U rtyl.
D """in (~ lluonin.<egn' ,,",-< the carlies, OnCe ItJr refusing II) s ....... r .lIegianet: II) the local
"""'tt of the Sicnc'" sch()(~. Like ",iii,;. , and "vin for refusi ng to fight in
C h , .. !.u" of Flo"'nce . he ",."". "'.",nun •. N""<T,hc::I"" . Ducc;o srtl1l< to "",,,
RcnaiSS3.ntt fo ",runner, his art marking" had considerahle StatuS :IS owner of a large
t"'n,it;on !i-,." lIyunti"" to G ,.hic. Loren >c tti house and ,-in",."1r<ls.
and ,\b rtin i would build on his lepcy by On one glorious occasion in Illl , the enti",
d{ .... d ,1' ing the Intl:rnational G ,.hic style. city st0l' '''] "",1 to """""I"ny the Mami) in
Little is .ctually Imown .hout Duecio, procession thmugh the '"t''''' fnll" Duccio"s
though "'ntCl"I,,"'a,y ",,,,,ds ",,-cal he had studio to the '"1the<lral. where the bdls rlng
se",n chi~]r"" , oCCJ.,;jon.lI,.. rln inn, ddll, and "'ntinuousl,... Ironically coough ~" the ",an
""",,,itt,,] ",i,.." ci,ic OffL"TlttS. lie ,,"1' fined who would not exch.nge a I",intbru,h ~" a
swo rd, the AI"",,,, ,,",-< l",int,,1 to cdel","e • military ,ictory th .. h,d .. ,'cd Sicn. ftom
im'a,ion. It h.d bcen tht...., }" ",s in I><Q"'''tiofl and ,ub;.::ct to a strict e()fl t",e~ stating th .. the
enti re pic...., shou ld be Duro,,'s Own un. ided
work , and that hc should '''''Cpt no othcr
c,. "missiofl wHil it waS finishtd ,
The twO T u<c:tn cities, Siena .nd Fh-""", were
scnouun6tic ";'~Is., th .. time, 1Ij.' the tllm of thc
ncrt ttntury, HOff,,"'" 1.,1<1 <'CIit".,,1 Si"", .nd thc
.. ""inenU:: of I",inters ~kc Dutcio "-,,. I .... ' ..
'Ju,bs' kiss' and 'PI"}"r Ofl the ,\ tount of Oli,''''' J'nNn ",,,,,.tit (I J()8~ 11)
Duu;a'l ,\ \.:tc;;tit ';:al tkJuhJ,·rid,d, Tht! frJRIt " . ..,. 'h, ",,,,,tit i"<if, MatkJnna and Child ""hnmd. "'i,h <rn"",ing paru/r abo", and a pr,d,Ua (th' bar, on
,,·hich tb, altar "andl) klil!:J. Tht! tl"~n' cJRIta;",d 26 'Pi,wn from 'h, Pa"iJRI a/Cbr;n, origi""Uy for tk 'Y" a/lh, chgT a/<Jru. Tht! 'fJiwd" uad hh a po"ic graphic ""t·,~ and d,'morlrt"'u th, ""ITat;," /"'t."<t'T QJ:JMa,d
1:-·ith 'h, Si",,,, mol. and Dut"" in pa"i",/ar. 'n" ,\ laestit ,,·at t/i,manrkd in I ITI, to k ,,,urUrlg<d",, rt:.'(J "pa"''' altart. Da",ag' " .... iru"tah/,. ''''"'
pan<i, "Yr' rdd ""'outl and oth", "=, ",i"ing ""iuly
1471
1486
1494
1494-9f
1498
I fOf-U7
H12_19
HH
Ifl8
I fl0-21
H28
Born in ",,,,",mOO-g. ,on of a ~ltbmj,b
Apprm!i"d '" painu .. and ""oJ_ cUt illl<51J7lllJr Ji -Ohlg<'mu!
Marrin Agnn h ry of 'YIlT,moo-g
Vi,,!J ' <alian Alp and mU/i" ;\fanugrlll in
Imi"
Publi,ooApoc:lhp«: ,ujn, pain!J Dmdm AItIlrfJi'"
SlUdi" in lmia and Boi<Jgna, inflummlby Bdlini
In '",'r,!O
Emp"'" Marimih'an I
Excbang'I t::orh ,,·itb Rapbad
;\fun- Martin Lu!b ... in AugrlNrg
TIliIn "'nlm-Iand, ,,·itb Agn", m"oGrulU"'ald
Sdf_Ponr..lit (/498) Th< "'mpositi"" of ,bi, p_1 pomui! foil",," Ill< N ..-mlin, nyl<. In i" Ill< ci<J,bn, bairrryk i11ld di"anl t'i"", of mm.."-I"pp,d ,"""nUli",. all india'" Ibu! Dii"r ",m-jdn",d bi"",lf Il dignifi,d man of ,b, ""rid, and "" m", pro,.;naal lTafoman
A Ibm,h, D~n:r .. "1< the ~"CJll00t 'lni" Eu"' pe - bearing his ,li"in",i,,, 'AD ' mOfl()gr'm
of the No<thern Rcn.iss; roce. lie <':tme - ~nd his bme ""1< ~s"ur"] when:wr he went.
from Nuremberg, usefully si,ua,ed Dc'pin: c'."phining ,h .. oill"inting n)()k
halfy,'ay b<~ween 'he Nt~herlands and Italr, up "".e time than it ,,-!S financiaDy wonh ,
which ""a hied him n) ,,,,,,d with east: in eithe, D~,er p,in,ed nume",uS altarpieces .nd
di n:",io.,. The notio., of 'R""aiss; nCt: ,," n' pom.its. I n time, he .Died him«:lf to 'he ideas
appealed to Diirer, who«: self- ronn it< - a n...... or the Rd'>nllatio." and ,ht" n: ,,"1< • blcn,ling of ide. in it«:lf _ stamped his image on the northern n:ali>1" ... ith the Rt",,,issan«: ,isio.,.
d""ciol"ng Eun1,ean tndi,io., . ])jj,er ronse"'ed his wo< b On I"P'-""
After. "i";t to \h,i«: in 1494, he <"'"ain,,1 , .. ,,<~imcs ,b«>] and en"Il with no.es on ,he
in N un:m herg fo.- ,he nex' ,en l 'cars, busr suhjtcr_m.tter. Il is wo"l. h:t"e su"i,,,d 'c..>, in
p<odocing woodcuts and engr"'in gs ,h.. letters and ,~aries, and al,,) in the Cour" "" tb, An
mark,,] him .s o.,e of the mai'. p<in'mak ... rs of <! ,u,,,,w-ing, OllC of the fir'" b,.,1o; on the use of
all 'ime. Il is I. ints wen: disrrihu,,,1 ,hroughout ,,"th''','''ics in ar~ • tlUl: Renai"'an«: ""ic.
Fou r Ilo"",men of the Af><>"" IYf><C (/498) Diir.,. uali~ro ,ba' prin" malk bi, art ",·"ila"" IlJ tb, "·ilk,, pos,i"" public
and biud an agmt to ,,/I limn in Ib, ftUfT and marhn- <! EUfiJ/,,_
T he Apoc.lypse ,,'a, Diir<r', ,ar/i", majJr =-i", illl<51nlring !b, Hook uf R",'ch tion ,,·itb Ib, Scrip"''' .., !Il< Fr.·",,_ Hi, imnpr'Uliion <! tb, four oon,m<N _ Ji -aT, P"",ilU. P"ri/",,, and D<atb _ bal nrt-n" h<m ""P"",d
''''
1866-68
1869
IS7f
1876
1881
1882
1886
1889
1887_99
1916
THOMAS EAKIN S
B()rn in
PbiaJdpbia, "'" of a "am.,.
Srudi" at L' Erd, d" B,tlllr-Ant, Parin",tkr Gm,,",
SfUJi" prj,.",/y ""tNr BOOrlll!
Vi,;" S" .. ,O. PainlT T hcG,,,,,s Clinic
Cmtmnial E.rporiti()n, PhiJaddpbia
ill"" fotu" ,;,if SUSiln M"al,,;:dl, kg;'" ""thing ill Pmnryi:-lmia Aaltk1l1jofFin. A"
Buy, jim camnu
Mad. Dim:",r. P"''''y/,'anja AcatN"'y,,/fln< Artfand Pn/<D<Jr o/Paiming
R";gII! from Aallk",y""" rlwl< hfr "'{JIM C(Jiltrot''''Y
Pail", ' inc Agn ...... Clinic
M",." to Nortb Dahl'a
OJ,, in Pbilatklpbia
The Fainnm Roge rs Four_ in _hmd (d","il) (/879) Tb, p",i,i"", "f,b. /'K' of rb, four-in-hand ilY' CIllcul"ud by EnJdm fro", Ib, puhli,b,d ," of Mttybrid§)- Ix",< p/Mtoffapbr tbat b. ",,:rud Enkim', patron, P"irman RiJgn' "'aT
m!b<=d tmd im'j"d Mttybridg, '0 gh" """' 1«11"." in Pbimddpbia. Afrr-.::ardr, ,b, Unn',.,-riry" Pmruyi:-ania «(J"'TIK,d ;\luyi>rit/g, to a",tin", bi! ", ... J. tb.,.,
Lea<ling Amcric~n Rc:llist , Thomos
E~kins t",in"l in Eu", p" in the Ia", 1860s hut ,tid no. ,'rn'ure ~hr'"td again.
lie w .. s inlL"n,i,cly o,,,,upi,,] fo. a d=de fr' . l1
1876, tcaching. t the PcnIlSJi,'.ni:t Ac:ld"",), of Fine Ans, Ia",r bec<Mlling ",,,,,,II Dirccto ...
E.kins was harshly cri.ici",] during his
tCJlurc fo .. his inm"'",i,,, .eaching m .... hods. lie
in.>i"ed i. ".,,, 1><:<. ~Jr his srudents tt, wo .. k fr,."
from dissectinn: .nd to oh"'n'e moti,., I",
w.tching a.hletics. He want"l.h<"Jl' to describe
rcalitl' without .he int""""ntion of """,kmic or
foshion.ble li>rmulas. This appruach , he
helie,,,d, led .n 'rti" di rcct]l' nJ the interior
rc:llities nf hum.n ch"'''''ter, Con.«:q""ndl" a
the sitte r. Eakins p,id highll' for his
rc.'olutioMI)' principles. lie w.s forced to
rc';gn fro", the Ac:ld""l' in 1 886 for Ilrest".ing
a "'JI"I~c",ll' naked m .. le mudd to • mixed·
gend"r life class. Fru", the 188(1s, E.kins worled wi.h
I"'otography, OS insp',...;nn , OS.n an ~ln" , and
li>r .",<ing project"l images Onto L'annS, ,\ 10"
importantly. he ,upLTl'i",d • 11<'*'" for the
imprOl"d c:lmcr~ in colhl. "a.inn wi.h
Eadwcard Mu}' llridgc, who pion""rcd motion
picbJrc<, Ill' mc:lllS of a re",l,ing did Ol"r the
lens, i. made """",I exp'.<; ures On a single dry
I~a"' , thc rc b)' rc"" .. ding "'qumti .. 1 im.ges of
athk~es in action,
p<.O".",it should h" p"n .... nting, not nat",ring, E~kins's compo';te pl.tc< insp,rcd
ahh,.,gh i. should ne",.. sacrifice the dignitl' of D""han~"s N!Uk iJ<Jcmding a Srairam,
The Agnew Clini c (/889) Tbis bu!(' pitm" Il"'-' 'Il< Pmmyk'ania IJni,.",ity ,",ditM mmm" a p<K'nli,
botb if ,b,ir miring prifmvr (I'fi) and if ,b",,,,h',, at tb, __ giwl tb,a'u audimt<. But til< ttlbjm oi,"artm(J"'Y "' ... d",",d 'rl<Jt cb«rfol for ladi" t.
look at' and it "'aJ bamd from ,b, I'mmyk'ania A",dnIlY J/xm,. 711, "",* tont;n"" to "" d,ba", cbi<jly .'~r tb, JUUM ;,"plicatio"" ,,·bitb WI"' bd;r.',
QT' "p,umJ by itJ acaptll1l" Jimply aJ a doc","mt illurrnlting til< (tbm) ",odn-n ,",diall proc,dur"oi """rnll<,ia and arlti"fHis
1774
1794-98
1798
I sor
1807
18 11
1816
I S18
1824
I SH
184 0
CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH
B()rn in
Gr.ifr.::ald, _" a "mdk-mu,,"
Srudi" at
AauN"'Y"/ C(Jp",bagm
S"r/" in Dr-rom
k'QTtkd pri=< by W,jmar h im,uof Ar'
B'g;'" ""rJ. in o#h
BrnJ,"" ,"",."y,,! B.,./in Aammry
Em", Dr,";'" Aallumy
ilIarri" GroIi", BiH","" in Dm'm
B""m" amn"", prof""'- III
O,-,mm A cadnny
Su/f"''' ,tr(Jil<
1m! "J1/1in"'~ to
"."'} in "pia and ,::aw"",,,,,,"
OJ,, in Om'll",
The Riescnge bi rge (/8](;-4) Pai~"J during a P"-'oJ a/bappy rrability in hi,lifo, f 'ri,dricb lolli, back .., il mountai" fOur k maa. ,,;:mtY:1"'" ,,,rli" and rrnJlk<n il
p"_ama "tranquiOiry. /-I.,., til< ,I:y m"" 'Il< bach"" in " bknd " "'fi pO(J>;) and '-;01." il m""d """,,lIT ,bat j, <rho.;! in ,Ii, ddica" cloud rrudi" aM'.
C "'I'" D.vid F ""I rich st"dic::d painting I'.-i'''tr ch"I"'!' Fri .. lrich'. I~ndscal'c ",·(..led the and "a'UNI hi"o. y in 0 ,1'''''ho gm but 'piri. of th< C rucifixion. Sh"dcd by his uS(: of.
""'''lUaliy ch"." w Ii,,, in Dn:«]cn, «:nllar Sttn< to conny a rdigiou. mes<:lge,
wh(.o;e bcau,iful ,urruw"~ngs i"' pi n:d so many «:,,,,,,1 critics wen' as fAr as =u>ing him of
of hi. mp~ic landscape •. Drcs<]cn w'" .Iso the <:Icrilege.
hub of ,he Ro m. ntic n_",:men' in G erma"}' "nd Althuugh Fri,,]rich 'ried hoth p(><O'.i, w(l<k
nOt onl)' did Friedrich m. kc 'he '''lu.intt".,c of ""d "rchitccture, he .Iw.y< rt: ,urned W
painter Philil" O no Runge, but also mct «:,,,,,,1 Ia nd«:apc<, where he could I" in' ruined
I)(lets the rt: , indu<~ng G:l<~he. churchcHnd ]onel)' figures in ,'.IS' 'l"'ccs, ofn: n
h >< nine ycars, he worked on ly in I",,,.,il or bathed in ~ sJ",bolic ligh~ Fri<>]rich ,ufti::rt:d.
"'pi" , his 'ul~ecrs rAnging fr<lOll "'''-'''''Ile' n, stru ke in 1835 .nd w"-' limited from ,hen
mountains, uften a' ttrttin ,imes of <hy or ()fl ,,-..rdsw"1,iasien::hesand,,-..,c,,:olours.ll;'
changcsof",,,-"'n.Aswi,chn, oi lpaintsh<_"t"] immedi.,c innuentt ,,-..s confin<>] w. fcw
his <:rca';"i,y and in I 807 he cau,,-,] a "'n<:l,ion Students, hut his "'ork " .... rt:(li",(,,'er,,] ., the
with Crarr in tb, ;\Iountaim. Design"] f(l< a <:ndufthcc<"Tl'ury.
W~n.lcrcr Aoo,'c the Sea of Fog (IS/8) "TN ,::iJd_baimJ. wlitary jigur' i, Fri"Jricb bi,""lf .:IM, in ,babaracur of
rb, mmd"" ~ Ix"",d and ;rid: in band ~ b", dimbd an," a rod":! p'ak
abot" til< ,"otu/tIlin mim. Only a ,bon '''"' ab,ad </ tb, Ammtll1l 'mbJnn' arrim. f"ri,dricb bar io",,,d bi, God in N",u,," 711, ",t",,,,
",ntnm h<ram til< a'nrk rod: and ,il< rt::irling "'bi" fog mak" tbi< qui" an /tt:.."",", pru'fWt for tb, t'in:.", /lJ" ,,"<II
1727
1740-4f
174 6
IHO
17f1
1760
1768
1774
1777
1781
1784
1788
THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH
B()rR in SUtlbury. ron"f a ,!JIb,.,. and a painu,.
Sm' '" Londikl 1lJ
ftllllyart. "'"nli" ,-lITi" '" rt Illlj"" ''''/mJing mgrtn·.,-rand
Jur"1"'inr<n
ilIarri" b,;,-", ilIarK"'rn BIl" and w,· up r1Iuli. in Ipndtb
Binh </ daugbu,. Mary
Binh" dnugb,,.,. Marga'"
Family,"""" to Ba,b for por<raj, co,",";"i.",
Potu/ding ,"nn,," ofLmdonl fillyal A au/",'Y
P"mily ,"0'..,' to L(J(IOOR
B'KinJ ""'"<rotl! c(J",mirriOTlf for tb, royal family
Toun LtJ:, Dirtri". Fi,i" A",t.""1'
R<tim frum AcatkmYllfrr dj"'gr"'f'''''' .t~r banging
OJ''''!,Il,,,,,-in L""don
The Ib .... ·est Wagon (1 767) C(Jnfi",d to t(f"~'1I, GainrlxirlJUgb </tnt drn;, cantliN,! ,"oiM /lllItkap<>", lip in hi, ,,,,di .. /-I , c"m, '" Ilppr«illU Ruk", and 'k Duuh mll'u,-!- injl"n/a can '" d'UfUd b.,." in lb. jlumry"f /i", and ,b, "al, </ til. h«d! IT"" Th, group an 'Il< can '""1 h< /mud OR Rahm, D"se<:nt from the ems<
T hom'" Cain,l,oruugh,.."lS a f()un<~ng ]" jming to 1',J<tr.its and hit upon the hapI'''
memhe, of Lon(k,n's Ro),al Academ)" ",,,~,in,,ion of po'ing dientS on thei, ""mtry togethe, ",ith Josh ... Rqr.,lds, Both CStt"'S, ",hieh also .lIowed him to ,iew thei, an
we,e ,c"""plished po"nit p.inters hut ",lIccrions,
Re),nold. mo(lelled himself on Rcm l>r. ndt, C .. ins homugh'. "",, 'e to London in 1774
whe,eos ('.:t in.horough , h1l;n g fi,st ,tudied ottrlC",d the attention of C"'0'W lll. Liking hi.
W~tt.,.~ u and V.n Rui"hd , h"'" me • <1 .... liC1"'d info,m.lity .nd "!(JlY s}"np"hics in ",!ual
admi n:, ofV~n D)d. mC1Sure, the king a.ked him n, p.int the my:il
Like m. ny ani"s, G ain,b.:)(ough su!:."ined t.mily, I'l'p.<sing the officio I Coun p.in"" wI-.:,
to the t),"UHl}, of soeiety p()(tnitu",. ! Ie wrote hap pened n, heJoshu. RLynolds. The old ri,'al.
to. friend who,", "ife's ponrait he had .hady were « ..... 'neil .... l" G.in,huruugh's final illne~,
bcglD1: '! ha,,, no OftL'TlCf l" omi",<1 myself the ",hen he famously cried fro", hi. 1,,,1: 'We.n:
Pleosu", uf sitting down tt, [fini'h ] it hut S<JI"e all going to Hea"en and Van D}'d is of
c()n~"md,,1 ugly <TC1OJ '" ()( ",her ha,'e p(,,'d the c(."p.ny.' thei, ! leads in my w'1yand hind",d me',
No wonder he .. 'os in demand, his «,,,a,lahlc .hili'}' to ""hie,,,, a lilene,,> with
'pon"'nei,}' and fn:shncs. h.d httn legcr>da,y since I. ,}'hood. Funhe,m"'e , G ain,l)()ruugh
",uld "'n(Ie, an)' "'Xlure of fuh,ic , fmm muslin
to s"in. IlowL~'cr, he >tiD pn:h::rr<>1 bnd'C1pe
The Bl ue Boy (l ITO) Th< boy ir Joolltb"" Burrall, til< ",n" a frimd"f
,b, anir" By drming bim in Q rui, """in, GIlinrlxirollgb i, P"Ying bomllg' to lim Oyd:; and
by muing ir a ,ui, "hi"" b, i, cbaOmging Rry""Id, ':.'00, in OM "bi, di"",,,ur, dmllud rba!
'Ib, main ma«" a pictttr, "",Id not Iv hi",'
1848
186f
1872
1871
1874
1876
188f_88
1887
1888
1889
1891
189J
1894
190/
190J
PAUL GAUGUIN
B()rn in Pari" JOn afaFmlm journali)1
Pari, ItocH1raiur
Marri" M"". G",
Vi,i" jim Impr",.milt ,,,,bibition
A'''puJ at Pari, Salon
S'fJ/lr"u~ from ';:if' ImJ ,bi/drm. j oint ",lollY in Pont _A,.m, muff Emil, &rnarJ
Trtr.-,/J to PilrIIlm" and Martini,!,,'
I"Ari<n:,itb Jim Gogb
ViritJ IJniuna/ Exbibition, Pari,
Sai, to Tabi,i
R""",, to Fmn ..
R""",, to Tabi,i
Poor and ,id:, ma'~, to Hit-a_Oa, Mar'l"'=
Di" in ilia"!"'",, biamk
LondSC"~fM" Pont _Awn (/886) Til< IlTtim' tol(/fIy in Pon,_A,"", raJ1;:il= GiWguin Jim ,rid going nam-., r,aring a Ji,b<r1l1iD1" ''mad: and dog" 711, Br"WI ''''mmmiry r .... oomi"J by ,b, anim f()r itJ folk traJi,i""" ,;,bid! in m.;,. t,m Ji",,,, .. J it fi"w" tlrbiDJ torruption
In 1S89, Paul Gauguin ,,""al,ady nthe,an
exotic figure. I'a" of his childh,. ,d ,,""
'I"':'" in Lim. with hi. P'''''''ian mO. her
and he had als() .,."cll,,] widdy in the n:lll"" nd
on busines<. Ila.,,",,,,, hi. q""'" ~>< an ,-:tnh~'
111ndi«: :i<'b..<tl~· hep> ., the Uni,,:ys,,1 hIla,; tiof)
in Pa .... , wh= the d;';l~ay uf. I"~p":,,ian ,iD.go::
i"'I';"'] him n) ","ch bL),,,,d the an;'ts' coianiel
he had ""P'."ri""",-,] in ]inn"".
Sculpting and carving wcre Gauguin:'
eariiest artistic outletS. \\r,th the
these in"'nse nCW .nag<:< ~,ur,,] • mariet and Gauguin ,,-:t •• ble ~l finance hi. fi,st trip to
Tahiti in 1891 , w~h ano. her in 1894. l lccnd,,<]
his days in the ,\1a,'JUcsas, where he had """'<"<1
to ",'oid thc twin contr<~. of gOlcrnment
h.m,au<:1":l.C)· a"d the m;';si,,,,. riel ,'" Tahiri. 'He
,,"". I .. g.n and he saw nHun: with the eycs uf.
111g;.n ' sa id Lc Moine" fi::llow exp1tria",.
C .. uguin'S final yC:t1'S "Crt, a loog, dnwn-ou t
stTUgglc with alcoh,~ i'm and the effectS of sy philis, relie,'cd only by .df_administered
en<"<lu"'gcment of l'i'<:I "o - hut al .. ,~ Ulcly ""><Ilh ine. Rut it ,,-:t. the urge to paint that k'l" non/: &,. n his own family _ 111inting '-"'>ahl,,] him ali,'c .nd ,,",,-< all that he li,'<"<] ~,,": 'My
him to take ,,,n of himself in ,ciation to. a,tistic cenb"e is in my bnin , ""where else:
lengthy western t",dition and to ,un ]i(lilowing hi. dC:tth , G.uguin anained hLT,';c
I",,,"""ing hi. own unique "isi,,,, . ]ionun. ",Iy, ''"tUS in the C)'e. of Germa n EX)JJ",si,,,, i,,,,.
Contcs Bu t..rcs (pri",i,;'·, Tal .. ) 1902
'!Our m'ili=ation i, YO'''' Ji""",. my barlmri,,,, i, my rrnorari<Jtl to b,al,b, I "'" a """fl'. ' Gauguin', boM, non_narum/is'i, ftyl' ,"'()hm ,;:bi/, t."<1rking
,;:itb J"n GGgb" frimd. E",il< Bff"rIIlrd. Strong J.",rurit. .. lin" and /la', brigbt ",lotlrt1:.·"" impiuJ by rimp', t."(JOO<tltJ and Japan", prin"
1f9J
/6/2_IJ
1616
1621
1622
/623_J8
16J8-41
1642
16f2
ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI
B()rn in R_" Jaugbu,. <I anin Q",;;i. Gm,i/,«bi
Rap<d by WWr A;~Jftin. T=i During and 4"'-rap' rrja~ painn-Judith and llolof<-rncs Mamn painur Pim""",,;. Sri",,,,;, Thry '".t~ to Norma '/):b= daugbur Prudmtia j, ko-n
II-<.o-hat Nor"'" Aau/",'Y of Art and IJ<,ign, INc"",,, flm ';:",nan 1n''''Nr
Mo,." t. G""'a ,'ia Ro,",
Painlf =onJ
'-<Trion " Sus:mnah and the Eldc".. {{",.n.., <(J,","imam in 1m;"" ;\/",,, Iim ,~.
m ... .h in ROln" ,,,,,,ram fyom bu>hmld and m""" on to N"Ph
Engagro at Eng!~-b C(Jun of Cbar/,sl
L,at~J England at C;,-;I Jlh R"unIJ '" Napl"
Di"i" NapJ"
S"s:lIln.oh ~n.OJ the E lders (1622) 0", "&mih,,bj', /,= ""/",, 1m! mort mlll.-ing ;magn S"",,,,,,,b j, d<picud aT til< ,';tri", of um::llt",d a"""i(kl ralIm- lbll1l frwn IN paint of ,-in;, </ a puping Tllm
A n ... ",isi. Gcn'ileschi's carlr <,h.,.,ion her tUlU.- Ag".tino Ti<Si. lIe' r .. h ..... ,,,,,I .nd c<,.,sistrd <"fl'i",ly of p,inting, in focr ,herc ~Jllowed a sCl'en_mon,h trial. during
'he couldn't rcad 0< write u"til she ,,"1< ",hieh Gen'il eschi was accused of being
an ",Iuk. She studi,,1 initially ",ith her pain'er p". "i,",uo" s , subiected '" intim.,e
fa,her and in ,h" way >he met c.. r~,".oggio, eDmina,ion, and ,hen tonured ",ith
",hose chia""",,uro "ylc ."p"".",,1 her S<J much ,humooat:ws ",hile gi"ing ""ide,",e. "Iits,; ,,"1<
'h" >he w:lS dnwn to Ihro"ue d"m' and imp''''lfled Ii,,;ust one J'car.
cxp",ss;i"::ness. She ""1< her own "".leI ~"her After ,h" humili'tion. ('.entiIL""'hi " .. ",,,1
firSt ,-cr';"" of Swarmah and ,b, EM"" l"in,,,1 ''''''her p,inter, l~cranton~J Stiancsi, and the
when >he ,,"1< "" Iy • .::.'en'CCn. I"ir """cd nJ I~on::""". T hey both """,,,I., the
Hut., nir.ct<"t:n , ('.entilesehi "",-< "ped I".' Ae"lcmy of An and Design , when: GrntilL"",hi
h..,.",,, ,hc fir>t offici.l ""lttt:ln "'~"~>et,
>Uj'lu..,d I".' h<'f p"'u,. Cu,;",oll dc' ,\1"lici. G.,,,il ... ,,,dli " .... h.ilcd ••• lI"nius ."d r<~
f""lu''tttlr decricd. bccIOIse she I'0Sjesscd • cr< ... Ii"e ,.k,,, 1",lie .... I!<J be cxd,~i'clJ' ""Ie. h.ru",,"'}'. this did n"t s,' ~, he, I",,,b,eing "'"ri,", (If ker i"'I"Jrt.nce .nd c'cn g,ining 1",,,,n.lI" ft.." Ch .. lc~ 1 <of Eng"nd. Rc<,,'" ",-'hol'Mil' h;l'S d .. d,,,,d th.t Gcnrilcschi ,,~
n .. "",,,,Ir '. goo.! "u",.n I'.inl<'f· hut unc <If ,he " .. jo, ,i .... 1 think" ... oihcrcn.
Judith a"d ll"lofemcs (/6/2- 2/) IIlunTtning tM d«IZpitlllian rf ,b, A",r;,m "fIP"=r 11.lof ...... ' by 1M J,,::ub btnJiM Juditb. tbi, i,. pl1lJ.·trfid 'Xf"'mian rflb.mini "",n Nn",iana/lurmoi/. Th< "ali"" and "''''Halk ,bi_ruro ""ily "'IZub
Cartn·IZKKi. or Rnbmt. ,,,,,,i/,,,bi pttinltd fn', OIMr , • ..rno.u; i, ".",. Ibm" ,ba' pttrtimlarly "pp<al.d .. 'M H!I'rolir/6 "'bo " ...... oft." I/" .. alm,d by
m!l't fJ'f/"rifuJ ''''''J, f 'or 'M ar,in. i, ".,., /til dDi"HII,ian rf ,btltrr"fl"b.f wmro in dlll:indt rf al"'rrtil]
1791 B()rn in R(Jam
1812 PainlT O fr",.,- of ,hellussars
1814 Pai",,"!ne \ \\)und,,1 Cuirassier
1816-18 Vi,;" lurly
1819 PainlT T he Raft of the ,\ 1"lusa ,::in; goM m,dal a' Salm
1820-22 Vi,;" England
1822_2) Pain" f"'''rai" a' LA Salpiwi"',
1824 /)j" in R(Jam foUo,;:ing a fall from a 00"-'
The M.d"o"",n, the ' llf en. of S. 1fM'tri~re' (/822_J) IVbil,1 in Eng/mid, Giri"lU}' bwJ mad, rrudi"of rb, f"''''rty and mimy to Iv found on rb, ITTWr </ l.iJndikl, In til< Tim" ,-,in, on bi, rmun to
Pari!, b, ,',i"d LA Salpi,,.;,,., an irlJllrl< wyilnn, ,;:b.,., b, math f"'",ailTOftll< inmllt" in a <"'"pamona" atmnpt to "'pttlr, and andn-;rmld ,b, !mag' of mmtal illn",
Within. short lik , T hcodo re The lik..gz.cd iI/,,,,,,,, is. highly charg,,<1
(~ric.uh 'trongly inAut'flttd his wo.- k th., mix'" Rcal;;m and R'M n'n,ici'm. It friend Del:>e rou. , and lef, a ",en, On .1l()w in LJn'~Jn , dnwing hug.: crowds
.uh""'n,ial mark On Europcan p.in,ing. ~"si_. months. Regrctttl~y, ('.I'ricault p,in,,,1
Gcric.uh and Ddacro;x w<Te bo,h pupa. of his "~nll ,brl tone< with hi ,wllen -. """,mn
Guo'rin and ,,~ J.I)(lfa,,-,1 on the litmo .. " ""ft </ ,b, mi'tt kc., ,he time th., r",ullS in <b rkening and
iI/,d=: Dc:bcro;x 1_"ing:lS 0.--.:: of the ,icbms. contrlCtion Crleling - and 'he Cinl'a< is now '0' GeriCiuh snrdi,,1 " '-l'scs and in'e"ie",,,1 fragile to lcaw the WUlTe.
,urvi""s in (",Ier to repn)(rutt 'he hOIT<lfS o f Gericiult wiS .n arden' admirer of 'he
the M,dusa, T he I"'inting w.s. Ilfo,,,,, apinS! English school. whe re 'c<~our and effeet • re
'he Fre nch gmcmmt'fl,'u"""p",d ",,,'<T_UP of undn .. m d and kh ', and spcnt 'wo l'ears in
'he ", reeled frig:< ",'. true f.te, The Cip'ain had England whe re he pf<)(ruced lithog" phs,
ru' I 50 p':<JI~e adrift On' m.keshift ",f .. and 'he w"<T",)I()I] rs, and .. "di", of t'lCc h",;e" which
fifteen suni,'or< h.d had to r"" lf ' to nwrder he l<ncd. Unfo<t un.,cly, l>1ck in F".nre, it "-'05' and <'annib.li'm n) Sttr ali,c . riding .cciden, ,ha' Ci us,,1 his earlr dea,h .
Officer o f the I I uS""",, (18 12) Girieau},'nJrt"fJrion 10 bonu and racing gilt·, bim an "","ing 'Y' for Ib,
ani,"aIl1i", and ,,,,,,.nnml, and i" po;;:" ic nnpbllJi=,d "'m mo" in rbi, pitlUr' by rh< iropard. ,J:in ITrapp<d ;"",,,rb Ib, mddk, Th, rid.,. r-dml. [ac,
rb, ,.j"'"ff as bi, bor" rwbn ",,::anh rb, "noJ:, and fimn'I if bo"/, , Tb, romposition uw/h Ib, t'if~"'r.[Rubmt· boU/Hnd bu",ing ""'n
1267
1277
"'" I JOf...(J6
HII_ 20(')
H21_ JO(,)
H J4
IHf_J6
IH7
GIOTIO DI BONDONE
B()rn in
J'<'pignaniJ
R,!,,,,,dJy dj,..,~,.d by CimaM«
Ji'(..-h in Rom, "" fr"'" for u,tmm Pa/a"
Pai"IT fr'"'''' in A"TIIl Cb"Pd, Pat/,,,,
Paint; fr'xot!, in Ani,. Pad"" and Rim;,,;
W..-h in Flor",,,
App"inud "rchir-a and mll'U" </ ,,· ... h for catb.dr"i and dry "f H.-rna
II-"'h in Milan
OJ,, in Norma
J esus Befo re the I ligh Pries, Co if.h:as (/ ]()5...()6) &Jut" JlnJ~ AI'''''' Chap,l Pamm Cio,," ,"ak~ tb, /va",d "ihng .!C"ipb",' .b"lnM" /0"'" hh tb, lid <fa JtrongNr, it iJ "b";otlJ rb.,., i, TIll ""'p'. So ,"IIch IICt,,"iry jmt/" for TfHK' ,bat j, ,u" a ,"",,,m' to pick aut J"w' «Jrr""-fiJ glana w'::ltrtU a half
bidtlm P'''r. ';:00 bilJ jurt ikni,d king on< if hi, JiKipJ"
C im~t."" ''l,u"",Hr (lisco", .. "j Cion)
H • shcl'hcllf hor ." ... ,ching the picture or" sJ,ttp on a rc.::l. Fro", thm
on , ... <Stem an f(~ I()w,,1 a nL'W "'''',S<:, l nc Ix"..
prob,blr ",orkcd first on mos.i", in the
Flo.-cn,inc Rap''''''!'r hc~"c his intere'ts sl>rc:td to p,inting , sculpt un: .nd ",chi",crurc. G~",,,
b"",,": ~ sut""",ful bU)ine"'11l'n tm, running.
bU)r wo.- bh"p and suw"r ting cight child'L-n.
II"wner ~ P""' P<:l'<)US 0' not ~ Giotto's
c"ntribution would h,,'c hrtn in)l"c,->ul'1ble.
Ilis ""tS"", Gmahuc had worled to ''1",:srnt
for m in its own Sl"'rt, hut it "'.,,, G iotto wh"
finallr disca,ded 1IJ".:tntinc t",dition and , in
imi .. tion of nol""ly, t"ok the 1"l<trar,,1 of humanitr n) nCw b,cls, There isan .utho::nticitr
of <:xp n:",ion in the L'Yes of his figures and e,,:'}'
g>'stun: is c"",,,inci"g heco.u><:: ,ul bodies inha hit th<;, clothing.
It ":'::mS no cxP""-'" ...... 'pam] with c""lr
ultrlmarine pigment ~" I",inting the A,m'
Cha pel in I'.du., T he glo'ious blue 10""
in'pitt,II',ou" to describt: the effi:cr as 'l'1diant
,hr ', T here i. s<' much of the outdoors in
Giott" 's worl th., it wou ld he 'urpri'ing if he
had not 'l'mt his childh,..,d in the c<"'nt,}"Side,
And he makes uS f<..:1 th<TC is such :t thing 1<
innc:, 'P""" toO, WC an: cnc:ou rJgt'] to n:sl"")(]
cmotionallr to Cl'C'y d"",il of his dr:tmatic
na"atilt:.
Giotto p,,><::d on hi. ma"c,y of fn:sc<,
I'" inting '~"""tlJ' to his pupil., Almo" • centurr Ioter, his W'l<k in'pi n:d M:&S. ccio and I.,c, still ,
,\ Iiehd.ngclo "' .... ],." ystudring his leper,
The Resurrection ofL .. ",rus (/ J05-06) N"nb 11':';1, Arma Cbapd, Padua
u,,,,,r"', rb. brorbn </Marrba and Mary; bal km thud fo1lr day_ Hi! Ji"," ba'" ,;:i"ly ro,'".d tb." """rand m(j",b,t·bik til< t,,"nb it of""'d aAd J"'"
mir",u}"",1y '",,0= bim '" liF Gi",,,, bal pJa"d J"'" aAd lA""rn, in nub Q
"'''Y ilJ '" mirror .",b (j'b.r, rb. m"YlK' king tbat kfir. J.mgJ.m,t·iU di.
and tmthrgo il """",,,il,, "'"
l77f
1789
1794-
1796
1799
1800
1801
IS02
THOMAS GIRTIN
B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR of" brwb,",,*.,.
Apprm!j"d '" Ed,;,ard /Jay"
Firn ,,,bibir;",, III RopIAc,.,}""y-LondtJR min' in LondtJn ,;,i,}' Turrur for fJIllTllll TbmnaTiUo"",
Pint im/'P'ndmt
'"'''" tritbin Britain
A"md, {ftTt ,"",ing </ Shubing SOC;",!
ilIarri" ;\/ary Ann BOrT'"
Binb</_ Thoma, ellk-.,-,
Opmingof E i<~) Illet ,,,pol is. OJ''"f artb,"" in L(J(IOOR
The Tithe B3m. AhbotdlUry (1797) Girt;', aftm tinud ,b, ,hub" tbill b, moo, in til<"pm air, IlJrbcugb b, ",,,ally limi"d bi"",li'o r~'O or 1M" c%un. Mllny form,d tb. harr,,, finj,b.d ;;:aurro/()Ur1/mt, '" tb. ,igTlllrur. b", rugg'ITT, hi, "PU,,,riM ,"'''lit ,b", ",Ii",,,,rr t. .... '" ,;:il/ing to Imy bi, ,h,dm too
T homos Girtin m.ried a high ]",; n, in the Engli'h schm] of iandsCl.l'c
"'"1"'n:(~()uri".<. In his day. his ",,,rl was al,..,,)"s oollll"mi with ,h., ,,( Turner. the
ConsenSus being th .. T um..... Iohourcd
iustifi.l~r to I'<oduct: a Ilene.- fini,h . bUl tI,., Ginin's '<b ring and I;g""'u, en'CUtion' ,,,'''' an
indication of I\"nius.
If",m. It ,,-as. m<."Chanical tasl but both ,,,ung
m<"n ",in,,1 much fnll" it. ,\lomu's Lon<kln
hous<: ,,-as a mc<~ing pb<:<: ~"artists nJ " o .. k,
study .nd " ",iali",. From these gatherings,
pnJfessional societies "ere Set up and
exhibition< o .. g;.niu:d.
A hul\" oil"p,inted pmo""", of Lln(kln,
""lied the Eioo'"""'I"'I1" p""id,,1 G irtin with G irtin learned to dn,.. .nd colour his higg<:<t ch.llmge: he co", ... ,,1 181 squa re
tOI",graphi",,1 and architectural liL''''s as an , .. "Is of Cam .. S first with a dettiled graphite
app", ,,,i<:<:. Often. this m""nt -"",king up' &,." dn",ing and the::n colour ,ketches, nl regulariu:
another ani«'s slctch. Nor ,,-as it unusual~" light and ",cather cl"li::ctS On the " ", ,,,II lie,...
twO ani,,,, to mgagt: On the same p'e<:<:. In the:: Gir tin cunducted an open air Stu<~o as he
mid-1790s G irrin and Turner "cre ""plo)'ed "'o( k,,1 up and (k,wn llri .. in (Cotman he""me
tog<~her by. I"trun , Th'M nas ,\ lonro. Girrin one of his pup' Is) e",uring that he p"1S8,,1 on his
drew the outiines from ,ketches by the kn<",'ledge he~, ,,, his untimely death • t the 'b'"
Iand"", p'« J.R. COl.<."T)S, and Turner c,~our,,1 oftwe",y-sL~'m .
Durh:am C. thed r.1 and Bridge (1799) Vi",~ "Bri,ain t.....,-, moo P"""mr ,":hil, Ih, tear teith Prima p"t~n"d
"'ntinn/tal ,,,,,-.I. I, ';:M air" ",,,,id,,,d fH"rim'c for 'Il< "',al,by '" c""",,,imM pit_a" ,h,ir "'::n national mM"'","D,
Cir,in trould manipum" rb.ligbt '0 nul:, any mood "quiml, from rt"rmy to tranquil. H, u 'JoJuti<niud til< urlmiqu' of ,;:aurro/o tlr by """i,,ing umkrpainting and applying "'/otlrT dirw/y '" th, pap". Sp«illiJ1
pap"''''''' rat'< trlId ar,im teould paint M all kirttlr. Canridg', for ,ramp!.. tear likd for itJ rough "rrur,,. i"original P"'P"" "'at, "f courr., for
rontaining gunp"';:J.r
FRANCISCO GOYA
1746 B()rn in
Fum;J",x/"" "'" if a giltkr
17f9 Srut/i,um IInMr LuZJin in Samg""'"
176J_66
1771
1774
1780-84
1789
1792_91
/ 808_14
1814
18 19
1821_24
1828
Ji'(..-h ;n ",di. of Cour, /",;"r.r Bay'"
In Madrid, painting r"Pm'Y carro,"" for Royal Pilct<ry
E/""d '" f&JyaJ AGliumy of San PnTllltloo
BrnJ,"" COUrt
pain" .. ro Chari" IV ofSpai"
Sr.',,", ilbw"
I'Q'~I p""""""" d,aj,""
Nap«ro"ic im·",jon if Spain. PainIT ""nrll;' if 1I';'lling"'"
Paimfamjlicr in The Second of M ay. I 808 and T he l"hird of ,\hy. 1808
iII",." to 00"'" (JutJi/, Madrid. paintr iliad ],.inting>
L"" ~T~pa;n ,;:bm rmiKtl!;on if P",Jilllmd I'll "ruin in p'n""~'(JfI
SOlum De.'ouring hi . Sons (1819-21) In 1 S 19, Gtlya mUilud ro a J(J/i'ary boo" "",rid< Mat/rid l."b,,", Iv fill,d til< ",alIT ,;.'irb hi, Black ]'. jilting<, tb,!art and darhn prod"", </ a bau"ud gmilU. Saturn i, om "f,b. '"115t
b(JITifying pictur« n -.,- painuti, Jla""ting tb. '<n!binJ:ahJ, «IT </ infamritk and amnilmb',,", ),' Go)" 'r J(KI Jat-i.,. Tilid bi, fatb.,. amin.',d p"'" through '''P"mng bi! lmn1 fiaIT in paintingf fbat h< could confront daily
F ... roti,co Goy. i< the firSt gr-e .. I" inte,
of the nin{"temth <"<-"fltu,y, a '" ... I....-n'
",,'-<l1:r who has innucnco;l COunt Ie'" anistS. lie lin,1 in a ",,,,Iutio,,,,,y pL-r.,d . in
Sp,in. the least mlight<-"fled Eurupcan cou"t,y
at the time. 110,..""""-. Goya ,~d fi"d a lihe ... l_ min,k:d f,crion in Mad'id. ,..ho ,b,ed to
criticize the ",,.bli<hmcnt. I t .,"1S in ,\ tadrid too
th .. he crotoun l1:n:d the "",ks of "eLuque, .. lie orote dceb",d: 'I h,,'e h,d th",e ma>lerS.
Natu n:. \'elazq""<. ' nd Remhrandt.·
Rut Goy. could nenT just slot into the
Eu"~l"'n art rradition . his inn"flti,,:ne<s and
,bri ohsessions alw.ys ",t him ap.n. As one
",hob, w'ote: 'Tne dari""", in his wo. ks is th ..
of de'p.ir. .. tenifj.'ing. No m}'Stcri,." gte'm of
light ap pur< as a 'obce ..
CoOJ"i al,m'1Ched the hOff(,.-s of corruption
and injustice . not fru", an e"' pty_!!">luri ng.
1)(,litical angle but as an intuiti,'e ani" .
bcli""ing his i",,!!"s <"uld bring about a new
,,)( ... al underStt,..ling.
"Inc <ssenti,1 GO}~ en,erg,,1 through his
own I"'ysie:. I suffering: One wintcr in An,hlu,i,
hc fdlp "'Y"" terrifying illness, which left him deaf and k.ring ins:tnity. \\r,thou t this ,,,,lc.1.
hc m.y ne"" h,,'c ,1<-"pen,,1 Our "i,ion with
g n::at worb like Th, TbinJ of Mil)". I sas: Th,
,,,",,,,,ion"f 'k dif",tkrr" Madn'd: or with the
Blac1: PainrinW dauhcd in oi l I"int di n::<1ly on to
the pia" ..... ,,-,II. of his loneiy hous<:: .nd wi>:,le
,",rics of <1chings " ." ,li.nrrbing n, be I>ul>l ishcd
in his libime.
Ch,...les IV ofSrmn "ith F~ mily (/SOO) Thi, group fH!rtnlir, &arly i"'Pmd by J a"=q"'=' d'fJicrr a mad,' _
,b<Jugb far /nAn Ivaunf'" _ f"mily" 'k Ag' afEnh'gb''''m'''t. 'Tb, rorUt,. ba1:", and bi, ,::ift afur "'inning tb, kJ,,,'Y: a, ,b, <ririe Gautin
lat'" d=rilvd rb"n, ,,'Ill" d1ini"ry iii" b<J", G"1a inwu/,d '" fH!rrril)" Cbarh I V and Maria !..JUra. A, ("Oilrt paint", biYapinionba, '" Iv
ddn-""d ,,·itb far ma," mb,l,ty, ,,·bieb i, "'by k ,it~ bi,""lf'prudmtly" in rb, road<ll:.~, rigullliing roa' b, t'in::, tb, trutb from tb, innth Oil'
H 4 1
I H7(1)
I f6f(1)
H70-76
H76
U77
H78
H79
/fRO
H86
H91 _ 160J
1614
EL GRECO (DOMENIKOS THEOTOKOPOULOS)
Born in Candia (""'" Hm,Hon)
Train, in a
'"""'1Jt<ry '" "" jron painu,-
Mo,",,-,.IMil<', irtflurn"d by 7l~'"n, Bam,,'" and nnw""'"
m..-h in Rom, ,;: it bGil , K" ill
"""'''. opmly mriii"" Micbdll1lg</o
Ma,...,.,. Madrid, hid [allY for royal parr"rIIlg'
M",." to Td,oo
Jmmirna';, /", CUrt"/H #..,- birth
'"""'Jorg' Manud
Pail", "inc E.'1>Oiio
Pbilip JJ , .. ",,,i,,,i()m ,\ lanp'!o", of St ,\huria: fir &:oriaJ
PainlJ til< Hurial of Count OrVz
Gaim Inilrly ClH",",'m'"", in
To/,do and Madril
OJ,, in 7iJkoo
£.. in, Loui~ IX of Fr. """ (1586 _94) l.iJui, IX, King </ hana, <::1lJ c,","nj~d in 1297.., tb. id,a/ Cbrim'an ,"""arm. EJ G,.,," pain,,'; him for Ib, C."",", Riformati<!1l ""."" AJtbGilgb til. [ac, it tnu/i,jonally r otlic ,;:itb high roukbowtand r1l1ring
dark 'Y", EJ Grrol pm= L()UiJ' body in 'k /a,bionabJ, ,bt-«-qtulr",. P"" and gil'" him lNautifoUy "prm;,~ band,-
When EI G ,tto the icm ,,,inter left point het"'r tI,.n ,\ Iichd. ngdo. I'roud and
Cn::te for Venice . he wos self ... ssLT,i,·e . he la' ..... h""ame emhmiled in <Xlfl fmntt:d _ quite lite,.,lIr _ I')' long.term lawsuits. "Inc nickname 'Gre<x,'
new IlCrSl'ecti,·es. His first major inflllCnCt: was irled him n", and he alwa)s sign"] his wo .. k
Tition: h."",o "".s another. Howe"". tht-rc Domenikos "Ineotok0i'0ulos in G red.
arc strong i ... ]ic:uions ,hat EI G n::co ""wllr S<Jl11etimes .d(~ng Kres ("Cretan'). wotied urHiLT Ti ntoretto . llo,h artists made Ne,,, nhdess. while in Rome he did c(lflsoli(bte
coml"",i,io",,1 ske,ches from clar Or ","<IX the 'e,;.,;enet: of llr,antiu",' ""i,h It.lian
S'atuetteS. artificiallr I it. And T intoretto's "'. nnetism. l ie C(. 11pn::""d 'poCt: and twistL']
inAuence shine, thmugh EJ G reco's Cbri" his f"<lns: he ""'r wdl ha,,, ,,«"<I len"" and
/)rit'ing til< Troo", F no" tb. T""pk. mirro<s to d""dop these effeCts.
In Rome. EI G rec() h.d little surcess. Ahl.:'ugh"I;,le(~,d"mond"dacoolerl"b",.
perh'I'" due tt, h ..... r ogant claim ,hot he could tho: "",,",: tt, Sp,in did not (~minish 1£1 G rt..::o's
rcligi .. "" ~n,t rny>Iical inlcnsi~·. ll~ ",ugh, ,he m'MMI .. r SI'.in·$ key C .. holi<: ci,)·. which
cng~ged "'i,h 'he C""n.e .... Rcfor" .. ,iu" 10)' im·e~ 'ing gen ... "usly in r<~igio"" ut. How
fonun',e ,h., 'he ~mn.li'y of SI,,"i>h .h>.picccs ofTered .. II. norro ... p.nel. 10
c<)ml~cmcn, ,he ~nist's dongotc<1 figu"'" EI G.oo,~ uni'lU" st)'lc h;,,1 no ~JII,,,,'e,," nd
" .. " di~g:",k,1 f,O' ce",uries. A group of on I",·c ••• cdisc,,,· ... td him in ,he nineK..,nth
""nlUIY, n"",h to m" ... lm;nl1;(., of "thers like DcJacl' ... i~ , Dcg"AS, ChaMe, Van Gugh
:m,! G:otJ guin.
\ r .. w of ,.,1""0 ( iJ"~iI) (1197-99) In rb. .,.cirn. ci.y o/wl«!>, immonBIi::.nl bur i~ .... _f,bt "lim tlt/iJ
""'rt iJf1lmarK lilmhm~ in rtflnw 1IrI, I'J C"tr_ fou'"". 'Y"'JW,btric cird, of in."I«.",,1 frimdu,"" PB'"", tlt/d buN,. p .. ji,<IhI", ......
1470(') B()rn M",bi, "',itbarth G(Jlbar' in Wt=burg
1480(') Apprm'i"d '" a gdd.J7lfi,b in StraJfuurg, /aur "-()rh in StNnga'u'-) m/dio in Cd",IU
1490--98 JI'<.o-h in BIlJ,1 at "-oot/m, illl_amy
I WI_21 Propri,mr if' "-()rhbop in S,lig""wd,
HOJ ERrlim }:TWt:;n "'or}:, ,\ locking of Christ
HII_26 m..-h", ",ttrtof ArchbisOOp if' Main"
1f12_1f Paint; lsenhci", Akarl', e"" for OOspiwl chapd if' S, Amhony ' iIIo""mry iR Aka"
HI4 ilIu". Dimr
1f2f Embra", Lutb<rinlf. C,,,,,, p"inting, Flut to Halk, tr..-h '" bydrauJi,mginur
1f2S Di" of ,b, pJagt« in Halk
C ru"; Ii- ion Is.,nhcim Altarpie"" (""nt,e I'0nd) (C,1 515) n", HO'Pj,all= ,a",d for rim"" if'incurabl, di",,,,, lik< St Ambooy" Fir, (<rg(JljJ7lf) arid rypbilit, III rbi, ,-il'illy mdi"i, imay rf un",,",wl, mY",m' and p"in t:"uJd bm', mi>t/, il ,onmiing lin}: "'''~''m LOri" arid ,bui,}:. Tb, ""rd,of 'Il< illJrrJ'ption .' 'H, ",U" i"""ill< but I ,""" d='ill<' ar. ,,,,pbari,,,d by tb, disproporri(}""U riZL' ofl"'" and ,ho<, gatb=d around rb,croJJ'
A " lfl ''''''I'''':'')' of Bosch, C r"""ch and Durer, G run<:w .. ld "m,jdcn:d hjs O"TI
"'I'UI:l,j(lfl se"lfl<hry n, the ,digioll<
and «rial mcs<:tgt: of his I",inting<.
F""" I 511, G runewald w"-< "'''l'lo),<,jllj-- 'hc
arehbisJ,(1" of ,\ binz H ,hcit Cour, I'" intet. It
was ,hc era of ,he Refo ... "a,i(lfl and the ani,,'.
>)'I"I',thie. "'all}' lay wi,h ,he I'"ltcstan' cause,
bu, hc ",'nag"j to hep his sc:er<~ until he
disclo",1 his SUI' '')(' li:.t the I'ea<:tn,'s R",-(~, in 1525. IIc was <~,]))iss,,1. 'nd ftu", ,h<J) On
e",hra""d Luthcris"" exchanging I',in,ing f()( •
ca",er:lS ~ hplraulic engin<..::r.
Gtiinc" ... ld is seen n()" .. (h)~ as 'he g"'''
I'",cur«" of ,wen,je,h..,en'ury GCIl,,'n EX])(cssi(lfli,,,, , but this w-iS not ",.Ii,-"d un,.it
,\I (.lerni,])) 1"'. "I'",<j • re""" .. lua,j"" of his work:tS .n .ltc.-n.,j,-c '" cla.';e.1 ide.li,,,,.
Grun< ...... ld hi",self did no' seek n, un"",::' any
grea' .,ti.tie ,ru,hs Or '0 h",.k new ground wi,h
his s,}-'Ic. Wh., he did w:lS lilt ,hc I'loin
undelS .. n<ling of ,hose sufl'etcrs and ,heit
carers wOO knd, in fi-(lfl' of ,hi: .11:1 IS ,h., hc h.d
<k:"" .. ",d. Iljs im.gt:s, wh<~her S<lrTo",fUl ( J<
'riu,,~,han' , ."d his extr1()« lin'ry use "f C(~our ,u,],:t<S thl: ne"j f( )( ",,,,ds.
S,oin, Anthony ofEgypt's Vi. i, IOS";nt P.~ul the Ilcnnit.
I"",h<;m AIt',],i""e (d"a;l) (" 151 5) Tbi, ,tory ,,'OuJd bm-, h«n fami/iar '" "'''Y''n, trOO prap in ,b, cbllfJ,lof
St Anthooy" H"'PiwU= in lI<nb,i1If, Tb, old bn7lfi, ,<II. ,b,ir p"tnJn ",i", about til< rm-m "-00 bas miraiUlo",ly frd bim ,,-itb balf a I""f ofbr.ad " '''7
day for rixty pan, n", bird tr...- doubly obliging tb", day and brought a ration for S, Amhony '" ",,/I
USI
16()()"'()J
1610
/612_1f
1616
1617
1627
161f
16f4
1666
FRANS HAlS
B()rn in Anre-.,.p, RlR of" c/o,b· mahr
Srudi" wui.,. /,a/illrl _trainro JllniII"nd.,.in Haarln"
Mar"""S, Lll1;", ''''ikl
!lIarod," Annnj' /-Ia,mmsdocb'<r
Ah«I, "'" child_ horn h<fi" 1m-d,lltb
VIT;" Anr~'""p Pain" foro grMP [Hmrai' G"ic GU:llllofSt G<"rge
;\fam« Lydvrb Rryni<TJ, ,;:bo iJ<an him 'igbt ,hiMI'm
Viri"t/ by I{II/mrr
and,IIlUt; Jim ",. Vi,;" Amrurd","
Po=IDanT ",Id at allCti", fir tiro,
j)j" in HMrk",
Port r ';! 0 (£" ... > Andriesch Il esse. (1626) 711, ,,,,iMntiy r<,/,roah/, Sal''' Hm;", j, portTilj'tI "" 'Il< OClllITill "Ibn 40tb ';:roding armi:-<r511ry. H.,. husband, 'k ricar Mim",/ Midddb<J,~n, "pp'atT in II ",,,,po";Oil pi'"
F "'nS Ibis and Rcml>r~rul t (van Rijn) groups. \ \r"h no d~lIland for dc",,,,<:d
wen: ""''''"~lOrarics. both c"n<UI1Ull'''' interiors ,. religious p'intings ., ,he 'ime.
1. ,rrrait6ts, bUl ,"uh ''',,'' ""l' <~ff""'nt Dutch ,mi,ts were kC<"Tl to IfJ in (JIllers j;:J' group in th,;r ~PI'ru.ch. \\'h.,-e R"",hnndt is ,ti""".... 11Onr.its. Fn)(n thc $ .... &"" of the:: Banq"" <! ,11<
.nd int""l'c .... i," , Ibis' ,ittt:'" arl: fi-<'lucndJ' OjJiatT of ,11< Cr.-i, Gtulrd of s, Grorg' 10 thc
burSting ... ith ,itl~IJ-'~nd,u'-£'c<: chanlL delicate air of thc R'gmwJu <! ,b, Old Mm', Ilis pon",its ho,,, he::en call .... 1 'I~e=nt' ar~ AbmOO_ at Htmrk,", Ibis ,,"IS fumcd j;:Jr h ..
• hhough , sinc<: he:: ... "-< con"antly in debt , I hi' """untC lik'rHssc,; of cach m"'nb ......
himself had linle reason to be checrfUl. \ \r,thneithus.ke",hesnu'undcrd.-. ... ing,hI:
P""' i,ling~,, "'n child n: n or p<XJriy I"id by his I"obably...,d upties n, map thl: fcaOJ n:s untO
clicnts , ... hate,'cr thc rcasOn, numetOuS the cann<, ... hilc ,-"m'e),ing 'pontaneity
commissions could not "','I: him frum an through skilfUlp,,, ing ofthl: b,.lr.
imI1O,'et .. h .... 1 old ag.:. Ibis' inllucnc<:can he ""'" in)an Sn.-en', ""rI. ,
In his day, Ibis ... as unti,'all,,1 .. " p,int.,- of ... t., ~,,,d in I-b.rlem duting I-bls' final J" a",.
'n,e G}'1~Y Girl (/628- JO) 0"'0/ HaN ,/tOrr "PP,aJing porrrilits, ,b. ""'.! in ",b;,b b. bimdl" tb.
br-rnbtrork "'&gmt ,ba, b. ,uiddy uiz.J _ fI«ting ;'nf1"mion. 'fb. gi"f "ddong glima 'o<::ardr __ 1m; """'" ~ if" '*"a tbat II"'fofi'" "'",
,.!fit .. ,;", ifill,;"" <ba, "" ..... IIII".,n rf" .... "'-lift §,tb.ring. 7« gi"f immotlmly d"p ",dd,n, fU>1lf tM f lot "'Iff itl /«1 " pronil""
1797
1811_12
1811_30
1814
1811-40
184 1--4J
18H
18r8
ANDO HIROSHIGE
B()rn in EtMJ, ",., o[ a fin o::arom
Pupilifbool: ilhmraro,. [/tagat-a Toyohirn
('"aU' prinlJ if ",,,/i,i,,,,,1 rnbj«lJ, including "irk"'- if ,",
PuNJ,b" C(Jmpl," ,Jition Fifty-11",::e Sta,ions of 'he "Ii.bido Road
P,U a[popularity, p"NJrb~ t"ariow TI()!ab/, =-i"
Trmpo Era a"'''riry afj,m quah'ry o[ ';:<irk
Abandonr Nrb,.,,,,1 [(Jrma' for u",itlll c"'''po,iti(J'''
Rice Pl:.nting in the lUin ~ ' 0110, Iloki Prmince (c_18 55) /-li""big' "_ar Tl()t afraiJ ro "" "-"'nn.,tyk /""1'''';'-'' b"" ,b, rie< f"lt), nHub a"-ay t(J ,b, foot if a min·ro''''-.d biD. i\I,aTl1:.'bik rain-drmcb,J "",*"" pi"'" up rif/«,;,-, "IuaHr if "-a'" o::ilb shoo" if rie<, in a ;'uutifiJly ,"oduJa",J paltbr:.",* if gr"nr and grryr
A ndo Ilirc.lhigt: w"" a leading expo.,e", ",hich rai,.,d ,hem .I",,'e I~.in ~Jlk an. The}' of uk;y.., _ 'pictures of 'he Ao.,ing ",{"te p.-i""d n) ,ni, 'he p(d,"tS of ",i(~tI.,..da<s
"",-~I' _ duting ,he la" h.lf.cm,ury of ,ndes","n, ani ... ns and ",e",h. ntS. P.intings
it< existcn"" "" • Jap'nese an li:-:.n". Uti}".e ",{"te ",,.,,,,<,1 for ,he wealthier .-anks.
o.-igi"",,-,<I in ,he I.,e ,.,,'en«en,h cen,u.-}" Iliroshigt:'s nJt,,1 Outp", "''''' inun<"l1"', « . ne
d'-'<Iiea«d nJ the pur,ui, of plea,un:: in ""'-'1-'h}' H(('I"';nts. He studied <irJwing fi-,. " childho,d
uman He :tnd b.«d on I""ub.- idols ttl"" fi-,." a .. 1 ,,"'" al""",ti",-,I to ;US, Olll:: ",a''''.-, Uttlr"-'
'he "'nks of ('(-.Ine"'ns and ""'"rs. "Ii,)-,ooiru. \'-~ Iliro.hige ,,"rl'-'<I for (,,-{"t '''''''')'
T he collec .. ble uki)">-e ",o"dbk,,,k I'.-ints }"ars h"~Jn:: pn.locing the series ,ha, esttblishcd
(b-do ped along n::t.,i,,,I), "'I"'i,~iea,ed lines of his n::pu .. tio." Pifry.tbr" S,a,;"", if ,b, Tol:aido
'heir own, ",i,hin , J'I"n<:<e tr,,~,ion of &lad: an a",biti,-.Is """dogue th., ~,Ik)""d the
ha.-",o.,ious c,~our .nd sn"'-ful co"'p,»i,ion. gn:a' highw.}' be,,,,,= K},,,,, ... 1 Edo.
\ \ \),king In the nineteenth century,
Iliro'hige and HoL:u .. i e""h I><de"ed to
<Tc:ttt: Ia ... I",ap<:< ",.he, than I_>n,aitsof ""'BlS,
IO .... ::StlrtS, poetS and Courtl::s; lIS , Tbe in .... '" ]o,'e
"f .he Jap.n<se f, >< all "'1""" of.he na.u",1
world ensured that bo. h artists had an
enthu,i,,-,,ic ~,I1I""'ing. Ahh"ugh he m'r no.
haw matched Holu",i', draftsman"'ip ,
lI imshige at his be« i< unsurpassed in his
poetic ,i,i"n, I I is abai'r to e",le .he mOI . 1 of a
p.rticular platt still ha' unfailing appeal
to w<stt:me""
Nig htSnow a t Knl .... a (/ 812_14) A '":ood /Wd: from ,b, =i" Fiftr-Thr<..:: Sta.;,." of .he '!(,bid" R .. td Hit cbarlKtnirrieaUy rbad,d rry ugirrN"l rdligbt at',," a m()"main t'iUag' ",gulftd in ""'''', tbrougb ,,·birb tbY" /,,"p« a,.. rrrugg/ing 00'"', Sn({".r, rain ()r mirr ar, ftrt"<J",.,d INxkgr""nt/ (I),llIi,;orn agairn, 1::birb Hir05big'
"If bit mlt'dkrr, ofi'" tkpicud <Ti1<Jing ,arb (Jib=' p",br, mfpbari=ing tb, 'rarlJi",,, of Hi"",,,
1931
/ 9fJ_f7
19f9..{i]
1961
1964--68
1970
1971
1978
1982
1984
1988
199f_96
"M
DAVID HOCKNEY
B()rR in Bradford, RlR of" cia}
SlUdi" iI! Bradford School of An
StudS" at Royal CO/kK' of An, LondtJn, nt,,,, Kitaj
PuNJ,b" Rake's l''''grelS ,tching>_ Pint ,.iri, t. Nonh Africa , 1I1mr Andy Jlnroo! in Nru )"'}
T,,,uh, painIT, ",xb.sand ,xbibirr «ron USA
Rm'fJ"P'cti!" at Wbi,m,ap<i Galhy, L..uJikI and toUIT Ellrllf"
Mo,...,. to Pari,
S"r/" in Lor Ang<i<t
TaX""p pbollJgrapby
/"",,",, painting "fur ,btu,),<"r bm,}. B'gint _in ofh'tbograpbt
Major """"'fHCtT:U ,bo,;:n in USA and UK. Sm up muli" in ;\fa/jim
M~j ... r.lTT1<p«tit .. of dr",;,ingt, Royal A au/",'Y, u,ndon
&bibiIJ ';:aU,.· cdOl1rrofFArr '",hbiu lantNil!,.
Sar" fr"m TM Rlliu i Prng ...... , San F nmd"" 1982 H()ri:nry fim mgaf,'d ,;:irb ,,_jnt<rprning HoglITtb', Rake'; P,ug"'''' ,;:bm
k n"lmrt.J "" " miu of ".bing in 1961. In 1975 b, tN"jg,ud tb, "' and c".",'"" for l§Jr Stra,imJ:yi- "P""iI t~mon, {lITt pnf"rmro a! 'k Glyrllkbour", Fm;"a~ Eng/and. Iloci:nryl ,b.a'" ''''r} ,"ix" practicality ,;:im '''''Ptiooal t'irion. To tlia" ,;:Iio ilCctmd bim"f "'gh'ing painting, Ii< up/i.d; 'r,.. nr.-.,- rtl!a"d ,Ii< rb.a," al a Jid./i"" n",bing / do i, a I.Mi",. '
D "id Ilockncr i< One (If ".,,' ,,,rs.,ile
a"isl< of his gencta,ion . manr of whom ha,-e not dn<:loped H
interc<'inglr fi-(. " theit c(. "m(lIl mots in 1'(1'
An. l lu-oughout a long ea«",. Ilodrncy has
manag,,1 bo,h nl mun " lIl''''''<"1"Sr _ th rough
his qui<~lr affitm:l ti,'c h"Ollo -crutic I'" inting< -
and to b<"C(Mne :I IItitish ""tional tn:asu n:. as
wi'ness,,1 I".· his c",,,,ion :IS :I Ftccm:ln of
llrad~,,,l. his hom" town. lie has ""in"in"]
.trong ,ic< with Yo.-l,-mi'" and ''''rn,lr tL~urncd
to m:lke grntle ,,-a"''''(~ours of the landscape.
The'" exist in tottl ",nt,."" to h .. ")(lnumrn",1
'TC:ltmCnt of the Gnnd Can}"'lIl. oTigin.llr
exhibi,,,]., Lundoo's R(,)--al AC:ldcmr.
Not onlr is II(dner~ 'lill,,1 dultsman . he
has. 11o pmdu'-'t:d ,-",ching< to iliuStntc Six Fairy
Tal" of ,b. Brotb= Gr;,m" and CPo C,,,,,frs
Po"",. During the 19iOs he ,cn'u",] into St.ge
(k:.ign wi,h "",w"es .nd "'I< ~'T Srr"'insk},s
"[1" Rah', Progr"t .nd '\\O.OT"S "[1" Magic
flll". I"Mh s",!,,,,d at G~."dd"JUrne . ,\hnr sor
that his Ixt inting ,tyle has brnefi«,] fi-,. " the
bn,.drning Out th., ",-as ,e<]ui",d Ii>T St'g<:
<k:sign. When IlodrnL")" "".ok up Ilho nlg.-aphr. he pu rsocd m<"Ch.nical image_"",ling ,hmugh
,~rious I'm"'",,,, •. fi-(M" Ilhotog.-aphic ",D.g.: and pI-oJt(lC'1'Jing to ciglee (inkj'-"'l.
Tne debate con,inues ""::T his .pparent
.,-{,id.net: of subjects s""h OS waT, I",,'er'r. sickness H.I injus,iet: . ~nd whethet one ean bc a
g.-eat anist wi,hou t ""nfmnting '",riou,' issues.
lIu, II,lCkn,-)' bdie,cs i, is ,·ittl nl "Jntinoc
Iwling .nd learning . wi,h the <k:<lieation of.n
exl~O"'T wOO .usperu; there is so much ,m", to
<~s",,'er al. ,ut an it.",lf.
Mr:and M rs c:L.rk 2nd Per<)' (d""il) (1970_71) Om, OilTH flo,";ng dmgns rombind ,;:ilb C,lia Birr~'dr, prinud
"",il'I produ",d lUi"' of ,b, mort dmrabl, gan",nrr of 'k lar. 196(band "rrly 197&, Hochuy pJaY' ,;:i,b aUw.,ns '" if b, "'"' a R"w"an",
p"'"traiD'sr. Th, Ii/i" ilIJ<JCiard ",i,b MlT Oa,* nand for purity Imd inro"upribiliry; and ,b, car P'Frf (a ,lang ""m for pmiJ) ,in boJ,
uprigbt on Mr Clark, lTarm an'a. "n" <""pk oaupy "'" dimlKI bah,.,",b, cam'a" ,,'bicb cwld k dit:id,d ,ari/y "",ugb, Thi, may or may""
rif/<ct 'k fact tbat 'k Clarh ",= d" .. rmJt::irbin 1M" Y'ilrT
FERDINAND HODLER
ISH B()rn in &m, ,oo o/"cllrpm"r
1871 M",." to G~,,,.
Srudi" at L'FAd, d'I B,tlllx-Anr untkr ,\1m"
IS87 MufY &r,bll Smcki. Angus,ill< Dupin gr.'" birth to"," Humr
ISS9 MllnT" &nbll Sm""i, di"(TCI!J
b.,. 1891
1691 Vi":,, Qnd ",bib,,, in Pari,
1894 ,\/",,- &rib.
1897
1699
"'" 1909
1911
19H
1917
1916
J«II'''5, IIfllTTj" b.,. 1898
Wi", gold ,",dill Ilt Munich
Adm;",'; '" Bn/in S«:",io"
W;", g()M ,",tlnl Ilt Pari, JI'.,rld Exhibition
iJ<1l,b of AUgU51ir" Oupin
V"kn,ilY (i"k · /"),,,,1 gi!~J birth li' dlltlgbur Pawi",· Val",,,,,,
iJ</ltb fro'" "11Iar "/Jid"""" Goth
Do"'
Pr°f_r"
I),-tr~·jng, G",r..'11
Art ACiUkllf:J
Oi" of p",,,,"",,ill in G"''''11
Poster tO r 19th Art Exfti l>ition of the \roen .... Sttession (I'XH) H(}(/h"'IlJgu", </b..,,_ ilt ,b,l9rb Exhibition if ,b, Vimnll S~Jj"". Thil JIxr~',d ""'r ,birty if hi, "",h and " . ..,-"'" if ,"any «roli"},, b. u"r..·,d
BOth of Ji<Tdinand Hodl<,.', parents had c3 <lies. 'p1lboli .. w().- k, 71" Night , hos slccp
<li .... l frum tuhe"",I",i, hy hi' r{t""nth prefiguring death, but the ""),," of G en<:v.
binh<hy, along ... ith six "f his sit.lings, fail .... l to See he)"JOd the nal .... l bodies and
Ilis ""peri<:oces of death in the &mily "'aL:.:: it h'nnt,1 it from ""hihition. The ,e,ultin g
tm~"ing n, C'.'~l1rt: his ,,,,,-i "ith Munm, but pub~citr, with ..... nls fr(. " Frln"" , Gen"'n}"
"'ptie and ",elanch,~y the",es ... ert: ..... """ lfl and AuStria , secu,ed II'HhT's intern.,io",,1
during the intm.«:pLTiod Irn:,wna'the/ind,riw., rt:l'unti(lfl, Ilis inn""n"" <"an he O'a""d in the 1I00lIe, stu,~ed in GenCl'. unde, lI.rthclemy work of ,. herS, like ", .. ti ss<:. nd Kli", t.
,\knn,' fO<l"er pupil of InWeI, It ,,~s a ""J tI"l,titi'lflal cd"",tion hu t it I1Ught hi", to dr.,,· well and ""J)(lS,,1 him tn the lasting inAu<:ocel of Re",I,,-. ndt, Ilo ll>e in and Diirer, II"dle,
... o,-icd initially as. 1'<Ty """'I",,,,nt I",..traiti",
lie <",'<."ntuaUy ";'i",d I'a,i, to cxl~on: nL· ...
ideas a,.1 SIj,les and 'I'ed.lly admi",l thost: of Ga ugu in and Scurn , lie had ,1et';',,1 his own
srSte,,~ ... hich he called 'I'.rllk:lism', 1I,.II",'s
Late, pictures we n: on a s",aller scale,
H'Hlicr ",.de ",.nr st:lf_l'onnirs and , ... ith shadel of his childho,. l. he <h<::u",,,,,,,,l the
lingning de.ths of twO 1",,,rS, I",th "."herS
of his children. lIis 'uc""" in s<, ",any
categ",i"s ",ntinued: hi' hSt rearS ... ert:
dc""ed to drca"'r hndscal'es, ... hich
s:tti,fJingir "''''bin .... 1 the Swiss identity with
i ",agt:s 0 f tI"lnSC<."nd<."n"",
P~intingo f :> ,\Iount:.oin (/909) u,n,J,."p' painting ';:aT a memif"/ ""'Q for HaJJ,.,. during bi, final pan. Til< "'/"'trJ b, ",..,J for mo"",";n rtl1lK's and /aJ:~ gym TIt"ng" and d,arn Ill" bi,
flJi' n;oJ,·,d H, m"naK'd '" pr""w Ira", if 'Il< grand So:iu imag< ",i,bin a bigbly p""",ill. ,.iriiKIary fly!. "nd tb, multJ "''" parti<ulilFly "PP,illing to
,b, many ,,,,,riTlt ';:N biN! jatlr7lry,d an tb, '"""ntain l7lit~,"1
1697
1711
1720
1729
1711
171f_H
1748
I7H
170
1764
WILLIAM HOGARTH
B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR of a Lain WXM
Apprm!j"d '" a rih'ff mgt'll'.,-
Sm up aJ c'if'f'" mgT"""-, produdng hook ill1mr"';",,,. A,uM! Tbornhill'I fru ",., rlauk",y
EJ"P',,;:j,b Tbornbilll daughur; Jan.,
B"","" " POITTIl;' painu ..
SUlrrr painting 'mod"" ,""",lily' mbjurr
Rum bi, 0"'11
Rcadn"y in St Martin', lAm . • guild for profmionn/t and ,.bool flK y""ng ani",.
b ''1'<U.;1 frum Calai, "n' '1'Y
Publi,h" tn'a';", The Analr'.is of lkautr
Ap[HJinud S<rj<"nt Pai",.,- '" ,b, King
Dj" in umdon
TIle Shrimp Girl « .174J) Thi, /;"<1.1 porITai, trw Tl<Jt duIU for a co"""';,,_"'; Hagar'b k'P' it for hi",,,'! /, is /m"d "" II popumr ,Ii,,", hm:.'1IIlJ ,Ii, o-j<:< "fLondon, ,;:Im-, difj,,,,,, m-m 'n1tkrr " ... '" ponr"Y.d in a =-jn if pri"tf. /, i, a rapidly <""uuJ oil ,hub, un u"""",/ i1f'Pt"'Icb '" partnlitu,", b,,! i, gr."" jim rb, rigll' impr",;'" if a [ac, glim/",d in paning. Hoganbl- ,::ido", ,I,,":. ... d lb. pi""" to t'rimn- ,;:irb 1M w,","m" 'Tbry ""d b. ",UJt/ "'''paint fI"b. Th= l- fhb and /Hood for )'lu/'
With,lIr wittr L>n<k)ncr, \ \r,lIi.m
Ilog.nh has.,lca" two cbims n,
Ellnc . Fir .. , through his own
.c~d"mr in St ,\h,tin's L~ne, he:: pr"""I~r did
mo.-C than .nr indi,;du:tl to e"ahlilh.n English
sd..,ol "f I" iming. And "''''n<II}" he p,,,du=1 f".-crunnerS of the grlphic n<",d with ,",,'cral
,.,ries on 'mode rn mor.I. ', the two I",,, known
bcingA RaJ:,', Pr()grm .nd MllfTiag' a Ia Mod<.
Ilog;.nh's grca t ftien<l, Ilenrr Fid<~ng (.",ho'
of Tom ]()_) p'" it I",tfccrlr whe::n he c.II,,1 him
'. comic literl'1' I" imer' . l nruugh soti ,e, bot h Fid<~ng and 11<>ganh eX]"",,,1 the evils of their
.gt: , .. rgrting the mCOn , cak:uhting "" ...... Iitr of
thuse who tool the ]_"'rttr and mise 'r of othe::,s
as "'l'l'ing " Ofl'" n, th<;, own "h" ntt gt:.
As !itr as 11<>g.rth was c<.-.c,'tn<'<1, he:: w'!S also
cal1~l1igning 'b",imt thl: ,,'-'to: 6,.. F",nch Rococo
(he w1.. an ""'''' ")f) tel1~)('rlr}' of Boucher) which he reckon"] w.s un<lennining the
Ij,'dihood of EnglO;h ."islS. Iii, .ttitude was OOt
il1~"<,,,:d h).' his ar~t in C. bi. 6" sll)'ing, .ftcr
being cought 'kcn::hing tho: lIOn's ~..- tifi"Jtions,
In 1753, Hog;.nh publish,,1 atracrcall,,1 Til<
Ana/pi, <I B,uuty, T his "'-.s partly a n: bukc
aimcd at so"c.II,,1 cnnnoisseurs ~" being
insufficiently inlOnncd about an , and I"'nly a nluablc rontTibution to thc discus,,;on of
a"'thetic<. Iloganh had a thcory th1l a 'line of
bc:t uty' in thc s .... p" of an'S' "'''''' intrinsic to thc
Sb"ocbJn: of a picbJrt:. Looking cord'u1ly into thc
Painu,- and bi, Pug we S<"<: hc has dnwn thc
famous'S' On his 1",1et",.
Ch,,;ring the ,\km],..,r (175~/5) 'An Election' ';:M Hogartb', Ji""/ moo"" morak =i", IUw'YI",d in four
PMIT, ,bit i, Ib, firllll ,a"', ,;:bm "~rytbing d'l:mnill" inllJ a riot, Hogarrb <I'm ,"a«, dy ufo""'''' llJ ,ar/rr bmory paimingJ ,;:i,bin bi,.;;:n; ,bi"im,
ir i, Cbari" L, Brun', \r,""..-y of Alex; ",k:r ,,,'cr Darius . l <I>uad of ,b, i'"p",ia/ ,ai' rignifjing !'i-llJry; HogMtb bill a fat ~(J!" flying """, ,b, b,ad
<I Ill< n"" m,mi¥r"f parfiamm, II row'" mal bi, ,oorributiJrlllJ d,hat, ;:,11 IN no IN"", ,bllrl ,bat hird'r CQ(kfing
1760
1770
1779
1792
179J
1797
1798
1812
1814
1823_1/
1828
1811-49
1849
KATSUSHlKA HOKU SAI
B()rn in HonjJ,
Ed" (Toryo), "'''"f a mirror p()/;sb.r
L,,,m't;.'oodhJod: can-ing
Stud,,, Il1Id "",h-in ",U/iG of Kalru1;m;:a SbUtl,b"
1.,a'~T Knrrub":a r1Iuli. "fur d.",b "iShWIJIM, comi"n" rrtllJying and ullming ,I"'~'b",
i"Natb "f firrt ,;:ift, /<""ng ,.,,' and """t/augb'=
Marn" =ood "'if,
SUlrtT landrca", painting
i"Natb"1 <Ill", ,,'"
B'gim publi'hing l lokus;; ,\ lang;
C"a"Tand pubJidm"!nc T hinr-Six \r,cws of ,\ 1()unt Fuji
l"Natb of =(}I/d
';:if'
PuNJ,b" J()urn<1' to the \ \\ucrElDs
OJ,, in Arah""
"'"
J.
t' .,-
t •
The Poetess On<> no KottUchi «.IS10) Th< ~1IfT """'''p'l1Iying uli}""..-c prinn Ul}u '"ro,,,, fon",', iJ.,., ~Q"i,"ilK' ./,b,]apan= 1-"" On" "" M macbj,;:jrb '"" a/bn p""m, qlMJudt:.vrdfor'w(Jro. Th./m=</b<r nil"" aT< ill", in ,b, ,,",/ilUT if b<r f'K"'"< arid ,b, Jrr«1l
H ok",,,; ,,-,,; r<Sl'on>.iblc ~" • I'hL"nu",<nal 30,(((1 worb of art. lIe
lin,l for nothing clse and "' .... dri,'''''
'0 perfe", his s'rle ",i,h c,,:ry nCw undt:mtl.ing.
Ik,w""n the agcs of sixtr·~'ur and "''':nl}'"t'''' he had. burst of <Tc:tti"it), ,h .. r/Sulted in
se,,,,,1 m'ior series of woo<lbiod prints ,
indu<~ng 711, 711rr-ry.Sir Vi",:, a/Mot"" Puji.
As a }u "h, Ilokus.i ","lS on • COfl'Un' 'lu/St
for his artistic nichc . After. rd.ti,'elr long
p<Ti,.1 under Katsub" .. Shun40, hc lef, tho::
stu<~o ~,lIo",ing 'hc ma"cr's duth.nd _ Cl'cr
curious _ im""iga,,,1 wh., ",ht,. sehw ls h,d n,
offer. I n the P"'ttSS, hc <:-.1ml: a"'-OSS cxamples of
"t di'pl'ring • <~"in'" ",/Stem inAu""<"t: that h.d origin.llr filtc ",d ,hmugh ,i. the Dutch
'rJ<ling I_"t in N,psal.i .
"Ii, al,,,,:cia'c thc impa'" of such infiutntt, it
is nett""rr to ",mcmber tha, J'p'n underwm'
• poli"J' of N,tion.1 Sedusiofl fi-,. " 1639 to
18504. Foreign ,ndt " .... sttiedr limit"l'nd the
J'p'ncse ,hcmsel,'/S for bidden to ",\,el • broad.
T he pietu",s d",i,'cd f""" Europc:tn
""gr"'ings in'l" r"l llokus:t i fin.lI)" to be",,,,,,.
bndsc:tpiSt a' the .ge ofthinr-<:igh,. I lc 1l<"g1n
w,,.. l .f"" h, c>:ptTim""'ing with we"ern
pe"p"",i,,, , m.king <T"Hess oh.en,.,iofls; the
""'uing work w"'" intt' twch'c ,-ohll"/S of the
Iiolus:ti ,\Ianp (sl<1l:h bwLsj publi4o::<1 in 1814. lIu, it waS the uJrrya., _ 'pietur/S of the
Ao1ting w(,.. ld· _ th., mode ,he rCl'","", jou rner
in 'he b'e nine'tt",h <"<-"fl'urr to "'ml~etI: • cirde of inAuentts .nd """.1 '0 • (k:ligh'c<1
Eur'~le the glo.- i/S of the J'p1n/S" p.- inL
A D~imyo ,\lusing on ~ Lost Lo>'e (/815-6) 0", "a =-i" nltirJ,d O ne ll und n:d Poems Explain"j By the N urs.::, ,bi,
,"a""pi"" of ",.I>"r printing ilkmra", a p"nn by Sanji Hit",bi. HoA:!lJlli', innat< '''''' "f proportion marri" ""II ;;:i ,b bi, dr:',/"p,"nlt ,,'-""UnHtyi'
P""""ti,"; and jJ'gur" " all kind" at ",...-k and I,i_" fro bi, in;arjab/, nltbrui""n f...- d<pitting lifo in all in "'fJ'C"
14 97
HIO(?)
-" HI9
I f26--2S
I f2S_12
HJ2
IH6
I5:4J
HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER
B()rR in Aily;Jmrg, RlRofHam /lo/lvin lb. EJd"
Srudi" t.,j,b [atb.,in AugJmrg, tbm In""" to Sa,.!
8"","","m"'r.! Ib, Ba,d anim' guild
Pint lTat~k to England, ,;.'i,b i",rod",,; ... '" Thuma, ;\10n'
from &-1lJm"'. PainlJ p"nrai'''lt ,b, Tudor ",tIT,
I{mu-m to ,;:if and "'" child_ in B",,/
Ahanoom family in 8",,1. Smh, in England
Anacb.d to Eng/iIb C.",.,
I)i« of til< plag'" in Lond<Jn
Sir Ridl:.lrd Southwe ll (/516) JVbm rbi, por..-Qi, tl'M painud, Sou!Ir~.,,1I bad Iv", Jbffi/f a/SuffolK and Noifoll; for m'" pan, d'JfJiu til< [ac, !bat b, "" .... a ",,,,-jcud ,""rd=~ Holh<in (otI"ry" Q ur",in ""p/<"""'''''''' "hom ,b, man 1m,. aTln:aY', in hi< dirparri""il" "yk. 711, u",b"t~n ja1:J il<kJ1:J hi, mu,-ing moutb drat."! !b. ri"",,.', ",,,,,tion to til< J<an on hi, ,ud:
HaIlS I k>l bcin .. "1< one of two gift .... ! northern Eu",l''' ' n:ligioU$ illl"g'" came under
sons tnincd by their artist Etthcr a't:l.d in Ihsd ~nd ,tiS<Hllerne n thrt .. teocd the
lJans Iiolbein the Elder. Roth town·s food ,ul" I)". Arti,ts enT}"whcn:: we", ,rart<:<] out~. oooL des.igncrs and alu,,, .. nHs for seeling al",rn. ti,·c ,,,,,l .nd IlolI",in docid"l
the le.ding Cer,,"n I,.. in",r Frob"" offuscl. togo t() Engbnd.
but the ,~der oo}" ,~ed in 1518. In those d.}"s. lie sailed in 1526. h.,·ing perSu~dod
printerS were publisherS toO and their Er1smus to write. let",r of introduction nJ
workshops wCre m<..::ting pJ.""s fo r the Henry VII]"s Treasurer. Sir T hom .. ,\iore. in tcl le<"lu.1 eommunit}". Froben·s office Ilolbcin·s .dmission to the English Court w ..
attr1e",] ""nJ· schoh rs .nd S<) the }')ung tho: h-y moment of his career .nd ],ef,,..e long
Iiolbein met the Du",h hwn.niSl Er"mus.
Ilolbcin I",intcd his firSt officialponrJits in fusel _ of. burgo" .. ,,,,r .nd his wife - Ilut.
despite their ,ucruss. he (~dn't res"itt himself
to 1"" tr1iture. Ilc c n:: .. <:<] a 1101",1 .. SLTics of
w'''l<]bio''ks c.lled Da"a "f l"Na,b. de,ign<:<]
, .. ined gl25S. m.de mo,k:ls ~" g,~d'J11iths . • nd
p.in",d ' ,.ne religious ,ubj""'s. IlowL,·.T. in
1525 . .. the Re~Jm, .. ion 'p rc:td throughout
tho:)" h.d a=I,,<:<1 him .. their leading. niSI. ·Iogether with his ",sponsibilitic. It:.r
"" rcmonial and li::st;,·e occa,ions at Court .
Ilolbcin p,,,,·ided an """""'p.niment t()
11"1V}"·s serialmarri.ges with hi' p,,, rr.its of thc
king·s ~<"Iual ~ nd I"'''pecri,,, I" ides. Hut
these were" mere h.ndful ~mong thc one
hund n::d 0' S<'. including mini .. un::s. th .. he
I" inted in " " al.
,\nn" ofC I< ... 'cs (/1 J9) 1M Tudor p<riod ra,"'" </ imrig'" tmd <kap,ian. ' " ,bit p,,,,i, </II,,,,y
J 111'. founb ri/r, prrbap< H(J"'in did ""«JIb aI'''' rirb bit ,"rriru/wr, h/"dd hr-uJ"'T(Jku tho<. /ramn. ,blJt 'IIUtd ,il< hng ,. ",{J il<r,il< ' .. 1/" .. </ N"""',, ... " il< In.d mrt m. H,,../abora,, drm",.,IIinl.!.II,JiJi_ m f«iJupmtion.
Should tbat In.,,, w .... a d ... d H""''': .... 1ry tbt tim, il< ""d t In", Trt1T '!rnl, II .... ? 10..- mon ... "n r...tJ:r t. wmmimo.. II""'i~, p ...... ,., of hit fifth '!rift
00'
IflJ6
16H
1156
1157
lap}
1666
1667
1671
l'fU -n
1 au
1664
IU'J
1910
WINSLOW HOMER
B()rn in &mm. }IU, ..... </a bard""," ,"<reb"",
Apprmrj"d to a lirh<lgrapb<r
Spn"H rb, par in halla
B"","" m"ga=7n. il/nITTa"'r
Sm up,tudi. in N"" );..-}
Arrignd e;, .. il JI'ar ani"
Fi,i" Pari,
B'ginn:'YJrking in ,;:aw .. oIa","
Lit~J in CulkTcoatJ, England
iIIot-,.,- t. Main<
SpmM ",ort
,;:inftrf fro'" ""'" on in filorida, Bab"m", and C ...
Paintr til< (,,,, If S,n:'111
OJ,, in Prom N«k, ME
I lome. 5"ttt Ilome (/86J) .-t. a ';:1lT «mIT, Hllm<Y iii",! "monK ,b, wldi", and in rbi, piCrtir' b, alp"'r" 11 fem. 1I:irb ft.." fttkral in/am? pri:",'" at "'pp<Ttim" Tb, INmd in rb, dirt""" iT JU/'P""dly pJaying 'Hom,. St."«, Ham" Tb, ,"m', 'brogan' j,.,()lta" bnn::n. ,::bich i, bow tbry ';:<r, i,_d. SoIdi", 1. .... '"
rurp""'} '" apply ""Ill bJ«} "' limn. but aftm biNI mor. imp""iltlt du,i"
will by Ill)' 'In the future w.tcrcolours' Although \ \r,n,low
110"'''' firs, us,,) th<: m,,,~ul1l who:n he
was ~I "'ady a m'bJ ,e Htist , he signifi< ... ntly
.... i«:d thc p,,,filc of " ... trt,,~our in America.,.1
through .CI·c<11 hund ,cd wo ,b bec.me its
aclrnowl("dg.:.-d ma"C'.
1I,."c, '. Ht training consisted of
a,tist ",<::Inl exp,,)itions to the \r,rgini. fi-on t
whrte he .,.",ml>led. 11O,tf,~ io , which fo< m,,1
the ba,is ~" his fi,st iml. , .... nt oils. Unlile
Whistl ... ,.,d Sarg.'n~ 11,.,,.,,. _ ~ "'!l: n,,1 . nd
lD1ostcntltious man _ ,,,,rl,,1 ,,,,.0;,1).' in AnKm
.nd lefi- w.nt.g;.,d" Eun)]>C1n mO,,'m""" lib:
In~"",,"on i<J)) to 1",,,,,,,,1 witi><>u t him.
Ii i. carly wab;"" ~ours ("'r(llcd • p",-Cilil-
app"'ntje.:.-ship to. lith0W'I"'e ,. Once he had \\'a, rurll i<I).'1I and stl,.1 in "'ntra" n) his " ... ,
become .n illu,t"to' fo, HaYf'"'r U'"kry in "'I. )nage. Tnen I lomrt went still fUnher _ to
Ncw Yo.- l , he Stt"'''] <k:stincd nJ ",m"in so. the nonhofEngland~" twO J" "'s, in fact _.nd
1I'''R~'c " a rcar's .<signment as a O,'il \ \'H p".]u,,-,] a ",rics bas,,] in the r",hing I'ill1g.:.- of
C uDcre,",ts, S,eam rr.wlcrs hod .I re.dy begun
to replacc sm.llc, fishing c",ft , but lIome'
pc,sjstcd in ,<'Co,ding ,he old w"ys "nd
,,,,,li,i,,,,,,1 skills, "s in il/mding Ib, "',,',
He "1(JI',,1 'n Prout N<'Cl, ", .. inc , "ftL,. hi<
,"'W'n nl New Yon, It 1"-""",,, his home 6" the
,"" of hi< life , "I"''' &,." ",,,rung h<J~d,,}s un
'he NL'w England e,",s~ in the Adirond.cks "nd
Quebec, "nd .he wint,,., th .. he 'P"''' in w"n"'"
dim"', II,. "", I",in",d .he SC3 .nd its I""JI~e
"1"'''''llr until. firnDr, hi: omi'tt:d I "-"I~e Jtl
f.",ut of the ,""ness of the , JCc:I n .Ione,
Sh~rk Fishing (/885) H()m" "'ar "'" Am"ica', fmt >p<ning ani" 1m, b, did kc",", mart" </
Ik gmr',jusr "'bm tk ni",,,,,,,b.CnIruty tburro' </ ,b, J1ibJim, /",,,kap' "' .... rramform,d irlta tb, gr,a' outdoon and rk ~kaur </
manly mi'P"m,'
PIETER DE HOOCH
1629
164S(!)
B()rn in
Rotunltrm, "'" if' a bricH'Y"- muJ a mith::ifi
Studi" in Haarlnll untkr B.,.rot71f and
Ocb"n.~1t
165:2 ,\I",.,.,. to IJ<lfi, ,""n FDhritiw and Iffm,"
16H m ... .hllf pain"" and 1<n'llfIt '"
linm ,"ffroant
Just"''''/'' CranK'
165:4 Mamndaug/t," of a marUr [aim" (potury) ","hr
16Sf BrnJ,"'Im",tkro/ Ddfi guild. s'm Pi,," i, bor"
16f6 I)augb'" Anrlll j,
'"~ 1661 Mo,.,.,. to
Am"",!",", painrr IlJjlum, d"mm;,
",,"r 1667 IRa,boi.:'!'
1684 Di" in an i1Wl<u "ryln", in AnfJuniam
A Mus;",,1 p.~ rty (1m) A ",phi";,ilud inuri..; pai"u" darkly during til< artin', Am,un/am p<rioJ, and binting at tb. d«lilU of 'b.IlJjIl"'" d""," inm tlU!&JY ",'wa'''ga'''' 7],,,. j, pambJy """' ir",um;J(J "uaeb,d to tb. "1''''- "'ing ofj,=l to ,b, t:.",nllfl in rd
S <"'I''''''''CJl.h-<'rtltW)' rusnll"<:rS of Dutch
ani,ts (':1,,11: from th<: mcr-ch:.nt cbs:;es,
IBllilc o, her Eur<"C1n ""unrr;", ",hrn::
church .nd aristnc.-:>t)' ,..c", "ill tho: ",ai'.
I"tn'n<. T his meant Outrh I"intcts ",crt: he 'n ch<-.,,,, an}' germ:: _ suth '" 1 ... ·tr1irun: ,. still ~k:
- ~"thell""h'cs.
Piete, de Ilo()"h '; best genre work "' .. s
aca",~lli'hal " .. tlr in his ca" ,,::r, in Delft ",hen:
he IlK~ F>hritius (a pupil of Re mbr.ntlt) and
Ve rmeer. G il'en that Delft waS the
",anu&Cturing cent'" nfhigh qu:l.~tr len",s, it is
likclr th. t all th n:" ",,,!c uSC of • t""hn<~ogr So
al",c"';endr to hand. l -""",<s 3SSocja",d ",ith
tho: Dutch sch()<~ _ nlwn liew; .nd dom",ti"
inte,iors _ gal'C sa' pe ~" ""periments in
IlCrSl",cri,,: and ''1,ruducing l'arious ,urf.c<:s.
"'pan fn'm the well_tried "',"""a """ura (set: lug<: 198). the n: w<"t" magnifying and ",luting
len«:s, .nd ",ilTorS, anr of which could be
...."pl,'),,,d in rend<"ting ",cD"",· hrickw" .. k, tilal
""utlj'1rds, and rdlccri()f)s in gbss ,. "', .... 1. Iksidcs technical I" ofi"ien<y, dt: Hooch's
gift lar in his " ."nsitil'itr nl hu",an n: btinn,hil"
and eSI",,,i.llr, 'tho«: silent Ill<Hl'cntS
",hcn ... «Ultin.,s a n: rriggt: n:d by ..• gCStun: , •
set of tnning circum,t:tn"".', Sa(lly, de I koch'.
later J'ca, ' "''''. a d,,,li,": in his p"',,::rs. lIe ","lS
de""lSt:tted at his ... ife's death in 1667. Rut
ab-cadJ' his mo, 'e to ,\,,," ..... d.111 in pur,uit of
wcahh)' dicnts h.d bl to coarser wo.-k on •
larger seale , en'CutI:d ... ith " (b,ke, p,lettl:,
reinfor cing the feding th., de 11()"ch's grntlc
light no I()ng<::' shone.
'me CMUrtyani of ~ H ouse in Ddft (/658) Typical of tk Ho",bl- bantlJing of 'fHK' mill P"'P"'tit", 1::itb tb. long rirra
,bro"gb tb. arch and tJari"", doorT /'fi inrriguingly ajar. 711, JWw innriprion ",>tIr: '711i, iT St J""'"", ,'ai, if you ,;:j,b to "pair to fN',ima mill ,"U}:""'. Por "" '"ust [1ITl d,stmd if .. ", "'i,b '" Iv rai"d . Do" i, i""i" ""0 "''"par'
,b, c"",mud ,"o,b.,. mill cbild in ,11. du,,",d hac}: yard 1::i,b tb, "',,,"an unti" ,b, ""'" mc}: arch:ay. p .. m1 to '''P out in bff Ivrr dotb,s?
1882
1899_
"" ,,"'-'"
1906--10
1924
19JJ
/94J_ff
19H
1962
1964
1967
EDWARD HOPPER
B()rR in Nt'!!! )"T}.
J<JR"/ar¥"p"
SlUdi" iU",rra,iun al.""'t1!! );..-} w,",""aai an
,"'" SfUdj~ paiming a' Nn:> )"'} School afAn
Tbrn "para" 'ripr to EtmlfJ<, ,bj,jly to Pari,
MarTi" ]"'<pbim JimiH, N;,'i_
Bui/Mba_ ", &arb Tnm), Cap, Cod. R"""purrJ< at MUnu'""f Mod.rn An, Nn;) );'Ti
Pit·. ''P''I7l'' lTip' to M""co
E/""d '" Am"iam AGliumyofAm and LL,,",
{{mo'Pm;,', of grupbiCTa' Pbi/atklpbia
M""""'"f Art
Major n'1T{J!fp"'ti:-. ", Wbi,"'J' MUHtmf of A","iam An, N"" );..-}
;\fajor US upr'_!Il,ir, at Sao Paul" BimnaJ., Dj" in Nn., ) i.o-}
The AlKinthe Drink"r (1876) t.,.- Edg;.r Dcps !)"gaJ' im"gi1llltion accitkm,,11y tr_formro ,b, up"",tiOTIJ if "~'O </ hi, /rimds ,;:i,b tbi, pi<tUn'. Th< ,""<Jlmm il actr":t Him Allar", ,11< man a
pai"m-caJlro iJ<Jbou,in. D<gilJ parrr"!"b",, ,itting 0«1' in ,bought, 1m! d"im,d b, did iii" ",,,m to portray lb.", aT dirripaud and d'gnuud, t."bieb raj bill:! til. criria p<Tcd .. ,d 'lmn
The I"inting< of Ed ..... rd 11,,1" ..... an: tnditi"n.nd. ,isit" r n) Paris in thecarlr 1900s,
I.ndmarks of Ame rican Realis." , . lI"ppe r n: mained un,ffi:cred I')' m","ments
style he ne,,, r abmdoned hut <~d likeCubism, ju" ... heavo;dedAb"",crionbtcr
not f"lIo",' merelr in (mler to rep roduce on in AmeriC"~.
the "i,ii>le. As he said , 'No 'm"unt "f 'Amerie. seemed .wfully c rude and "' ...
skilful intcn'CJ1tion can "'I~''''' the essential when I got b,el " he admi""L J'Ct it ..... tl-.,se
elm'CJ1t of imagination.' qualities th., rooted I loppe r '. disquicting
Fiftr J'earS "1""'tC Tb, AbJjmb, O,.jnh r ,is iun , thmugh ... hich he c<Jm'eJs the SCJ1se of
from Auu"na' but D Cg">s sti rred Hoppers alienation that I",-""Ie. a "J' hig city.
a .. ", n: nCSS of ... ho t the Amt.,-ican aniSl call,,1 lniti .. llr trlin,,1 a< .n illlL<tnnlr, 11(~" t.,- "'''''
'd<'C~J'ing fm'" J"ur orih~n.1 idea', ... ith the ro" a go,_II"intcr ",chnic:tDJ'. lI ut the sell"';ty
statement: 'It ·s much bette r to dnw and harsh illumination of his "',mllO,ition<,
fn))n ... m<mo .. y. It"s • transfunnation in ... hich IlO l,..!a",d Il)' S<~C1'ln figures who at time. al" car
imagin .. ion ""Ibbonte' .. O ne "'1"o<lu"". scan:elr n)(l<e .. Ii,,, than the furniture , d", .. ·
onlr ... the n<'Ccssarr.' ,i"",'cr,; in ... ith . ",~ k"";,,, a"')(.<;phe n:. Like all
Although "Iueated In the European significant arti,ts, I lol" cr can. without a 0-""" of
sentim""talitr, m.kc p"'plc Imk at SOmc
cOO1lmonphcc im.gc .nd prt""i",: their OW"
'u""-l" i bi ~tics in the tit"" of <bily cri""""". Fur o,,:: r ~mr}'urS. Ilol" rt ",,,marricd to
Jo Nil-ison . his in'l'ir>tiun. model .nd
intdlcctual match. Jo ",as an artist h<-rsclf.
whose d''I·dol. "cnt was ,h"art,,] br I lul" rt'.
dcmands on hrt 'imc. T hey had a «u<lio
"I""",,,nt in N, ... · ",rio and ano,irr h,."c at
Capc Cod . ... hcrc Ilo l" cr "'prcsentcd thc
sun.minc as thc s<~c .ntidotc tt, mc]'ncholr.
Auto"'." (1927) br Ed",. "l llopp'" A "Y!1mm ri" a/"", ,,·itb a cup" coffi" II,. c"" only g'"'' if !bu,"pty cbair
"PP"ri" ,",am tbat 'M" 'X"f"Cting '"'""'~ or ind«d ""(Jwd ""/,,,,", !b, arrh'aJ of anyon, at aU. Pladng bn in i11l aJima,ing nr.·iron,"m' ,,·b= ","""
con"'" only ,,·itb u<nt/ing m",bi~" HopI'" mahs un "dirt""" ""d d""chmmt _ painud and imaginary _ to cw," a rimation ,,·b.,., til. ,·i.-at"
mpp(NS til. con"q'ml(~
,eo
1710
"01
11107_111
ISIJ
IflZD-Jf
If124
ItJJ4-41
1149
flU
1167
JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQlJE INGRES
B()rR in Mon"",ban, RlR of It "',kir
Srudi" wui.,. o",it/ ant/trim,b, Prj" tk Ro,",
Stud,,, and "",hin Rom" &gim ,b, odali"llM uri"
ilIarri" ;\falkl,in. CbIlfJ'U,
Studi" mill ""rhin Plorn/a
{{"ur'" to Fnma
Dirmor </ hroth AGliumyin /Wm,
In ,,,,,tinll"} d,,",mdfor
portrai"
Tkatb "f Mad,kill<
Ma"";" fklpbiTl< Ram,/
OJ,, of [»Im,""";a in Pari,
Loui s.Frm,,-ois Bertin (tk'ail) (/812) S,,,,,J in il ,impk chair agaiTl51 " Alh<T backdrop. B<rrin til. /lJUntkr IVId t/irroor of tb, Journal des D<'b,,-<, 'PitlR"j=~ ,b, lilm-Ill bourg""'" and mah/i,bmmt. Tbj'mp<rhly tklinw,d por!rait it ",,,,jt/.,.,J '"""f,b. fimst of rb. ni"numb ""fUry IlfId «"'Qimy a <TTJ;;:~ing QCbi"~,"m' by InKY"
Jean_Aug",« DOl1unJ'l"" lngn::s ",ade hIS reputation In I" )<tr.;,,,,,, , although he
bc),c,,,d that hIS"'!) painting wou ld bring
him losting r{"(,('gni.ioll. I h'ing won the l'tix <k: Rome, he li,·,,1 in Italr ~" SL~"<"JUL"n re:lrS,
'{"turning nl Pa," in 1824. ThtTC he found little
in C""unOn ",i.h hi. F"'nch "..."e"~)o.-,,ies,
",ho h.d mc:tn",hile 'h",a,h,,1 the a"""phcre
of Romm.ici.m·. Ing'es C1l1ed hi' }'".mger
,i, .. I, Dd"e roix, ',he "po,tle of ugliness'. In retalia,iuf), Dehc",ix deda,"] Ingres had '00
imagina,ion 31 .11'. Indeed, Ing,e. had nO
instinct ~" nart'l,i,,, and hi. Sct IMetts ,ufl',,. ~"
i •. Up do"' , the", is a mOSS of info.- m.,iof) but
no {,(lnnccting energy.
He h,d a houtgt'n;. mentt~.y, and rL~ his
",nth "''':'al, as Ihuddai,e admi",,!, 'a dttl~J'
"'n'uoUS na,ure'. Thi. i. ",hy Ingres i, so
admi",!. IIi. IMcru",. a'" p.in,,,1 wi,h .mazing
phy,it .. li.y: and he ", Iishes c''''Y dett~ of h"
wc:tkhysittets' d o. hes and ;'::",dle,y. A ,ul" .,ne
cxaml~e i.Mad",", ,\fai_i"in h<:, no",lg"wn ,
",hich ,,",l .wel", }'c:tts nl p,in'. lIe.- li,tle
,t.ugb"" ".,IS to h"'e been included in 'he
pOtn-,i" bu. she had grown up hy .he ,ime
Ingres finished.
Ingn:s "'bJmed to R,. ne as Di",ct,.o' of the
French Academy in 1834. Aw"y from 'he
COn'ttn' cri.ici'm in J>.ri., he un .. 't'lpl",1 hi. nbu f,,< .c:tching. Like hi. own .ut,,,, David,
he "h"C1,ed dt'l"'ing abm" all: 'If I h,d nJ put
a sign "''', my do<,,-, I would wri,e "Sthml
"f Dra"'ing" and I'm certain ,ha' I ",nuld
<Tc:t'1: p.in"'ts
Thd i s Imploring J upitc' (/ S 11) in tbi, iUU!trlllion from Ho,",,"', lIi.d, "n,,,;, MI:' Jupit,," '" "pair tM
Gruh'injusri" '" 1m- '"" Acbil/". InKY" elF'" Th"i, in ,I!< familiar mould "an ,/onK"ud odali"l"', bff body <un.~d arIJUnd ,I!< ",lid arcbiuflllral f'KIlr'
,ba' i'Jupiu~ Mnm,;:bik,Jupit""' imp"i()U! Pal, botb «IxJ" Ingr" ' Nroc/ameal 'na,,,,mt o/N'I. )I"Jn I (/ S()6) and fon,boo""", tl!< Al'".hro,;s
uf l ],. ncr (/827)
1866
1886-92
189f
/90/-04
1910
1911
1917_20
1921
1924
192f
19JJ
" ..
WASSILY KANDiNSKY
B()rR in !II",,,,,, .. RlR if a "a ,""cbimt
Srudi" Iir", and "OII'I,"io at JI/",.-"", iJnit",-riry
VITj" 'mp,.,.,i""is, ,,,,bib,,,,,,,, d«nn '" '" a painu,-
FGII"ib Phalanx Trm.-,/J to Italy, N"b.,.mrllJJ "nd "'""hAft-iea
Pa;n"{lITt ahnnut in tra,=oIOtir
C<>--foutllb D<T Bbuc Reiter ;;,irb Mar,
MarTi"Ni"" Nicolay"''''' Andnyrt',J:aya, birth if run VTn.,",od W...-h in ill",.."", at Propkl Co,","iNlrialof
Eduazti""
iJ<a,b if ron Vm:dod uacoo at &rlin Baubaru-
Co-foarllk m.ue \r,.T rj,b f,illing<r, Jm::l<tI5/:y and K,"
Mo,." ,;.';,b Baub/lUIto 0<"""
Mo,-,.,.", hall« 1::bm Nciulo" BaubilUJ"
OJ,, in Nrnilly_ mr_S';M
The Dre~m (191I) ",,'Fran,'\\arc Man- marly at.::i1jJ indud,d ""i,"lllY in hi, "it,d picttlln for him, animal, "f"""",Nl lb. in_rna and harmony ,;.'i,b "'",,'" ,ba' human kh'gJ bad las!, ilrId b, firmly hd;"',d !ba' ar' _Jd bridy rb, rIa",,,,1 and ,b, rpiri"",1 "",ilk. Marr m<d in bank a' J"n/UJI in 1916, O"'"f biJlilJl "...-h, Fighting h )( m<, m"'~f rrJ1::anJJ abstraction untkr ,b. in/hurl" </ KnndiRSJq. Tbt! ""0 uri"" roHaboraud on Oer Shu" Reiter almilrl",and .xbibitiom in 1911 and 1912, Tb. profi",d d"i,.. </ lb. group "'ar to ~ ''''bind lb. t ,.i1 </ app<ararlt""
WOSsil}' K~ndinsk}' could hear
colou rS. T his condition _ known
OS sJTI.~"hc<ia - ,..os keY''' hisar~
and he c,'en named SOme of his p.intings
'in~)J("'is:ltions' . 'l}'riCiI' and 'coml""itions' os
thoub'" they were l,;ettS of music, K"'(~rbk)'s
pionttring (J.:,,,lolw,,cnt of . hstr.<1 p.inting
1,,,.,llthl his n",,1 to exp.-ess colours .nd ~"'ns OS
if theJ.· wen:: phJtl<,,1 fr()011 the "II"e air thmugh
which «JUll<1 w'l'C< ",,,,,I. Hc a'pin:.-o:l to 'pun::
I"'inting' th., ""ul.1 bring"'" ""'wer tn the <:Imr::
<.'In(";(lIl" thru;h(~d os I"tming nJ a S}11lIhlll}'
'C(~()ur is the kL'}'. Thee}" is the halluner:rn.:: soul is the piano with its m.n}' ch<lflls, The an"t " "'"
hand th.~ 1»' nHJthing th" ()( thlt key. setS the «>uI
'ilnting 3lJn"" ,.ic:llly.'
Kandinsky ,,'OS thirty before he began to
p.int .nd }" t I ... ".me (lIle of the mo.t ()(iginal
.nd inn""nti.1 aniSlS of the tw<:nti<1h ttnrury.
In 1901 he 1,,1 an a,.,nt_pdt nl<,,"n"'nt in
,\l unich CiDed I'hal.nx. lI<lth a schm l .nd.
«"'i<~y. it .in",d ~" fn::e(~"" fr, ,,,, • n ",,"(kIllY_
domin. ",d art wo.-Id.
K.ndinsky h.d • long_ten" rdationship
with 'lilt of the Ph.l.nx studmts . G .I)( icle
,\lunter, whose "ision and "-'I",rimen"'tion
innuenttd hi. style dramatically. Up to the
oud"''''k of ,..'lr in 1914. whm K.ndin,ky h.d
to leal'e Germ.ny. ,\lunter ''"is prc<ent .,
crucialmon",nlS in his Can::<'I': his firSt .b"rl<1
I",inting, and the ~)unding of the Express;lIni"
iNt- 81"", R.ju,. (lIIue Ride,) grou p with F rlnz
M.re (1880--1916), She led him to .n
appr",i.,ion of child .n. which K.ndinsky
beli<~'<,<1 offer"l. (k:<" >I,;,;tual unde"'t:tnding
through which all hun13nkind might gmw.
Impression '; (19 11) br Was,;lr Kan(~n,kr IVl1uJimryi- rryl, t..".,./m"J on ,b, lWn _
"f'T'"",,,,i<JnaJ pro!'"ri" 0ff(lm and co/our. UJ,J '" 'X'f''''' ,b, full "mg' of bi, ,",,"ori,,, "moriom
and imaginarion
1741
170
1761_6f
1766-81
1768
1781
1807
ANGELICA KAUFFMANN
B()rn in Cbur. Jaugbu,." a mitral painu,-
Fa,"ily mot', '" Sdr.::ar.:lm-g (""11> Atl51riaJ
T,.",-.iJ '" Rom" Mila", 1m;"" Napl" and florm«, finally
jolnr Sf LtltaT
A a"k1l1j. /{(I/'"
Mo,-,.,. Ii' EngllVld. marri,s Ant""io Zllrrbi. a Jm..till1l pain" .. "" .ring ,;:itb ,b, Adam broth.,-,
F(Junbr ,",,"Iv,. "[ l,,ndon, R.lyal ACtu]""y,;:itb RrylWltlJ
R"""", t. rUn ma:=fol r1lU/i" in Rom,
Di" in /{"''''
F:.m ily o f Feruinmd IV (/7SJ) An ",·",,, .. dillllriiy larK' painting in t::bim ,b, r"1"/ f","i/y "[Sicily and Naph "pp<ar Jifrriu, p""d ilgai_ a iandrrap< Tarb ... than ,b, ricb inu,.ior " a paN"" Bringingtbildrm up in ,b, fr"dom and h<auryof rtlral mrroWU/ingr j, a njlmion .flb. pbil<N!pby "iJ,,,n-]ac'luu Ro __ au
AngdiC. Kauffillann "' .... a I",'(""'o>n:ll Im;«,] to L>n<~>n ",,',he "ife "fthe English " om'n in the age of the a"",,,."ur and Al1lb:l<S3.,k" in H . ..,i"". s"" p";nt,,d numerous
the fi",~ n) cho.llrngc s<riou,lythe m.le ponni,s in her first J'ca r - One sittt:r "''''' the
d,. "ina,iofl of history l>linting. Dc::'1,in: Iwing famous actor .nd ,heatre ",.nager, ])a"id barr,,1 fn. " d ... ",ing ,ho:: m.le nude_ Ofl ",hich the G arrick _ until she h.d sufficient funds to I>ur
"'mt:ntiofls of hi,,,. y p.inting n:,tt:d _ she her own house and ""uld 'urn to history
under ... "", S<"'I"",I J'calS of 1""I"""~>n in Italy p.inting. Promnt"j by Joshu. RL")'nolds,
IlCh"arr~inginLofl'~)f) "'theageof''''''''''y-fi,,:. Kauffm.nn bttame • fOlmder m':I"her of
A< a child pmdigy. Kauff,,"nn 'poL" ~Jur L')f)don's Roy.'! Academy of An , contribu ,ing
iangu:tges, piay"l music. nd abmt: all ,he coukl no k:w<r than four da,;siClI C<lO"p,>s itions.
p.in~ c<lO"I~eting h<r first """u"ission"j "" . l Zuffany 1" intI:d 711, Awl""iaa"'"f,b, Royal
at the age of ,wel,t:. She , ... "cOed widely ",ith Acwlmry in 1772 to ",,,,u,,e,mr.tt: ,ho:: o"":lsion.
her fa,h<r, filling in the b:u::kgllJuntis nJ his lrllfliCllly, it ,,"" dt:cid,,1 that ,ho:: "lCmllClS we n:
mu ... ls. She "'>ntinu<,j to m::..::i,,, "",u"is,ions to be ar ... ngt:d around. nude male ,,>odd. so in
and est! bl i,hed. "'I", .. tion in h<r '''''n righ~ ,.,icr nJ include tho:: 'wo w,."en aCl,k,,,ici'n< _ following 'he NeoclassiC'.1 example of ,he ,\hry ,\Io",r and K.uff""nn _ ZofEtnr
G erman p.in,er ,\I enp.
E.ii>.:.li>eth IhrtlCJ' ~s Ilennio nc in A Wi"u,.. .. T,,/, (c.lnO) E1i=<llNtb Hllrrlty "'ar ,,,,, </ lb, ,"oFt c&hr"ud actr,,,,,",, Ib, LIkId"" "ag'. and 'P"ia/i;:rd in tragic Sba«?arian btrtJind. Muffm""n '"Ilk" tl!< '""'t
ofb,r ftriking rro bair, Imt "'i,hom a bim </ ,I!< cll/lip/,xi"" ,bat Hartlty b",,/f d=ril!<d grapbiCilUy III '/r<d/,d al a tlJlld', 1!<1Iy"
'"
1862
1876
1886-91
1892
1897
"" 190J
/90'i_1I
/907_8
1911
1918
GUSTAV KlIMT
B()rll in Ballmgarun ••• m of a gold "'K""'''-
Enrou at Sobool"1 ATn and C,.a/n, V;",,,,,
Pail", t"llrj"", <(J,","imam for "ih'nK' and ,"urld,
D<atboffatb.r and broth,,.
B""",,, jim Cbai,man " V;",,,,, &",';011
W;", gold ""tlnl at Uo.-Id', Fair. Pari,
Vi,;" R,,' .. rnrlll
r-d" for BFarllin. Iff""';"
Rmgm from S«:",ion, hroJ,"" ",mllNro[ Vi""",,. JI'<.o-hb.:f, cr.aUf
til< Sn.clct friel.<: in Bru,,,IT
Pai""Th" Kiss
Pirn pri=:L at
I"'"""rio""/ Ar' Exhibition, fill""
Dj« of pn",,,,onia afura J1fllJ... in Vim""
J udith II (dn,,;!) (/909) Th< 'Kunsrxball' marhd /(Jim', /uxl",bip "iT nru ",,,t"'"mt, "fur iT diJPuU ,;:j,b ,b, &"XIionim. Judith II if in ,b, J"gmdsril (C,r",an arr lUi"'..,"') mod. 1m, ,!xm" If""' injl""''' jf-"," Scbi&', drl1!::jng, ,;:hich Klim' pony ad",",,}
AlcadingCXI'OfK"Jl'Ofartm)lJ\'C1u,"mng which he ",,,.ts c,'crl"hing: And .lthough anti-<,<)ns",.,~ti,'e \r"'nn' Se""ss.;c.,istS, Schiele I.,e, res,~,',,1 his own ,,~our handling
Gust'" KI imt fn:'luentlr I","'olcd h).' difli:: ",nt mcan<, he toO ""!S iml" "",,,1 when
antagon istn. T heEm pc:mrJirln'JoM'phll",'cn he first 'a", Klimt's "ork at the 1908
fo.-hade hi' dri,'crs to go 11<t'" a nr I~""e sf.)"ing 'Kun' .. <chau '. Klimt help,,1 the p)unger man
SectS,ioniS! an. The obicction, wt"I"C not n) c<)n,id<rli>lr 0"" t1'l<: nen twO rca rs.
Klimt'. sLOnpt uou. use of gold and Rp..1ntino:: Far fmm Paris. Klimt 'pem e,c,y ,ummer at ornamentation, hut to the borelr ron"".I,,1 t1'l<: Attt:rset: _ Ausrria'. bigg.::st lake. He hmd
emtici'm in his Ixt intings. the bnd'c"pe inspiring, and ..-..nl: of his best·
Klimt's effect on other artistS .. "1< mOre kro"TI ""rl; wen: Ixtim,,1 the n:, inch.J(ling Th<
pos~i,'e. lie himself had b<"n influ<:n""d br the IVIT. Klimt's won.s on cam ...... en: c<. nlxtr1t;"dr
Swiss Hooler, who r<~urn,,1 the c<)ml~ imcnt li::w, he n:g;rded himself mOfl' OS 3 mUr1~st ,
s:t}ing: 'I Jo,'e his f""""es .. the fn:"I,." w~h ... hich had hecn his prime rnub:: n) ,u",,",ss.
Three Ages o fWo "", ,, (/905)
Th< ,btu ag<' r'f"",,,,,ting lb, ryd, </ lift an "' in a "a of "'k',,, buMI", Th< figll,",~ ,b",,,,k-,, an 1m"" d_1y rurroundd by rbap~ uJhrting Klunr 'r in,"'"
in Ib, ,.ima of miiTobio,"gr. A li"k ""arcb "uaIJ Ib, rbap" jI(Ji1,ing aho,~ ,b, )'ltmg<r .:o,"an ",,,nbl, ,o/ooi" of INxtm'll, ,;:bi!, ,b, old..- <III< nantk ",nid
,b, doogaud pro"'=:.Ja IIDoaaud ,;:i,b tkatb and d""'"l-itioo
'"
14f2
140
1464
1472
1477_82
1482
149f_98
1499
I SOJ-06
I f06-12
HII
HI6
HI9
LEONARDO DA VINCI
B()rR in Vinci, ,,'" afa notary /",b.r and ",am'" ,"otb.,.
Tum to I"." ,;:;,b fatb<r in Norma
Appr""icd to
",/dia "f J "",,m;{J, ,;:itb GbiriaJUJio, B(Jfritini, PfftlgiTI<J and di Cmlj
BrnJ,"'I ",mbra! S, L ,,*,', Guild
ErtabJi5b.r 01:.'11 "lIdi. ,;.'i,b iII,did parrorlllg'
Mo,.,.,. to ,our, </ Du!< of Mil"n. Pai"IT \r,rgin of the Rods
Pai""Th" L3St
SUI,lt ..
Tnn-,/J to Marl/till, I~Jlj""
FlornlCl! and Romllg1lll
R"""", to
florm", Pai"" ,\Iofl' Lis.aji.o-hal/aJ<ll tkl Giocotloo 1m, k"p par1Tai,
Fund! king off= pam"'ag' in AWarl. Pain" mvnJ \r,rgin of the Rods
Tr", .. d, to papal court in R_, R"im to hnu:b (ourt in .'Imhof"
Di" in Amboi"
LI Snpiglim (I 50S) A ddiea" 0<1 rtudy. p"bap" Maoorma, h",,,'11 IlTTne Lady with Dish",·dlcd I hir
L C()fl""~) ,b \r,nci ".a;n"hsanan;,und
craftsman hut ,"lon 1".",,,<1 himself, sci"",;" os ",ell. It is no. known w"tTI:
he learn"j cnginttring: he might e,"n ha,-e
taught himself the b",s of mcchanics, His
notl:l.-.oks "',"al the '{,(' pc of his or igin'lity"",1
a n: full of exquisite dettil. E,"rything is in It.lian b<"CilN: Leonanlo Iack{'(1 Latin, ",hich
"",,, I,,(.b,bly an a(h-ant3gt: sinc<: his "",k w"ls
mot<,1 in h" own ollscn~tion nther ,han ,he
tc:tching; of othcrs. Not a II LCOfla"~,'S idc:t< ",e", sucressful, Ii i,
ch, rktl:ri«ic de,;tt of ifumata ('in thc manner
of ",, (.ole) depended on slow, ca reful
modula,ion of lib"'t and shade _ tt, LCOflar<k,
strung C(~our Contras's confUscd thc eyc -
wherc:ts rr"d~ional method. of fresco I"inting
'<-quirt,1 'apid wo .. k Ofl w{"t pla"er, So LeOfla,,~,
d<~ 'cI(1,<,1 a new {'(. "I"", ,,,I tt, I" o"e ,he waD f, ...
Th<UmSuP/'". Unfonun.tl:~·. it nci,ho::r held thc
p.int "' ... pn,,,-,,,,-,I i, fr"on ,mi'tllre,
11"",","r, ",hat ,emains of thc fn:sco
,it""",«,",,,,, L<"na"lo's al, ,,,,,ch nJ {,(M,~)("'itiOll . R;thcr than I~acing C hrist and the
al"",dcs in a >tri<:t r"w, he wouped thL,n ""runDy,
Clch gt:"uring in rc:t<:tinn to 0"",. ",. .... ,><:nt th., Ofle of ","-", ",ould S<)(jfl betny ho", T he w.y
that ,he 'I""'" al" c:trs to ",,,,,it behind Ori,,!;
""'-d ". cla",i" =,,~~c of ("""I"~ nt PL"TSI><-'Cti,,,. Lee ••• ,,10 is Ofle uf 'he g n:atl:« I'" intcrs .nd
"",st ,""a,ile gt:niu<es In hi,,,,,y: ,hc
.... "b<. limL"nt of 'he Eur(1)<":t n Rcna i"",nc<: , II is
p.rticip"iofl in a deb"e ., murt , hetween
r'l>rcsenn,i"e< of the artS and scicntts , is
"'llOrtl:d .dmiringly h)' Va",ri: ' [he ] silene .... 1 the
IL":tm<,I. nd {'(", founded the li,-elie" intellect :
The \rorgin ~nd C hild with St Anne (co 15 W) 711< rr""," "hfr jI(f"~'J from 'k kiNI of 51 Ann< d"""n tbrough ,br" K"'tratu- in an intrrau n::irring manna .b"""n ... """'r1I' '''''''
1290(')
11 19
1125(')
1127
1111_12
I H7_J9
1148
AMBROGIO LORENZETII
B()rn in Sima, ywngt'r brotlm- of til< aniIT PinTo
R«(Kdd a, Iit-ing in Sima
PainlJ fr=- fo.cbap'" hou" ofS. Fmn",,", Si"'a
Enurr tb, ,,,,ild at FIorrn"
Paintf fr'xot!, in ,b, Pala=o Public. QtSima
Oi""f tb, pJagl« in Sima
The Life of S.int N ichol. s ofB~ri (d"ail) (c.lJJ]) AI hirbop of Myra, S, NidNJla, if ,bot:.", "" .. ing tb, "",,,,from f"min. by mira"""""'y Jryingand mllltiplying ,b, filCh oft:.·bw ,bat
blMl fall", in'" tb, ""
The,e an: k w hard IiIcrs a,~ibhlc aoollt
Am b"'gio L"" nz<~ti. It " "".<\, liLdJ'
that he ","", a p"pi l of Duccio. n'gnhe r with h" (~(k:, hrn, ho::, PiL~"': and ho:: is Imown n,
ha,,: I" id "' Ic,,,, twO cxt{"["hl ,·"its to ]o1o",r'I<'t:
fi-, . " h" "JIl>l: in Sic",. lIe ".,,, dearly fa",iliar
no' on ly "i,h the wo rl of Giono bu t al<o:) thot of
G iono's 1·1orcnt;"" ,u"""-,,,<,rS; and he is I"" bol~y
""Iu"ihle~" ""min Sic""", inilu<"Iltt:s on ,ho::
an of I~o n:n,". I'.nirularly in the a"'" of ,.,,,11
de",, ;onall';""''''''
Both Arn h<ogio and I'ictto n:nd towards nar rH;"e ra,hc' th.n deco",,;,e wo rk: and
Amh"'gio - 'he mOre in"m,i", of thc twO _ is
he,,_known ~" his fi-cs<x>l:s in ,he grand cou ncil
chamber of Sim • . dealing with thm,cs of W)(. l
and h.d w""rnmmt and 'heir cfkcrs on b"th
urbon and rural life. II " delightful srenes a n:
{"[am">l:d with inci(k:nt .nd an:hitcctural d<~ail.
T hey an: 'he frr" p'norlmic "icws (}If town and
cou"t'Y sin"" das.ieal times. and dernln"rlte
tho:: n:""rbhle cun t",l of Str""OJ n: . 'I"ce and
(~st:l.""e achie",d in I tI ~a n p.inting a' this time.
",·ith Am brogio:lS an ad"an,,,d "1:1"{"[. ·ll..:: L, n: nz<:tti ho::ot hcrs to,th died in thc
gr .... J, plague of] 348. which killo::d two ... thi,ds (}If
tho:: 1"1,uhtion of Sien •. indu(ling • g ",at many
of 'hc c()nrr,~ ling a"s"){"["1<)·.
The Effects ofGoooJ Go..-crnm<:nt in the City (J."'if) (/117_J9) Thi, d,,,,il a/fortb a g/im!= "f "JI!ryd", lift in " t:."/I_g",·,",,d city. !II", Qnd
tr"m'" rid, about on m,-,,/mck, a ,bop IT/nub op'" f llr In"i",,, and il1l
i"'''-''''ng p"rrion oftb, t"",n armi,,,,,,,", ;, r,,·,al,d, fiJI oflmttkmmtJ and boleoni,,- Althougb Sin'" ri:",g,d Flo,,,,,, in pr"'P"ity at til< tim, of
p"iming, it i, prolmbly an jdroliud "prumt.,illil to eontr"" ,;:im tb, '/mJ g",""m",,,,' jr.Jro in tb, """' cba"br. ,botring a dty d"'a"""d by f"m'n.
and mlln<Ut"r fallingfr.- 'Il< 'ry
I SS7
,,"-'"
190f
1906
1907
1908
1909
19 10
1911
1912
/ 9/1
1914
AUGUSTE MACKE
B()rR in iI/,xb.d.,
ron "I a ,neil min"r
Srudi" ar' al Dii",/t1Jrf AJ:i>d,,"i.
VITj" Italy. Anmd, Biaiin ,,,,bib,!.,,, in H,jddkrg
Vi,;" B,Igi/,m, Nnb..-/alUJ, and
Likloon.
Vi":,, Pari,. influmadby 'mpr",.mirtI. M",.,.,. to 8.,.1111, f1Iuli" untkr Corintb
Vi":,, /Ullyand Pari,
MarTi" EJifllil<,b GN"bard,
Birrb<!_ JI'iJ,,~ ill"" Marc. ]m;:kmry and K","Jimryin
M"nith·1"'''' Dcr Rhuc Rei""
MU/J Ernn and KI« in B(Jt/R
Vi,;tJ Ddau""y in Pari, ,;,j,b Marr
Binh if ron Ji'''''JK''''g in Bonn. Vi,;, fro.n !"Rla"""y and ApoOiTllli"
VITj" Tun;,i" t."i,b 1<1«. Dj" in hatt/. at P"1b.~·I"_ Hurl",
Pie rro! (/ 9/J) AJ'b<JUgh gmmdly Fllttt'ist inbi,ro/iJluingand Cubi" in fix'"' 111...-,1-,. bad RiJI Y" bad "m, to "mlni/a" aU 'k ;"fI"n/in k biNI ", .. UrIU,-.,}
during hi, In"' Ii .. parr ii' Il paint"
Auguste Macke w .. s Iud)" enough t() particularly s}"lll'"he,ic to the c<~ ()."
min)" financial s<"CUri'r. and waS ~Iw .. y< harmonies of the O 'l'hic Cubist Delaunay.
ITtt to study and tr,,·el. l ie ~I<" Vin .... ! '\\"cke nlOk an independent line with the ~n
the p"ronage of his wilf,'s unde , lkmha,d "fhis time . I Ii. inll:""" wCTe figur."i,·e n"'· .....
Koehle" in return for ad"is ing him on hi. m}sticol , u<ing !'ight colour in b",.d outlin .... ! a"c"lI",tion. a,cas , and s<'m<~imes avin" a multicolour .... !
,\ladee fir$! S3w Im pression ist p.intings in mO'.ticin the"rleofDcbunay. Pa, is in 1907. Then. in ,\ Iunich in 1909, he m.... On E ... ",r ,\Ion(by, 1914, KI<"t: ""d ,\Iade
Kan.Hnsky and ,\ la,c , "J'~Jundc rs of the a, rin,1 in the Tunisi"" ,m.ge of Sidi Roo Sa id. Exp",«ioni" group /"Nr Blau, R,jur (RI uC ,\ lade sl .... ch,,] the ou,,"de of ~ cofe befo.e they
Rid ..... ) ""d wotied with them to 1''''1''''' the hurried on elsewhe"' . Six mon ths b ll: ' he was
alman.c ~"thei , firSt exhibition. \""~hin. fL'w kill,,! in action. I lis friend ,\Ia ", _ who would
rca,s , through f«-quent tr.",1 and pe ,sonal mttt the same !itte two )"C3.rS on _ w,nt C this
"'nt""'S, ,\ lade h.d cn",wltCTed e,cry m'ior '1'i"'I"" ' \ \ <: p,int<1"S Imow .. he V"e ~ br ib<ht .....
modern ~" o"""lIlen!: the F,en<'h Fa",·e. .nd pure , sound to "'lour than any of
(i,..,luding '\\21 isse), the Cuhis11l of Pi",~sso a nd us, he V"e it the dar.y and !'ightncss of hi.
R'"'que , ""d the Itali.n FuturistS. I le,..os wh(~ebeing.'
Worn"" in ~ GreenJ~""ct (/9/ J) Painud at Ld:, Thun in S;;.'ir.Lrland. ,hi, f","{JUS picttlr, ,hm::, a parriculnr/y
,,,,,itit-, tmd harmoni"", arTflng,,"m' of fix'" and cdiJRr. /, i, ",,,,in ,hat ..IIaa, "wid hat-' """tn, a paw-anir1 ifb< had rnn.-;,-ro. A.- Marr ,aid:
'II", hi, frimdr, ,,-, h"," ,,-ha' prot"i" ,hi! man of gmiu, UfT"/y bo" in him. '
1898
1912
1916--18
1922
1925'
1926
1927_29
19JO-4O
19J9-4S
19H_f7
1965'
1966
1967
B()rn in UIJi~;, ron of a 'ail ...
IIIo,kr comm;t' JUiatk
StudS" at A auJi",;' tkr B,aux_ArIT, Bru=lr, iNcom,r wIRm"aal arrirr
Marri" GfiTgm, B<rp. Impirro by Cbiri(o', T he Song of Lm'e
MUIT Dadai"" 1l'orkn:.'i,b Arp, Sdrr::irrffJ, T""ra and Man {{ay
Pain" T he Lo" Jortcy
Lit~, in Prune" m"IT Ernrr, /Jali,
B I'm", and EJ "" nJ
{{mum to Bru=lr. Stunalirr ,bal.." in Pari" [.""don. N"" )0'*
Cbang" painting Jry/" Imt r,,''''IT
Pa;n" r~'ofr'xo rycln in Krwkh ... 1,_Zu, and Cbar/""i
{{m''''f''cm'' a' MUH"'" of Motkrn An, N"" );,'*
B'gi", "wpm", </ paintinW
Di" of panOUfae (ane" in Br"",1r
Fa ntom:.s po<ter (19]5') Tb, ParI!Uma, ApJ=aarion Soci,ty "'/J' f",mOO} by ,b, a,-ant_gam, p<Xt Apollinam in 1912. {{"" Magri'" and bi, brotb..- Paul ,bar.d /J p=ion for ,bdianto,"'" fibm, ,b.n::n in 19 /J and 1914 and ba"d on tb, na:',hbySo"'~rrH andAllnin. Tk jieriona} "";,,,;na} hmlm' a "'ure, _fimpiration for Magri,,, and oft'" JUgg<rrro bi; choi" of ,i'/,r
Unllkl: mO" of hOI fdlo", SurrealISts
Rene ,\lagmte ~<k'pt<d .n
una5$wllIng, .... ther dullllfcs'J II: !l>c
docs the e,;<k:nce of our Own eJ'es
mL-an an)""" n: ?
Hut Magritte will not let uS dodge this
lowpmfile ""JS his "'''rof ensuring that he m.... o.,slaught , nor allow anr sit ... tion to ",main
with as little interfen:ne<: as p",;sibll: whilst blindlr a=I" '-'<1. lie m.nipula",s time , sc:tle
cone<:nrr.,ing 0., thl: Surrc:tli" n,k of 'barring .nd ,;ewl.,int "1'C3 ",dlr. lie turn< night into
fmm J"ur mind all n:n", milo-ane<: of wh., J'ou dar. li e offerS mirmr im.ges th., show the
h,,'e ""n, .nd Ilring alMrs 0., the lookout~" n:",rSe of what we exp"ct to sec. lie <:reateS wh., has nner bern ' . ';SttS through win<k,,,,· framcs ju.<laposed with
T hl: rricLs ~nd puns I><esent,-,<I in M'h"it""s <"nva",S, ,ugge,ting the I )()ss.ibi~ty of finding paintings communicate on a b,d th., threc_diml:nsion~1 ",.Iity through the A.,
CO., tcml. ' .... ')· ,;ewerS undcrSnnd "''). well. surf.e<: of. picture: J' .... the "icwer muSt sec th.,
We know th., thing< an: not al"'''rs wh., th!)' it's ~lImcrelr I" inted. 'E,,,rJ"hing ,," sec hides
Seem because we are suLiected dailr to another thing , wc al"'''rs "'''nt n, s.,,, wh., is
thou., nds of Il",di'_gmerl ",d images. \Vh., hi<klm br wh., wI: sec .'
The I ""1'f'Y Donor (/966) Magri'" 1::a, ah::ap to""i"", tbat tbinK' ba'~ a flip rilk n-m mor, <uri"",
,ban ,lvir /acalk. In oro'" li' rmd<r rb, 'Jar}' ,ilk ,.iJibk, ",-.,-al 0/ iIIagri,u'rr«urring m""ft ar< arrrmb/,d bu.: l"r.:I",ba",d iIIr A1-<rag<, tb,
m,IodS"", (0,-",,1/ (,;:i,b a_iat<tJ cb«Y) imtI tb, n-ocat;'-' bol= at r.::iligbt_
B,ing/ooI,d allo,," '" to 'cbifi our g""', '" rlv pbilOJopbn u,am "7""", t. n-mnmlly '" rbingr for 1::bat tINy uaDy ar. by ,,,ing ",bat ,b'Y ually arm't
2
1878
1897
190f_1O
1911
19H
1918
1919_12
1922_27
1926
1927
1927_29
19H
KASIMIR MALEVICH
B()rR in K/rJ,
roR"f Q fiXrory fimmml
Srudi" at Kin! SdJooI "[An
In M""OIr, rrl<ilj" Imp",il";,,,", Cuhi5manti Fam.'j,.",
iJ<'igm "IT muJ CI,m,,"" for \r,C!O.Y (JI'LT
,hI: Sun
&bihi" ,;:irb Tat/in I1nd Po"",'a in T,mfF'::ay V' and ,1xr~'J iliad: Square a' '(). W'
PainIT \Vhi,c On White
UacM at V,,,dJd:
An 11151;"'''
uiXb.,a' Lmingrad AcatkmyofAm
PuNirooThc World os 1>1<..'1-Ollje"';,;')"
V,silI Qnd ",hili,,, in Jinnat.7and B<rlin. iIIm, Arp, Gak, lL Corbwi..- and Sd,,";,un. Vi":" GropiUIill 8nub","
""«b,, at Ki", S",,, Art insriruu
OJ''"f em'a.- in Lmingrad (lWI!' SI P",,,lmrg)
Three Li ttle G irls (1928_12) AJ'bwgb painml in Ib, p.,.iod if S(}(ia/in l{,aJi,.", imp"ud by Sw/in. !b", ,btu figur" ",IN> til. old Sup,mati" formaliti,s and '""1 Ill", "for dir«t/y iNK} '""'" if Ma/" .. icb', 'Mli'" ""rh, !b, )'1()wcr Girl" 19M
K"'illlir ,\1abich <lid not attribute an)'
usc: Or I''''l)(.<\c to an .nd it ,,~s his belief th:u arti,,,, ,hou ld be ,piritU:lII)'
ind<l,,,,,d""t in ,,,,Ier n, erc;tc~. Sttning with
simple d", ... ings, h" gI',. "erric "lU:l"', CmS<
and rccHngle WC ", intcndcd to show the
'su p,cm'<)' of ~",,,s·. MaJe,'ich initiatcd
SUI"",,,.,i,m in 191 J with his,;c", and ""tum'"
f,,, the Futurist '1>< ... a Fi,,",), ",-.,- til. Sun, ~" which One of the h""kclot hs '''"is a hl.do .nd
white "lU:lre. lie 6n.Dr exhihit,,1 the i"",ic
Bmd: Sq"""., the '0.10' ,how in Petrog",d in
1915. Three }'urS I.,cr, he produccd his
f'mous Whir. on Whir. , 1<iding • m},,,ic
'nnoun""m""" '] h"" cmergI'd into white.
Beside me , conlrlde pi lo", ... swim! Tbe f",e
... hite Sc; , infinity, lie< hefore }'uu.
This StatCment 'nticip"ed Minim.lism by
6ft)" )" .rS.
P''''t.re",lution, the }'oung S",;et Union
,;cemcd fertile ground Ii" .niSls , .nd
SUI''''m .. i'm became the Slrle Ii" e,c'l~hing frum 61m l'0stcrS to """mi", .nd tcxtilcs.
,\tob'ich,. man ()fgr<~t ch.n" and. brilli""t
v
'I",.kcr, held le.ching ],ostS in ,·",iou,
in"i,u,;ons and ,,",-< ",ad" • Cuntor ..
the 1("",lin. Rut beyond the "arly 19!0s. the StotC
tighten,,] its grip and dccn:cd ,hat the artS
should glorify 1'(~ itic.1 and s<>cial ideals.
01"",,,,,,<1 and marginaliz.cd _ ",Cn arrested
"nre _ ,\hb'ich w.tch"J ""hi!c Stllin il11l. ,,,,d
Socialist Realism In 1931 . nd I"nishcd inde pendent .n l1l(lll'I11CnlS fro", wh., h.d
bttn the world's ""-,, , I'"JgrCSS;'" coun try ~"
11". lern "I",,,,,, an.
SUl' rcnuti st Compositio n (/9/5) An ''''''1/pI, of rb, m-aigbtfort'ard ",mbinat;'" of g",,,,n,-icai <i<,"",,,
,ba' ,ual" .. icb pain"d ;"t1:.'"'' til< um',iling ./Sup,u",,,j,," in 191 j and lb. 'Wbi"an Wbi,,' ,.,.j" <! 1917_18. /f,ba,imnx/tI"d ",!<JUT; a
ud 'nangk a/'P"'rT, rwangl" hroJ,", 'rap'''''''''' and ,b". j'I trong ',"ph",;,." ,b, diaf!f'rIIll
1812
ISfO--f6
INrI
ISH
Isrs
1861
1862
186J
186f
1866
1868
1870
187r
1881
1882
/881
EDOUARD MANET
B()rn in Pari" J.m of a judI{'
SlUm" in Par" tmtkr COUrtlY" Trtr.·,/J ,;:iddy
Binh </ fatbn-', illqi"m,," ...., u.,
,\/",,- l"NkuToir
At"". &udd"i,.. Pint painting "Inc Ahsirnhc Drinker
MufY /)"ga'
!"Natbolfatbn
ilIarri" Suzan", l.""bo/f, Lion'r ,"o,b". Exbibirr D<'jcwler 'ur L'll.,.""
Exhibits 01)'1" 1'; '
ill"" Ci::"",,, and ill"",
iII"". &rtb. Mori""
S",," in Nlltimal Gtulrd
&bihi" "Ine Seine ., Arg<:n"'u~
AI::ard<d L'Kiun"f Ho,,"tIr
&bibi" liar ~t the F(~ics·
lkrgcrcs ", Salm
L'K Ilmpul"",} OJ''"f I)'pbiliJ in PM;'
LoL:. de \'.ole nee (/862) LoJa d, liz.kna "'a, ,11< kad dan=- in" "''''P' from M"drit/ ,;:ro pnfixmd Il' ,b, Port< IJallpbjru during lb. ""m"" """'" if 1 862
Ed()uard M.net "' .... a l'ara<~)xic.1
C<Jlllllina,ion of the ",,,,IUlio,,""y ani"
... ho =,·,,1 official gold mcd.l" the dehon";' Ill.n_.bou,_,own who uscd "",,~ sl.ng: .nd ,hI: repu b~con lih<:rol who .,-,,,ltl:d n)
go home '0 'he c<. nfor .. ble consLTl'ati,'c
lifl:,t}'11: to which hI: "",,, a"''''tom'''1. II<: "",,,
hand"lOl'c , witt}' and genc",'" to fril:,"1s. wI>:)
indu<k:d Baudelaire and Zob. And hI: 1(""h,,1
thl: hJl'ocri<J' of PI:<1,11: likl: hi< own fa,her, ,
pillor of thl: Il:gal cstahlis hmen, with an
ilk-gitima'l: ''In , who." moth~r ,\I .. nl:' m'rri,,1
himself, o,",c his father ".,,, <k:ad.
He "",, Onl: of 'hI: gcnl:""ion regularl}'
exclud<,1 from 'hI: Pari< Salon. Rej<..,.l:d for
both stylI: a nd ""n'l:n' , thl: litmou,l}'
''In'm,,, ~ial OJympia and Dii""'''' rtlr L'H.,.Iv
end<,1 up in thl: Salon dc. Rcfuses, .lthough
,\I.1n<~ reoll}' had n(. anticil""ed the 11OW<" of
IlU b~c opinion ah",inst him. 'i::t, :IS for :IS hi<
p<"'rs werl: c<lOlcemed, Dijrn,ur marked 'hI:
d.wn of In~"essio:)nism. ,\Ianc,'s ")n~,,"' ition
~)lIo",< a sixlrcmh"::m'ury engra'ing of. lost
drawing by R.phael, call,,1 TN ]1lllK'mm' of
Par;'. BJ' re in,erpreting ,hI: worl of a
R"".issan'" m.ster, ,\ hn<~ "",, q""sti' lOl ing thl:
I,o<sibili,}, of hcli<:f in an}'thing onl: on'"
,rust,,1. ' Ini, p.inting "",,, "'ml~l:lrd thc J" "'
aflrr thl: dea,h of M .. nl:" s Iit,her, wl10 "",,, I,,"h
• judgl: and an .dult"r ......
II)' 1874 ,\ hn<~'s ""ut:t tion a. exp<1"illlc n",1
arti,t and lead"r of thl: I n~, ,,,<sioni'ts ,,",S finnl}' es .. blished. 'Ine Cali' C uerl,,)is, ncar his
Batignolb sttJ<lio , I.oee:llnl: ,hI: ml:<~ing platt
fo.- Monet, Renoi r, Sisley, Deg-... and Pis • • ro
and .ltho ugh "'ane, presided ""er them
regularly, he would not P."ieil>1,e in ,heir
emi hit;ons . I I<: chose instl:.d nJ ","ain !Orused o n ,he Sal,." which he Cllled ~he trut field of
hattie ' . I lis ">1in influ,-",,,,,. had al,.."y< b<..::n the
Spanish pain,ers Vcl"'''luC>. and Goy"", but it
,,~ during 'his ,ime - when he aCbJally went pain,ing m pI.in air & (MI1 ,\10""" ', boo, studio _
,ha' he Cl ml: cl'N:st '0 the Im p.-... "",i,., ist style,
DCieuner sur L'! krl.e (/86J) 711. t","",,'r boM rtil,", chilUmg" tb. 1= c<Klarning b.,. rIilhd pr""'" ""d ,bilt if tb< o,b.,. t"man (1I1i".d hil,bing ""d 1I1llIity t'.,.. ilkgaf) . It bar h<m
rugg""d ,ba' ' h< fa" ir tbat if ,\Iamt 'r ,"othl Jlicrorim iII",rm" 1m, ,bat 'k rudy h<kmgr '" Su""mu L«nIroJj: 1I1Olb.,. "fbir baif-broth" Imd rbor,/y to k bi,,";/<, Tb. alnHnpim)'ing Inm au S""anm'r brOlIm- FmlirlilnO, il rmipwr,
and Mam' 'r br.,b.,. G"",,,~, in "" 'arn'rtic' /<z. Tb. bullfinch _ bot~ring "".,.b.ad _ t'lll' a ""pular CIlK'd r<mgbird in Parir at tba, tim., p<rbapr tb.
rigbt if "m ill lilm-ty addr ."lra rignificalla to tb. lUm
'"
14 JO
1441-45
, .. , , .. , 1448_55
1451
u nl
14 65_74
14 66
14 66_'10
14 90
14 95
1506
ANDREAMANTEGNA
B()rR in Ma di
Carturo, "'" if a
'"P"'-Apprm!;" to
Sqtuuci"u, h«","" ,.,jot"i:"
"" W..-h ,;:i,b
"uJpm,. /Joon"Uo
1.,a'~T
SqtUlrc;"", j
''':orhbop
Painu fr=ar for Cburch "f 1M Ern",'"",i, Pad,UI
Mamn Niroi<Jria BdIiR~ Jist", if artin Gi(mmni
BrnJ,"'I COUrt
pain",- to GiJ1I=:Agtl!</
Ma"'''''
Pain" fr=a< for C"l1lcra deg]i SI'("; a' Pal"""" D1«:aJ,
C(lmp/"" ,"oml1nn",,1 "ri" Ti-iwlll'" of C.<:s;.r
Pail", fr'x~ in I"""", 8,11'.0." cbap<1
B'Kin,ropp'r mgTtn:i"gy
Painlf ,\ 1a<~>nn' ddb \r,,,orjo
Dj" in Mantua
Lwlov iro Grrtting I lis Son Co nii"", ] Frmcesro Gon1::lll"
(tlmil) (1471_74) Th< [m«l< in ,b, C. Ill'"'' deg~ Spos; (bridal ,bllmhff) af'b. dJuaJ pala" in Mantua ilY' rrriking <"il1l1p/"offf,,,,,,b-c<nrury ;UW;"";,,,"
When Andrea ,'hnteg'" waS" dli:Clsrdlttlt""in!lu""",()fD(ln,.cD(~~l<wh(.n
Jumg Ill'n , thITe w.s huge ho:"ntt:wo.-!",I"'''''''I''''-"Jlti"". in.c"", .ruund the nnnh It.lian ,\ lantcgn.·s m.jot dill lay in his uSC of
cit}' of P.du. in ,he c"lkcrjon .nd study of illusionist pCrSpccri"1: 1.o,h for ~"I:g,,)und
Rom.n.miqui'ilS.M.megn.ln{· ... m.nyof,he oc,ion and l",dground sccnery. Thc priml:
uni"'rSi,y sch,~.rS and .ntiqu.ri.ns im',~,' .... J in cx.ml~c is his f",sc" p.in,ing in thl: Cil"'"il
this ",ork .nd ",hot he lc:im,,1 from thcm he tkgli "''p'''':, M.nt"", ... hich insp,r,,1 R~phad .nd
f""",<:ndy "1",,,lu,,,,d through his.n CO'-'''ggio .nd the wo.-k of thc b~roquc ma"crS.
In turn, his painting< Ji:...1. growing in",,,,,,, in The StZ('n""lt:t'pic",, in \hon:t is.nother fine
the rL~i,'al of da5<iC11 ~lnns. ThnJuh<hout his example. The 'poti.1 con'truc,i"n of the
C1""-,. he m.de fn:..qucnt Il.f"",,,,,,, ttl R","arK'}ic I'" inted hall in which the ,\ I"~)nn:t is di'pI1)',,1
In<.",~cl', a.s!.,,,,,·n "ith C.e.<:t, himselfin the .,pic fits the .ctu.1 frame, ",hich itself sinH.!' tt" the
suitt:, the Triu"'ph </C",-,",r. ,\ lann:gna's ""'~1tur11 front of a tt:ml~e.
"!(,get"", "ith his bruther-in_bw GiOl'anni
Be llini , Mantegn. " ... hrgelr ,c>ponsi!>ie ~"
sp rCiding the idCis of ,he e.rlr Rt·miss.nce in
no,thern ha!r. No, ()n!r wcrC his paintings
highl)" "'p"I,,!. his "'gr:t"ings also won the a<hnir:t bon of Durer.
\ Vhen he died in ,\ iantU1 in 1506, ,\ iant<:gn.
,ce,;,'''] the r:t '" hon()ur of h"'ing a funerll
ch.pd d"lic1t,,1 to him in the church
ofS.nt·And", •.
UMne n t:l ,ion ",'cr the o.,.~d Chri st (c.1490)
Manugna b", frill,,,d tbi, confinro 'Pa" in a """Y,bal arcbiucturally d'fi"";1 ""N ,,/I "fa m"IX"'; and, '''';lUd '" b, "' ..... in IN rrudy of
damca/ mo(1</" N am:ry' an imprmn·, ""'rffiry t."i,b bi, Cbrirr fi;:ur., HE '""JUry" for"lxmming al", mmu, ,bat t."bam·.,. ,b, angl, "
apprOtlcb, Ib, to,"'""" uliUlmUn tb, t»""d fm. 711, draP""i" Ilr' 5barply d'fin,d, pain"d - i, i, mid -from Manugna" modd'.f foJdd
paP"" and g"'m",d fabric
1
1284 (')
11/4
H/f
11/7
1119
/JU
1121_12
/111
BJ9
H"
SIMONE MARTINI
B()rn in Sima, .om afapla",_
Vi,;" A";g,wn
Paim; ,\ 1aCStl in Pal""w PuhbJi,o, Sima
Vi,;tT Naph
Pain" polyptycb for church in Pi",
MarTi« C."·iUIrIIl ;Ii Filipputcio
Pain" "'My ,burch and go:-'t7Im<Rt
ClH",",'m'oM, """'
/'M I"",.
PainIT Annunciation for Sima Ciltb.dral ,;:itb LiP/'" M,,",,,;
S",/" in At'g"''''' iHc","" frimd " Pm-arch
Dj" in At-ign'"
Angel G~[,rid. Annunrution (J",';I) (1 JJJ) Th< fl/'lda, an j, "'d",, b"., JlTihing lb.""g'/)"-.rd, imo tb, mlln ~Id kaf INxJ:grOUlul Jr,tb no ltIrTmry IaL"f, p,-,/mjonaJ goJdlNllurrcould g"
01-'" olU b'mdud kll:-" (8, 5"" "l"ilY') .lIt of 11
ring!< du"'" ,11< gold coin" ,",dineal ltidy
S i,m"" ,\ I.trtini <~ed" t the 1"1,,1 Cou rt in and dill with Duttioand Amb.-ogin Lorenz.ctti.
A"ignon , .ftc r • ,uccessful and well_ It is 1' ''''u''' .... 1 that Ducc;o waS ,\lartin; 's
«· ... arded Jill:: 'I'~nt in the se,vice of Iel.ch<:r. l ie d",,,I'1,'-"<1 Duocio's tr"'-tlnm' of
inAucntialp""'ns. I lis illness,,~ such th" I>.: sP"'" and ",lw1le . • nd mastl:",d the Got hic
h.d .I r ..... dr d",..n up a will . • nd his g<:nCT,,, il)· SI)·1e so hriDi. ntly th .. his ''llln.tion sp n:.d
and lolt: ~" his extend"d f.mily an: cle" from 'CT,'" Eum pe. ,\ lartini ,~d not. howe"". h:t,,, the ,beum<"nt. lie was much k,,·,,1 in n:turn. Duccio·s instinct foO" d"'m.tie n"",ti,·e. lIis
esped.lll· bJ.. his wift: Gi"'~nn. ,..ho rL"Ill1in,,1 skill was as • <"~ourist . and in "''''''ling the
in full ,oourning ~" him. depnee of t;"hlJ'""ehd figurlS in gr.nd «::nings.
·Inis type of e,·id<"l1"" is .. ,,''''' fmm tl>.: l ie "'~ the prtft:ct Cou n p,intrt. ,\\.1 n ini .1«,
fou ne<"l1th ""ntury .nd. in Con tra" . ,...,thing di,ected. ",·,,.. bhop in Sien • . und<:ruking
d<.finite is Imown of ,\ \.1 nini ·, life hc~, n: I J 15. o .. n.men~.1 w,,.. k. such as gil,~ng • nd hrt.ld;"
when he I" inted .nd sign<:d h .. ilia"';; in Sit"lla. ,biclS. l ie was ""nSunU1l"e h.ndk-r of dt ... il .
J udging f'olll the importance of this ,..ho ",uld as n:adily I" int • n:alistie to,..n.""' pe
commission. he was . h .dy 3 distinguish,,1 on . w.1I as he ",uld illumin:tI1: " singk: I .. ge of
p,inl1:'. and 1",' llo l>ly ICpr<hl as <:qual in "'nk manuscript~" his friend. the I. ,et l'ct"'ICh.
Soint Louis of Toulouse C rowning Robert of Anjou (Ill 7) A oouhJ, coronation "'}" pJac" ,;.'bil, UJi';' IX </ Pran" off"' bi,
",nbly """." to bi, brotb"" M r«,;';', tM (f"<r~'n of uUntbood. Manini', gr,arm ,kilh art' "n diJpJiTf ,,'itb itn:j,b """""", a roat..,f."rm" larg'
'l""ntj,;" </ gold /"'[, and JrJ1"' dr.',,- 1'''''1'''';'''
TOMMASO MASACCIO
IWI B()rR Tomm"", di Gil1'.'"n"i di Simon, Guidi, in s'w Giot'iumi J1l/darTliJ, ..... if a 1I<Jtary
I>#)6 Tkatboffatbn
1422 S",/" jn FkJrm", ,"",liNr"! Corp'mm'on d_g/i Sprdali
1424 liN", Guild ofS, LuJ:" rrudi" ""tkr arebi,ut Brtm<U,,.bi
1426-n Pail", fr'x(}S in Bn""",,, Cbll/"I jn Santa Maria J,/ Ci"min<, florm"
1428 Trtr.·,/r to Ro,"" i)j" tb'H M:.odonn.:.o ~r..J Child "ith £Oint Anne (/424)
Thi, flTlJUP "'ar a ",Ilabot-arion h<tt:WR Ma.'a,,'. imd M=lino. Til< """p",i,ion "'k "'''jor fig"'"" ,Iw!:.', tba, tINy ".= ;\I"",a-o. 'r c""'rilm!'m. TIN MooiKIr/Q) righ' JmupuJJ<tfon:ard through Ib, fabric<fb<Tdr=imd til. band <ISlAm" "rim to
"'1'i<JU ,il, "'Ptb"1 ,b, pimtr'-TfHK<' By rontTtlJ1, Ma",Ji",,', ""yiJ ",,,ain ratlm-JIll! and ",,/<, ,;:ifb rcarr,lynwugb rtrmg,b jn ,b,;r llmtkr blDulI to
bold rb. amain up at 'k hack
T(Illl1""" " Ia."",;" li,'cd "hand_to_ (lisca<c. lns"'''l, he left behind. Ix_ly of w(,..k mouth cxistcnct: with his widowed tho ~ like Giot ro's t.,,~m:: him, p,'e TlI:W life to
,mthcr in lolon::nCt:. Ilis I",st dothes westCrn art. Along with two Flo,cntine
re;id,,] with the I"wnbmkcr, and he <"uldn't contcJllpol"1ries, the a",hi",,,, lI,undll:<chi _
af~",1 to I"r his ""i,unt , who c,,:nlUaUr took who t:t ught him l'<"t'l'ttti,'e _ and tlv: srulp".
him to law. A "'a",h f,. fresh p"mnage mar D,.,ateDo. ,\ "'saccio cmb"",,,] the l.i""il~cS of
hal'l: httn whr ,\ las.:tCt:io ,ul1lenlr I<ft li':tr Ro me human ism wh l~ l:hc:t rlc,Dr. li e 1'1"",,1 thl:
in 1418, nL~·<"t to r<:turn. Onc "' I. 'rt 'I",aks of &Uiblc indi,·id ... 1 and thc ,cal ",orld at thl:
dc:tth br I)()i'"ning. while "'hers sa>" hI: fcU Ct:nt,C of his "i,ion, d,awing ,ubj<:ClS ti-,. " lill:
"i",jm n) the plague. a,ou nd him r"hcr than ti-om gi~]cd "",die,al
,\1a=cio could ha"1: I",en juSt one of the "".Ids. crowd who ,trugglcd to ,utl·i,'1: and then In 1416, ,,·hen his fo ,me, coUabo,ator,
,'ani,h<,] anon)'Jllousl)· thmugh conAi", 0, ,\las<~ifl(), left the III"1""acci C hapel unfini,h<,]
. nd wcnt to H ung.r), on othe r hu,iness ,
"'=<:<:10 n><Jl the pr(~ccr (lI'cr. 111e frcscocs
th .. he I"intl:d the n: wc n: not only g n: .. ly
supL"fio ' nJ "'",o lino 's bu t Ill'Y bc .. id to
h",c st:trt<,j the ltt~an Rcn.i"",,,",c with his
Illa.tl: 'y of I'=pecri,., and ("'''''''ation of light .
During a reg rcttal~y hrid Caree r, ,\b=cio
ga," Flo n:ntine ... t the di n:criotl it n:qui n:d.
As • leg.!)", hi. Rr:tnc.cci frcscoes bC""llle
thc adnow lcdl!"d ""lining sch<><)1 of
gL-nc .... tion< ofFlo n: ntinc paintl:""
The Rende ring o f the Tribute Monq (dnail) (I n6_27) An .pm,tk from Mattb":J'1 §J'1"I- 711. tax ,dlroo.- a' Capn-nau", tUmalllh
pay"''''t .ftM "",pl. !ax. JuUJ ' anrt:.'", i, to oro", Pn<r '" catch a fi,b, and in i" ",o",b tbry ",ill find a ",iramloUJ lik"" ",in_ Hi'liJrilltll kb',,-. ,bi, picrttr. a/kilNs to a comnr..-.rnal Ulx rifo"" in N orma. Maraa-';' may bat" jn<llllkd bim"if among ,b. gnJi/p of ap"rr/u, prmibJy al St Thoma!, on tb. rigbt. TM
ap"rrl" JUlnd in a di'';'''t ","i .. irrl., ",/idly ,,,,xl.O.d in ,b.ir GruJ...rryI. ttlnirr and doah Tb. landrw/" in lb. batkgro"nd is pain"d in f'"fitl
/""pror.u 1::ich mcaN:" pi",,,! </ dirrllRa and 'M /igb' t'ny d.arly com ing from olU ",Ura
1869
1887_88
1891
1892
1894
1898
190r
1906
1907
1911
1917
1941-43
/94S_f/
19f4
H ENRI MATI SSE
Born in u Cat "UI ·C ""'Min" ron of a grain ",,,"eb,,,,,
Stud,,, law
L,at~"".., li' mmyar!
En"n crudia <{ Mo.-<au at I:FAd, d" B,,,ur-Am, Pari,
Birth <lo""gb,,.,-iIlarK"<riu
MatTi" Amili. Par",,,. ",,,,b.,. if MarK,,,,-iu, tb'Y /"",- b",', r~" ••• "
Group ",,,",d Lcs Fomt:s 4'''" ,rbibi,ion at til< Salon J'a"",,",,,
VITi" N(J..,b Africa
&cbang" /",int_ ingr ;:itb PitiIDa
Vi,;" Rurria
;11",.,.,-"",",,nmdy '" Cou J'Awr
Und"~,.,-{/m=
J1I'Xtry, ""'" to hook 'IJus..-",;""
iJ«oram-iJ<J",,,,iam cbll/"I oiN",,,-/Ja,,,,"" ({"rmY<. J ma
Di,.,- Of"",," in Cimi,=
The App:orition (/874-76) t.,.. (',u,,",'c ,\ lo ",.u
G""at" MOn'at< til< ..... of a Pari, armiuct, """'"' kiNI.,. of 'Il< Sy",/xlim , Impiml by lb. fifiunrb ."'tlttlrf iraiiam, b, " . ..,- a <Y,amr if baUuciTlllm'Y ,-",ritk Im"d on my,h! and d"a",!. ;\fa,iN '1"'*' </ bIT ,,/Xli.,. atan jm'j~rating i"jluma. alrbollgb lb. aT! "",hiM",,,,,, di"'Pprm."t!d ofbi, ,""bod,. 'H, did no, "' w on ,Iv rigbt ",,,,Jr, 1m, off ,bnn. H, di,!tIThd our comp/a"'''y. ' iIItJr"''''' Ja,.,b Us< of paim gtn·, ri" to ""!tIT,, tbat inrpir,d Mati,,..', Ja',.,. d<CtJt"utit" ",tJt"k
Henri ,\ htisse .nd Pablo Pi.,.~sso
shared aniSlic p,e_cminen"" and
I. ' pu ia, ity fo. much (jf the twentieth
century. hu t the n: ","1< • huge difkrence
bcrween them. Against Pi"">.,,,', unrdCllting
showm.n;hjl~ ,\ hti>.'" <b'ci'1,ed slowly a ... 1
methodically. and nncr set out to be
cont""c,,",!. lie or<:e litmo u<ly S3id he wish .... :! his art n, be lile • {'()n.r,,.-.. I~e ar mchair to n:bx
in ., the e nd of. busy day, lkhi nd the nude
d.ncerS and riot of {,(,lour. ,\ htisse ... a s .n
unosh'm,,1 bou rg<"is,
Matisse tooL early rr.ining from G u<t:Il'<' ,\lo ",au (18!6-98) . who po.~i,'dy ",,{'(,urlg<,1
his students to quest jon e''''1~hing and to ",h'lnce thei r own opinio ns, ,\ loti>\«: Studi,,1 the
"" o rls of ,\1:.one t. G~uguin . Van Gogh and
aunne. Then he cxplo red Seu r~t's
l)(j intilli'm thmugh Sign"", lIut it ",'1S fnJln
190+-{17 thot he got togt:the r with Derlin .
Still Li fe of Fruit ~nd ~ Brone St:.otue (19 W) by ncnri " t. tisse
,llath" aUo,;:"J tb, ((J/oUTToftlN" obj«rr '" dietat, tb, fiTllll romp",ition ,
ll'imn. g/lfdngfruitJ and bright urami" I,ap aUt from ,b, .""/ b«kgr""nd,
at ,IN "''", ti,", ","aining in"gral to tb, arrangnnmt , Mati"" r<p"d in tIN
"" <f nrt:ry in"",,,d pigrnmrr and tIN "JllJrati(Jt/ <f rolmT't """ ti:~ pil!:.""
Vlami,..,l, IIra'JUe .nd othe' ~Jm,,::r stu,lcnts, he had m'N"lperm.nmtly to the erJl.: d 'Am r,
to cx periment in the vi,id c"lourS and his ple"'ure in no1ting b.-ight c,~ourS Ofl tO
exaggerat,,1 "rle that ''"is c.II,,1 Jiam'ism. Cam'H culminated in SOme of his 1110St
,' htiss" "a,-dled sou th One Summer with su=«ful worb.
Dc",in to C<~ lioure: and that ,,'" where he firSt
had the i,lca 6" his l", inting"TN Dana, wh ile
w",ching fishe rmen dancing in • ci rcle o n
the he1Ch.
After the F.mes, ,'hti>.'" hegan to wo r!
with hold", shap'" and Sb"Oflg I", nern<. O n""
As an old man , ,'htiss/: underwent
a bdo minal surge ry, which left him quite
dis.hled. Und.unted, he <."nte ",d J'et ano the r
phas<: of c",ati,ity with s.impic coIour"j p"pe r CUt_outs; and so, often h .... Jrid,lcn , he ""tried Ofl
making an nJ the 1,,-,,.
MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
14 7f B()rnin Capr''', RlR of a Hmrltiru ""bJ"nlm
14 91 iJ<",bo/,"",b<r
I4SB Apprmtj"d '" Gbirlandaio in Norm"
1490-92 LrJ<' in Iro_bold of u,rm=o d,' Md,ci
1496-1 roo L,at~J N(Jf"ma.
I fOl-04
I fOf- /6
HOS_12
H14
Hl6-41
I f4 2_fO
H 46
IH7
H64
S"r/" in Rom" <cuJptJ til< Pictl
&Ulp" D"'id in Norm"
&ulptT jig"m for ' .. rib a/lul;", 11
Pair/ITSi";,,, Cbapd"iiing
Tkatb "f["tbn L""~T H(Kma for good RdatiombipT "",hJi,buJ ,;:itb tk· Cmeali"i IlfId Vi,ton'" C,,!<JuRa
PainlJ T he L"-,, Judgement
iArr painringJ, CO""<:rS.iun ()f St I'.u] iUld CrucifIX;o., ofS, Pctrr
Mad. d!iif arrhi"" of 5t p".,.', Baril'a., Ro"",
i"Natb, </ Vi,ton'"
CoIon"a and p"pil tI,f Pi"mixJ
OJ,, "I a four in Romr
The l loly F~mily "ith Infm' Stjohn the B-.ptist (I),mi ""00) (c. I W6)
Pair/uti for lb. birth <! AglUJlo Doni and Madddma Stroz=i, daugl,,", ,bi, it a fi'" fxampk "ilfitb,/anY/(J" ttmprum/ 'Y' for
inurrt:.'ining b(}(}i" tmd til< pJay of ligb' ... ,""",In and dJ7lp<ry. H i. fmal, f'Kurn aT< ,mJailingly
m"",ular """_ Micb'/llrIg'/o um1 mal, motkk, claiming ,bar fmaln roarg,d mo,"
M ichdangdo lIuon'IToti - like his ""i~ng , Michelangelo "' .... in ",,,-.stint d ... mand
Hm:ntine "'''' '''''1. ''''1)', U:on:..rtlo and al ..... ys wcll ",,,..,,,k:d. Thmughout his life,
d:.. Vinci _ is One of art'S "10" h ... im, ... " ... d ... isely in pr"perty ~" his ~,ur
"ctSttile gcniusc,. P(-.ssit.iy the gre.",,, m. rille ilrothers and p(Mcss{"(1 .. ~>nune himsclf., the
sculpnJl' in the ...... stLTn trlditiOfl, he "' .... . 1", a t~"e of his death.
m .. tn p.inte, .nd ",chiu"t. Ihd he onl)' lIis 'esl'0nsc to the Sistine Ch"l'd
sculpted his first Pi"i) , p.inted the Sistine '-«ignment ,,-J< tt, I'rot"st' 'IJOinting is not my
Ch"l'eI or design ... d St I'etn's in Rome , .ny on<: .. rt'. The "''' - 3S we Im(",· _ is hi"o.-y. Fo.- ~,ur
ofthn«:: .. chie,em""« ... ou ld h1l, ...... n'ured his highly uncomfortable yearS, ,\lichehngclo
1'1."" in history. struggl,,1 to t .... nsfo.m .. n (.Id ..,ha l'cd , l ..... ky Michclangelo's .bait)' n, judge. block nf ,'ault with Snme of the most ,uhlime .. "d
marble "' .... lcgcn<hry, ""'''' e,en S.1id that he m",,,ouble i"JOgcs in the ... orld.
""uld s"" the 1~''''nti .. 1 6gu'''' in'id .... I low ... "" , As an old m'n , he <k:"'t{"(1 the 6n .. l eight....,n
fo , his DIl"id, ,\1 ichcJ.ngclo "' .... ol~i gcd to rearS of his He n, St Pe"T'S II,->ili<, ... ' Inc dnme
, ...... o,k .. forty-year-old bind, p,e"iousJy that he <lcs.igned "' .... not fini,h<,j in his libime, ah.ndOfled bJ.. ' n()t her sculptor but he would be S.1ti,fi,,1 th., it is nO ... a ... orld-
Leading up to the ""mmissio., ~JI' the Sistine fl,m"" ",chi"",u",1 J.n(b" .. ,k.
Christ . the u .• t J udgernent. Sistine C1upel (dnai!) (1541) Tbi, fr'"'' gat·, ri" to confr"""'Y from ,b, 'U"', Cbri" "anding. ra!b.r !ban 'i!!ing '" ,b,
Bihk "a"'. " .... !Il< cbi./ prohkm, Al!b<Jllgb ""TIlling =-,aimy ,,,,," It ,"(I" au!bori'am', "",i,ion. in u'Pon" !o /a"r /a,,~ againrt nudi,y. aTI(J!b", pain=- add,d 'Ptlriow d"'p"i", Ln" / tritb Cbri,,', kfi fool IT" cb, martyr-.d S, Bar,bolom"'.'. holding bi,."", jiayro d,in,
711, ,}in romai", il/icb,/any/a;- "//_por'rai,
'" JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS
1829 B()rll in &U,bamp"''', .Rlll
of In,,",," " J=ry Militia
IS#) EnutT R",ai Aall/""'Y ScboolT
1848 C ... fourub fh_ Rapb"'h'u Brorb"bood ;;:i,b Hunt and Ra,uni
184 9 &bihi" Lon:nzo and l .. t.clb at
Rayal Aead,my> Likloon
ISfO Erbihi" Christ in the 110,,'" or II is Par""", al R",ai Aallumy> umdon
INrI Pain"SidllaJl",
IS'iJ
ISH
ISH
1862
0l"'clia ,,,,bibi,, II' A ctuJ",'Y
Vi":,, Srotland 1::itb Rwh",
Mamn EJji, RWDR afUT b.,. annn},"n"
family unh in South KnlJingt<kl
ISH TIJII<n I'aly
1878
ISSf
1896
W;", ,""lnl a' Pari, Unn'"",1 Exhibition, ao::anJ<d iLg;"" ofHo_r
fij,-;r IIni" '" h«",", Sa",,,,,
El«ud fh,iikm of ({"Jill AcatNmy. OJ<< of tbroat callaT in Ulnoon
P,,~rs' Sonp Atl",rtisclnCm F.,.turing Bu[,t.lcs (/886) Mill";, grimdmn, Wi/b'a," Jam", "'aT til< In/JIM for ,bi, pim,u, originllDy ,i,lro A Child's Wo.-l,l Wbm bwgll' by PUlrT, Millai, p"mjrrion bad rriJl to h< .blllh"d for ,b, addition "fa Imr"f "'''/', for "" '" all am'.,-,i","mt. Bubb!.,. ",mumo", of,1!< ,"0" i""i,Qlhmiring 'Y,"006 n'.,. dn'i"d, and ,"any of ,b, col()ilr pri"'t tba, P,,:rr /at.,. pubJi,l!<d bung in 00'"" ar()il11li tl!< '!:.'(Jrid
In 1840, .gt:<I only eIL",'en, John E"rtL~t T he lill:: of the Brutherhood ",,-< f.irly sholt
,\lilhi. 1I""",,e the }"ungt:,~ pUI,;1 L",'Cf .ix rearS_I .. " SpCflt undL"t .,tack fro", I><"h
.<1", itted to London's Ro)"tl ,,,,.dt"'y I><"'s ~nd puhlic, Mill.is' ebri" i" Tb, Hom,"f Schools, \ \'I>il" there, he met Ilolm.n Ilun~ HiT Par",,, dtew. ,"<-'nomouS re"iew from
who ],ecamc • lill::lUflg fritnd, .nd .iso D'n'" Didens. ThI: f..;s teach,,] the earS of Ruslin
G.bricl Rossetti. All thtee agreed th31 the who "TO'" to Th, Tmm in dell::,..,e of the )'t<:
Acad""y h.d stiA,,] Hritish • It ".J IUflg with its R.phaclite H""hLTh,. ,d. This p",,,::d • lit ",lUI
'murky chi","""""",', So in IfW8, Out of their conne",ion f, >< ,\lilhis, who fdl in I"'t: with .nd ndical disc..;,ions, the Pr<~ Raphaeli", I.,rt m' rriL'] EfSe, Ruskin's ",,·wife. Tl",y WL"Tlt
B"" hcrhood ""ttgL,1 to ch.lk:ngt: ",thodoxy on nJ h. It: eight children.
with a cok,wful rL"tUm to l" e.R"",issanct: , '.h.J",. '11>< p:tSSion ~lr me,~e,~lism wore of!" when
,\ lill.is ti,..,d of 'l'tnding .11 <h}' p,inting .n . ,..,.
'no b rgcr th. n • fn 'c shilling pieCt:', He dttidcd
to I,.,«::n up his bru'hwo.-k and scttic down to
being. first-cla« .. c"demic p.in"". ,\ l ilbis ,,-!S a brilli.nt «"hrUei:.tn but hi: " ... s no intdlc<1ual.
lie p.intcd politici.ns and sentimcnt.1
n",.,i,'cs without. traCt: of cynicism. lie
enjo)'<"<1 the wuhh and a" ... nls t/,.t his talcnt
ju,t/}, hrought him: <~Jt<,1 On his f.mil}, and
kcp' the lo}"I'}' and .lftttion of his fricnds .
e'p<..::ial~· t/,. t of his Il::lk,w a "i,ts,
0l,hdi:.o (1851_2) Til< P",Rapbadi,,, 'rp<rimmud ,;:j,b ".'" ,"'" pigm'''' a:xJilabJ" gla=ing ,bn" for m/lXimum "'m;'l(J<iry, ""to cam'"," pr;,n,d 1::itb zinc ,;:bi", Ophcli.
had, lih a colour ,"",marlt '<catalog"" ,;:i,b irr ro/mJ, hi,,,, ,"add",lak., cbru,", pl/m;:, eMo,"ium arid, and zinc pUo,," ;\Iillai, Ivgan paiming tb,
Inxkgr<JUnd <Jilt if 00111, n<1U' Kingrtrm,up"n. Tham". Til< painting "'a, cump/",d in London til< follo"'ing "'int'" Li=i, Siddnl til< Pr<-RapbM/i"
m"", ""aring an I1ntjq'" broa>d, K"t::n, bad '" Ii, in a balb of "'at", b,a"d by oil lamp' from klot." "TN (Old ,b, caught at a "TId, brougbt tb, tM,at if
dnmagd again" til< arti" frum b", fatb",
"" AMEDEO MODIGLIANI
1884 B()rnin lit"(Jm(J
1902-OJ Studi" in N<Kma and J~nj",
1906 ;\1"",.,- to Pari,
1909 R"""", to Lh"(Kr/(J and '" PilrjIagain.
ill"" Bnmm!i, d«id" to '" a "uJpmr
19 12 &bihitJ Jcu1p,urt> at Sal",
19 14 H,al,bh<gi"'''' fail ,urill from
"u/prur< '" paiming
19 1 7 ,\I",.,.,. to South of Fran"" munJ,amu Hdrn,,,",,,
19 18 Birrb</tlnugb,"
1919
1920
J,a"'"
R"""", to Parh
Di""f"'lmtular mmingi,i! in Pari!
s....",ed Wom~n in Blue (1919) A lNaunfoUy unM"",,,d portrai, in a iimj",d pal"" tbat ",miry! a mroiU/m', mood Til. rub,l, br(Jlml
ron" _J in tb,haaground '"'" '" r<jlm ,11< in".,'fHl" <! a allm mind, and ill", "lmpl,,""" ,b, "''"{HIram/< flm"" " tIN jI"b to"" ,., lb. Titur', lac" nulland b"lIlJy
AIllCdCO "'"digli.n; produced such
di"incr;,'e worl 'hot I" ")I~ C wonder
how - in Paris .. the .tart of the twen'i .... h ""mury _ he re",ained unnJuch .. II')-·
either Cubi'", or F,un';'I11. I ,... ",.<1 uf fn.cruring
his inl1g.: or I",inting in heightened colour, he
te., k a decidedly "1" csentt tional al" ",ach.
,\hldigliani nnet had any interest in the all,,,.,,,, and 6,u nd no affinity with l'i<:":l.<.SO Or
,\ htisse . After hcftiending the Ro manian
sculpn>r ll rlncu,,; , he mo, ·"IIT,. " "'Oll tlmme to ,\ 1onql1rn:ts.«: , where llrlncusi h.d a studio.
,\1odigliani , as an Inlian , Et,'ourt,1 the sto.,e_
c:tn'ing tndition , and the rebuilding of
"'ontparnasse meant he could heg plenty
of li""ston.: ITo", bu~ding sites. lie establish,,1
his clong-ned style with a ",rie< of d<pnt heads
that he cxhihired in the 191 Z Salo., d ·Autumne.
'1"'0 years hter, ,\1 odigliani ab'n,l>ned
sculpture on he,lth g rou nds. I lis paintings
consist alm( .. t enti", ly of p()( b".its a,.1 nudes.
The I. mraitsofhis lTicndsa re <Ij'liu:d hu t ' Iuite
rec()gni<:tble. T he nu(k:s we re ,,.,,k:ls, I" id for
by hi! dc:tlcr Z I' "UW,ki , who often SUI" li"J
JIliru and <:":1.))\''''' te.). The ,lender, ma"ncr"]
fig"'''' I,,"ame ,\ 1odigli.ni 's tnde" .. rk: the ",'al
he.d with linea, featu n:s. inclined Oil • long
neel. with the body quidJy brush,,1 in ochre.
,\lodigli.ni ".,IS destroying himself with
drug> .nd .I"oh(~. but Stib >tn-.eti,'e. as one
fm,.lc sitter dL"",rib<,t: · ... with I~..,l """led
hai, • nd the most beautiful hot. <hrl eyes . . his
red silk ",,,f ca,elessly knotted "ound his
neel.· lie " .... m"ried with a small daugh"',.
hut sJ,oelingly. two <hys .ft ..... his untimely
death . his l"cgn.nt widow Je.nne {'(. "mined suicide h). leaping frum. fifth_Ao(,.. window.
Reclining N utl e (1918_19) Early in 191 7, in ZhorIJt."skij apartm"", Modigl;i1ni painud a =-i"of
milk! ,bat ",sur,d bi, f""". '",Ikry mcnff, 8.,.,1!< lI'.il/ gat" bim a """ _ man ,Ixmi in 1"N"'mivf; d<x,ibing ,b, mm" '" ·rump''''''''·. Tht! pair,
"'mmirrio= rapidly ,I<md ,b, g"'I<ry, outnlg,d !bat ,b, figur" bad 'bair', Modiglitmi) nll/h ar. t'«up,,,,,,,, in tb," >culpt"'''' ,un...,s Imt ""'ff
;'u/u"". H, painud inumr.'<iy in tl!< la,., pan (Jfbi, lif" rifining ,I!< f,m"', form in uniq'" (I)'"p",i,;"", ,ba' ami,,·, a barmonrou, Imlana
h<n....,,,, ,b, "OIi, inIlI ,I!< ""rbt!ric
'"
1872
1892_94
190J
1908
1909
1911
1912
1917
1919
1914
19J8
1940
PIET MONDRlAN
B()rn in
AmnTI'oorr, JOO" a kOOma,,"
Srudi" jiM art a' RijhlXad',"j" Am"","rm
Wi", mR.-,lImg pri=, from Ani" Ami,,.,,,, SOO":!
i.,aml f"!;ntilli" and IIm"IT ,m,niq"n at
Too",p',o.",.,"X an ",lorry
]","f n,",,"pbi'1!, hr,", t;:irb Cllh'iniJrn
En"",,,u» Cubi"m 11' ... bibiti"" in AmIT"'!"'''
Mot-" '" Parh. InurTllltionai fll,"' afrr ,bm:.~ in Pariumd Bfflin
f"""dJ Dc Stijl group ,;:j,b Jim
""""', R""",, to PlITi,. Puh/i,b" Lc N",· ]']""ici'"H:
On Hi,kr'djrr,,/ 'tkg""YIlU art'
Mo,." to Lall;'m.
'""" H'r~'(Jr,b and Nrol",,,
s"r/" in N"., );,,*
j)j" of p"",,",,,,ill in N"" );"-J:
interior (1919) by Th ... " ,'an D"".hu rg An arcbiuctul7ll '"(JIM in D< Srij! rry/<, ,bo,;:;ng mllrhd rimimri"" ,;:i,b MarolFi,",', prindph if o.rign
P iet '\\ondr;an ,,"11l~ (". " a dCl'oUl
Cal,-in;" family of k<..::n l",interS and musicians. Rut their rCI"cssi,'c
discipline led to his reject inn of a steady an
Strandcd in Holland h).' World War L
,\ Iondrian ~nd T ht"O Van Dnesburg
(18S3_1931) fnr m"l • grou p .nd pub~s""d • map,in<: eall<:d iJ< Stij/(T he S,},le). T he writer
'eaehing car<"r in f.",ur of the ~rti,t's lilt: itself, Schot"Tlm.cler's ide .. of 'pc" iti,'e ",}'stiei,,,, '
and Ia "'r stiD , n, his ",,,brJee ofT h<'<''''I'''y.
T his mj'<tical bclic:f sy''''m _ in humani,ys
eV(~ utinn t[),,~ "Is spiritu.1 unity_""'" 1. '1",1" in
,he \ \'i:st a' ,he ,~"e , not It"''' .. mngst the
pinnttt. of .Ilstraet .n, K~r>rli n!lly .nd M~I",ich. ,\londri.n'. mCou nt<:t with Cub;;",
in 1911 ""'S ,he eritical I,oint of his .rti"ie
den:I'1.""''' ' whm he relm,,,d n'''m,1 forms fmm his IMen"i.1 """,I", I.ry. 'I"gether with
Tht"", ,,,}', it 1"" ,dl,,1 him into the "nLS of the
" 'an"ga"k The nt.;cure Dutchm.n left f, ,,
P.ris, ,he first s"'p ""''''rds ~ n in,,::m.,inn al life
,hat wnuld ha"e a lasting in'l"'ct nn western .n.
... ere directly inc"'po r.,ed ~ nd ,\l()fl dri.n·s
.esthe,ic became ,heir guiding forCt: ,
"""mi""l to putif}'ing ",,)<I.: rn art .nd
llringing it to eH:r)'nn<: ,i. archi"'cture , pmduct
design .nd 'Jl,ogr:t I"'y. Tne ,'el)' «Tm, Neo·Plasticism, ,h.,
,\lnndrian ",Iop,cd for his geometric
.b"NCtinn!l in 19!1, .. 'as bnrn,w,,1 from
Sehn<:n" .. cke r. \ \r,th his ')'1'.,.1 as}""mt~ric~1
"rlngemCJltS of squa res and rectangles p.in,,,1
in l" i""'I)' ",lou rs <~,'i<l.:d h).' blad b.nds nn a
... hite gmund , ,\londri.n S'mle ~"
'rlnscmdmtal ""peri""Ct: and pun: h",mny.
Comf>O<ition with Red, BLock, Bluc:lnd Y"lIow, 1928 by Pi", ,\lon<irion 1871·1944
iltondrii1n k'P' "'ict/y 1o t~ni",llDId ixJrizon,al li""o/ comp",i,;'m and broh 1::irb
Jim iN,intTgjir imnxiueing dia;~malr irllo bi, 1::.,.-k in 1924. Wbm Mondr;"n ,""",d I.
Nn:! );'rk, in "'1}(J"" 1o bi",urg"ic nn." rtlrroWU/ingJ, bi, lin" /(Jrm,d ,b, aU·rolour grm'
b, calkd 'boogi,,,,"-'oogi"
• , , !
! ,
1 ; , ~ j
1 ~ ! • • ,
184 0
I SfS
I S'i9
1861
1869
1870-71
1874
1879
/ 881
1887
1892
"'" 1908
1911
19H_26
1926
CLAUDE MONET
B()rn in Pari" J.m ofarbip'Tcbandh
At"". muJ ,,,,di,, '/):itb Boudin
Enr,," at AallJimi< Sui"" Pari,. ilIm, p j,TIlTTO and C_Iv,
PainHen plein air 1::itb MaM' and &zilk
Plein air Jtlu/i" 1::itb /{"", ir
iIIarri" C,miU, l"MlIiin<r. ill""" '" LiKlOOll. iJ<lltb offa,h<r; R"",= 'oArxnl"uil
&bibirr Imp rcss.io n Sunrise
!"Natb "f umilk
L,um hom, in Git'<t7Ij
&bibi" in NnIJ );'Ti
Marri" Ali" /-IoJdJd"
PainH'" Gj",my. Fi,i" Lundon, paintr Tha,"~
Ej',igbt d"","",,,,
Tkatb"f Ali"
Ji'(..-h"" W",cr Lilies ",j"
Dj""f Itmg cant" in Giurny
Lilt" Summer Il:.oysucks (d""if) (/891) Aft<r rb,Ca,c Saint-Laz.:l.n::. iII"w mJ,uqllmt/y "mbarhd OlIotb,r ,.,-i"_ baywch, I{ou", Cntb,dral and ril<1::llurh'/i,sa' Gn-<nry _ ",d! a painrraking tkm<al!tra';"" fba' atm"'Pb.ri, roAm" cUIi"d by cbanK" in
'b.ligb', elm modula" a nJj«' ,brougb ,11< nlti" 'Pror","
C bud" ,\Io.,ct is the em,nl figu'" of
Iml..-cs<ionism. "Inc pion~cti ng mOyemCnt h.d its seed in .n
enCOunter betwcen • «'en.ged cari""rur"t a nd •
10",,1 p,inter, .. the SMp of thc ". ,Ir picrurc
fnmer in Le I-blTe. "Inc"" r <>ung Monet "'..,
intnJduttd to Eugt:ne Rou<~n: A""demr
tni""d, hut One wJ.:, liL,,] to paint his he""h
scenes in the <" en air, in d.l", of pure colour
with lu(",c, dtli""te bru'~"ruLes, 1n., 'UIlUller,
Roudin ttught ,\ lonet to d",,,,· and paint <~r""dr
from n"ure, 'in thc light, within the
"mo'phere, JUSt as things . n:'. "I(J honour
R<,udin, the Iml'<essioni,tS included him in
their first P"iscmihition. In AI..- il 1874, a gruul' of ani,tS _ all S.lon
rtiectS - mounted their show in • fo nller
l"'ot(W'l'hic "U(~O. S(. lIe of the nam'" ",ad
now like a rok: uf honour: a unne, Delf~s,
,\lonel , Morisol, P"",m" Renoir and Si,iL.,.., ,\lost eriti", werC scathing .nd the tLTm
'ImpressionistS' "'.., un""ittinglr coined br
One, Louis Lero)" who rCSLHed particular
scorn fo< ,\1onct's I,"pmi"" StmriY •. Turning
the jo"e ban on Lcmr, the artistS "tJI'",d the
n.me penll.nendr,
Sic arn T r.in, LI G~re £.oint _Loure (<<'''il) (/877) 0". of a uri" of M."t!h'. mih'''! rtIltion pictUff', 'Ha"d at JjjJmnt rim~ oftb. day.
For bi, mort "mbi,i"", rtluly" tb. urban /andJalI'" M .... " d"m Saint_UnItY., gam::,,! to bi, "'Io,..d Normandy. H. c .... antra"d .., lb. foU-'P"lrum .jJ<cn of
ligh" J,,"OJ.. and '''',In, building ,loud ,bap" '/):i,b curly brUJbrtruJ:~, M .... " "'/lJ a m",Ur at adapting rtriM", trJ rho", lxn;, ligh' aif"tJ Ur'ur. and form
1841
I SfS
1860-62
1864
1868
1874
1874-86
1878
1881_8J
1892
I S9f
BERTHE MORISOT
B()rn in &1Irg<f,
Jaugbu,. if ,,",iT ,it,/ ",,-Il1I'
;\1orb.r d«itkI B.,.rb, ,bould
,tlldyarr
Pupil </Coro'
rIm ,,,,bibi,, in Salon
Tnn-,/J in Spain
M~rri" E"g~ Mann. brotb<ro/ Ed_rtl
&bibirr at all impH".,,,i,, ,bo1."J, bar 1879
Binh if daugb,.,-luli.
Pari, bot= bui/,. 1::bieb M{/,"~ arWtJ ,""'Ing
""" i"Natb "f Eilg~
Di" of info"""" in Pari,
Young \\'o"",n Powdering Her Face (<<tail) (1877) 0", ua_ Mari"" j .. ",d !b. 'mpm,""i", may bat~ !v.n IlNiT rn.,,,-m </,11< g"""' ""'" Imp",,,,,,;,, '"'" bad aband",,,d "'_pi", birrory ""r.tr, ,::bieb uquj"d C(Jmpkr mlll,(J arrQnK''"'''''' and ""to pain"d "0 I'ic:in air or ,;.'i,bin a hGllrgrol' Il(,,"m;, "'ring. San" from "~ryd"1lifr ",," til< ,,, .. iwry of anim ofb.tb "X"
B <T'he ,\Iori,." l>roduttd n,,::r 300
I"intings. Their prinrip"l subjectS arc
"omcn and children: .nd • large
1''''llOnion of them 1i:: .. urc htT siSltTS and their
f"mi~es, or her own ,bughlcr, Julic, ",h,. " she
regularlr rtt'J<,bl. IT,. " 'he 1",1".- in II;', ,\'un,
to the ,,~,Ies"'-"Jlt in ]u/i, Dayrlru.ming. Mori,o,'s own ,mther waS ""I)(""ihle ~"
fc.;tering the .. I""IS of hcr artistic ,bughtclS, ncr,he .nd Edme. T heir tutor ",as the
land",ap' st Corm, who encourag .... J them n,
",ork '" pI,in air and make p'inting trips "'""J'
lTom Paris. Summcr 1861 ~'und the whole
familr riding mulcs through the Pyrcnees
hec:tu", Ikrthe and Edmc ",uld not g"
unchapell","!, T hcir fatocr _ • highlr p.id
gmemmcnt offici.1 _ ",en built. stu,Go in
the If'lllcn Ii:Jt thcn~ and oc "".I his "ih:: frequL"Jldr
rntCrt:ti""d I",inll:rs,.,d mu<itia", at their h,. ,,,,.
Morisot bt'C'me grc:ttlr attracted to
Edm"'nl "''''net. lie indu,k:d her in his 1869
Salon picture Tb, Sa/rolly, btt.me hcr mentor
and, ","entu.llr, her brother·in·!'",. On""
ma"i"j to Eug(,"" ,\ bnL~, ,\ loris,. "',,-"ructL,j
• ni>lr cird .. of her ,,"'n. At ,h<;r ""'" house: in Ilourginl th<,' B,,, .. lr<'gubr ,;(lire" lOr •• tistS ."d ",1';"'''' .• m'.'g ,h •• n Ikg.os. C.illd..."",. '\\O" C1 . I'isso'n'. Whi$Ile r. Pu .is de C lu, .. " ,,<-so Kenoi r ,,~I ,\ bll •• m~.
No '~JUIJI ltc. "'e,hh)' h,dgr, . ,ro;1 ",,'e ,\1< .. i,.. '~'I K,"u"itics Il..,}" • • d Ih, Wic , ti Iw pri,,~cg..,1 "',. "<'11. 11,," 'e'c •. >he "...,ded "0
I .. ,.,~. ing'" prulCdion ",.ny h._If!.,kHy " .jfh
,he 1 "~I","';..,i"s in 1874 .... 1. despite the mioogyni";" ~"itu.b 01. ,,",,' 17..110,,' , "illS. >he
nl .... g..'tl1O puBlIC .00 >u;toin • proi.:soio .... 1 nolo.
11tc Butterfly Il un' (l8U) .lIorir .. ) illur &lm • .,,<1 M J"ung <bjldr .... &Jm.~m~m·1I1f' in 1869
"...rl:rd Ibr rod .f,br ristrn' p",nring pllrt>1rnbip. Sbr ",roU rll'M ~infuJly lD 8mbr: 'lour lift mtut br <harming .. ,lD ,all: lD,II. 1'Ng1fl rrhll. ~1I1<hin~
him <Inn,". to laugh ~ith Man". '" philatopbiz. ",i,h p""it . • MR)br tbr b",urjl) in ,bit pmntir1g if "'" ,br ""6' .Imh·, ./itt! in /l,,/m,., d"",
1861
1868
1877
1880
I SSf
1886
1889_92
1892
1899
1908
19 12
19 19
1910
1931
"'4
EDVARD MU NCH
B()rn in u,u". ,.., of an "r",:! ooctor
iJ<a,b of //forb.,-
l"Na,b"f n'ru ..
Stud,,, aT! in Kn'''iil1/ia (""'" 0,-"), injlumad by frimd Krnbg
Tr",.d,to Pari, '"' xbdanbip for ,btu 1!""h
Tkatb oflarbn
VITi" Pari, on ",«",it .. Kbdarrbipr
F.xbibitr Fticu: of Lilt: in Bn-lin
Trtr.,.IJ in ERrol"
Tr",ud for d<prmion in
Dani,h """"""to" Inu,-TIIl,;01",1 bwd:rbrGIIgb in CoIog'" <"bibi,;on
A'::artkd gold ,",dill in San Fran<j".
Ey"igb' d,urio"""
Hi'kr t/.c/a,,, hi, ",,...} )J'g"ura'"
OJ,, in Ehly
Rc.'cri c (18 70) t.,.. o.lil<lfl R~d()n OJ,I"" " ,don <e .... il graphic art;" inId ,;:ri," ill ,-"<II il! a pllt SymboliJ1 painu,-. /njlummJ by Cw""r muI CorOl, b, "'''''ImOy '=/"tI fro," ,b, 1/«n "an unhappy childhood, di" '" hi, 'fJikp'j
E <h"l,d ,\I unch'. "isi« to Paris b .... wcrn
lB89 and 1891 ",ere ,ital '" his
dL~'d()l.n<nt . particularly os ~ stimulus
for German Exp",»;oni,,,,. l ie "udi,,] V:l n
Go g h and the Sl'"b,~ i"s, G:luguin , Mc.·C:lu
and Odilon Redon (]fWO-]9]6). The fi,,, "ct,ion of Tb, Sa-,am 6,Dow,,] in ]893. T he
"widing lines of ",I,-.J ' a,e ",mini"'ent of Van
Gogh's landscapcs: the ago"r of the S<-.J n,lless
","'am """C< directlr IT,." ,\] uoch. 'From the mO"lOnt of mr binh , the angdsof
anxictr, '''lITr, and death sn". ] at mr s ide .. l)C:lth was a ,<"CUning ,,~,ic!O, the a,ti,,, both
his Ill,ents and two sihlings .Ii,,] nrlr. Munch
su",i,,,d into his eighties but suffcred f". "
chrunic anxietr, pSj'cho'o",atic di", .. es and
alcoholi,m. I lis dcp",s";on onCe led to
hO'pittlit.:ltio1l. ,\ ]uoch's th.,,,cs Ii, ,,,,ha,k,w<,]
m.nr of the 1""''<:<"1I],at.,ns of the tWL"nt;"th
centurr' lonelincss, alimat;on , neuro";, a"d
sex""litr. A not e from his ,li"r a"oounce" 'No
longt: ' ,hall I Illint intcriofS with men ' C:lding
and ",,,,,m knitting. ] willill int li,;ng p<"I~e wi>:, I> ",.the .nd kd and suffe, .nd I",,, : l Ie
~llmd no ]a,ting h:tl" incss in eithcr of his Own
I", 'e .f!':tits, akhough he ""llI,lCmo..,,,,d I,," h
w,""m in 711, FriruofLifr. Munch's an was cxhi hi «'<] ,,"'~]wi,k: , won
.,,·a,d. and ."rlctI:d ",lIce",rS within his
liktime. In] 93 7. I lidet·. n::'I'<Il'" was to "rip
his p.intings f"",, gallery walls, along with
t ..... '" of ,"her 'degt:ncr .. e ,,)()(lcm "ll"cts.
The s.::r.,.~m (/89 J) by Lh"1r<h\ 1 unch 'I "'a''''a!J:ing aJ(JrIg tb. rOild ,;:i,b lI:a frimd" . ,,_ • .-I/untb, '1'bt! n", ~t . Tb.
'.i:r Mm". a bJoody rd. And 1 fit a "",cit afm"=/tdy_ I mod "i/~ I""ud an ,It< roiling, d.tM! tim! 0,..,- tb. bJ1«.bJad fjord imd city bung blJod imd tongun "ffin My frimtk,,·aJhdanand I n"y.d "'bind, trn.Jding"'i,b/righ', And I
fl,,, pa' unmding trr<i1m f'i'J'ing through TIat_'
H94
1607
16 10(')
16f7(!)
CLARA PEETERS
B()rn in Anre".,.p
Pai"IT Jim rmm/,d pim,u
Painlf "Ii-portrait \ '.ni.os
j)j" in Ann::",
T:>I.I" With ~ Pie . G :>ttoe "nd ali" .,,; (;:.16/ /) P"urr' ",,,,* dralop,d rwriaahJy from 1m- 'IITI'",. C<lllliol<J/y !n1diriiklai c(Jmp"riri(JrIJ, ,,,,,,,ud from a high t'Il1I!a§ point, to ,lahol7lu "rrang''"'"'' IiI:< rbi, _. 711, t'll1I!ag' point j, /",;:" and a ,<i<crion of itIXtlri(JUJ jw", II'"' pmad "" a mi"""/y «wild bY""uk UlbhdiJIb, aU "' agai"" a dark hlXl:grGlUld for maxim"'" 11m
The ,en" 'still [ill::' had no. btto
imuu,,[ whm Cia" ]'<'t:.crs' carttr
began. I kr 'l'pc of picture was
grncraliy <:illcd • 'hrcakf." pice'" ("nrbijtj') he""u.., it depic,,,[ bread .nd fruit. More
dal>o"'tc H"ngm",nts of food .nd drinl qrnlifi .. [ as 1 hanhrj, (bmquct).
]'cctc",' p,inting. arC highly skilled. b""Ulifully finished and of 1,;zc ,h., dmlands
prominent <~sl~'Y' All <"Vid"m::,<; I'(~nts to her 2S
a l'.-ofL"<Sin"al arti" with wcalthy dil:n" , and
thl: only "1emi,h woman nJ ha,'e ,pccialiu:d So
carly in ,hi. gcn"'. Shl: kft m'er thirty w(His,
sig n<,1 and da,cd oowt"n 1607 and 161L
induding a .df_port,ai" iiwi,as, p,in''''
arou nd 1610.
Y("t, wI: know almo" nothing abou , Pc<~ers
perSonally. 11<1" binh "rcc'l<,""1 in An,werp in
1594 but the time and I~ace of her dc:t,h "'main
a 1l1J"Stcl)'. Shc is said to I.",c left a I,;Cturl:
da,,,1 1657, which would be thl: Ia'est da,e ~"
her, bu, it is 10'" Nor docs her nalllc al" car on
anJ' guild T(~ls, although women had J,een
li"ed,in"" 1602.
It may S<"t:m iml"ol"ble tha' a girl of thint"n
",uld ha", p"in",d so cxpe rtly, bu, Angelic.
K.ou lTm:.onn """Jml~ishcd her firSt " . nll.;,".ion
a' ,he agl: of twe"e. T he 1607 I,;c,url: is ,
wedding pi<"e: 'he green h,,,kcmL")'cr and
H_""("ti'n wi"" gI,",s "'I"ese," hu,b'nd and "ife:
a gold ring lie, near" lit candlc: sprig< of
",,,-,,,ary signify fidelity. It would h"'1: 1.,"'d,,1
1'""",rS with a ch'nning dehut and 'he idcal
l~a'~Jnn ~JT he, amning ,kiU.
T""le "hit \'~se of Flowers ~ntl Dried Fruit (/6/1) Thil tN",rurit'< gm,. gltt·, arD'r!! tb, opportUnity to ,00'" <Jf th<ir t-"""""
tal",,,._ P"UTJ amply tNm"""raus b", ability to rmtin- artmJicr and m"al, ilJ 1.,,<11 a, ,pringjl(f'~'= ' H", oil ,ubniq'" "'al '~rJIl,il" rangingfr(Jin
gI""" '" ""par"" lin ",und troi"ing "'ggm! Ib, may bat~ hun ,b, pupil (Jf &m or Jim Hu/rdiJna
1881
1901-06
1906-- 14
1914-1 8
1910,
1919-4f
1947-49
19H
"" "" ""
PABLO PICASSO
&m in Malaga. .... if a m-Il,;.'ing P'",~
T""·.hhm::u,, Bar"/(6/Q and Pari;, finally ,,,,I,, in Pari" '8/", and 'R",,' ,,"ioJ,
Pain" Lcs ])clIlo;",lIes
d'A,igr>:'n (1906). ;\tun-
Bra,!"', Tbry ;m-mt Cubi"" Il1Id pion_ ,"Ollf{'
min' ,;:i,b Comilll, Sari. and Diagbilro
n;'"h aT J<uJpror, ';.'1';", in J1lt"Hillin rry/., Painrr GucrniCif..-Pari,I""17"".",/1 &hihi,j"", 1917
In Prana for WIVIJ ,;:ifb Saba"h, Do,-a Maar, I"," han!";" Gii<J,
Birth of ,.m Gawk and dnugb",. Palo",", hoih by Gil"" JIM, IlJ «",mi""
;\I"" J«II'"I;", '.-MarTi,s Raqt", iII"tI'f'" ,\l()Uyjm
lDm,., """ ",biJirion
OJ,, al MOllgim
FC1tI~le Figure ~t ~ T~ l>le (1912) by Umber", 1I("",;on ;
UmMrro Boca",,; (/ S82~1916), Il found ... "ftb. F utllrist ,""""""", f"" '"" PiCiIDa 'brougb Sr.."",,,; in Pari" in 191 1. Th< dialog'" hm::«11 Mil""", Fururi,m arid Pariria" Cubi,m trllJ fruitful Bomoni ";'",,-ivd PiCIlfJU'r ,,,Imi,!'" if filJingfigllT' and barl:gro,md, di''''hing fradi,imal p<nproi:~ and muing ,,,' "ronnJ moo,oing. Pi,,,,,,,', p<K'nlj, I); nid_1 kn'y KahnwLik-r te...- a major injl"''''a
, E aCh ,ime I had "",,,,,hing to say, soid it in 'he "~y I felt was 'igh~
Difl"rtL..,' motifs drtmnd difl", ... .." ,echniques, T his does not imply eithe,
e,,,IUlion or Il<ogrt:s< bUl an '1"'0"] Letwe"" the
ide; th" Ufle dcsi n:s n, exp,ess and the "",anS of
eXl' rcssing it .' Pahlo I'ic;s",'s words ""I" es< wh" ",any _ ho,h cri,ics ' ,nd admi rers - find so
clusi,'e and capricious ahou , him, l Ie ne,'er
'<b"lol'cd' in a SO tis~'ing linea' I'mgr""si"., o r
s'a)'cd within a s'}'lc Ufl "" it h.d e,'ol,'cd,
I"-,,ea(l, as One an historian wrO'C, he was like, spider 'who sits wa,ching in ,he <'m,re of a
web."fmm ti",e '0 time he l)()Un""s .nd ,he
di reetion of his I"Junce is usually
unl' n:(~ct:tl~e', PiC".lS<o's ,''''''urCS into c ....... mics,
scul l" u", and printm.king wrte all unfailingly
inwn,i,'e; in !itet , f,oo" 'he I'.inting of L"
1)"",6Uo,S d:4"g",m oo>ward, ,i rru.llr no aniSt
could <:'""' 1''' his inn""n"", La,er on , Pic;s"J "fcr''''] to .. " histo,y,
cte;ting "!ria,ions Ofl carlirt m .. "ets' worb
,hrough a ,'a,iety elf "",(lia: prints, dro"'ing< and
I"iming<, A prime cx:t,,~,le is the S<"tics LA,
MmiTlllJ, ]>iC:iSSO oft"" ,urned '0 a 'I'ecific w(lr k
bee;u", he id""'ified with it I""sonally .nd, .. a
SI"nish anist , he had .I",,)'s felt pnJ~Jund tics
",ith EI G rCf:O, Vcl' ''l uez and GOJ'"
Wccping Woman (/937) by Pablo Pica",,, Th. ,"odd for tbi, im"mly ,""'ong pi""'" "'...- rtlTualirl photograph..- D"ra
Maar (TbroJora Marh'icb), PiamfJ" ,"iring and ,"""for ,,'m' Y'iln kfor. a 'tonny "fHlr",iln tbat kfi b.,. bro!m and rrowit'<. iiI:< (Jib.,. I.fi· ,;:ing
'Y,"patbiun in 1937, tb. ",,,pI.'t 'Y~t."".on tM m 'il"'ar in Spain. ilIa...phomgraph.d Pac"''''J <T.a~'on 0fGucrnit. ~ tb. ,""i-'"~'1lT icon _ ,,'bicb "',"
painud in " rruJio 'M bir.d in r". d" (.rund,.Aug""i",.
'" PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA
1410fU) Born in &r§J Sam<pdmJ, Rln if a 'an",r
14Jf(?)
-"
"4' l44f_62
14f2..{jf
14H(!)
1459
1465(')
1492
m"king in fllorm" unti.,. J"",.....ia""
TiII:.'1l rounciUor in Borgo S"""f'Ohrn
Pain" ,\h<~Jnn. ddl. ,\1 iscrj"",t;a in Borga S"""P"liro
Pa;nu fr='" for church (JfSt hand,-,Auz;::()
JI'<.o-.bngjU.- C(Jur, o/Rimini
Paid fir 11"rk ("",,,last) in I,,"'am
II'<"-hng for Duk. oflJrbina
Oi";,, &r~ SarIJ'P"/lTa
B3ttiSt~ Sfo r"" , "ife of Federico d:.o Montddtro (c.1472)
BaffiJ1a Sfor-..a " . ..,- a ,",,"lvr if ,11< ruling Milan". family. Sb. /xir, P,dmro m'm dough"" and a ,,'" afU,. ,;:Ix", hirth m. t/j,d Moo birror;"", klln-. ,bi, portrait _ "'" of a diprycb _ tra. paim<d po<tbU1n"uriy. Th< INxkgr""'u/ ,OOt...,jJrhiTl() IlrId Ib, rumJ",,,Jjng ",untryritk
P icro <leD. 1',..""""", "I' llursw h,,·c Icd.
quiet I'"n'incial life. Although
Vm"';"nn w1.S his ",OS'Cr, he is not
""('<,,,1,,1 , .. 1,.,longing to .nl' worhh'1', and 'pCJl. mo,t of his time <;thet in Ar<-uo 0' Borgo
S'n"'I_,bn. lie S','::mS to h",,, ftt"lan,,-,1 on~'
fot shon p"ri,. ls in Rom." Ferra,a, U rbi,.., and
Flo,m"", perhaps juggling a nID"h"r of
assign""'ntS ., anr Ofle ti"",.
Ddl. Fran""sC:l.'" ",o,k in ,he 6eld of a,chi,,,,,,ural inn.",;ofl wou ld ha," made him
much s()ugh, ... f,,:r , It:., he ,..as also" "" .• ,,"
ge'l<"",riei'n .nd ,he au,ho, of. leHned Ire.,;", Ofl the rules of pe"pc",;,.::. Such
cxperti", with ",ale and P"'I_mion malos his
I"imings "isuallr I"",,'crful. Wha' makes tl><:m
I~easing as well is his genius ~" o'g-.nizing
c"lour ma5SCS. C:I.,cfullr h:tlanC("(I'gainst Ia'ge
p.le "cas to :>thieve unitr be,ween 'p'''''
and lighting.
Dell. Franc .. ..,.,. "" l< h,1 ,Iowlr. Fo.- a f"" co
I"ime" this non".lIr poStS pn)t.iems but he
hung \R~ sheL"tS (JI-cr tl><: pl""L"I"" night So he
cnuld ",turn n) it tl><: next ,hr. O il I" inting on
",ood _ ,ueh as he had prol" t.ir Srtn in Urh, no
_ g"t: him no such tmuble. Ddt. Fran""""',
''l'le ,eAc",ed ,he I",)ut.,itr of Flemish oil
p.inting among ,he l"tH"'S of the pL,.iod ,
",hich mar .emu n' ~" the lo5S of CSteCm aftcr
his death , when "'-"cs inL~'itat.i}' ch.ng.::d.
1'.1. ,\Iontefd tro ( /472-74) T he B'L ..... aln'l'ice", ,\ hd,. ma and child ... ith angel;, <:lints and Fede,ico d.
,\lo nteklrro, Dule of UTllino Th, Dill:, 1a5t bi, rigb' 'Y' Il1Id par' "bi, ""', in a "'u,..,,,,,""', and o::a, ah::ap ,b.,;.'n fating I'fi , Thi";:a, proImbJy tklla Frmlw<a', /art
,,'..-klN/..-, bi, 'Y",'gb, /ai/,d 1m, bi, ,"artn:! "propiK"'"", i, rtiD lT1"arbbl" Tbt! "'!rich 'gg bmlgingfrom 'Il< ,Il<D in ,b, ap rymOOJ,=" til< tirgin bir,b and i, ub.,d by
til< <llial" ,b, Madonna', Il<ad, p/a"d in 'Il< p=i" <m!r, 0/ ,b, ",'""",ition
'"
1912
1929
19J4
19J8-42
194J
" .. 194 7
19fO
19f2
195:6
JACKSON POLLOCK
B()rn Paul]acbJ1l PoJlJd: in Cody
SlUdi" "nd,.,. BroukI at An Studmn'L,agtM. Nru )",-,", In/h""wl by Ruk", and E1 Grn", Mi"j Imd Mati""
S"r/" jn Nn" );'rl:
II-... .h for F,,/u,,/ An Projer. Inj1umad by Pic",,,, and Sun-,ali",
r Im Ida ,IW!:J NnIJ )"'k. Turn, pro/mio"" h: i,b Cuggmb<im co"'rtxt
Marri"",",;" L" Knlma
Firrt A.,io" painting
&bibitJ at J~"j", bj",nn/,
fij,-;r Jda Uxr.J! Pari" C,.."",,"g
"'Karlius ,,"ro'f"Ctit'< in Iff,""'"
Dj" jn car
acrnm' on umg blimd
, . .r
t
• 'r: ' -. t·
X I '-
N . ... jo £md Pictu re PoUod d""/op<d bi" .. """,;!."" by aUm;:ing til< imag"y III "'ok·. 'P"rtuw",w/y, t.,j,bout p,,,,maprioTlJ", /-I, calkJ rbi, rn:bniq'" 'dirut' painting and c(6"fH'ud if '" Nillit-, Amtrjam Indian _d paiming. mad< by !ricHing tbin Ii"n of r%u,-i!d rrmd """,, a boriz.., ,,,/ rurj"l<', PoJ/ock daim,,!, }H":'",'~r, !bat for him it "'a, 'a ,",am if arrh-ing ill " IUlU,"nI"
J adson Pollock's groundbrcaking m .... hod
helped New York to ,uppbnt Paris H the
a,'a"t.g:trde "apinl of modern art. Br the
end of\\'o .. ld War IL it waS time ~"a culrural
ch.llengt: f""" the New Wo rld . l'oU()ck dcda",1, 'I dOfl't «:t: whrthe 1",>hI.",. of modem
I",irning c:tn't he: «",,,<I as "ell h<--n:: :r; dll'"-It",,,·.
and h<-g;n hbring a tr.il ~" 'Jl h<,. Ab"""" Exp'L"«iofl i,ts. Etcn Dc KHofl ing admittt,!. 'lie
bruke the i",,: Dt: Koofl ing .... 1 Poliocl. WITe
fritndlr ,i,al" it ".". the critics ,,-Ito li L .... I to
chat" l,;ofl (lfle og;illSt the (""L", But De IVlflIling n<.~"r c:tptu n.,1 the public imaginati(lfl as p(~Jo.d
(lid when he bo..Le ,,·ith t",dition.
I'oliock's A .... ion p'inting ".". inn""n""d LJ'
tho: Sur",.li,ts· 'p"J"hic au""nati,,,, ·. R ... jo:: .... ing
">.,,,1 and p.lette. and withou t anr 1'",liminarr
,h~t·hes. he 'pread unprim .... 1 Cam'as on" the
nom and I,,)u n:d p,int SI ... ight f""" a c:tn . or
he dripped and ait·k .... 1 it . using hrushes and
"iel<. Som .... im'" he inco" I_"a",d LruL.n gla«
(Jt wire It:.r a,U::d "'Xlun:.
Pollock is litmous ~" the wild drunken
ho:ho,;our tho t uk~"a "' lr liUed him. '~t he " ..... a
,olitarr i",~,'idL<tl. mJl (lfle ~" the grou ps or id<.,,~)gics th.t h"",lcd arti,ts in tJ.:,,,, ,h JS.
I'~ h,:k "as fn::t: of the 'an-hi",,";c:tl· al,,,(,,,cl\:
un«,.h;;tic:tt .... 1 and in",litttuaUr un"""I>lic:t",d.
hischicl" " ""rihuti(lfl toan " ..... n, cxl" cssmlOtim a",1 ll' r1S:ttiOfl through .I><t ... mull.
Undul.oting P2tM (/947) Hi, larK' Tall, 'drip paintingy' au PoJJ.Jtk', mast imprmi'a ""rh,
,,·bicbll< prot/u"d bm:«n 1947 tmd 1952 (poJJ.Jtk "'main,d fr"in aJ",ixJ fro'" 1948 througb ,"on </ 19 5a). Moring rhythmically, b,
""uJd ","'r tb, "'boJ, eI"'''''. quiddy inu'-"'''''''ing pa,urn and roIour; til< proadur, "'M ah::ay"ilIIrroJl,d and far fro," ",nd .. n
'"
1889
1907-&
/909_11
1912_14
19H
1916
/921 _21
1924
LIUBOY POPOYA
B()rn LiuixJv S""K'Y"Tla Etling in iII....-",,', daugbu,. if a
'm/"
StudS" und.,Zhutot"ryand ) it""
T,.", .. d, arlJiUld
Rwria and to /,a/y
SlUm" in Par", ''''t',h in Frana and ludy
ExbihitJ t;:itb Ta,h'nand Mal" .. irb in 'Tra1l11::ay V' and '0. W' in Pnrogroo
JC#nI ;\1aInTcb', Sup","a~'rtJ
uacbing, ,rbibiting and !b,tlt" ooi?"
Di« of "arl" f"~r in ill"",,,,,
ArchitertonicCompos ition (1918) A la," aimr«! rtyl', pain"d in brilh'am "'/1JUrT on rlJUgb b.Jard; grom.rr'ic ,hap's an rup<rimp""d an a,,, QlUJtb.r '" <T,a" ,up,b. JV"b MaJ",icb arid Ta,/in, Pop.",,, " . ..,- rb. mar! wrrtlltlding paim" of tb, t-,.1914 RUni"" abstractionj",
D allghter of • wealthy draper in ,\lose,,,,, .. Liuh<Jl' 1)(1 ~"" initially
sbJdicd art ",·;,h I'ri"ltC '""'rS. She
"Is" had the "I, ,(),nmity to tr",·d a gre .. dea)
",,)und EU"1'C and ","" intrudurcd to. b",ad
rang.: of in!hx:nttS . fi-(Mn Russian icons and the
It.lian Rt:naissan"" to the CutM,ts and F uturi'm.
When I'ol,o, 'a wa. f"H,t,1 to "' turn 1.:",,1: at
thl: outb",ak of World Wa, L she wa< not a bne.
dynamic gt:,.,,{"tric c'." p",ition',
In the carly 1920s, Po p"'a's fa",in:! tion with
C .,structi,;.m rt:sulted in he, gi"ing up purl:
p'inting in fa,'our ofindusrrial d"'ign. RLfo rt:
h'" untimely dcath at the age of thirtr·fi",. she
had ",o.-ked in thcarre and Co"tume de,ign and
ll-" abo I""ding thl: de'ign studio that 'en'ed
the First S",re l atill: Fa<10'Y in ,\ Io,,,ow.
Across Europe , in the early twentieth
Unlike an ists in othet parts of Eu,ol"" who ""nn,,)", w,."en "ni,ts we '" more a<1i", in the
we rt: di'p",,,,d, the Russians fow,,1 them"'h'''' "i,ual and perfo'ming an" than th<y had e""
"',mired, thereby fo .. "ing the mo't ~,nnidable been befo,e. Not only h,d they vined ",id",
a'"1nt.ga,de. At first , I'<'I'''' 'a wa< "ccuI,;ed with admission to trai ning hu t they we,c in the
wo,ling thmugh the Cubi« and Futurist ~) ", fn""ofallthcn ... wanlm"{,,,ents. lnp' ... _
in'piration' that shl: had ' l:""i"l:d while ,""olution"'y Russia , women a"i.ts had
«udying in I'ari •. I lo",e"", by Ia te 1916, .he eq ... lity with men and thei, contributi ,., .. .".
had joi ned the Sup,ematist. and .. "1, painting ,;tal tn thl: ad,~,",ing SCenl: of art and design.
Sea ted Figure (191f) Paprr.:a)- Cubi,,_impiud c(Jmp,,,iri.n iUllJ1rat" til< Rtroian appro",b ,. Cuhjnn,
t::br b wu/,d "'!::arth i>h,rr",ri.n and T"'""'trUCrion, "[b, figuu TNnajrn tkfini>h/, ,bruugb Papo"a', "" </ "'hancing and uading p/.nla "f grad""ud rolour
H94
1612
1621
1624
1624-10
1629
16JO-4O
1640-42
1642_H
166f
NICOLAS POUSSIN
B()rn in Uf
A"'My<. "''' of /VI
<",·""din
/mpmd by J-a,.-in, rtlllli" M~n",rifm "'ltkr Lmlnnald in Pari,
Trl1'.-,h to Ro,",
t-i" J""j",
Sm/" fJ"7mmnltly in Rom,
O,-,n::, amiqui,j", Painu mytlxJlograJ ,,""'. In/k"" wl by 7l~'''n and JffrJ~". E.rp<rimmtJ ,;:itb Baro'l'" ttyl<
MarTi« A"",,· Mari" I)"r,/Nt
Painu biIT<ry Jann Injlumad by iIIa""gtlt1 and Raph"'/
B"","" Frrncb Cour, pain," to
L""" XIII. R""",, to Rom,
Painu land""!,,,. c"",i" .. " birtory ,~,
Hudrb d«ljnu, OJ";,, RiH"'
The Sh'1'he rus of A...,.~di. (dn"if) (/6J8) in ,b, mid_/6 la., Pourrin ,rpJlJr,d ,b, "."'} of Rapha.l, Roman armi,,,,,,,". tmd u,,;n hoohon m<Kal ronduct. Fm," tb", b. aoopud til. pUn!, d",ricai it/iom ,bat b, ""J for ,b, m' if bi, lifo. Tb, ,muip,jon 'Et in Art':I.<h ego' IT a q_a,jon fr"m Ib, Lvin p<x' Virgil Pou"in "",itlik '" !bal 'hff, i, "" "al!" from d,",b, n'''' in lb. paim '::orld of Ar",t/ill
N ,rolH )'()us",n fo nlluiated the
Pr<C<lltS of French d~."c~1 .nd
~eade,,"e art In the belief that.
through his art he ,,~d "pic, nohie .nd ,~jrring nics. He undenook historical re",.reh
"" po",ibly, mining himself in ~rehacokJgy .nd
p'inting shou ld ~,,'u'" a r .. ional .nd the study of co,ns, .nd c~refully checked
in tel le<1u.1 "'spoo'" in the ,i ..... ·e r, not mere the. uthenticity of ell',,},thi ng. lie ontt w")le
plu'ure. Ili s "'ther .UStere, .uthoritati,'e in. letter: 'I.m ~"ttd by my n"ure t"w.rds
'l'p<o.ch to .nc;ent history .nd chssic,1 the'Hlleriy."
mythol ogy innuenced I" inting .. far .. the As. p,inter, Poussin worked pro<ligiously
ni neteenth century, and mOst French .rtistS hatlt. ~nd ",.ched. highlyc", .. i", ~nd ins p, ml
ftlJm D .. id to G un"". I"" '" in his mid·fc ... ics. lie ",..,strut1ed "". Iels
Poussin w .. ",·t l"nicuhrlyintcn:",,1 in the of wood .nd w"1x f"'Ill which he Ill.de
e,,'nlS ()( petS,..,alitie< of his tim" .nd the ,.., Iy prelimin.ry <le",hes, .nd only then did he stl n
p,)(trlit he ,"'Wr ,lid w ... of him",lf. N,,, waS he Iniming. lie 00",,,,,,,1 the ""ml1O';ti"".1 ''J'les
sJ"'llp,thetictothe"1rtisticfl<1iOflstl.tthell,und of M .. ntegn~ and R~ph~d, and turned to
in Rom". In his opinion , the ,\I.nncristS were Titi:.on for the stud), of nudes. Il is htcr ,tudies
"'0 aff<"",d .nd the N, tu",lislS we n: n't n: fin,,1 (}If Sun.«"t •• nd "1Oming in the Roman c.,,~"gn.
en<-.Jgh. I'oussin's gte:. t pISSio" w.s history, .,.1 .'" <o me of his IlUml t .chi"l"mlL·rlts.
Echo and N.r<:issus (1627~28) For Q p<riod o/fn·, pan, P"""in t.'YJrlmJ on tbn"" from damca/ mybologf
and tb, Rmairrana pom. A, 'k """' ,im" b, cam, undn- Ik painurly in/bunt:< <I,b, Im-ti"" Titian. Pictllr<rlih ,bi, ~ and Rin~H) .nd
Armid. "" ""'"",,Teo/()ur! Qnd ,bot:! trw! /"ling/ir Ib," p""ie _IT"
1824
IS44-f2
INrI
1861
186f_69
IS72_7f
1871
1876
ISSS_S9
/889_9J
189J_9';
1897
1898
PIERRE-CECILE PUVIS DE CHAVANNES
B<rn in Lyon, "'"' of" ch'i "'gin",-
SlUdi" in Par" tmtkrStb1!<rand ('''''!lin
inf/umad by Cb"",riau
&11ibiIJ )'icci a!
Sa/(J1I, rub",irriorIJ
r<j«ud for "" .. , 7 pan
Sfa" p/lrma", Pc",,", fr- Sa/on. War di1llllud to mat. pair
Hirtory /",inting CiH",",'m'''MJ for Man.illu Mum,,"
IRnKIl'" Poi,i", ,""." ball
Exbibirr Sum",er
,,' SakJII, pUrrb"",d by S1""
Co,","iIJiOnM to
paint LifcofS, Gene,il:,,: in Paru Pantbion
imlra'" Pari, SorixJ"rI<
fNt:ara," Pari, City Hall
Pain" ,""raJ, for PuNic library, 8""(6/, USA
Marri" Pri1ltm Cantac""m,
Dj" in Pari,
The Poor Fishe rm:.on (1879) Submi,ud '" ,b, Salon if 188 I, ,bi"",,/ painring c"",,d ron!rot'''')'' PIK wm, judgn, Ib, jlam", of ,"I" mad, i, diNT" '" droJra';'-" ",rbn tban 'fim ~ art. Sill" Ibm, tbi, "''"/''''ition _ n'OC/lfw. if ,11< Holy P",m'ly _ bad",.,"< un, of Pm-i, ,"ort nlduring ,mag<>
P icm :-Ctcilc PUlis de Ch.,'annes ",IS the
Icading muralpaintrt of his timc. I I<:
" .... eH,n admired br the rounge,
generation , whieh included V" n G o g h,
G~ uguin and Seur"" H well as the I)(l<~
Gauticr. Alth ough a contcmpo,a'r of the
Impre~io n ists , I'tn'is' pracri"" ,emaincd "" " "I in thc Italian frescocs hc had encountc,ed 00
his Ira"d . as a J'oung man. Picro dclL:. Fr.~'. wori in A",w, had inspi,,,II'tn'is
to he"" mc an a"i,t himsdf.
Yet his nat , shadowle;s, dec<" ati,'c st)'le
a"",,,,d cstablishment ho"ilitr~" manr J'c:lrS.
The establishment ",,,,,<,1 not to ap p,ccia'" his
,ctrten"" n) fresco p,inting _ I'm'is "",d oil on
Cam'aS fo r his murals. rathe, than appl)'ing
pig]))<"tlt <~t<"dr to pl,,-,,e, _ and "",,,,,,d him of
not kno",ing ho,,' t() paint 0' dra,,·. I lis ",ork
inc0'l~"at,,1 a strong lincar dcment: his palette, howcnT, always ",maincd p,le and
su ];Jued. U"I"' pu la, th''''gh it was in academic
circles, his technique exert,,1 a 'trong intluen""
ul"'" Gauguin .nd imp"ct<,1 on the
de", lopment of thc Nahis , a symboliSt gnlUp 1<,1 br D< .... is, IInnna,d and \'uilla,d.
I'tn'is' ~lrtuncs switch,,1 dram:lticallr in the
li« twentr J'c",' of his lill:: , ",hen a far.sight,,1
Di,cctor of Fine A,tS ,kcided to conll"ission
the monumental S, Gmn'.,,, ",rics in thc Pa,is
Pantheon. In 1895 Pmis found him",lf the
guest of honour at a grand b'nquet presided
O,'<T I".· R,.lin: and the J'e ... aftrt his dc:lth , the
Salon mount,,1 a ,uc""ssful 'L~"'s pecti,'c of
hiswori.
Yo ung G irls by the Se" (/879) Put';' conjur" up /lJI at,"0'fJh"" </ "'"",,
antiquity in ,::bich tb, girh ''''" ro"",n,J in """,,I ",ai<, h<auty and fair ,,",,,,b.,.
'"
1481
1491
14 94
"'"
"'''
I fOf-U7
H07
I f09_20
HH
HI4
IH7
H2O
RAPHAEL SANTI
B()rn Raffa./ Silt/I; in UTbi"", ..... </ Gilflianni s"mi, Cour, pain," to
F,tkriro do
Mo""fi1tnJ, DII*' ,,[Urbina
l"Narb of m"rIm-
i"Natb "f [",b.r
Apprm,j"d ,. p.,."gi,," jn
P,rugia
M",",,- to Norm", rtudj" i.ronaroo, ilIicbdarlyio, Barr%,"", IlrId
Ma",,.-jo
Pa;""" uri" rf Mad"""",
Pain" til< Depo,ition
Calkd to R(lI'" by Po/" JUIiUT Ii to paim tb. Stanz.:l., including Sch()<~ of Athens
iJ<a,bo/Pop< ]uJiw- /I. PainIT Sistine ,\ 1ad(ln na
Mad. archil«t of S, P""'J, R(Jm,
Pain" til< Transfiguration (unfinjJImJ)
OJ,, in R(Jm,
£..in, B~rl .. ,.. • . Sistine ,\btlon "'" (J"aif) (/ 512) Salm Barlmra J.xWIom of tb, picttlr, fram. ",",ard, fb, imaginary "'''gng",jon at rb, foot if rb, Si,~jne ",.donna. 5b, iT ilJ <xquiJi" aT any"f biT MudonTlaJ", for ,;.'N," Raph"'/ m-"Q '"' a ""ilk rllllg' </ kauri" b, bM h"'l::n. B",b tb, """tiring and "''"f'O'irion of ,biT paiming typify RapbiNl', R(Jm"" p<riod
The p "mgt:" of the thrt"t: gi.nts of tho::
1I.li"" High Rm.issancc, Raph1<:1 is
best known fn, his Vatican frescos,
numerouS ,\ ladonnas and &scinating I_"tn.its,
including the be.utiful u, f'(JrTlllrina (ro:,w
'L~'ul,,1 as Raphael's ""'n" ",ife) and the
h.unting Pop< ]uJiUf Il. Sun ()f. Court I",inte"
Ral",.d w"s b()1i1 into thc right sur,oun,~ngs~'"
an ani,tic cart'" and , d"'pite being o'l,ha""d at
ck"Vt .... , his 1""""';uus talentS "",,, ,,-,I hiss",,;, ... !. ] h"ing """pletcd his "pp,m tittship with
]'<:rugino, Raphael mOl"d n) 1'1,,,,, ,,,,,,. lncn: ho::
hon,,1 h .. art n, the Renaiss;tntt i,leals ofbc:tutr
and han""nr. al though his genius ,.-1< ti,,] br the
d,,,,,ar-.is of I"'''uns.
Raphael ', s trength lar in his drl ftsm""ship
and , at that time , d""'ing ",as con,idered the !Oundati()fl ()f.1I "isual artS . Fo, the last S",'en
rears of hi s life , he cmplo}'ed Marcantonio
R.imondi in his Romc Studio , cngr";ng the
b.ddog of d"wings th., he bdcd time to
Com'ert into p.intings. It ",as Raimondi 's
,cnderi ng of Ral>had'< Tb, ]udg,,",nr of Pari,
that sugge,~cd thc po", of ,\bnet 's figurlS in
Dij""'''' Sur L'H.,.k (,,'cr thn::e ""nruries I. "',.
\ Vhcn 2<Signcd to thc Pap,,1 Cuurt. Raph:td
".,,, gi,.::n ch:t ~ of all major I )« ~C"''' nut unly p.intings but a,chi",,,,u n:: and thc p'L"«:n,.,ion
of antiquitilS. Raph.eI wasn't a great inn"'"1tor
or di""".:: n::,. r'" when he dicd at thirl}~""t:'" his.,t ,howed an cmotional depth th., might
well h."e m"turcd to equ,1 th., of Leo"" r.!o
and Michel: . .ngdo.
The Ikpo<ition of Christ (l 50?) Rapb",1 pap oomag' to Micb,umgdo" Doni "Ii",do _ paim,d only tb,
Y''''" INfor' - ritb ,IN Jm"ling ';:<lln"" rdRiRg iNxk, hh Micb,langdo" Virgin. /-Ii, d'/K',irion group b", ",~"mly d""'n«d i",lf fr(lln tb, ,en"
of drorb on tb, bill ""d ,b, body tb'Y an')' i, ba,,1y marhd /, iJ a pirtur' ;;:,tb all til< qualiti" tbat IJ.:/i","oir on", lit",d a, Rapba,/'r maR
adm"ah/,; 'bi, mar7.',lkJ", J<ibri"y; biH(Jil5Ulm In,a"",; "" nrrlt:'agana, n. , .. I garity, "" tri"iality'
REMBRANDT VAN RIJN
1606 Bo.-nin i1idm, roR"f a ",HI",
1624 Srudi"in Am"",!"," untkr L"","illI
162f S"'''Pftudioin L.idm, pupill inchliN iJou
/ 61/ iII",." '0 Am"",!",", b«","" _=fuJ portrait;n. S"'rIT mlJingandfim "'"alm"a,
1614 iIIarn"S",J:j"
16Jf-41
1642
164 7
16f4
165:6
166J
1668
1669
"'"' Fjmlmrgb
Sash'" gr.'" birth to fo1lr cbildrm,
"'" ",n, 71"", runr.w
l"Na,b "f Swh'" , PainlJ T he Nightw.tch
Engag's Hmdrickj, Stoffik i" IN,,,,h'fm; I"," '"011</ ""d par"",-
Birtb " dnugb,,.,. Cor",!i" by IlmdricJj<. PaintJ llcndridjc futhing
D«iaud /Nl"}rllpt, Pain" Tims Rc:l(~ng
l"Na,b "f HmdricJj,
l"Narb of7irtn
Di" in A",,,,,,imR
Portr~ it of the )"Oung Sa<kho (16H) Sa,h" may ""~r haUl! ""rn !bu mri"w b", in puNic. rina R""brundt "ft." pai"utl b;,m,/f and bit family ar""J in ,,,,,ric ca5"',"". 7b, Dureb Un" Iro., ic rry"' to a "P'aai 'YP< if pim"., in"",I,d '" a ebaraeu,- rrlllly "nb.r Iban a J"traigbt p,m.-ail
RCl1lb,an'h "an Riin's dur cmpathy
with ,t~C human condition makcs it
sur prlS"'g to it ... rn thot hc nC,"Cr tn,'cllcd outsidc ]-loll. nd. 11"",c,,,, Lastm.n,
his """t innucnti.1 tc.cher, h.d iK't:n to ltal)' and ,>I,,,,,,,,,] thc wo.- k ofCar''''ggio. La"man
taught his 1"'1';1 thc tcchnique of ,billY",<UnJ (thc
,endenng of ""trCmc light and shade) and
Rcmh.-.ndt quickly Icarn"] to h.ndlc it ",ith.
'kill few ha,'c Cn'" m1tchcd.
T hc artist's p<.,.,onal lifc ,,-as. catl loguc of
misfortunc. Iii. fi,st wife , Sa<ki., .nd th,tt of
thcir child, ..... dicd ,'cry carly. Rcmbrandt ,
although su""cssful. had no he.d for bu,incss
antiquitics >how,,] a collcctio" that indudcd
Lcorurdo, Michd""gdo, R.ol'h:.ocl. I ]oll",in,
Tiri"" and Rul", ns: .nd hc h.d sto.-"" of cxotic dothcs, ornaments .nd anllour, ",hich he u",d
as 1" '1" in his p.intings. Dunng Rcmbrmdt's long cart"" hc cnpg"]
in dtawing , e",hing • nd I'" inting. 0,,<.,. looO of
his worls still exist and although he is l'rul",bly
best known for I_mniru n::, particularly his own,
his subiectS ,ange through biblic.1 themcs,
e'''I}'day life. I.ndscapc .nd nudc< . In cach
g<:n n:: he cun,er<' minu", of 11". ,ds_ he would
study his Own exp n::ssion" in thc mirro, - and
,uch dept h of fttling , that hc endun::s as one of
.nd disastrously ""pensi,'c tastC<. At his tbe ,,.,st s),llp1thctic and apl" ""iat,,1 of all the
bankruptcy, an im'cn"")' of hi. art and gr< ... t arti,ts.
Ardungd R.opfud L.,.~,;ng the F.mily ofTol>ios (/637) Th< Arrbanyl Rapbad b,1pr TobiilJ to mtor. bi, flltb") ,igbt and ,bm jlin ojf in a Baroqtl, flurry of for"bor"mJ limb" ,;:ingT and JTll/"ry. Bllt In"IT
impr"'''·' if aU iT R,,"branm)- Inarurfol miaro.turo
'M
184 1
ISf4
1862
1864
1868_69
1870-79
1880
1881
ISSf
1886
1890
1891
1898
/90/
1912
19/f
1919
PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR
Born in Um"K'T, ron "I a 'ai/or
Apprm,;,,'; '" paint f"K,,/ain and droJrat;". itt7",
]","$ A,,/i.,. Gky', mmT
8""iU" Mo"n, Siliry. Cbrltt< and PiITllrru
&bihi" at Sdm
Sba= rrudiG ;;,j,b 8"";0,, En plein air rrutlS" tritb MOlIn
JI'<.o-h and "bibi" aT impr,,,ionisr
At"". Ali'" CbilTj~,
Trat',/J loAlpia. Spain and Italy. in flu",,,'; by Rapb",~ Ruh<", and I,./,,"'l"'=
Binh if JW/ Pi,",
&bibi" in NnIJ );'ri
MarTi" Ali'"
Birth of"" J"'"
S<ri.UJiy dimh/,d by ar,briti,
Binh if ron Claud,
L'gim "I H.""u,-
l"Narb of Ah'n.
I)i,,"/b.arr "nack in o,grt<r_ m"M,r
Uphill p.~th Through Lo ngGr:><s (/876) A land""!,, v:i,bfigur",jTom R"",ir)- purm Im!", ,,i",,;,, p<riod 1{,,,,iniJant "Mann 'r \\%I l>ol" ics, it " .... probahJy paint.d during "'" " 'k ""m,,", ,ba' ,b, r~" arrim 'Pm! tog,tbn at Argrn""i/
W jth 'he 'ITi,'~ 1 of ,he railw .. y. 'he J-Ic<k"id"d thatc,~ourw .. s nJ ""thes,,,,'.nt rot
b.t nks of the Seine ht:rond I'ari. tl-.: 11",I<,r, and that he would a""'''I'' to "" p.-es.
bec.ml: a pOIJUla.- .-I:SO'" j;:J.- cit), ~Jml mon: "" n:fUlir bj.. tonal ,dationshillS. Not
worle:rs. La G.-.::nou illc .-.:: at Cmissr"",1.J .-_Seinl: that he a hcted his I" II:"e: R""oi r k'l" to the
,,"'" a .-estomant built f""" sc,erll bo"s "~l<'] Lright {'olou« he had alwa),s fa,'om,,1. In his
tog",hcr, p" Jl'iding a dan"" no", in the late, ",orks, Renoi"s ""pc ri",,,,,tation bmught e,·enings. T his ,,"1, thl: destination (jf Pie«e an oU'I. Juring of monumental nudes and
Augustl: Renoi.- and Claude ,'lunet une dar in sensual r (Jlmg wom"" with luminescent skin.
1869, ",h"" the two )'oung friends SCt up thei, U""'. "plUmi.ingl)', R""ui, had al""1)'S p.il1l<,<1
ea",l. tugcthe.- m pkin "ir and initiated the what pleased him and , ,ina: hi. dars
b.-.:: .kthmugh to Imp,,::ssion i'm. of d",o.-ating fans in the Slrle of \\'Ut .,.~ u ,
Ill' 1 SSI, the r<"1r hI: turn"] fo.t), and bl:g;n F.-agonard and Boucher, his i mm""'" sli II tra,elling "Jund Emo pe and Nonh Africa , and the ahilitr to comer cha.-m rmlained
Renoi, knew it w" time fo.- a .-eassesSm""t . L"nti n: l),undimino.l-.:d.
Wo"",n Combing H er ll:.oi r (1907-08) Gabri,lk Rmard ;;:a, a dir1llnt rowin ,;:ixJ "'m, a, bi< ",n lUll/', nun., and
"1IY,d OR a, b"""J;"P'r and mOI1</ for RnltJir Wb", anbri,;, "du"d bi, bandr to d=" Gabri,l1, ';:mf'P,d tb,," in fJ'f".,tN"d g""~ '" pm""'t tb, ,J:jn
at/bu'ng. j)iJl1b/,d as bi, [atb" ,,'as, OIl1td, RnltJir "",3,d dipping paintbrusb" h<tt:YnI bi, [atb"'r [inK''' to ,lIRhl, bim to pm'"
"" HENRI 'DOUANIER' ROUSSEAU
1844 B()rnin ural, ..... of a pl1l1nlvr
I S64-M Army"",,,,,r dnT;"min in
uWm"'lIli hand
1869 S"r/" in Pari,.
/ 871_9J
1886
1888
1897
1898
190J
190f
1908
1909
19 10
MatTi" O,mnl" BiiJIilrd, tbqi"," bat" tbr" cbilthm
Jj",h in 'ill_ n",;Otl [ (If" ,;rrj" '"'1". Nid;"",",d 'iMw",i.,' (",wine ifJi=-J
rJm ,,,bihitJ ", Sal", J" Indipmt/arllT, Wall in the F()n:s.
iJ<",bof°hnm"
P"int,"!nc Slttlling ('0)'1"1"
Marrin R_Ii<· ]"'ipbilU Nwry
D<atb "f /{",a/i<Joupb;",
Fir" ,,,bib,,, at Salon d:4",,,,,",,,, The ll ungry Lio.,
PiC/lJpj Iroldra
NrIiJ"" in hi, Ix",,,,,,
A"I"j,ud" iTrJo"'''"nI' in "''''k fraud
1);,,"1 gilTlgm" in Pari,
n.e Footl .. U P!:.oyct'S (tin,,;!) (/9()8) In ,""W"" to bi"""ti, rubj<m. Rou=atl mjay,d ftaruring tb. "'<ryday q, of propk ""'lind him, rbaring tb,i, /"'-, "pan,,, and r~at;"n" all killliJ. Tb, r1rip'd foiJIlmlkrr look mlH '" if tbry an p"fo, ming a ,,,",,,IImU,,
An cncount<"f ",ith llenri 'DOU1nic,' Pi.,.~s.o. G~ugui n , Dchun:ty ~nd Apollinai ",
Rou,"",au r<1'eal,,] a ""'nge mixture of among his ""quaintances _ Rous"'au heg1 n un",(j( I,Hy shy"""; and a Ci,,·in)n b,,6cf ,ubmitti ng '0 .he Salon ,k:s Indol",nd, nl<, to
in hiso",n artistictalen •. lie h,d und ..... g,,"" .he ",hich he "'main{"(llor"1 fo< .he "'st of his lilt:.
u,"" I eIL,,,,,,,tary sc]y,,~ ing but a. Su ne I. )in. he Rou s"'au's I" in.ings are .erm{"(l 'na'IYe' bu.
beCime {"()""inN,1 that I" in.ing w~s his true .his ,~)e'n '. imply that .her a n: in"inctual. On
" '>Ca,;on and claimed .ha. his 1'''''''1<' IX)",,'y .he ""fl'''' 'y, he I'lann{"(] his worl with an""'e
had p"-"lud,,lan school. Ci re, usi ng numerOUS ske.ches and pictu n:
La.e" Rou""~u wen' ahead and ob tained a ",f<TCn""'. Some m,x::"',,] him 1(" going as fa,
copyi,,'. Cin] 1(" the Lo",'''', "'h ..... e he sl'en. a 2S taking his sitterS' mCiSl"L,,,ents 1(" p'IO'tnits,
lot of time stu'i)'ing the early Italians. He Ille' 2S if he w ..... e a .ailor, bu. he waS mastcring
the IX){"IS Jarr)" and de G ou'men. , ",ho ana"""yand 1IO'0llOn;Ofl .he be" "'"'y he Ime ....
c,. ",,,i,.;i')f)ed ~ li.hograph li-u", him f, IO' .h,;, Once P'-" .he prep"a"IO'y stages Rou<se~u's
,e"ie ... , L'/magin, and hefo", long Rous",a u imagination toul off, and .he unrem,rlable
found him",lf a,h"itt{"(] '0 the w'IO' ld of wri ...... s onc _ti me toll colltt"', hecamc .he cxo. ic
and artists. Encourlg"l by the ""'~"ny of the storyteller who", un ique im"gt:s are now
,,'an.-ganle _ in the end he I"",d such namOS as "''')gnizcd and admi",l eH"ywhe n:.
The Sn~ke Cru.rmcr (19(fl) Tbi, 1M" mwician rmndr lih a dark E,· •. ,alling 0'" all r/" '''pm'' /rum b.,.
moonlit paradi", i{()Iro"'" ""uJd <I"" tah bir ,htmbook to tb. Jardin d" PIIW'" IWd _ tbIWh to a ""Ht tnTIWK"""" "'j,b ,,'" <I tb. gartkn=_ drau>
for oolm Ilmong lb. jungl. ff"''''Y <I tb. oo/' bou"" II " . ..,- tb. "'arm b. ""uJd netT w,". to n:p.,-imcing a tropical land=p'
'70 PETER PAUL RUBENS
I f 77 B()r" in Si,K"', RlR of" 1""7"
I f91_9f Apprm,j"d in Ann:"p
1600 Vi,;" Imj", '"' " .... 1: </71,ian and I ff 0"""". Vi,j'I Fhmn"
/60/ Fi,i" R'IN", JU,
"."'} if eMmiaggia
160J
160f~
/609_14
1610-20
1621
/6n_2f
Dip/'Im,,!i, ,.ili, '" S!",in
" "ur'" to Rom<
iIIam" Imb,Ua Brunt, uniu in Anrarp, b", 1M" childrm. Pai"" w,"",irriorIJ for
Ann:"p C",b,Jrui
StudS" "";,.~ many C",/rolic <(J,"",imaTIJ
/)jpJ"inatic =t'i" for lfapJmrgy
Co,"mim(Jm in Pari, IUId Anr~'"P
1626 D<atbof l",hdlll
1628_10
/61/
164 0
N'giJIia'" "'tiC<
11<11:."«" Madrid and umd"". Kn;gbud by Cbltri" /. iIIll1Ti" 1f,lm" P""rmmt, ba, flt-. mildI'm
Knigbud by Philip I V. " <fir" from dip/'Ima!;, ,,,,'it<
Di<!afb.arr [ailu" in Ann::",
The Str .... I h t (,.1625) A p<rtnlj, <lS""'rma Fwrmmt, nru,. <!Ruhm, =l1IId 't;:ifi. 11&1111_ Rabm, 'aJ'/ pier".--> "..,-, p"i"wJt::ilb a "/",,,;1 pi"",", in ,11< rnbjctJ
'" h< found d"" '" biN",
Peter I'au! Rul>ens "",,, the IJO<SCs,;o, of
phenomenal gifts, toge,he r ",i,h the
physical ""ergy and orgoni""ional
abili,y to cxerec'" ,h",,, . A< ",elJ as being an
cXP<IflL"n' of the Iu;;h Ih"''lue St}k tha, he had
acqui rcd in Italy (C"r~ ,".ggio ,,-as a kcy
innu<:n"" , whc"c work Rubcns con,inu<:d to
champion aC"'SS northcrn Europe) , he ,,-as
Rom:!n C.tholic, multilingual. .nd al"<l'n' .... :!
.ml .. s,""~,, for 'he l lap'hurg rulcrS of the
Spanish ,,"ethcrlands. His StatuS as Court
p.in"". c.,cl1~,""l Rul o: n< r"'m l"'lingt:!.,.,..,.J i,
als" fr"" J him fr"m guild rub: he " ,..]d d'1~oy,
witMut re,meto,n<, ,he huge ,,,,<lio ,tiff net,l«l
n, carry uut.D his "'m missi<lfls, many uf wl-.""
had ,hei r own 'I""';aliti.,..
Thc", ""'H"issioll s chicny consisted of
dynamic imagcry des.igned to tcmp' people
a,,",y f". " ,hc "'. nh", I'''''e,'''n,i'm of the
RL{o<J"a,.", . It was ",ha' 'he Co th<llic C hurch
and Eur<1,can ",}",I,y "''luired for 'hcir
Il« , "gan<b Purl. '«:<, Drlwing up<ln his Lotin
schm l "Iucuion, Ruben$ p","uttd 'con:. of
ebb",..", aitarpi""es and allegor ical ttilings.
l ie ,.."!. adc p' ., painting SUPI. ,«::,lly Christi"!n
,·inue but gi,ing i. a <ub,'ctlO'" :;inu",i.}" .he
",~ u p' u"u' It,atures "fhi' nudes. n: dclib<.,..,dy
cx'gg>'rat,,1 to .... "Ilh ""iz.<: fccur"~.y and
fn: .. I,. " from ",-ant.
Rullens ' <I)'listie innuentt ""durcd o\'c,
thn:c ttnturics, fr"m V~n Dyek and ,\ lurillo ,
.h'ough Watte," u and G.in. boroug h to
DcI.ctOi~ "",I Renoi r .
,\brie de ,\l "did Disem l>:orlcing '" Muse illcs After ,\brrl:..ge to I len ry IV ofFr.nce (1622~2f)
0", if,11< ryek if 21 painting, for ,b, Palai! tk LuxnnbotITg, nH",",'m'o",d by ,b, fim,m oot::ayr qu"" Marr d, !It,did '" tkpict b", lifo, Rub.m pr'f"'rd
bund"dJ if ,"arur ,hub" fir bis "lIdi. to ""r.l- fro",. I, t::..,. no ,ary las.ldiplo,"",i",Uy,ilb", tin" Ib, q""" "'ar quam"","" far Jrom actnlct;,~, and bad "·",,,d buy amoUnrr if '"""'Y "·i,b<JilllKbi,,.-ing allytbing ,,,narka"" in
b" lifo. To RuhmJ' ",dit, b, kfi " ""itji,d cusr",n" M "''"pi,riM
1810
1844-54
18H-f7
180_82
1861
1871
1897
AlEXEI SAVRASOV
B()rn in iIIo,,",,', ron of II ,"",bllrl!
Studi" al ill",,,,,,, SdJooI of Painting, Smlptur. and Archi,,,,,,"
uacoo lantkap' paimingat ilIo,,"'" School of Painting
Pountkr ,"N""'r ofJl~ndmtT
""~ f"unOOJ A""aa~'.., of Tra,.dling Arl &bihi~'o"",
&bibi"d T he Rools I b,'c RebJrncd
Di" in iIIo"",,,
By the Whirlpool (Dttp W~,,, .... ) (1892) by ls:"k Lc,iun 'I "-il1It '0 di"",'''' and 1<=" in my aI::n <ountry tb, ,"iJ5! ,i'"pk, '''' ,"iJ5!
immrau, 'h, ,"oJ! ""m"""pM" and rb, ,"oJ! N"ilIi""aJly ,"""ing; that ,,-bich ofun ''It'''' a """ of ,",/=bdia_ '
A k:xci s,,'t:tS<'" ''"is ,he 111('" Iyricol - I~ndscopc eiasses of s,,'t .. «,v at thl: ,\10""''''' and named 'litther' _ of tl-.: Russian Sehe ... 1 ,'(Painting, Lc,;un ""''''I:d ,he Sehe ... 1
bnd,copists, ]-]e ... as a fO<D1'~ ng ., ,hinc"" .nd studied ,I-.:", ~" ,en J""'S be~,,,,
ml:mb", of the t:tdicol W.ndc:rl:rS grou p in tn,'cliing to I'a,is whc", he Came urol<..- the
1863. togr:tl-.:r with Klod, and Shishkin. Tne <Tc:t,i,'e inn""nCt: of ,\ lone"
grou p formed in re,'olt .gainst 'he stiRing Lc"iun "' ... s ab" • lifdong fri""d of thl:
int",nat;onal nc<> __ cl.ssi<i'm that preniled I~ar ... 'igh, Chl:lOl', Hot h men kit emotionally
against any Russian g<:nrc. "'.::ting "" a co - bourol tn tbe R",-,ian bnd'''~pe and conscious
o pct:t';,I:. thl: \ \'an,k: ", rS organiu,1 tnt"dling ,ha, the coun'ry's hi,,,,,), '''"is writt"n upon it. A
cxhi bitiof)s ,,( their worl.:. Their 1"'HJflS wc", to k"J-' example ,,( I.nittn', '1",,,. 1' landsca pe wor k
b-c found amm g ,\1()s{'('w's me",h'n' cia". is Th, VladmirJ:a /{(Jild. 'hc high", ... y n, Sib",i • .
many of wh,." wen:: diset:ming art {'(,Dc"'"rs.
I ... k I.e.'itan (1860_1900) .ttcnd"l 'he
along ""hieh s" many prisonerS " ... Iled to
,I-.:ir ,Ie"hs.
T b-c Rooks I b ,'e Returned (18 71) by Alcxci S.v",-",,' Th, "mun of ,bnooi; to a r,",,'ly fr""'" land rignaJftb, tran,ition fro,"
"-im,,, to 'f'Ying a, tb, hird; r"'uild tb, r(J()}"y_ Til< Ilrtist bad trat~JJ,d ,,-itkly in tb, ""rib"", pra"n= of /{""ia and b, fr'qum,/y pain"d ,,-im,.,
IarulsaJ/"S and tM ",ming tbtr",
'"
1890
"'" 1906-09
1908
/908_10
1911
1912
1914
19H
1917
1918
EGON SCHIELE
B()rn in Tub'n, ,,", of a ,-"ik'",_ na';oo marU,.
Family rnot" I 1lJ
Vi"'"", , o-/db if fatb.r
Stud,,, ", AcatNmy,,/fln< Anr, Vi"'M
E",,;urlfu, /(Jim' am/bi"",",,! Vim"" Ktmmcball
Inf/umad by Klim"II'<..-hat S«:",io"i"" Wi"",. Ji"'.b"""
,\/",,- Jill";, (JialryJ ",,,,,,it Tbry ,,,"'"' to Nrnknflmm
Cont'icud if puhJic im'",Jrah'ry_ &bihi!J al Cdog''', ill",,, Munich tkakr Ham G""~
At"" &ii,b Harm,
fij,-;r on<-man
<",bibir;"" in Vi",,,,,, iIIiltTi" Edith. foi", army
Rq",,,nrr Austria in K",·.,-nrnm,. ,/, __ d
,rbibit;ort in Slllabolm and C.p",bag'"
Major ,,,bibi,"r in ~9rb S«.rrion. Oi""f info",'=a in Vr"JIa
Sdf·Portr~ j t (1911) Stbid.', pruning ,,1/·JIl,;ifl>tti(J1l i:! _ IiI:< '" '"any if hi, P""' _ '""" proNNy an ad, Th< 1mag" b. math "/bill"'if ", rbi, tim< t~=d bm:"«n ,",lot/FUma,ic tmd ,ina", ilJ k ",ud a ,",t/'ipliciry "iid"";",, and in"'T fo<linW
E gun Schiele. like his id(~ Gus .. ,' Klimt,
twk c",tici,,,, as. m.jor thm,e of hi.
wor k, It led n) aeeusations of his hcing
-sex·obsesscd' .nd hc onee ~)und him",lf in
prison briefly for 'cxhihiting an <Tot;C dnwing
in a 1'1""" ,c"""it~c to childrm', Ru~ ab",in liLc
Klimt , the unqucstiofj ,hle quality of Schielc',
worl ",'cntually found an 'I, ,,""';ati,'e au,lienee,
and ell::n gOl"",mcnt sponsorship when the
sexuality and ,upe rb Il:chnic:il slills, Ilis mother
daim,,1 th., he could dn .. · I..,~, ,,, his ,.,co" d
hirtbd.y, and his drl"'ing ability was som<~hing
that Schiele h",..,d ti ", lcsslr throughOut his lill:
until he ..,hi",''']' n .... Jr·&ult]css line, I>,inting
he ~,und less ca<y, especially in oik , but he had
a f,cility ~" appm,ching' n.."lium 'nd ttking
it s ... iftly be}"lnd , technic:il challenge to
s<r6<tic m"te.)" which he did to ma,,'dlous
authorities ... ished to l)(x><I AustTi,'. cfrect ... ith gouache .nd ""'tcrrolour, That international im'ge, m"-" ..... y Ill"r a me,tium was ,;",1 n) Schielc _
Schiele'. un"'IIlI" olllising ...... ndour in hi. n(x hing should iml",]e his 1" ''1: '''''' ""'''' ,,1< the
t"""""" of the nude figure _ bn,l" and malc purity of ,·i,;on and css<'fltial nuth that he fdt
_ ofll:rs an un",,,ling mixture of "I'~L""cnt ... ere the Purl"";':: of his an,
Wom:.on Undrcs<ing (1914) AI ,bi, ,im., Stbid.', nuth brolm. Y" mar< "o/up,,,,,,,,,,
H. ""d ~""ck ,. ",'",b ,b. figu"" br,.,.bing brigb' alum, <I,o/our '"' '"f' <locl1",. 711. mlmipJ. foldr"f fabric attN/''''''' ,b. m"""""", of ,b. t."(Jmllrl '" rb.
""rigg/"f= <I,b. dmr
/ I
'"
ISf9
1878_79
1879_80
/881
18114
1886
1887
1889
1890
1891
GEORGES SEURAT
B()rn in Pari" J.m o/a I'gal <f/iaal
SlUdi" und,.,. L,bm"rm (a for,,"" rrudm' of Ingm) at L'frd, tI" 8,,,,,,,.£1,,,, Pari,. Vi,i,,",b Impr",.",irr ,xbibi,ion
ilIi/i'ary ""-,j,, in
'"" /)rtn::ing «"Putl ", Salm
Exbih;!> Il1th",," .. A'nil.-rc.< a' Jim , biJu, " &leiiri tN, Ani"" Indip<rulantT
Exbibi" Lo Grlndc Jane at S,b Impm,"";,, <",bibiri"" Qnd SakJn d" Indip<ndan!T
r Im ,rbibi" in Brum/n;:i,b L" V;ng!
Exbibi" in Bru=1r ,;:itb L" Ving!_ At",,, iIIadd.;", KndJJ.ro
Binh" _ Pi"" by Madd.,in<
Di", ,;:itb 11m
Pi"'""" dipbtbm'a in Pari,
The Sideshow (/ 887_88) A t::iJ1ItkrfoUy atm • .,.'c, dill/uJly ,","pautl pim'I"< of a "at',/ling fair; ritb til< oil and g'" lamp "'h',ring til< gloom "I" rinu,-', rt"""'g and ""'p,ing ,b, aIllJi",,, '" '<JI"' ""'pin ",,",aim""'!
Georges Scun.t'. n.m< IS l'",c"c.iI}
'}nonp11()u> ""h the "ord
'pointillism', • ,lil1>Jonlst I'.mbng
method ,ha' he him>clf <::tiled 'ol"i<::tlp'in'ing',
S ..... "u .. "1< a N,,,-lm prC<S.ionist, \ \r,th Sign""
and, carll' ("', Pi<s'm" he enpg<,1 in an anal}si<
of the 'tthniqu<:< """I bJ.. the Impn:S<.ic.,i,ts to
rq,,-(.Iutt: light and "~o ur.
S,·,m.t'. go.1 ,,"1<' It:.nnul. It:., the c n::tti<ln
of Iwninou s ",I(-.J' Un <::tm'as bl' p'inting duts
of " "" .... sting C(~uurs nen to one anothe,. The
elfccr ... as to he on<: of pun: mlo",. l>Ie,..bl
lit<Talll'on the ,etin. of the he!.:,ld,",,, nd n<" on
the p,i"o::,'< 11<Ile'tt:. It is n:a"'n.ble '0 ask ... hl'
an a"i,t sh(-.J ld ",el 'he cn"-,,uin' nf, fo( mula:
'he anSwe, cou ld b.:: bel uf c<.Ol fidcnce in
handling I" into or "., . ,igid rr.ining ,h:tt "';':",s an}'thing irregular (..- imp" I";\(,. 0, pern,ps.
like ("her highll' ,~sciplin,,1 l"intelS _ Dell:..
Fr~ nce..,.,. POllssin and ,\ loMri"n. It:., ex:tmple _ Seur." ", Iished 'he inteliect ... 1
<·h,lIenge. Im'ed to wo,k 'scien,ifi<::tllr' and
'-"'ljo)'ed 'he bl><..- ious pn,":ss of I..-n" ing his
,heu,y. U n~mu,,:ttcll" it ,~dn't a"'mlll' work: :tt
l<::t,,, ro, as p",dico::d.
Ap'" frum "n in""nl~e'e gra,1' of existing
",lour ,h""ie<. Scura' 'nd Signac didn't
que,tion the pu ritl' Or n:hti", C(~our ",I .. e:< of ,he pigm'-"'lts th:tt they u",d. ' Inc ' L"<lI1t was ,..Jt
,he kllnino,i,l' ther h,d ho ped ~,r. As Signac
.dmine.!: • ... ,"1 dots and gr'''::n ,kJts make an
'ggn:p'c which is gre)' and ",k, .. riess.'
Of mulSe. Scura,'s wor ks arc n(" c"lou riess.
bu, nO, '''' ther ",ini>()w brigh,. I"-,,e.d. all
, .... '" I"in,ukinglr apl~ied duts I'mdu"",, the
I~eas:t nt ,;s"al smsatio n uf" ligh' P'" rll' hue.
0' g",in . which has hecome Scur:tt's
,~stingui,hing mark ,ner all.
A Sun.uy Afte rnoon on LI G,..mde J~ue (1884_86) Srorat', mast iam"," painting, tb, prod"" </ mlllly pr,/",ratory dnlt.,ingT
and painud hb,artlllJ, and ,b, "nIT,!,;''' </ til< Stb imp,urionirr ,>bibi,ion ;;:bu. it Jim "PP'Ilr,d, His fJ<i#ntilb'Jt ,«bni,!'" bin """'EfiJly
Cffaud til< dnamliJ:. rtupmTion </ tim, and m",ion on a ';:arm, TUnny aft"""on k,id, til< m'<T
liB
1724
1719
1 741_H
I7H
1 7S6
17S6_SS
I7f9_70
1766
1770--80
I7SI
17S4--Sf
1790--91
IS06
GEORGE STUBBS
B()rn in lit.-"-p"d, ron of a curri..-
Pupil <f Huml" Wi"-"",,J..),
P()rtrai,i" in R()rrlm-n England Srnd,,, and "tlCb« alUlw1I1)' at );,,* IxJspit,,1
Vi,itJ l"'l)'by boa' and iIf.".""" 00
r,rnrn ''D)'ag<
B,nb<f_ Grorg' by Mary Spro",-
Famil), lit·" on fa,m in R()rtb<rn England
;\10'" '" Lond"". E.Juiru "'lim; ':<pand '" indud, 'rom'"",';"" ' pi'= and ,;:ilt! animah
Puhh',b.$
An:I n""y of the Ilor$e
E.xp<t-immIJ ,;:itb roam.!''''' m7l,,,jrr.
Lit~, ""d '": ..-h v:itb jaJiab JI"dg,..~-",d (17S0)
'\/,mim- <f [.""oon'; R(Jpl Acaduny
PaintJrural rubjutJ
R",it", co,"mirriom fum Prin"ofJl:'I,s
Oi" in lilnd""
,\Lores ~ntl F",,[s in a Ri,-er Lontl<;c-~ fM' (d''''if) (I 76j..(iS) SrubbJ mad< a "ri" of "udi" <f brood mar" and foal, "' agai"-" a t-ari,fJ' _fbaaground" /rom "-"<XJd, '" m""maim. Hi, ''1'"' """"'mical kR(),;:{,dg< mnb/,d bim to P"" tb< him« (Om'i1l<ingl), in a pJ,tHing dmgn. H, usuall), painud tb< ""imaiJ jim and ,bro jiU,d in ,b< mrro"nding landJ<ap' fum bi, imagiRll,ioo
G co'g.: Stubbs had a p.ssion fo'
an. n""y, both human .nd anim.1. II"
,,,,,,,i,.cd linl" ~,,",.I ,uining bu,
knL· ... enough of 'he subje<1 to ,e""h i, to
m"li",,1 stu,k:nlS while in York: .nd in I iSl , he illu>tr.llI:d Dr Joiu, Runo.,'. &my 7i";:anir Q
C(Jmpk" Nn:> S)"i"," <f ilfidl::iftrt. Hun(lfl " .....
notnrious J.""hitc, which, by .>.«lein.lfl, amId
<:X1~.in Stu""" (~,~b:: of the I h,..,,·cri,.,s .nd his
l,ruklflg<,1 ", fusal of {lJl1unissilfl.< from ( "">rgt: R.
Stubbs' cxquisitc .natomical drl ... ing'
form,,1 the b"-';s of his exp"rtise ... horse p,inte,. For eightcen months he ,cnted •
rL,,\01I: Li.-.::,~nshi n: f.nnho"", wherc he ",ukl
work undi"urb"d, dissc<1ing 'pecimens to
di"""", the IUn<1i(lfl of e,"'y boro: and mu>cle.
' Inis led to his publi""tio., ofTb< AlUl""ny <ftb<
H""" which b-c""mc • m'jor rek: ren"" for
artists .nd n,,-urllists.
In tho." days, horse p'inting. WC '" rlnk,,1
lower th.n landscap<s. Yct , with. eirclc of
",,,~lth)' P"""'" Stubbs kCJ. bu<}' enough ,
Iniming ,,~, ra""h'l<sc, foo- .riStoC",tic OwntrS .nd b",,,ler. ",ho " ... nt,,1 a pi<1o.-ial ",,,,,,I to
"""'. "p'ny thei, stud I)(. ,k I .. tings . And ,.her
"""missions f(~lo".ed fo' famili". I'(., ing in
thei, ho.-st:-drlwn ""rri'g<s.
Stubb •• Iso L-nj'l)'cd p.inting. ,·"i<1y of wild .nim.ls, including lim., tigers, gi .. ffes,
m().,k,,}s and ,hi,..,,,,,,,,s, ",hich he ohscn-<,l in
fa<hion.l~e I" i, ... te mcn.getie •. 1-1" on""
t",,'elled to ,\lorocco, ".h"", he ",itne>.",d "
fir., h.nd a lim St:l Ilcing a h'l<sc.
M.ny of Stub"'" p;Ctu"'S " "'" eX"""lI:d in thin oils and exist no,,' in a rlther frlgile
",ndition. IlowL'Ve" ll"lSt . n: still p,i,'''.::Iy
o"'n,,1 by thc familics f( l< ",holll they we n:
'l<igin.lly p.int,,].
Two Foxhountl. (1792) A ""","i"ion [Tilm Ib, R,,-.,.md Thumal J:J""o[
linroltlJbit?, ,;:bo ';:al an Ir.'id '1'(Jr!3man Imd ''''P''"' hmd.,. o[forboimtb. Thil t!lg and hitd! in
an imaginury kmd=fJ' '!:.Yr' pruhahJy /r"m Ill< Enrl </ Im-borougb', rnI<J'!:."ud Brod:l,,ry pad:
'"'
HIS
I HO(f)
H 4S
15:49(')
I f62-66
H64-87
I'iSS_90
H94
JACOPO TINTORETIO
B()rn Jamp" Rolmrti in J'mia,
"'''Glady"
Srudi" wui.,. Titian. 'l"arr<ir and kat"" ,tluI;'
Pail", St ,' lark Jirc";ngthc Sh,,: for s.",,/a Jj San Marro
Marn" PIlU51i1lll d, J ~Jt",-j, tbry
bat" fit·. daugbuTT trlId r~" .m
Pai"" ,\ 1 iude. of St Marl
iJ«oram- s.U<J/a di s"n Roc,"
Painlf P ..... ,lisc for iJog,'r Pilla"
Pail", La" SUI, lt .. for cbttrcb of San Giorgio Maggi,.." Din of f"~r in I.."i", T ftd"t of the Body of 5 t M:.o r L: (/562-66)
Tbtu paiminK' "ftb. 1I1irad" if S, JII..,.-J. "',.,., math for til< Smola di S= Ma,...u, H.,." ,b, C'brimllm" Akxllndn'll UK,", Ik ",;m', hotly. und<r''''"''' of a Jromf. 711, lUlU Ivan- all rb, bllU1I1llrh </TIn,"'-"'(J: drumllric C(6"f"Jriti(JlI and p<np«m'l!, bigh ,onrYllJ"! lighting and foruM"";"g
Tio""-,,,to is> nidnam!: ",coning 'little "I)'picoli}' ",..,ugh , he d"",k,1 nJ worl On
<I}'LT ', As achild. ,hi: st(J'T K()CS th., he ,,10"". consol.b.ing whot he hod l<:1m .. 1 fmlll
made "h"reool (tr.",ing< on the " ... iI, "lit ian with hi' o,,",,"'ation, of Michcl.. ngdn.
of hi' father's ,h", in \ b,i<" and "~ou",d them lie ",rote, ',\ l ichdangdo's dr, wing and T iti. n's
in with d)'es. II()pd"ully. the dyer apl" ""i<:<."<] ",I()u r' on the " ... 11 ()fhisstu,~" .
his Son to Ti ti,.,. . Hut T itian and T inn""tu Tinton:: ttocnj,,)',,,]cxpcrimt-ntingwith'pccial
qua ,,<:11,,1 n, soch • dew"" that the I",), " ... Il,,] lighting dlcctS. lIe ()wned =Ie m()dek of,ttt"'"
()ut. Some heli",'ethe ma"'" ",a"",d to he ridof from the ,\I",]ici " . nbs. made b)' one of
a ri,'al tt I""" howe"". l'n",.."", ,k"" secm to ,\ lichdangck,·sossi,ttnts. T h"", ",t...., the lOcus of
ha,'e gone thmugh lill:: ",ith a "'put";()n ~" his lant<:m_lit ""I>cri""",,,. lIe "'''n hung them
being a",k,,"'rd. up so tho t he ",uld ol>;en" figwt:S in ,wt;"n.
Tin",,,,,,o li" .... :1 H"I wor k,,1 exch.J,i"cir in Veni", . E,'e,},thing he did was ordercd by
the \ 'cne,ian StatC Or "Hious churchcs and confrHcmities. \ \r,th ,,'cr_inerca<ing
cUl1l1nis;ions , hc callcd On a largc band of
a,;,-;i"ants. including his daugh,er Maric"" and S()fl D(.ncni"" wh(x;e Style d(x;cir !OlIowcd
their Euher's. A< a ,\!anneri" with "' l11arLthl"
,kal in depi"'ing ~Jnn and light , 'II nn"<~t"'s
inAueocc h.d S(.ne il11l"'" on both EI Greoo
and Rube ....
The Origin of the Milky Way (/ 570) Wi,bing to imm()r",/i=, biJ infant ,,'" 1I<r'u/", jllf!i'<r biJld, bim to ,b,
br'astf </ tb, ~Jdm jUJI(J. 711, milk tbat 1fJYayr up,;:anJ, fl1rl/H tb, rran of ,b, Milky Ji'i'JI til< drop, tba, fall to ,ar,b INrom, lili". 71m..-",0 p"inrnJ h'li"
al ... g til< 1=, </ ,b, paiming Imt a' lUI"' p"im tb, origiTlllI cam'", ,,'a, rrimm,d. 711il ""rk if 0'" tbat ",,',.,- most to til< injl""''' </71tian
'"'
1488
1498
I f07_1O
/fH
HI6-IS
HZO-IU
H2J
H2f
IfJO
I OJ
HJS
I f4 f-46
I f4 S_f1
HH_62
H76
TITIAN
B()rn 7i=iilrlo J-«dli in Pin', di CiNlor" ,.., </ a I=yn
Apprmrj"d to lb. Bdlin;, ITIIll,,,,
Amrt"'" "' GiorgOJ'u
Starn .,,'" t:...-k_ ,~p
PainIT A"ul1~"i()n of the \r,rgin
P",od of m"jJF p"nraitT
'\/un GJn="ga, Duk,ofMantun,
i"'roo"",.., '" Cbarl" V
M~rri" C.db'a, ,my bat·. fo1lr ,hild"rt "'for. Ii.,. d.",/i in 15JO
Co,"",iIJiOnM by J "ti",,, ApfWnrd Cam "" __ OJ Clurh V
Painu \'<nus of Urbino
C","",iJ:rio",d by 'k Fan/<" in Ro"",
Co,"mirrio,ud by Cbarl" V in AugJlnlTg
Painu _j~of "otic ",yrbdogi" for Philip /J
I)i« of til< plag'" jnJ~ni",
Pope p.~uJ 1Il. AJc.untlcr F~mese (/54J) AkraM.,. Far""" rb.lasr ofrb. RmlliJJaTl« P"P" il1Id a ,",,,,"an ""h',j,ju. H, traT "'''''''Y-fn', at rb, tim. Titian pai"",d ,biT portrait, a pa""" of tIN artJ and aJ", a ufo"'''' ';.'00 lauf" ""","(loud lb. Countilof Tum, Thi'1::'" 'k P"P' r<'P"nsibJ. fir ,""',nllT/mica,ing Hmry Jllli </ England fro," ,b, Romim c..,bolrcburcb
T itian hec.me the 111('" cdehr-oted p,inte, in Venice, following the
p",maturl: dc,tth of Gio<gionl: from
thl: plague, Roth wt"I"C t .... in<,1 by the Be llini
hrutl.::rS, but Titian found them unillSl,;ring
.nd h>d ioi n .... 1 Giorgio.,,,,, studio ()f) "" his
ap p<enticeship waS OlW, T he Illir were so
.... ""Illtible th., s<",,<~imcs P .... 'I~I: cou ld not tell
their woei al"n,
lIt ian 1:",I,,::d "'pidly as a pun: p,inter, with
nO 'Ren.issancc man' di""",i o., s such .. s
sci"""" , po,:t,}" Or a",hiu"Cru"" Thl: Arrtl1nprion
of ,b, V"gin , p,inted ~" the FrAnciscans,
.,tr.ctrd AI~,IlSo d'E"e, DuLce of Fer .. " , who
<",Icred three mythologi",,1 "udies from
'lit ian's woei,hol' ~" his pCrSo.,al gallery, T hl:
Dul.,.s rrtuliJlo had .lal",,,c, " ... 11. and a g(~d
""i~ng, It was • col1u"iS$ion ma, ,,,d o., ly by Esn: himsclf, whosc manne, ahemat<"<1 h",wttn
Aatteryand bullying,
Latcr in his <:-.! ",er, when his work h.d
matur,,1 thruughou t thc dem.nds and adulation
of s<, m.ny king<, prin<-.::s and po p"s, l ,tian
""me tt, ,'aluc tl.:: <:X1~o"'tion of ",lour al><",:
any othe, as1"'''ts of art. All hi. life he hod known how to ext,.,,,, the he,t from hi.
materials and he a,han",,1 n, a n)nalp,inting
stylc. using not only brush,,"'l'" hut "Iso hi.
fingL1"' a ,"Ipi<"'" of rlg (I><: d"imcd he did this
to a",id l(X)king lile Raph..cl). Th< l"Natb </ Acta",,, and Tarqui" and L"cr"ia arc 'wo outstanding confi,ma,ions of Titian's I",e,
sup", ,,,"cy. which I. ,in, fon .... "] n) the I><:ics of
his innuence. among them mO" no'ably
D eh e roix . GoY". Remh ,..~ndt . Re noi r ,
Rubens. V:an D r"" and Vd. "luc>'.
Ba.,.,hus :I nti Ari. dne (/522) 0", </ rM" mytbd"yjcal mbj<cn pai"ud for ,b. I)"h </ fmara r "u,~ol(j
bm:.w" 1518 and 1525. fir tbi, pier","" TItia" jim pai"ud tb. barl:gro""d i" fiJI. Eacb fimgrotlnd figur", .. ", tbm /iO.d i" ""ff a rilJxJ""" </ t; .. bin
ground, for ,b. richm colo"," 11m. Hi, pak'" in<ludd mOJ! </ ,b. pigmmn hI"'~'n to ,I!< t:.whOOp, "ftl!< day. TI!< ' .. n!,",iti"" </ ,I!< painting itc .. npkr
bat '" rl:ilfiJly acaJmpJi,b.d tbat "'""7 d",,,1 of,1!< rmry ""fddJ rrno",bly aT
rh< 'Y' !TIlt'd, "'''ltd
I77S
17Sf
1790
1791_94-
1796
1798_ 1818(?)
1802
"''' ISOS_If
1819
1829
1818
" .. ISH
JOSEPH MAlLORD WILLlAM TURNER
B()rR in /.imdoo, ",n"f a harhff
Lit~J ,;:;,b 'mek in B""'ford on Tbamn
Em"" R(Jpi A cadm'Y StboolT
Lit~J in BriT!lJ~ ,hulling tiJilTJ in Britain
Firrt 0#1 ,bo1:.'11 a' AGllk",y, Fi,hLTmCJl at Sc., jnjlllrnad by Wil_ and
Potwin
Lit~J ,;,irb mirtHE
Sal7lb Danby, ,b.y ba," "". daugl""",
JI/',"M-o/ Aaukmy. Fim of many ,-iri". ta Europ< (Pam mid Alp,), injlumad by GaUtk UJrTai"
iJ<a,bofmorb<r. Opmr umdikl gallny
Lit.~T ,"ar Tha",,, a' bl<v:o..,b and T1:,i,h"b"m
rIm t'jrit "' / "'/),
D<atb "f fatb.r. Su/l=tkprmioo
Pai",,"lnc Fighting "!"'",crairc
Pai"" R.in, S'c:l1n .nd SI''' .... !
Dj" in limt/""
Crossing the Brook (/815) ThiT o..'ombi" .un. bar km gr.,,,, tb. 'CI""d, ''''''111m! '" 'X'f"Y'/y tba! ruml England ,()ll}d .nril), k ",inllnn fiT Italy. Tt,mff bad /.anud t. drtrQ and colour "'p"grapbjro/ ,in".,,- in tb. mid·/791J, ;;,bm N and Ginin "'"' ""rJ",ro "'g,,1m- by Tho,"", iIIollnJ
Thc n.me of J.M.\V. Turner .. closely
as!'()c;.,ed with London·s Royal
A<=l<IClllr. Ilc l><C1me • full men~,er
when only twenty-<L~·en . neH" mi.,,-,I sJ.:,wing
at the ""nu.1 ""hil,;ti"" •. "d ",,,,<,1 as 1 member
hoth of the Cuuncil 1nd the hanging comminee. lie e,,,n lectun:d in hndsC1pc
painting for ",,'entL"Cn rC1rS. Ah'>gL~her. Turner
sounds like • thomughly n:sp<"t:1I~e
AC"Adcmidan who could he n: lied upon to
P'''''u"" tl>< son of·bmwn gr."y· I" inting"! that the Impressionists n: jter,,1 half a ""nlU'y bter.
Ilow<~'er. Turners fellow ,\i;::.demicians
on V.mishing Days cou ld tell. w'y different
sto 'y. V.mi.hing 1b.}'S allow,,1 exhil:oitorS to
n:touch tl><i' work bctore the ,.,nish wL·rll on.
TurnLT would .niH:. "'ml~etl: with top hat . to
.trend to "" " I"1II',lIid C1m'",",' th., I,)()k,,] ·Iike
ch1<" !rcto.-e the c n: ation·. and "'t to work ·with
.11 tl>< Ilrightest pigments hc could 11r hi. h.nd.
on .. until they liter.lly bhzed with colour." Many iu:adt"lician< lo,,l,,l :.;b.n"" ., TUr'n<T·S
'I, ,,rent bd of social gru:.::. !rut to h.ng next n,
him.nd ri,k bt;ng <"I~l"'l by his ""00 was 1 littl: they aD dn::t,k:d. ben Cr_t:tl~e. rJO Sb"lngt:r n,
criti""", ofh .. own t.ight .n:t>ty grttn·. w'" h",,,,1
n) L...,bim, '1 Ie's just hem hen: .nd 6",,1. gun: Turner had indn,1 fin:dagtJn-o,. a, any""e
• starti ng pistol _ It" ,he run up to
Im]".es';"ni,,,,, Around 6ft}' J'ea" b,er, in Ro""n, Mo ne, set up his ea«] ., ,he "",,,.,,1·
fluor ",in,lJw of. shup '1, ]_"i« the c:t,h"],,,l
lie h.d decided to f,~]uw 'he eump]e of
Turner, whose guu.ch" ,h~eh of Ruuen Ca,h<,]",] he h.d m ee seen in L""t", and
n<,'cr f".-g"''''n.
Fire 3' .sc.. (/8 J5)
Tur",r ooor,d til< "a and painud it in all itt mood" 711, wip at til< <WIT, 01 tbi, al"'ITrop/l< i, til< Indiaman Oron"''' It ,,-..,. ROt til< "a ,bill d'ITroy<d b ... Imt a Imnd}, " ,,,,n!} '" ah'gb, by 11 "nidI. in ,il< pun'" nor" TtlnIn' ,,-b;,u tb< ,,"oJ:. and flam" in", 0'" bUg< t..,,-''''- ,,-i,b tb, "a and 'ry, Tb,
maD" ,,-bit, and gold in ,b, fo"grourui ",maiR> lTO".,J'olfJgU'" tba, -"<It hh """' kind .lbun.'mJy bon, umi! ,b, ,-;"'''' "ali;:<, ,,-i,b a jok ,bill tb=
aT< tb, lud:!,,, p,,,,mg"', !orrng tb,;, ITruggl, againn ,b, r~-o maj"" <i<,"mtf(Jlfi" and "-a"'"
'"'
/J97
1407
14/f
142f_J /
14J6--4;
1447-48
14H-W
1468
147S
PAOLO UCCELLO
Born Pool. di 1).,,,,, in Florm"
Apprm,j"d '" .. wpmr ,.bib",;
Join! til. C(lmpany "iSILuh",,, pain" ..
JI'<.o-.hin 1m;",,,! mar",. ,""wcist
W...-h on fr'J<fJJ and rtairlRl glWI forf1orma Tlltb,dral
VITj" Padua. Pain"Th" Flmd
Pain" "Inc lio n]" "(Sa,, R()m'no
Lit'ngn, U,.hi""
Dj" in Norma
llorscmen. B:>ttle o (£"n Rom:.no (<<"'if) (/455) So n ROil" no "'/U on'gilUlUy a ,btn-pa'u/ pi= w,","im(J",d by lb. ,\froid. Tbir i, pan "/tb. right_band mrion ,bo,;:ing lb. rout "f 1M SI"us< by IN F/(J,.m,in" in 1412. UndmiahJy, fomb<Jr"ning K"'-' Uc«Uo analn ambm'c probJn"" h'gb, iltId ,bad, "quir-ro h<'," bandling. Bll! 'hi! ruhtk ",/()ur<d "",urn <jlana,. klmm and rrappingl, abo,., a form oflx",,,- I'gl, mu" a pI<"Jing d"'gn on jrs ",::n muJ uaJfirm; URN.)- un/ailinK 'Y' for tb, "n"Um drolratit~ d,,"i/
P 'oJ" U""cllo qualifies as one of tho: m".' "Inc painte' ,\13 ... "";0 and the scul p.or
,'cr-so.ilc fUunders of .he Eorly Don .. dlo orc hoth cre<~.,,1 wi.h in'piring
Renaiss;nct: , h"' ing begun his co """ Ucedlo to 13k" up .h" Study of p=p,":1i""
wi.h .he "'. n who p<oduct:d .he Doo rs of ]-I()w<'I'rt, no (),-,e - espttiaUy his lu,-,g.,uffrting
1'"",lis" ~" ,hc Ho"'nc" H'p.i""ry. he wili:: _ cou ld h."c p ",<~cr/:d ho",' cngrossed he
pl1lgrcss,,1 to .he inn'll,i"" ()f new """h(.ls of would h,,",me in .he <uhjec. wi.h 'he
r<:ndrting prt'P"";"'" """,u"'gcmcnt of a ""t<,<I",athe"" tician call,,1 T hc 'r1ining ,h .. Ucct:llo ",,,,;,,,,1 fro", .h" ' loSCi,,,,lIi , Hr all aC"ountS, Ucct:llo prlCti«,1
Flo<<:n,incsculptorGhihertir()olShimfin"lyin dr,w;ng fo<csho''''n<,1 ol~ttlS nigh' and day,
'he d"c",.,ti,'c In ,er",tion,,1 Go.hic "ylc: ()f)<: 'nd SCirct:ly look,,1 up if anp"'/: "PI"(ldCh,,1
,h:1t w"ls ,ha,,-,I hy F,I"i:tno and I'is:tncllo, It "'... while h" w"ls wrestling with his I .. cs, 1"(>1>1",,.
p"~,,,I~y PiS3""Uo who .. ugh< Uttdk, n, I",inl. Ucct:llo's ",,,iculous I><:r,p<"';"c drowings
undcrl'inocd.1I his p,intings. In his fi-"""o of
Tb, f'/ood .nd 'he ,h""::'p"nd &,,1, of s"n
Rom/ltl<J , he g"l"c full rein n, ,he 'tthni<'01 eff""" he h.d ",os,e,,,!. Unfortun.,dy. onCe ,he
no",lty ,,'O' p:tS~ hi, w(l< k Ii::I1 fi-(. " Em'ur .nd
he 'p~nt • ,ttl",j,'e old .ge. Nc,"nhelcss, in
'he long tun, Uttello's .chic," ",en's were
s.ignifiC".ln' , .nd his S)S IE'" " ... furthe, ttitd .nd
,,,,,,,d by •• """",.ion of Rm."",nct: .ni"s,
Pie ro .le U. Fr~ ""esc:II, Leorurdo d ~ Vinci
and Dli rer.
S , George 3M the D r.ogon ( •. 1456) U."lkJ uN, til< ""'7" St ''''''K' in tr'" Gomi. rryl,. Tb, n,liam hight',
d,,,,}1y 11lrI" linn up ,::itb a rtorm diJUtl "'bind bim. "":bich ",ult/ lignify t/i"i", imo,'ron'"". A, ,il< liD"' ti"", i, projm fin::ard in", ,b, pirtU" pI_ b,lping
'" rnahlirb a cbr",·t/immITomzl '1''''' roand"":bich ,b, &gllrl' d",""I _ "" I""g" d;,tr",d _ pr,/",m to I,,.,} ,il< "'rtqun-d drag"'" li1:. a P" t!>g
H911
14 26
14 27_11
14 J2_J5
14J5-40
1415
' .. 0
U fO
14f2
14 B
14 62
" ..
ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN
B()rR in 7;'urnai,
roR"1 a marU,. cu,l.,.
HolUJurro aT
Ma"" RIlgrrd< la Pastllr' ,I/am" EJi=akrb GifT""" Tltry I"," bllt" f-child,,,,
Studi" in 1."Or"'-,bopofRobm C«'"pin, hmlflm Mal"'-;" Paim",' rmild </ Tournai
LrJ<' in Brug", IlIWOIlUT1;:itb lim
'''' PainIT Dcscrn' frum ,he Cruss for Armm' Guild "/u,ut'llin
S"r/" in BrUJulr, mild< City Painu,-
La" Judgement llitllTf'i«< w,"mirrio.ud by CbllnallJr RoJin
Trllt·.IJ to I 'aly
{{"urn< to N"b<r/amh, paintr N .. j,·itr and n""jUC
triprycbt
PainIT SL~'<Jl S.ct"ll1lcms Ilkarpi«<
Painu S~int C(~UI1l'" allar-
pim
Dj" in BT1lJJd,
The N. ti,; 'Y (d",,;f) Jrom The .\Ii ,...dlorcs A]"''l'i«" ('<-. 1442) By rUfJ, I",,, tin- H'rydm', ffp"tllfion ",xb.d '" jar ",S!""'" '":It", KingJ,uln /J <! Cartil. found.d rb, mon","ry ofMiraflor", mar BlIr~'. AT 11 fi""/tuum, It, donllud Il1Illltarpi«< by 'M",_ Ragi.,., til< gWH and ["maUl fikming'. 711i, {NI'''/ lba-~'I Mary 1::,aring 1::bi" t. 'Ymbdi;:L b ... purity, ... .ra IJIb", e,kbm" b ... ,irru" if ",durtm" (in a"d ruh<for pain) and fairb (Jm~,d in hi",)
Rogier "'n del Wcrdrn bCClme ,he dehne. He rn JOlied in o..,,~,in's w,,.- kshol' in
single Ill'''' ' imp","'n' Flo:mi,h l" in,cI ' l(lUrnai , .... ncrging H a M.1Stcr aftc, h"C J'c,rS
f,~ lo",ing thc dc.th of\ '.In E}ck. Sincc and "."ing nJ Rruges, ",hen hc "."t plUMblr
he signcd none of his w,,.- ks, Iit",s ""n""ming "'"nC undcI the inAutnce of Van E}'d.
'heir .u,hcnticitr .nd chro,.,lo!!:r h"" '0 he Aftcr 711, [)",,"', of 143;, Van dcr \\'i:J,]cn's
gathe red fi-, . n "',ml"ri'on ",ith o,h<"tS and the ris<: to f.me ,,"1< "'pid , 'aking him litr .nd wide r"",,,ds of ,h,..,c who c,.nmissioncd him. The in pUrSuit of OnC prestigious c,.nmi",iOfl aftcr
,tan of \ '.n d." \\'i:},k"Jl's CI",cr is ""siel nJ .noth.", W hen the ch'n""liol nJ ,he Dule of
The Descent from the Cross (d4J5) Fur '"" "f,b, ,"ort ,,"oriorllllly ebarg<d pim"" in tb, birtury of trrt, lim da II,J"'''' ba!((Jmpr<Jud ,b, ,,"" in", a paiRud i'";"'tiM "a gjltkd
cbrin" ,::bieb ",1IC"''''''" tb, IVi1 and d'JPair of RiM t~ry mdim, _ abnort iif<-,i",d _ figurn "''''JI,nding ebrirt 'J hody. n"" aT< not !tat"" ,
'bryaff ,"(JlJ~, ,acb grin:ing in tb,"o"'" "'ay , Tbr(JlJgb lim dn' Ifrytkn 'J w, of rbytb,"r lin" ",/0", and "",urn, tbry r<iau t. 0'" ano,bff
in an &gai, ,bain " ",nut:'
II urgundy, eh. ncdlo, Roli n. founded his Angdieo. "t""", SI}ics wen: ncan:SI his"w", \'.n
11(.o;pi"" in Ilcaune. V.n det Wtydm w'lS called dc, \ \ 'cplc'tl's btLT " o.-k ".,,, ttnainly .nrich .... 1
ul_'" n, ,k:....,rJ.tC the eh.pel In Italy. h. ,,-.s by what he "'" of other 1t~lian "'a''''''. l<l" bu>y by toc ,\1.,lic;'; in Flo,m"" .nd the The FIt,,,ish p.in",,, who ,uccccdcd hi", _
Estes in Jit'IT'rJ., \ Vha" th"", . he .],;,;) t~ught the RoutS. ,\ kmling .nd \'.n dcr Go"s _ w. n: .11
"..,hnique of I"inting in oas. ,.. ,,,,thing" which in,k:I • • d to \ " n dcr WL),dm. but his inAucn""
Flemish I" in"'" were I" nicuhrly "k1'" persi" .... ] "'t:n n}(,rt: widely ~"the n:m.in,k:, of
Alth:)ugh oc f"'our,,1 hh.- iano .nd Fro toc emtur}", in Frln"" . Germ.ny . • nd SI"in,
ANTHONYVAN DYCK
I fll9 B()rR A",..,;" "/111 Dijdr in Ant11.""f!, roR"f a , ill: ,"""eb",,,
1609 Apprm!j"dw
/ 6/1
1618
1620
1620-21
1621
1621 _n
/ 627_12
/ 612_14
1614
16Jf
1619
1640-41
1641
Hmd,-i} t'1l1I Bal", in Ann:.Yrf'
Pai"" Jim por..-ai,
M",ur <! Ant11"'P Gui/do/Pai",",
R'Porud in ,,,,di. a/ RuN'"
Firn riJit to
England
I{mu-m to Ant1.Yrp
m..-h"" , .. ",,,i,,,i()m in Italy
R""",, to "',,-} jn
Anr.c"'P. PajnD parrraitI arid r<iigi(JUJ rnhprr
W",*, ill U,nD.l1l.
App<N"ud C""" pain," "' Cbarl« I
Rm,rm toAnt7:."'1'
Rmum '" ,,"k in LiklOOll
iIIarn<ril/ary RUl/r.-m. rb'Yba'"
'''IT d/lUgb'"
Tr",.dd"n::"" Lor/d.m, Ann::"p and Paru
llcn rictu of Frmcc. Queen ofEngla twl (/612_J8)
lim Dye!: bad 1111 'Y' for til< "",ur< "ifilU ft>bria fro'"" "ny nzrly aK" Tb, qtl«n', '",," "Pf"arana in tbi, ,""gnift"," y.lkJU! go"'" ,"alt., it dipicult to ivlin .. , '";1orru"" lay ab."d "b.r; "'ar il1ld 'k ,,,,,,,,jon of bn- bwlNmd
In 1632. Anthony ,-an D}'cl heca",,, Co"n Charles. Ilmrio::.tl '\\:l,;a and the !oJ'" children
l"in'LT h)" im'in,ion of Charles I, who _ with and wi,hou , thei, 'klg< and horses. II ..
I,..esen,ed the celebu,,,,) Flemish artiSl 'u=,.. ","" c"nfinned b}' inc",,-,,,d orderS f,"m
with an allo ... ance .nd. ,i,'erSide house in ,he .riSlnc",,,y. Ih"ing ... nrloed ... ith Ruilt:ns,
Rhekfri.rS. \'an D}d ,,,,,,.in<,1 in LmdOfl~" Van D)"1, knL· .... 11 .hout bus)" ,tudins. lie
""''' of,he ",SI of his life. o'g-'ni",1 hi s own '0 keel' 'p,ee with one lie .nd the king unde"'oo<ll:1eh o,he, IlOm,i, pc, wed, m.king faci.llilen",,,,, of
perkctl)". Ch.rles .... nted. n image th .. w.s not ,he sitterS himself, he~Jre instructing his helprts
JUSt. likene,.. hut s},,,bolic of his tigh' ttl rule, to p,in' ,he g"m':ntS, which th<y moddbl On while \'.n Dp::i _ litmili" with the noh l<>< of dumm)" figu,,,,. V,n D}'ck then .dded the
Antwe,p .nd Genoa _ ","" .mhitious ~" ""'" kh fini'hing ttluch",
,nd SttOJS. J us, thr<"t: ,mnths ,ftt:, his a,ri, .. 1 in \ Vha, L,nergcd "' ... s a 'p<:CtlrulH bod)" of
London, he ",cein,1 a knigh'hood .nd a w,,.. k th .. ch",n;,,1<>< the de!>"" Ca".lie, Style
nlU1l>1e eh.in and ml:<),!. lie I. tt:, 1""'0")'1:<) .nd I,..ofou n,llr inn""n",,) p(,..trliture fr., On"
himself holding the g(~d chain and po;n,ing ,<:cn'ut)". Ld)" .nd Knell....- owe much to \'.n juhihntl)" to an e",,..,mus ,unllow.,.. D}"k: and his m(.,;t "den, eib""{"t:n,h _<:"t:ntut)"
\'.n Drd painted dm.ens of portr1its of ~Jllowe,,,",, G"; nsborough.
Lords John " n.llkm:ord Stu.:.lrt (/6J8) Jim I)yd:"''''' "'p"t at ","nparing til< doubJ, portrait. Til< r<>p/nuJmt Stuart btu,bUT pr"mt ,br"-'l"artff "'u <! tb,,""h~T to til< 0010"*",, at ,il< Ill,", rim, faang u"b atb", ilJ if 'bry ".= abo", '0 datla. Th< ""pry glw, b,/d by
umJ B"'rIIlrd iu WI",""" d" .. ict! to ,"ah ,il< /inK''' of biT lifr bllfld 10"* long"' Piaur,d b"" ,hortly bif'lH a ,br""Y,ar Wm- <! Em-Of", botb bru,b",
ulrima,dy did for ,b, royaJirr cat<" in lb, Cit,llIm-
H90(1)
14 22_24
142f
14 26
14 28_29
1412
1412_JJ
14J4-J6
14J6
,."
JAN VAN EYCK
Bont in Ma=yck
Dip/(Jlnar for Jllhn o/&t-llYia in Th< I laK'"
App"inud C",m painut" and ,""},, to Pbilip Ik Good a/Burgundy
i"Natb</br()lM Hu,,",
Sm,"" dlpl"ma/r marTial:' mimon t" Spain IUId Portugal
CO/npl,," allilrpi"" in S, BlI:'on CIllImJ",~ Gbmt
BUpb"u"in Br"g"
PaintftN Am(~fini Po«,.,;. an;/,\ h,tmn' with C hancellor Rolin
Pai"n l nc M"do., n. with C.non Joris '~n dcrP"dc
Di"i" Brug"
The M:alonno "ith CononJori s , -. n dcr P~dc (tk'''i!) (1416) Tb, ,lid",.", if IN Go",,,,', ffJ«Uld" iT rignificlVl' , &ing t..",,,!thy and t....,U .. ..,""'''d, lim Eyd: aima5! ",""'imy bad iKem to op,jal/ aith _ ,"muTT and 1m", _to lID;" hi, imag<-muing
T he fore".,,, Flemish I"in"" of the
fiftcrn,h-ttnn"r 1,,1 "double IiI<: ~" the firSt half of his c~r<..,r. Jan ,'an
EJ"::l's al' l'oinbllCnt OS Cou n I"inte r .nd ,-"b to l>hilil' the Good of Hurgundr w"lS a ",,<.ful
<,<wc.- ~"se<T .... diplom.tic missions to ~"in
and I'onugal. I low",'e" .fte, his ",,)\'e to
ll,uge<, ",h"n: th<'Y ",dcomed him as ],,,t h .n
artist. nd a city c"uncillor, he prod"",,1 "-~'etal
signed and dat"] ",o.- ls with"ut intLTru ption. I lis patHlnS indud,,] Chanc<;lIor R,~ in and
Canon \'an dc, I'ad" , for ",·hom Van Eycl
p,in",d two ou ~"an,ling " \.t,lmn:ts.
Van E)'d and his bnJther I luhen _ wh,,,;t:
death left Jan n, coo"pl .... e the G hent Cathedral ah",],iece _ are usually c redited ",;th the
imcnt;on "f oil I"inting. T he truth is ,."he r
m"r" c"mplex and COmeS fr"m Van Eyck's
desi re'" perfect. pigmented "il already
(')"pl,,)'ed n, tint d<"',r";,,,, metals.
,' I"st im p,)nantly, \ 'an E)'Ck rulired th ..
I" inter< ,j)()uld use l''''l",rly n: fin,,1 dr)ing "ill
lile pOI, 'y or lins<cd. G lazing la}cr< pvc Stt llIe
<,<,lou r<, dt" pe:r thon t(')"p"'a, but this ""ny_
h),ct,,1 oi l "",thod ntcd,,1 patimc<; . ' leml"''''
had the a,h'anttgt: uf being quid-'h)ing, Van
E}'cl's genius combin,,1 the two, '1" lying laJc r<
of "il ",lour O\'er a tcml'<T' ground, T his
yield"l. full r.ngt: of "'turat"] hues, also nCw minu re<, b<caIN: ",,,,,. the p",;de< ... c n: co .. ,,]
in oi l. a,hcr:\C n:.ction" het" .... ,n ing n:,lients
wetC ","ided. Such ea n: "''I'' the con";t""nts "",1.> n:d th .. V'n E}'Ck's ",lou r< ,.",ain " fn:sh
as the d'r he:«~ d(""'n his brush.
The Amol6ni Portr.rit (/414) TbiJ i, pruhably "''' a mll1TiIlg. portrait; ci,.il ugi"= in Lilk tin" Gi{f<'anni
Amolfini', HIllITiIl", at 1447. ,birtun Y'atT /aur. s., ,; .. 00 it tb. 'mmllrl in gr=? Om tbrory /",i~" to An",lfini', Uri"","' c/o,b., and tUgg"" it i, a rribuu to IlrI .arh·", "Iatio",bip ,bat md.d ,;:itb b.r dmtb in childbirtb .
St Marga"" tb. patron wi", of childb<aring it am.·ro u/",n ,b. bdposr, IlrId Q
'ingk tYJtit~ candk bum, in tb. CllrItklabra for tb. up(m ",b. ,"otMr" _I
ISH
1869
187J_76
1876
1877_79
1879_90
1881 _8J
ISSJ_Sr
1886--89
1888
1889_90
1890
VINCENT VAN GOGH
B()rn in ''''001 _ ZUlu/m. _"a I)uub R'fixm /"'."
Ju""" d.,.l: al Goupil am! C" in Tb, Hagtu
W..-h for Goupil in Lond<Jn and Pari,
u«oo in ERglil1Id
Stud,,.,- tlmJlof,J and P'u,",oo in B'/giw"
StuJi" an in By""..!,
Sm "I' mull" in Tb, iJagu<, aoop" ,"othI5i", H(J(JnIiJ: and [amily
R""rw to par"''' in Nu",,,,. D<atb ofla,b.,.
U'~J in Parin:.'itb brotbn- n"",
'""" ,onumportzry Qr1irrr
M"",.,-toArlt:J. Gauguin ,.j~'tJ bim, ",~"d ror
i,,<ibn, folio,..., qtulrrd
J ~1u"'Qry pati"" in S"int_Rt'my "ryitl1n
Mo,""" to Am",.,.· 11I1_0j". Prod"," 76 pier"",. Sboon bi"",I/, di<, re'" ""Y,lllu,-
T he C h.:. ir ~ n.J the P il'" (1888- 89) Iii" (",gil) <II::n ';;:bi" duJcbaSr', painml at Q
p",da'" (co,"po"ion pi"') to Gauguin', a,,"maff: Botb roaffy " ... '" rymbdic ponnljrr" tb. ft.." mm, painu" in Q yar< p<riod _/calm, dxmlya[mGauguin', arrr.'Il1 at til< ),U(l/I) HGIlJ< in Arl"
S unA",.cr., Stlrry nights. «"Irt<>! car
.nd 'Ulc"lc a c"mpellmg 1111.<1urC n,
."}une look ing Ii)r an cram!~e of t"'WC
g.::nius, And if\r,ncrnt nn Gogh's I"'-ss.ions and
difficultics "c not dcar enough I'm", his
""m'OSCS, we may .Iso rcad thc letterS he wmte
to his. n dcaler bmthcr, Theo. Van Gogh's lirSt job ,,'OS as an .rt dcal,.,-'s
a.-i'tant in Tne I hguc. l ie taught himself n,
d,.,,· e.rti'T hut didn't p,int until his hte
tWLTltics . • f",r f.iling '~'cry attel1~" n, hecom.: •
I"'''tcher, th.nks to the crntic bch:n;our th.,
bligh",d ~II hi. relationships,
Fu.- two J'carS 'the Dutchm.n' li,,,d in P"is
with T h,,<, . ",ho ,,':IS hell,(u! in inrroducing him
to l1"ny artists . ir.::luding the hn p.-c<:.<ion i,tS.
Their c<l<nlli",:d innucncr trans~"m<>1 V.n
Gogh's I",~'iously su nil ", p,let'" to S<)I1"'thing
','cry much .Ii,'e, ,'cry strong in colour ... '
P.inting at a fantastic "te. V.n Gogh
""hic,,,d his gn::'"'''' ",orks during thl: h« twO J'car< of his lit<:. Fm", the bli<:.<ful SUl111nrt
"",rl1nh ofl>,,),,:n"" in 18S8. hc <k"b",d: 'I am
"'l< conscious ,,( mJ'Sclf any """ c.,.the pictu", C<)m.:S n) me as in a d n:a", .. .'
Rut • ,'i(~cnt outburst full"""ing G.uguin's
"ri,'al in Aries led n,. ycar's 'tly~" V.n Gogh
in Saint_Remy '-'J'luI1L La"'r. Th"o """ 'ed h ..
br othcr nonh .gain. n, Dr G.chct's C~re in
AUH:rS-sur_O i,;<:, V"" Gogh di,,! thtTC in July
1890. fro", a self_inAictcd gun ",ound,
' Ii'gcthcr with I1U""" ,,( J" II,,,,' nowcrS • mund
his dcathb,,! in a tiny r""'" at the inn . T h,,,
I"';ngly ""'ng.::d no fcwer th.n ,;<:vcnty_';x
p'intings. V'n G Ob""S c n:"i,'e energy h.d
p".lu,,-,1 thcm .11 within his final SL~'cnty <hrs.
Sbrry Nig h, Owrthe Rhone (/889) 11m Gogb'r d.siu to paint a rwrry nigbt rry ';:at ro,""bing b, mmtiotud
"p'audly in bi! I"'.,-r throughout 18 S8. Tb, uJUIt tr...- tbir mmy if Arl<J, ar b, d=rib.d i, to Eughu &tb, '711, '<r~'nligh"d,":irb gtl,r4ln:mJ in a hh~
rit~r. 0:'.,- i, ,b, wtry 'ky ,;:itb ,b, Gua' B,ar _ a ,parHing if pink and gr"" on tb, rolmlt bit" r,,/d of ,b, night r.!y, ,;:b,,,...- til< ligbtl oftb, "",,"
and in ru,blm uJ!roii8lJa" ud fl/'/d and bronud gr"'"
'"
H99
1611
1618
1621
1627
1628
/629_JI
1611-48
164 9_ f1
16H
16f2_f9
1660
DIEGO DE SILVA YVElAZQlJEZ
B()rn in Sn'iU.
Apprm'i"d '" ParoroJ
iIIarrinJl1mIa Pach""
App<Jin"'/ Cou" painr<r '" Philip IV in Madrid. /nJlum"d by TItian
App<Jin"d king" gmt/urian ",1m-
iltu/J Rllhmr on ,",,,ion to Spanirb ,~,
SabNtral in Italy. inf/n"'ad by Tin"'.-"'"in J mi.,., S"";:(I"I: "f ,Ilicb.lang'/(J and ""pha</ in ROln" """mT to Madrid,. ... ""'arkt
PalmI panyaitJ, r,ligiour and clarrical mbjmr, and bunting ,em"
To Italy. art
cdlutingfor king. MUll" """illn and B<nIini. Pai"" Inn"""'" X and Rokcby Venus
RnllTm to Madn'd. Appoinud Cbambn-lain
PainlJ p"nrai" </ "'''' q""" and ,hild,,,,, induding La<,\l minos
Dj" in Madrid
,\b rw"'; bI Teres:;, in ~ HI ue Dress (tktilil) (/659) IN In/mI,a Margari'a _ tm cbarming em!raJ f'KIlr' from Los ,\ lenin'" (/656) _ b". 'WI" rnn"" and impriJ(J,ud by b ... formal call" m-m. I aa::'l'u" t::aT inrrrut'.J '" paim ngular p"rtrai" of 1k pri",,,,, ,;:bicb ","', ,m, '" ,b, Awrri"" ",tin to T«ord b.,. gnrdng tip. Sb, bad h«n INfTlJllNd ilJ a baby to Prine. lLopoJd
D icgo de SiI," r \ 'd'Ujue, wen, to
M,dtid ",cling rur .. lp"run:tgt: .. nd, with thc help of thc king's minis",r,
Cou n, O li,,, ,,,< , m.n .. gt:d n) S""' rt: , phtt .. ,
the Sp'nish Court bctore his ,wentr·fifth
bi n h,b r. Court l>lintcrS, h", ... ~,cr talcntcd, h .. d
to be a • .-.. re of ('()"'pl<:>: rituals, H:I:tUJun
, " .<:tiled into 'hc cur",n' th .. , had beL'J'I running
decp 'h rough ror .. 1 ponr .. iture ... ,hc public
im .. gt: of the Sp'ni,h Hapshurgs [had b<",. "e I
codifiL,1 th rough thc in,erl" ... tati"", of Titi .. n
and Annmis ,\ to.-.'
It wi< an "h .. ntagt: ,h" \ 'd'UJun and I)h~ip IV we rt: bot h }"ung. T heir dc,,:I(~)ing
friendship mUn' ,hOI ,he .. nist w .. s no'
o, 'cr.wed br M.drid {'ti'lucttc and fonun"dr,
his 1- ",rar.1 of ,he king won acttp"ntt
,traigh"w"r. Vcln'luez' carnT wen' fi'om
stn: ngth '0 strength , using the 'keen cJ'c .. nd pmdigious Etcili,}, with ,hc bru,h ' ,ha, his
,cacher .. nd hi"gr .. phc r P""hco no,,,,1 frum h ..
c:t rlicst d:lrs. lIut hc p<.",,,,s,,,d mO rC ,h .. n • polished
""hniquc: Rube ns p",i",d his ~"odcsti . .. .
kin,1 "f qui~1 .uth"';ly. \'~1."I"Cl h~d ~ gift ~r iden'ify;ng. ~n.t communicuing. 'nnh of eh~r":lcr Ihrough his ,,·orb. :Ii "'ell :Ii ,he
oh"i,"",!, ahilily 10 rccord,. lih11e .... lie " "".IS '"
in'<Te!H"d in Ihe h",mn """lili,., of. t.and of C"url d"..,rfs "'i he .... ,' in di",I",inll cl.e ruthless
edge of 1>"I~ Inn"""nl X. T he 1"';mli<1h-<:~1IIUrr • ni;1 F,...",~;s 11..".,
f~m()"sJy "·<:.k,,1 on his '''''n inte'1"~"'li ... of Vdn'IUC~' l'op, I"""",,, X, 'I h~".me
ol"'ISSt"<1 .. il h.""u "'c ..... 1 "p .... , IIp.1 ";,ns of ft,clings ,,,,,I v,,,,s "f ... im.ginOlkln in "",.'
Old \\'O .... n Cooking .:U!I (/6/8) Tbif 'JP"'! pictlln it k1ldi:"n IIU l. odegDn. fit""''' SPIll/ish"" '"" ...... '/""
g",""By m,aning frill.Ii!, Nml OR II kitt/mr 11:"". Ail tb",bjtctu ... n","Xty lit from th< front and dmromtrl1" II n.ri,ry of rwf"l1m ... d """"'"tT. II it
Ib<JUgbl Ibat I a""'f"r= /"lin"d Ibit '" an am''''';''''''''' for bit u:illt. "lid ,.,..J.. it t::itb bim t::h<n h< ' .. rot t. Madrid looA';"xfor ",,'nml1g'
1612
1644(1)
I6fO,
165:2
16B
16H
1660,
166J
1670,
167f
JOHANNES VERMEER
Born in Ddfi, ,,1<1
"fit ,ifJ: 1:.",a,~rlart d,,,kr
No un;rtb in !"Rift, rraim in l.itrubt or An,..~""p
Painlf himri,"} and n/igi(JIM fubjWJ
iJ<a,b"ffa'b.r, inlm-i" /"mily inn
M,,"hffo/Sr Lulu', ''''iid. I\tilffj~ C",bari1lll BoI"", ,b'Y It",·, ,Jr.,,,, chiMrm
Binh "Jim dlmgl"" Maria
CbilllK" to painting gmrt rubj«tJ, injllMnad by l"Nuand Jim Miff;'
Birth if Jim ,.., J"b"mln
Burin<JJ rn/ftrTOlI /;ml<h im'Mj",, " Nnw/anM
Pbyri"'/ilrId ,",mal bt"kb d""''''raw. OJ,, in Ddfi
Girl Jrllb" Pearl EArring (1.1665) 711, tulJm"t;m girl j, d"",d orimllll_rtyIt in a turban, ,;.'bicb m"ms tbat tbt picrurt i, probohJy a ""nie, or cbarac"r rtudy. In irr jt.,b ,implidry arid mrron"" ;, i,,,,,, "J ","«r', ,"1J5t p<Jpular imag"
The D utch ",h()<~ of the ",,'en'ttn,h t~lIJ'with his "'al_lill: situ,,;on: he and his will:
century l'",duc,,1, in cffc<1 , • h.d d<~'cn child", ,, . l lnwc,"r, the re is
<~>CuIl"'nt"Y of L~''''T a<I"'''' "f their L~'id""ee ,h., Venne..,. built himself. Sl"'tt <hily li,'es. beh p.inlI:r h.d his sl",<:i.lity. from into ",hich. in • sellSc. hc c<-.J ld tctrcat _ •
nil ships to d".d l,""e1<3nl<. Joh.nnes \hmtt r ,a,",,"a oh,.ura. It stood", Onc end of th.,
,,"is chieAy conttrned "ith interi" ... and ",ith familiar r"om . • nd Vermeer .rr.nged his
one " ""n in I",nicul ... It fca bJ rt:s in So m.ny o f su bjectS ., ,he othL"',
his e:trefully """~><J""! ",or b . lit fr,." the left Fi rst "h'ocat"'! ~Jt .niSls in ,hc IHOs. the
by '",0 win<kJws. it has • 'il,,1 no:> r . nd Onc wm"" oh"ura e:tn be m"le '0 .ny sioc. A siml~e
""p_hung w"111. 1)C<~l le within 'his 'I",ce alwars darien"'! box . i, h1S. pinholc ,. _ in Venntt r',
secm intent UpOIl ",hat they >re doing but in. case _a Irns in 'he side . T he im.gt: of.n ob;.:",
""'1' detached " ... y. ou tsid" I"'$(:s through thc 'p..,.,urc .nd '1'1"" "
Venne..,. ·s p.inted 'I"lnquil im.gcs did no' up,idc down on a bhnk e:tm'1S fi .• cd to thc
interior ", ... 11. \'crmttt would ()il -,;1<~ch the
projected image in black .nd white , X'''r
on.lysis r<"'I·""ls it bent ... th the ",~our h}",s.
T hen he woukl emerg<: fi-,. " his 'c.mer' to
p,int slowly .nd meticulouslr the finished
",nion in full <hrlight.
The Astrono me r (/668) Thi, painting ","inik ,.,- tbat J ff,"'" li,.<d in im ali' " Kimtific di,.""rry. H, gr'""-' up in 1)"lfi ,;:irb rb, im-m!rJY" 'k mimlJ<Up<, t-an 1.Rtit."<rIbork,
,;:Ix> afur J""","r'r tharb, iNal,", trust" for birr""", Tk asrronomrr', glob< "'ar math by /-IoRdi,.,- in 1600. I, tirr '"' It ,ab/, drap,d 1::i,b an ,,,,,tic clo,b and
,b, art",,,,,,"" 1."fi,n a jlo"'ing go""', ar iftb, rdrolarly ,,;m,ific fo"'rr bar niD '0 <unuRd ,,·itb !b, JIIp<ntitio,.,- part
wo
HIS
I f4fJ(!)
1HZ
I HJ
I f H _ f9
H61
I f62_6J
I f6f(!)
H72
1f71
HSf
H SS
PAOLO VERONESE
B()rn Pool. CQgh'ari in Idona, ",nofa xulpmr
Studi" tmd.,. Anton;o Badil, in Iffona
Pain" fr=<xs in ,ua",,,,, Calb,tlraJ
s"t/" in J~ni",. With bl<mi, pai"lT "ilingl in /)()!{'" P;uac,
D<.:o.-a", cburch of San S,haJtia1UJ, Imj",
Pai"" fr'''"'' in Villa SilT"""', M","
Painlf ,\ 1arri.gt: .. Can.
il/arn"EJ""" BiN/ik, 'bry hilt·,
",,' f_
Pain" LbI
SUI" '" for c""""" of SS. G;"'.""rmi, Poolo
Trj,d for irnt .. ,.. "'''' by Holy OJji" o/,b.lnquirition
Pai"" Pic ...
Di" of Q i"'" in Imi",
Ph.o ... ~oh·s D.ug h!,,, : The Finding o f Moses (tin",.,) (/57fJ-75) Tb, Egyptian prim", and b" "''' __ aK'' "''"pkU ,;:i,b dt::aifj""T. ba'-, C<l,"' r1raigb' fum Q ga'oo-ing at Q I n,,,ian pala"",,; t::ilb ",1m aD1lTa"", I ""''''l' """'pam ,b, Bihl. J1lJry and rb, "irk"" !lJ biT m::n rproal t:"rld. AT b, mid til< '",}"";ti",, tribunal' 'Pili",", ,al:, til< Jlll"<
likr-"lY OJ pam and j""tT. .
T()gt:thcr with Titi "" and Tinto rctto, n: ligiolJS SC<."nCS in a Venetian "'''ing with the
1"010 VenJhese dominat"] the Sti nts in silks and j<:wds, .,..] .. khough " . nC
Vcneti.n art scenc during the "-"1"o,chcd him fo r it , othcrs admi",] this
sixIl:enth<t:ntury. Although .. nati"." Of\'i:rOIl" Aattt-ring portrl),,1 of their city ''''Il:.
Vernn"'" of the ,\ \c"t SL-rene Republic might In I 563 , \'crnn"'" ".nplt~"l the Marriag' at
h"'e bcen a fitting title for him. lI is w(lI" ks Cana , sign'lIing • ,.Ient fo r .rchitecturll
exhibit .. II the opulenct: thot Vt"Tlict: had sct-l'iect:s. Soon , mo n: onlcrs we n: 1~.roJ f(lI"
go thc n:d throub'" ct:nbJrie, of '-"<"n,,>crce .nd ht nqut~ pieture< .nd in 1571, the Dominican
conq"'-"st. He thought nothing of p'inting '-"<,m" m of SS. Gim"1nni e I>:u~o n:que<Il:d,
"1,1,,,,,,,,,cnt u,rr Supp<r It:., the T it;' n ther h.d
lost in. 6",. Vcrone", p",duced. n .. gnificent
wn,-k of .",h"". l'ilbrS .nd st:tir<":l.<CS . busding
with f,,4ion:tl~e l'e",le. scn~ntS ~nd dogs. In the ",i,1I1e. <I ..... ,6:,d by th<;r surruunding<. sit
Je,us .. nd the "pOstles.
&6"" long, \ 'e ru""'" 6)und hi",,,,lfbcfore
the lIoly O mce of the Inquisition . who
obje"'''1 to his i.Mt Stipp" i>ecou", it inclu,hl
'rne ,\hrri-.'ge:l t Co"" (d""il) (/ 562-6J) Tb. """,ion </J._' Jim mirad., cbllrlging "-·a'.,. to u:i"" tu" pJae. againsr
a morltl1lurltal hacl:drop of diNral roionfllldn Tht! main pia)",," in tbi, "t_ pi." ,}riD"a u:"aJ,1 ba'" h«n uadily urognizahk. ti",. I h""'" indtukd
porrrairJofFro1l<i,1 </ha_, Mary </England and Cbarh V of!>"pain. Tb.
mwici"", an R(J'" Illb.,. ,ban Titian, I ~"'''''' bim"if pJil)'ing til< "iola, bi, hrotb.r &",dmo, Tin",,,,,,,,, JiXopo BanJUlo IlrIlI Pall,.,}io
i"'''''crCTlt cle"'CTlt< not ",ention"j in the lIible.
lile ~ ;Cst<"I" with .. p.rro . .. nd drunlt:n Gennan
s"I,licrS. Vcr"ne", stoutly dcfcnd<,j an .nist's
right to u'"' his i", .. ginatiln n) fill up the 'p.et:
On his C"m~S .nd .. "'''''I" "", i", ... as ,cach",1 hy
.hcring the tide to F"lJt in ,b. H",,,, </11,.;.
...hich the lIible s"J'S"'as .ttl:n,led 1lJ.' ·l'uh~c.ns
.nd sinnerS'. Vernncse "'''lS th:tnkful~' ",1 ..... ""1
to ",bJm to his p.lette.
'"
1928
1942
194f-49
1949
19S6
1960
1962
196J
196f_6S
1968
197f
1980
1986
1987
ANDY WARHOL
Bllrn A1Ukm lI'izrOOJ" in rorm
City, "''' of a mi"',
l"Na,b "ffa,bn
Stud,,, a!
Cllnlql,lnsf;"''' ofT«blWlogy, pjmlmrgb
Co,",",,"anl arrirr ,;:itb Vogue and
I bil'''''''' 11.<1",
G"" on '"Kid trip
Pail", jim Coca Cola b.mlu
Pai"" fint C,,'"plNH', ",up lim, Pirrr rmtJ Factory artie
Ma},.,. jim film, SI",,1'
ill""""" collnbora"s ,;:irb l~h-"
Und<rKY""nd Factory '""t~r ,ift
Shot and ",'=Iy injur<d by Jilin-it Sdanjr
Pubh',b" Phil""'1,hr of Andr W"rh<~
m..-h"" t'nro tap' and pri,."" caN, TI'
Ma-'"-, /M' pri,"
"ri"
OJ<< follot,jnK
YOU"'" --K''Y jn Nm );,,-}
Crime Scene ofr> . .. id 'The Bertie' B.,..dle (/9J9) A "''''·4.o-im< ,bot by 'Jj;',K'" ~ ,b, photograph..- 1::00 jn'piml Jl'arbor, n'/hrr"" prinrr o/,-jol"" ""'" nor;,.,-, fum il! ri(Jf, and car cn"b~, lI~rb.:J .prn/y ;""''Pura'''/ ,b, pbOOlK"'pbj, imllg' in", biT ar"~'(Jr} al Il 'nfl' til'" "",pi- ,::.,-, "'" ruff ,;:b,,}'.,. pbmograpby Il1IlI an cwld '" mnlti(kl,d in til< um" ",atb
P(1' artist Andy Warnol's carll' dar< as. Undugtound - ... ho fon",,) his , ... "i.1 set .nd
conu"erri.1 .ni" prim,,1 him fo, the f""tu red in his films. W.,hol's film _m.king
... o, ld of a.hcni,ing im'I,"'I)' .nd dieht.1 tonll,,) o ... :r s.inr p".I..,tions. Ilis det", .. Slup,
celebritrth .. he so "JOUr in,·"k,1 in the 1960s. la"ed s.ix hourS but .ctu.llr reputed • II)' the end ofth .. dcc:t(k: he h.d m.,h,) Out. s,ingle twenty_minute sequence _ like the
new a",n' of ""ti"it)" the essL"tlti.1 demmt bring th .. he should be the one n, (k:<:idc wh ..
scr<:cnp,intL,1 (k,llar hills _ until the mind
switched from looking intentlr to
h'p penL,1 thrte. At his New ",ri studio ""II,,) I" s,,,;,'e a""' pnnce.
Tne hett'l)' he and his a>Sistlnts, quite litrt.II)', \ \ '>rhol's ne.,_f.",1 shooting bl' Valerie
"l,roduced the Amrt;;::an S"'te of mind. T h"J' S(~anis, one of the F:t<1ol)' wo, kLT<, left him in
n.nen<,1 it onto a mesh , "luce>cd ink through chronic Inin f""" 1968 on ... "rds. l ie did
it and hung it Out to dry _ OlCr "nd ()),rt apin. p".luce mo,e s ill<ert..,ns and ,'i.b ... but h ..
Unique "" ... ori ",as a thing <lfthe IXIS," strategy h.d "Ircadr w(lrked , the re b),
T he F>ctorr ""S ,ulre thon a ,,'oriplace , it demon"uting that ,",cond- and third-h"nd
bttame a fa,hiO<labie drull-in cenO'e ~lr ""i,1S ""pcrien"", a re nlO of",n """"p, <:d for real OneS.
and musicians "nd home to the ' \ Varhol ,\io", th"n a nr o, her twcnti .... h..,cntutr figure,
,upcr<"'rS' _ inch"ding tbe ruck b'nd Veh·.... he p<:n""nendr a l", ,,,d tbe concept of art.
,\bo 197J (/971) IIhba' munud '" hand_painting in c(6nbination ;;:i,h ,i/J:Jrr«1l '" podua
,I!. M"" T,...nmg ,"i~_ 711, Chin", rommunist /,atNranti hi, 'min"' _ .blo"'" and Jdd "·"Y"·h", m tl!. U"k R,d Book ~ hwJ a cui, foJla,,·ing
am""g)ll""g ".",",,",_ M",,·, unliJ:,/y a«'P,ana in", a capitali" wd,'Y "·a, ","ugh for Warba' '" inch"N him in hi' gaUny .ff="'" I!.wJ,
""
1684
1702
"''' 1708
1709_/0
1710-12
17H
1717
1719
1720
1721
ANTOINE WATTEAU
B()rJl in J'aimci",JU>, ron of a "'<I"
;\10""'- to Pari" flIn.n,,, by copying Duub marUIT
Stud,,, "nd.,-GiOot, tb,atri",/
tln;g""
m..-h,d,b A,wnm al Pal";, til' Lux,mhourx, injlum"d by R,b",
Admi,,,d ro ,,"rod! AaliNmy-[aia Pri"t/, Rom" Y,fUnI< to
J'aimci",_
B'g;'" "",-J. on Cr<h~r'
R"""", to Pari" I;,~r hrj'fly 1::ilb parron CTIl""'. B'gin, painting fi~.,. galan''''
At"",," if' f'y""b Aallkmy
Vi,;" L..uJon, ,uJm-rulori, t/iag1l(Jud. Pain" T he h.li.n Coon"<~"ns for Or iIl,ad
Rm,rm to Pari,. PainIT Enscign<: de G crsaint
1);" "f '''Nnu!<Jrrr in Nogm,.rur_ ilia""
T"o P.~i ", of Lo>'"",. Eml .... b tion lOr Cyth" .... (th'ail) (/ 71 7) Cytb.ra ir tb, /abJ,d irlantl ,,/"'., for ,:,bich pil~ffm Nnbark hut ~'" anT,-,. Til< t=rorul ""ing '''Kil',lT imp=jbJ, dr,amI of eM,i"g f(Jrmality "sid, in ["'-(JUr,, 'P"nrlm,iry. 711, fi-is.on hm,w" lb." fo1lr l(Jt~1J iHuh,/,., Ixulily contRa: Il/'p'an camaJ andy" rb, rilJ:Hnd uh-,tJ tbry ar< '",aring Qr. "dtkm',ly lixtil,
N"'hing "'x"'" (J< ugly is :i<lm~t<,1 n)
the p.rkland p.,..dis<: of Anwine
\ \'atll:au , major French p.inter and
piofleer uf Roc"C<). Ilis genius ~" "'Jllll_"iti(JIl fills soft landscapes ",·ith degant sil k_dad
couniers, musicians and cheruh. at play. At th<
SIn'" t~ne , \\'atteau's i(I).'lIic wor ld has an air of
theatricalitl" cxpbin<>ll".. the flct that he Ofl""
worked with a theatrical designer. Gillot
designed dttor and C,,''''meS ~" the O pera and
was a p.inter of the fashionable Italian
new offer 1 .... 1 him'" Au<iNn , CurlnJt .. the
Palais de Luxembourg. Not m il' did Audran initiate \\'atteau inn) the ,k:""",ti,'e p.inting
"yle of cbi"",,,ri, , he al,o intn. It., .... 1 him to the
magnificent ,\blid q'de , pmd,"",d I".. Ruben s
~Jt th< do,,~ gt:r 'Jut..::n ,\ larie.
Rubens prob.bly prm'ided the 'p. rk fUr
\ \ 'attC3U'S c n:atinn of the 1''' galan" (ka>t of
couruhip). a gen n: So new that the French
AC1dt,llY had tn (b'L«:: the Il:rm when they
aU"l'll:d EmN'*ati(k/ for Cytlm-a as Waneau's
w,",""Jia ddl"ar" <·har""",,,, which \\'atll:au diploma piece. Watteau's pUI,; ls La nc":t
often used. and PattT per pet""ted his St}ic , hu t the fiu For ,u ne "",-'on , their l"rtn<:rShip end .... 1 gal""u ,~d OOt last much hq'ond the R.:){'()co
after four }TarS, .lthough W.tteau was peri« !. Ilowc,'er, Watteau as a colouri,t
no~)rious ~" his irritahility and intra nsigcnce u'ntinu .... l to in'pi n: p.inll:rS as late as the Neo
to""",I. organi .... tiofl of any kind. ]-]oweVL"t, a Imlll"essiofl i,ts.
Gi ll~ (I7/.~-HI)
Hltt"." may b.t~ pai"ud tbi, ill • Jign for tbt <11ft «,,,,,d by flr/lvni .• n ""'" rho plaJ'd tbt roI, of ""lancbo/i< Pi ....... fro'" tbt r<;II""dia drll· .... ,.. Dmmming ,bt gnt,.iry .fGiI/rr.,.i,b ,bt b ... ".....,.,r gnt"P brbilld blm,
II ·i",.." kt1 bim apart ill a co/""r/", nrld of biJ 0'1:'>1'. By Ibilll"". HIIII"''' r.r flUrr iU",i'" ttlbrraJarit anti ptnJildy t~')' kllJiI;,,, 10 Ibt <rrtalllfJ ,ba, .11
lb • .,.orl4'r pltlltlllTr.1T "'.IUI""
,eo
1814
ISH
ISf9_1S92
1861
1866
1872
1876
1877
1878
1879_80
1884--86
18SB
1891
1892
1896
190J
JAMES ABBOTT Mc NEILL WHISTLER
B()rR in [..,1:..,41, }IU,_</a raik:ay mgin«r
;\10""'- to Pari,. Studi" tmd.,. Gkyn B<gim "ching
S",/" in London. Prodn", Tb","" "chinu
Pai"IT mirtHJJ
]""nlla HiJjm.an a,'lne Litdc White Girl
T,,,,-.iJ '" South A,"""iw
B'gim Th","" Nocturnes
IRnK""I P,aax:k I{""", for LrylimJ. qtulrr<iJ, 10m
""""""g' &bibirr F.lling R().,l<~
Sun RwJ:in for iilvilltld ,;:in,
Banb-upl, ;\lo'",,-
'" 1m;",
Orl<-,"= fb",;:, in Lond<Jn
Mamn &Iltrj" 'T,irj, God,;:;"
5.1/, to Pu"ch imd Siurti,b ,"Ikno'"
Mo,",,- to Parh 1::itb B<lltrr<
B.arrj" di"
Dj,.,- in limt/""
Nocturne in Bl.ck:and Gold: The F~lling Rod "' t (/874_n) Whirrl.,-', Tb","" Nocturnes, pain,," during ,b, I 870J, 0".., tb,i, impir"'ion to ]Ilpa~" pri"", Thit Nocturne, ,":itb in rpangkd Try, glr.', ,j" '" ,11< f,,'"ow tIS)'P"" Ivtt:",u Whirri" and tb. crj,ic Jobn /{wkin
A IT~'ing in Paris fi-'Mn the USA in 1855, Sl'ccui.,;o" ,,1' Jund,,1. W"" she in a ,rantt? A
)'l1lel Abt..", ,\ k"lcili W histler w-.. nCHOU' }'oung hride? "Ii, """pm" Whi,tlrt
'urmund,,1 I".· a"" of artistic nlentS, p"c his long,nn(Gng n:1~r: 'T h....-c is no sto.-}'.
which included Courl>et, De!" •• , Fan,i,,_ Rut an exerci,., in shadcs of white ,.."l' b,()"r, M~n'" and l)issaIT<~ ll~ ,tudi,,] undcr in"Mlll'rchcnsiblc to the \r,,,,o.ians, 'nd So ,.."lS
GIL)",c, with Eng6sh ""dm.s who ",li4,,] his 'his allhoITence of namlti,'c. his ref" ... 1 to
naml><'J"nct: and sh''l' wi •. Yet_ hehind the ",()",Iiz.<: th,ough art, his 1'n:li::rc nCt: ~" the
d.n<~fi,,1 ex",rior ".,,, a serious 'piri. wI.> only exquisitely dc<ig""] ""Mnen! ("'tT the <Iiet: of
wan'''] to male .n. lill:: thes<: WC n: "e ... .'
\Vhi"lcr ",,,,cd nJ Lon<1Jn and >how,,] his De'1'in: Frmch st"dio training, \Vhi,rlcr's
fir,t significant ",o.-k, Til< J.j"I, Whiu Girl true,t inspirotion "'"1$ the Japanese print. It
(Symphony in Whiu, '\'0 . I) , at the A"ademy. info.-",,,I his latc< paintings, including the
Noct",.", that p",,'oked Ruskin's lit:..::llous
cO,,"nent .hout the 'I,ot of I'" int th",wn in the
public facc'. W histlers Tn"" ohitu",)"
'ttou ntI:d wl}'Iy: Thc rrial w"1.< painful tt, many. amu,ing to mo,e: in the end ,\I, Whistle ,
ol"aincd ()f)C farthing dam.ges·, Rut it also
.ffinned: 'lic ..... s Sct UP(" .. painting .nd
etching wh. t he saw, with no ulteri(" thought of
ut~itr, 0' popularilj" 0' wh1t "'(lU ld "h"lnee him in l)(j,itiof) .nd <stcC",. "Art~" Art" .. the
docrrinc that \\'histler 1"(,(css,,land I" .",i",d
to the md:
Arr~ngcmcnt in Grey:ln.l BL,,:! No.1: The Artis t's ,\Ioilicr (/871) H'oim",', "".,.piling, puri"m moth", arrit"d tmin,.i"d from ,b. USA to
lit'H:itb b.,. 'm::n d.ar bllt,nfly" in bi, Ch</"a hom., and poud fir bim 0'" day,;:b", h< bad"" '"(JIM. StIlnding1:"oUbard fir bn; '" h< "a"d bi,mo,b", in profil. _ and an icon 1:"at ixnI, If-itb Japan." "/xx,, li'Oim.,. puin"d b",
a, an ,''''''''. arrang"""'t "'""',. H. u"d Mock aJrh< Im,i,,, bit pal"" tmd m",b 'urpmtin., ,;:bicb JIlnk in", tb. unpupa"d CIlm'/H '" git·. a dulling
1frcr ,bat pJ.a"d bim. /, i, lI'oil1/"'" '"" ntnTa,it~,,., "nrim"'" appt"""cb, tbat b", ",rnr.d hff tim<i<" appro)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Imag'" ''1,rud"""d "ith permission from the f(~ I()",ing:
Art Archi ,., (Picru rt: D",;1): 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. H ]5 . 16. 17. J9 , lO.lL n . H. 2-1. 15 , 26, 17.19. 30. 31. n H. H 35, 36, 17, 38, 39, -11 . 43 . 4-1. 46, 48 . 49. 50. 51. H. H 55 . 56, 57, 58, 59 , 60. 61 , 61 , 66, 68 , 70. 71 . 74 . 75 . 76. 77,79. 80, 81 . 81,83, fW . 85 . 86, Sil , 89, 91. 94 , 95 . 97 , 100. 103. 10-1. 106. 107, lOS . 109. 110. 111. 112. 113 . 1 H 11 5, 116. 117. liB. 119, llL lB. 124, 115. J!6 , 1l7. H8. 119, IJO, 131. lH, lH 137, 138, 139, 140, 1-11. 1-13. 144, 1-15 , 1-16. 148, 149, 151. In , lB. lH. I55 , 158, 159, 16L 161. 163, 1M. 165. 166.167. 169. 170. liL 174.176, 177,178, 179. 180, lSI. 182. J83 , lfW. 185. 186, 193. 19-1. 195 . 199. 100. 101 , 103, 10-1, 105
AKG Art Lib,... ')"
" BridgCTIl3n Art Lib,... ry: II . 18. 40, 71. 73 . 78. In 133 . 135. 1-11 . 156. 1)7, 160. 171,171 , 106
Corbi s : 13 , 18. 41. 45. 47. 51 . M . 65 . 67. 69 , 87, 90, 92. 93 , 96, 98,99, IOJ. 101, 110, )36, 147, 150, 168, 175, 187 , I BS, 189, 190, 19J. 19!, 196, 197, 198, 101, 107
Ed ward Ilo JlfH'r 1'105: Auwma' Des ,\ loin'" An Crn'e, I'enllan<"", C~le<1;on'; Purcha",d "i,h funds from ,he E,hllundson An Fowl(h';()fl, Inc. , 1958..1
D.vid Hod ",,,>, p 91: MT and ill". GIlT} and Pmy 1970-71. Acry lic ' II <"Am'as. fW" x 110" (') D"'id I k.::kncy
£..I .. "dor D.li I' 53 (') Sah".do. Utli. G.J.·Sah"1'~" Djli Foun,btion , DACS, L",.lon 1005
Vtisily K>nd insl.y I' 109 (') ADAGP, I'a,i< .nd DACS, Lond'II 1005
Rene M:.>gri tte pIlI (') ADAGI', Pa,is .nd DACS, London 1005
Ilcnri ,\l:.iti<sc p IH (') Su"",,<sion II ,\1:t,ilsdDACS 1005
Pict ,\I o rwlri:.on p 141: C""n/",,irio" ,;:itb R,d. Blac}, Bbu and )<llot.", 1928 Oil On cam'a<, 45 x 45 Cm. (') 1005 ,\Iond,ianllloitzm.n Trust, do IICR In"'m' tional Wa,"'nnm \r,rgini.
Ed .. " rd ,\Iunch I' 147: ' Inc Sc"'"m 189 3. ·!~n~,er.t on I. ,a,d. 83.5 x 66 Cm. ,\lunch ,\l u,",wll , o.lu. ,\r,,,,,,k: (') ,\ l unch ,\ 1",<"Um/,\ lunch EI~ng"-"" Gmup, BONO, OskJIDACS, u,n,tm 1005 Photo: (') ,\ lunch ,\1 ",emil (Andersen/de Jong)
p..[,!o Pic:>sso p 151 (') Su"""~()n Pic:tS.<()/ DAC~ 1005
J ""kson Pollock p 155 (') ARS, NY and DACS, Lond'II 1005
Andy W" rfto! I' 103 (') ' Inc Andy \\,.,1.:,1 ]i(Junda,ion fo< ,he \r,,,,,al Ans, IncJARS,;"'Y and DACS, L",.ion 1005