100 Years Tropical Bryology 2001

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Tropical bryoph yte and lichen ecology : a bibliograph ic guideTropicalBryology 21: 97-118,2001

100 years of tropical bryophyte and lichen ecology:a bibliographic guide to the literature from 1901 - 2000Mark C. Merwin and Nalini M. Nadkarni2The E vergreen State College, Lab II, Olympia, Washington 98505 U.S.A.

ABSTRACT.We have compled a list of 401 citations pertaining to the ecology of tropical bryophytesand lichens. This bibliography inc ludes publications addressing their biology, ecology, natural history,and physiology, but does not include papers that deal exclusively with taxonomy and floristics. Thecitations are also categorized into gen eral taxnomic and function agroups. Trends in subject matterare discussed.

INTRODUCTIONIn the earlier part of the 19001s, ew reportson the ecology of tropical bryophytes and lichenshad been published. However, bryological andlichenological research in the tropics has beenrapidly increasing since the 1970's. In the pastthree decades, the number of publications hasnearly doubled every ten years (Fig. 1). Thisindicates a burg eoning of scientific interest in the

Present address: Colum bia Unive rsity,Biosphere 2 Center, Oracle, Arizona 85623U.S.A.

Author for correspondence:[email protected]

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subject in many countries and carried out by acadre of bio logists in different subdisciplines. Forexam ple, conservation biologists have begun torecognize that tropical bryophytes and lichensmake exce l l en t ind ica tor o rgan i sms forenvironmental changes. T heoretical ecologistshave initiated expe riments with tropical lichensand mosses, as they grow rapidly and areamenable to m anipulation.However, the ecological l i terature isscattered through out a variety of journals. Wecompiled this bibliography to bring together theliterature so that ecolo gists and con servationistsinterested in tropica l bryophytes and lichens willhave a starting point for their investigations. Thelist includes papers, theses, dissertations, and


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98 Mervin & Nardkarni250 has been less so. In terms of substrate affintiy,ep iphy tes a r e we l l s tud ied compared to

0 200 lithophytes and epixylic com unities. Overall,0,-* every aspect of tropical bryophyte and lichen

a 0I ecology is very poorly known and a great deal ofrl: future research is needed.a loob0

I soz ACKNOWLEDGMENTSo We thank the following individuals for their help in

9 *C P +$ a+ &y s verifying citations and/or sending reprints: Andre:(iI . . , . , ,$ ? & & & & . $ > $ - $ Aptroot, Steve Churchill, Heinjo During, Dana Griffin111, Timo Koponen, Robert Lucking, Dan Norris,Tarnas Pbcs, Harrie Sipman, and Jan Wolf. This projectFIG. 1 . The number of tropical bryophyte andlichen ecological publications in the 20mcentury.abstracts addressing the biology, ec ology, naturalhistory, and physiology of bryophytes andlichens. Purely taxonomic and floristic papershave been excluded, except where they provideinformation that is of direct interest to theresearcher and conservationist concerned with thefunct ioning of bryophytes and l ichens inecosystem-level processes and their response toenv i ronmenta l cond i t ions . I nves t iga t ionsconducted in one of the 172 countries or islandgroups whose land mass occurs between theTropics of Cancer and C apricorn are included,which excludes work has been conducted insubtropical countr ies (e .g Japan and NewZealand).All citations were verified with hard copiesof reprints, communication with the primaryauthor, or a citation database (e.g. AGRICOLA,BIOSIS), except those marked with an asterisk(*). An appendix that g ~ o u p s i ta tions bycategory is provided. T he c m s po nd in g authorwelcom es any corrections or additions to the list.The list suggests lichens are ecologicallypoorly studied compared to bryophytes. For bothgroups, the Neotropics has received a great dealof attention relative to other tropical regions.Invest igat ions of communi ty ecology anddiversity are the most commo n, and research onthe reproductive biology, animal interactions, andconservation of tropical bryophytes and lichens

supported by National Science Foundation researchgrants Research Opportunity for UndergraduateSupplements (BIR 9975510,DEB 9974035, NT998 153 , DEB96 1534 1) nd a grant from theNationalGeographic Society's Committee for Research andExploration.

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Akinso ji, A. 1991. Studies on the epiphytic floraof a tropical rain forest in southwesternNigeria. 11. T he bark microflora. Vege tatio92:181-185.

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Tropical bryophyte and lichen eco logy: a bibliographic guide 103de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma deMex ico 67: 73-86.Fra hm , J.-P., and S. R. Gradstein. 1986. Anapparatus for drying bryophytes in the field.Bryological Times 3 8 5.Fr ah m , J.-P., an d H. Kiirschner. 1989. WasMoose auf die Btiume treibt. Forschung4: 18-22.F r a h m , J.-P., and S . R. Grads te in . 1990.Ecology of t ropical bryophytes : abibliography. Tropical Bryology 3:75-77.Fr ah m , J.-P., and S. R. Gradstein. 1991. Analtitudinal zonation o f tropical rain forestsusing bryophytes. Journal of Biogeography18:669-678.Fr ah m , J.-P., and H. Kiirschner. 1992. Moosetropischer Regenwtilder. Spektrum der W is-senschaft 10:58-67.Fr ah m , J.-P., S. Porembski, R. Seine, and W.Barthlott. 1996. Mosses from inselbergsof the Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe. NovaHedwigia 62: 177- 189.Frangi, J. L., and A. E. Lugo. 1992. Biomassand nutrient accumulation in ten-year oldbryophy te comm unities inside a flood plainin the Lu quillo Experim ental Forest, PuertoRico. B iotropica 24: 106- 112.Freiberg, E. 1994. Stickstoffixierung in derPhyllosphtire tropischerRegenwaldpflanzen in Costa Rica. Ph.D.Dissertation, Faculty of Natural Science,University of Ulm, Germany.Freiberg, E. 1998. Microclimatic parametersinf luencing ni t rogen f ixat ion in thephyllosphere in a Costa Rican premontanerain forest. Oeco logia 117:9-18.Freiberg, E. 1999. Influence of microclimate onthe occurrence of cyanobacteria in thephyllosphe re in a prem ontane rain forest ofCosta R ica. Plant Biology 1 244-252.Frey, W. ,R Goflow,and H. Kiirschner. 1990.Verteilungsmuster von Lebensformen,wasserlentenden und wassspeicherndenStrukturen in epiphyt ischenMoosgesellschaften am Mt. Kinabalu(Nord-Borneo) Nova Hedwigia 5 1 87-119.Frey, W., and H. Kiirschner. 1991. Lebens-strategien epiphytische rBryophyten im tro-pischen Tieflandsund Bergregenwald amMt. Kinabalu (Sabah, Northern Borneo).

Nova Hedwigia 53:307-330.Frey, W., H. Kiirschner, and U. H. Seifert.1995. Scientific results of the BRYOT ROPexpedition to Zaire and Rwanda. 7. Lifestrategies of epiphytic bryophytes fromtropical lowland and montane forests ,e r i caceous woodlands and theDendrosenecio subparamo of the easternCongo basin and adjacent mou ntains (ParcNacional de Kahuzi-BiegaJZaire,For&tdeNyungweIRwanda. Tropical Bryology 1129-150.Fritz-Sheridan, R. P. 1987. Nitrogen fixationon a tropical volcano, La Soufribre. 11.Nitrogen fixation by Scytonema sp. andS ter eocau lon v i r ga tu m Ach. dur ingcolonization of phreatic material. Biotropica32:297-300.Fritz-Sheridan, R. P. 1988. Nitrogen fixationon a t ropical volcano, La Soufr iere:Nitrogen fixation by the pioneer lichenDictyonema glabratum. Lichenologist20:6-100.Fritz-Sheridan, R. P. & J. Portecop. 1987.Nitrogen fixation on the tropical volcano,La Soufriere (Guad eloupe). I. A survey ofnitrogen fixation by blue-green algalmircoepiphytes and lichen endophytes.Biotropica 19:194- 199.Fritz-Sheridan, R. P. , nd and D. S. Coxson.1988. Nitrogen fixation on the tropicalvolcano, La Soufr iere (Guadeloupe) :Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, andrespiration during the prevailing cloud/shroud climate by Sterocuulon virgatum.Lichenolo gist 20:41-6 1.Fritz-Sheridan, R. P., and D. S.Coxson. 1988.Nitrogen fixation on a tropical volcano, LaSoufriere (Guadelou pe): The interaction oftemperature, moisture, and light withphotosyn thesis and n itrogenase activity inSterocaulon virgatum and response toperiods of insolation shock. Licheno logist20:63-81.Fosberg, F. R., and M.-H. Sachet. 1965. Ma-nual for tropical herbaria. InternationalBureau for Plant Taxonomy. Utrech t, TheNetherlands.Fulford, M. 1951. Distribution patterns of thegenera of leafy Hepat iceae of South

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Wolf, J. H. D. 1995. Nonvascular epiphytediversity patterns in the canopy of an U pperMontane Rain F orest, Central Cordillera,Colombia. Selbyana 16: 185-195.*Wolf, J.H.D. (in press). Diversidad y ecologiade comunidades epifiticas en la CordilleraCentral, Colombia. Studies on tropicalAndean Ecosys tems. Kramer , Vaduz,Alemania.Wolfe, J., and C. B. McQueen. 1992. Biogeo-chemica l eco logy of s ix spec ies o fSphagnum in Costa Rica. Tropical Bryology5:73-78.Wolseley, P. A. 1991. Observations on thecompos i t ion and d i s t r ibu t ion of the'Lobarion ' in the forest of South East Asia.In D.J. Gallow ay, D. J. (ed.). Tropicallichens: their systematics, conservation, and

ecology , pp 21 7-244. Claredon Press,Oxford.Wolseley, P. A., and B. Aguirre-Hudson. 1991.Lichens as indicators of environmentalchange in the tropical forests of Thailand.Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters1:170-175.Wolseley, P.A., C. Moncrieff, and B. Aguirre-Hudson. 1994. Lichens as indicators ofenvironmental stability and change in thetropical forests of Thailand Globa l Ecol.Biopeo pr. Lett. 4: 116- 123.Wolseley,P. A., and B. Aguirre-Hudson. 1997.The ecology and distribution of lichens intropical deciduo us and evergreen forests onNorth Thailand. Journal of Biogeography24:327-343.Wolseley,P.A., and B. Aguirre-Hudson. 1997.Fire in tropical dry forests: Corticolouslichens as indicators of recent ecologicalchange s in Thai land. Journal ofBiogeogaphy. 24:345-362.W u, P.-C., D.-K. L i, an d C.-H. Gao. 1987.Light and epiphyllous liverworts in thesubtropical evergreen forests of southeastChina. Symposia Biologica Hungarica35:27-32.Yano-Melo, A. M., C. Vincente, and L. Xavier-Filho. 1999. Inf luence of Cladoniastrbstellata Vanio extracts and usnic acidon germ ination and growth o f Allium cepa

L. seedlings. Tropical Bryology 16:11-16.Yeaton, R. I., and D. E. Gladstone. 1982. Th epattern of colonization of epiphytes oncalabash trees (Crescentia a la ta HBK ) inGuanacas te Prov ince , Cos ta R ica .Biotropica 14: 137-140.Z a n d e r , R. H., and H. J. Dur ing . 1999.Neophoenix (Pottiaceae), a new Africanmoss species found through soil disporebank an alysis. Taxon 48:657-662.Zotz, G. 1999. Altitudinal changes in diversityand abundan ce of non-vascular epiphytesin the tropics - an ecological explanation.Selbyana 20:256-260.Zotz, G., and K. Winter. 1994. Photosynthesisand carbon gain of the lichen, Leptogiumazureum in a lowland tropical forest. Flora189:179-186.Zotz, G., B. Budel, A. Meyer, H. Zellner, and

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APPENDIXBRYOPHYTE S1,2,3,4,5,6,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,29,30,31,32, 33,34,36,37,38,39,40,41,43,44,45,50,51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,67,68,69,7 0 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 8 0 , 81, 82,86,89,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99, 100, 101, 102,103,104,105,106, 107,108, 109,113, 114, 115,122,123,124,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,141,142,143, 144,145,146, 147, 148,149,150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159,161,168,169,171, 172,173, 174,175,176,177,178,179,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,229,232,233,239,242,243,244,245,248,249,250,25 1,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,263,266,267,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,298,299,300,301,304,305,306,307,308,309,313,314,315,316,3 17,318,319,320,323,324,325,326,328,332,333,341,343,345,346,347,350,351,352,354,355,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,369,370,372,373,374,376,377,378,

LICHENS6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14,25, 26,27,28, 35,42,4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 7 9 , 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5 ,86, 87, 90, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126,127,128,129,133,137,139, 140, 155, 159, 160,162,163,164,165,166,167,181,182,198,1~~,200,201,205,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,230,234,235,236,237,238,241,246,

ANIMAL INTERACTIONS29, 30,65, 83, 147, 154,228,255BIBLIOGRAPHIES84, 105, 167BIOMONITORING28, 34, 70, 81, 137,204, 230,301, 334COMMUNITY & POPULATIONECOLOGY1,4, 6, 11, 17 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,26 ,27 ,34 ,35 , 37,40,41,42,43,44,45, 53,55, 80,86,93,94,95,99,100,102,106, 109,113,115,123,124,127,128,131, 133, 135,136,146,149, 153,160,163,164,166,169,171,175,176,177,180,181,182,183,184,185, 186, 187,188, 190, 191,192,194, 195,196,197,207,208,210,211,212,215,216,218,2 19,220,22 1,222,223,224,225,226,228,235,239,242,243,244,246,248,249,250,261,263,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,279,285,292,298,302,304,305,306,308,309,310,311,3 12,3 13,3 15,316,321,322,325,328,330,33 1,332,333,339,343,344,349,355,357,359,360,363,373,374,376,378,380,381,382,383,384,385,387,389,390,391,392,393,395,396,398CONSERVATION26,27,38,62, 127, 129, 130, 140, 141, 149, 161,165, 179,213,295,319,345,347DIVERSITY7,8, 10,24,26,27,31,36,37,38,39,44,45,55,56,58,59,60, 6 1 , 6 3 , 6 4 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 6 ,87, 89, 92,95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 113,114, 125,126, 127,129, 132,134,136,138,142,143,144,148, 149, 150,151, 152, 155,158,159,160,163, 165, 181, 182, 197,202,203,204,207,208,212,213,215,217,219,222,223,224,225,226,227,229,233,234,256,278,284,287,288,294,295,300,3 17,324,332,333,335,337,340,348,351,355,358,361,362,363,364,372,380,



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PHYSIOLOGY2 ,3 ,13 , 1 4 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 6 6 , 6 8 , 7 4 , 8 2 ,91 ,96 , 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 171,173,193,198,199,200,201,206,254,299,353,399 ,400 ,40 1ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION5, 12,13, 15,32,33,34,50,51,90,97,109, 11 1,112,116,117, 118, 119,120,127 ,149, 162, 168,174,205,257,258,259,260,289,291,292,314,318 ,327 ,354 ,369 ,370 ,388METHODS52, 57,73, 103, 121, 155, 157,252,277 ,350REPRODU CTIVE BIOLOGY34, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 12 7,26 6, 267 ,283 , 325,365,366,367EPIPHYLLS11, 12, 17, 25, 29, 40 ,4 1, 5 3,65 , 86, 176, 183,207,208,209,248,249,255,269,270,271,272,273,274,281,290,295,304,314,315,341,394EPIPHYTES2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 15,33,36,43,44,45,50,51,67,91 ,92 ,93 ,94 ,99 , 113, 114, 115, 135, 137, 149,151,155,168,171,175,184,185,186,187,188,190,191,192,193,194,195, 196,197,198,246,250,256,257,258,259,260,261,268,276,279,287,289,291,296,301,302,309,310,313,316,332,333,343,350,354,356,357,358,359,369,370,371,375,377,378,380,381,382,383,384,

EPIXYLIC TAX A132, 133,233FOLIICOLOUS TAXA10,26,27,42,66,83,84,86,163,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,234,238,241,264,265 ,311 ,312 ,329 ,330 ,331 ,336 ,341 ,349

AFRICA2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 2 9 , 5 9 , 6 7 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 7 9 ,99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 115 , 135, 171, 184, 187,188, 189, 190, 199,20 6,226,23 3,245,26 6,267,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,278,279,282,288 ,289 ,290 ,291 ,294 ,296 ,397

ASIA, AUSTRAILIA & OCEANIA7, 15,30,31,35,42,69,80,94,95, 113, 114,125, 136, 138,14 7,166 , 169, 172,176,1 85, 186,263, 284,285,286,288,294,300,319,326,347,348,349,354 ,372 ,389 ,390 ,391 ,392 ,393 ,394NEOTROPICS9, 10, 11, 18, 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 2 ,3 3 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 5 0 ,51 ,53 ,55 ,56 ,58 ,59 ,60 ,61 ,62 ,63 ,64 ,70 ,81 ,87, 89 ,90 , 92, 93, 98 , 101, 109, 110, 111, 112,116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122 ,123 ,124 , 128, 132,133, 137, 140, 143, 144 ,145 , 146, 148, 150, 151,152,153,154,158,159,160,163,168,174,175,177, 183, 191, 192, 193, 198,200,20 1,202,2 03,204,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,

LITHOPHYTES22,102, 108,343

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