101 shantanu

Performance assessment and experimental investigation of

1.2 kWp PV power plant in different loading conditions

Subhadeep Bhattacharjee, Shubhashish Bhakta, Shantanu Acharya

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology (NIT), Agartala, India

E-mail: [email protected]

IVth International Conference on Advances in Energy Research (ICAER 2013), IIT Bombay

December 10, 2013

1

Performance assessment and experimental investigation of 1.2 kWp PV power plant in different loading conditions

Introduction

Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of green energy.

Solar radiation received by earth is 0.8 million kW

0.1 % of the received radiation with 5 % conversion rate

would generate 40 times electrical energy consumed by

current world

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Different solar energy technologies

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3

• Photovoltaic (PV) system

• Concentrating solar power (CSP)

• Solar water heater systems• Transpired solar collector

or “Solar walls”


Why PV system is popular than other solar

technology?

Requires less space than other

solar technologies for same

amount of power generation

Direct conversion of solar

energy into electrical energy

Cost per watt of this

technology is less.

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4


Typical Stand-alone PV plant

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5


Experimental PV power plant of 1.2 kWp

Components

1.2 kWp PV array

Inverter

Battery bank

Load

Computer for monitoring

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PV array

Battery bank

Inverter

Load current,

Load power

Battery charging current

Battery discharging current

Load

PC

U w

ith

48

V b

us

PV current, PV

power

Block diagram of the PV plant


Specification of the system

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Parameter Specification

PV panel area : 8 m2

Peak power : 195 Wp

Open circuit voltage : 45.5 V

Short circuit current : 5.5A

Peak power voltage : 37.5 V

Peak power current : 5.20 A

Battery type : Lead-acid

Number of batteries : 24

E.M.F. of each battery : 2 V

Current of each battery : 400 Ah

NOCT : 47 C

1.2 kWp PV Plant

Battery bank


Simulink model of the system

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ANN model of the system

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PV

current

Battery

charging

current

Battery

discharging

current

Load

power

Hidden layer

Input layer

Output layer

Load

current

PV

power

Battery

voltage

Based on Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm


Battery SOC at different loading

December 10, 2013

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06 07 08 09 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 19

79.66

79.69

79.73

79.76

79.80

79.83

79.87

79.90

79.94

79.97

80.01

% loading

10 20 30 40 50

60 70 80 90 100

Batt

ery

SO

C (

%)

Time (hr)

SOC declines at

rate of 0.08 % for

every 10 % loading


Battery voltage profile at different loading

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Battery voltage is

reduced from 48.58 to

48.41 V for 10%

loading, 48.43 to 48.10 V

for 20%, 48.29 to 47.79 V

for 30%, 48.14 to 47.47 V

for 40%, 48.00 to 47.16 V

for 50%

06 07 08 09 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 19

45.2

45.6

46.0

46.4

46.8

47.2

47.6

48.0

48.4

Batt

ery

vo

ltag

e (

V)

Time (hr)

Loading percentage (%)

10 20 30 40 50

60 70 80 90 100


Load current and load power

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07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Lo

ad c

urr

ent

(A)

Time (hr)

Load current (A) at 350 W

Load current (A) at 700 W

Load current (A) at 750-1050 W

07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Lo

ad p

ow

er (

W)

Time (hr)

Load power (W) at 350 W

Load power (W) at 700 W

Load power (W) at 750-1050 W


Testing with 350 W

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07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

48.4

49.5

50.6

51.7

0.0

4.9

9.8

14.7

0.0

4.6

9.2

13.8

0.0

2.4

4.8

7.2

07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

Vol

tage

(V)

Time (hr)

Battery

Cur

rent

(A)

PV

Cur

rent

(A) Battery charging

Cur

rent

(A) Battery dischargingWhen average PV current

is 5.46 A

Battery charging current is

available for most of the

time.

Average battery charging

current is 1.64 A.

Average battery

discharging current is 1.90 A


Testing with 700 W

December 10, 2013

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When average PV current

is 8.10 A

Battery charging current is

available for less time.

Average battery charging

current is 0.0049 A.

Average battery

discharging current is 5.99 A07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

48.75

49.50

50.25

51.00

0.0

4.4

8.8

13.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0

4.6

9.2

13.8

07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

Vol

tage

(V)

Time (hr)

Battery

Cur

rent

(A) PV

Cur

rent


Cur

rent

(A) Battery discharging


Testing with 750-1050 W

December 10, 2013

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When average PV current is

9.54 A

Mean battery charging

current 0.043 A.

Average battery discharging

current is 10.98 A

07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

46.64

47.52

48.40

49.28

0.0

5.9

11.8

17.7

0

1

2

3

0.0

7.1

14.2

21.3

07:12 08:24 09:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

Vol

tage

(V)

Time (hr)

Battery

Cur

rent

(A) PV

Cur

rent


Cur

rent

(A) Battery discharging


Optimal load current

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Predicted optimal load

current varies between 8.82 A

and 8.93 A.

Experimental optimal load

current varies between 8.13 A

and 8.40 A.

Average value of predicted

and experimental optimal load

current is 8.60 A and 8.54 A

respectively0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

8.0

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9.0

Lo

ad

cu

rren

t (A

)

Time (min)

Experimental

Predicted


Optimal load power

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Maximum predicted and

experimented load power are

476.66 W and 487.37 W

respectively

Corresponding minimum

values are 428.85 W and

434.76 W respectively.

Predicted and experimental

mean values of load powers are

453.87 W (37.82 %) and

455.17 W (37.93 %)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

Lo

ad

po

wer

(W)

Time (min)

Experimental

Predicted


Battery charging current in optimal loading

condition

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Predicted battery charging

current varies from 0.03 A to

13.79 A with mean value of

4.13 A

Experimental battery

charging current ranges from 0

A to 13.26 A with mean value

of 4.12 A0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Batt

ery

ch

arg

ing

cu

rren

t (A

)

Time (min)

Experiment

Predicted


Battery discharging current in optimal loading

condition

December 10, 2013

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Predicted battery discharging

current varies from -1.54 A to

4.50 A with average value of

0.42 A

Experimental battery

discharging current ranges from

0 A to 4.90 A with average value

of 4.12 A

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Batt

ery

dis

ch

arg

ing

cu

rren

t (A

)

Time (min)

Experimental

Predicted


Conclusion

December 10, 2013

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A very good agreement is found between ANN based predication

and experimental investigation under optimal loading conditions.

The PV system sustains about 38 % loading and with mean load

current of 8.54 A. Beyond this loading will increase the battery

discharging current.

From simulation results under optimal loading condition, the

battery maximum and minimum SOC are obtained as 80 % and

79.87 % respectively with a mean value of 79.93 %.

The maximum and minimum battery voltages are found to 48.47

V and 47.54 respectively with average value of 47.84 V.


References

December 10, 2013

21

Chen, N., Zhang, X., Bai, Y. and Zhang, H. (2012) Environmental friendly PV power

plant, International Conference on Future Energy, Environment, and Materials, 16, pp.32-37.

Linden, D. (2002) Handbook of batteries and fuel cells, Mcgraw-Hill, New York.

Mahmoud, M.M. (1989) Individual Applications of Photovoltaic Power Systems, Royal Scientific

Society Amman, Jordan.

Zahedi, A. (1998) Development of an electrical model for a PV/battery system for performance

prediction, Renewable Energy, 15(1998), pp. 531-534.

Posadillo, R. and Lopez Luque, R. (2007) A sizing method for stand-alone PV installations with

variable demand, Renewable Energy, 33(2008), pp. 1049-1055.

IEEE 1361TM-2003 IEEE Guide for Selection, Charging, Test and Evaluation of Lead-Acid

Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.

Hara, R., Kita, H., Tanabe, T., Sugihara, H., Kuwayama, A. and Miwa, S. (2009) Testing the

technologies, IEEE Power Energy Magazine, 7(3), pp. 77-85.


References continued…

December 10, 2013

22

Yoshimoto, K., Nanahara, T. and Koshimizu, G. (2006) New control method for regulating

state-of-charge of a battery in hybrid wind power/battery energy storage system, Proceedings IEEE

PES Power Systems conference and Exposition, pp. 1244-1251.

https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/

Mahmoud, M.M. (1989) Individual Applications of Photovoltaic Power Systems, Royal Scientific

Society Amman, Jordan.

Kalogirou, S.A. (2000) Artificial neural networks in renewable energy systems applications: a

review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5, pp. 373-401.

Balzani, M. and Reatti, A. (2005) Neural Network Based Model of a PV Array for the Optimum

Performance of PV System , Proceedings PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics

Conference, 2, pp. 123-126.

Sulaiman, S.I., Abdul Rahman, T.K. and Musirin, I. (2008) ANN-based Technique with Embedded

Data Filtering Capability for Predicting Total AC Power from Grid-connected Photovoltaic

System, 2nd International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2008), pp.

272-277


References continued…

December 10, 2013

23

Sulaiman, S.I., Musirin, I. and Abdul Rahman, T.K. (2008) Prediction of Total AC Power Output

from a Grid-Photovoltaic System Using Multi-Model ANN, 7th WSEAS International Conference on

Application of Electrical Engineering (AEE08), pp. 118-123..


December 10, 2013

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