10/10/2015Dr. Rick Woodward1 The Scientific Method Agenda: August 2012 1. *Lecture 1: Scientific...

04/21/23 Dr. Rick Woodward 1

The Scientific Method

Agenda: August 2012

1. *Lecture 1: Scientific Method

2. Simpson Activity

3. Should have completed by now:

(1) Signed Contracts

(2) All About You

(3) Unsolved Mysteries of the Brain

Article (26 Questions)

(4) Dogged Investigation Article

(5) Select a science project topic

5. Next Class: Fire Lab (slide 40)


Journal Question #1(August 2012)

Write the question in your bound composition book and write a five sentence response to the prompt.

1. What do you think the elements are for designing an experiment?

“This is a silent activity so that your neighbors can concentrate on the topic.”


What’s the problem??1. One of the best ways to begin

studying science is to examine how scientists try to solve a problem or answer a question.

Let’s take a look at the Ebola Virus

(Hemorrhagic Fever)


Observing

1. In 1976, a deadly contagious human disease appeared in several villages in Central Africa.


Observing

2. Local doctors observed a rapidly progressing and consistent sequence of symptoms in disease victims.


Observing Symptoms 1. Most had severe

headaches, fever, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting.


Observing Symptoms

2. In the final stages of the disease, victims’ internal organs bled uncontrollably and blood leaked through the nose, ears, and even the skin.

3. Death followed.

Current Ebola Outbreaks(August 19, 2012) Nine people have died from an

outbreak of the Ebola virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly known as Zaire), only weeks after the virulent disease was declared “under control” in neighboring Uganda, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported.




Asking A Question

1. All scientific investigations begin with a question. -What’s causing all of these people to die?

(What is the disease causing agent?)


Asking A Question Other questions you would want to ask.

(You do not need to write these questions down)

-How is the disease transmitted among people?

-What causes the disease to appear suddenly in humans?

-How long after exposure to the agent of infection do the first symptoms of the disease occur?

-Do all victims die?


Collecting Data

1. The longest phase of a scientific investigation is usually collecting data.


Collecting Data

a. Data include any and all information that scientists gather in trying to answer questions

b. There are four important aspects of collecting data


Four Aspects of Collecting Data:

1. Observing

2. Measuring

3. Sampling

4. Organizing Data


Observing

1. All scientific understanding of the natural world is based on observation.


Let’s Check Out Your Memory CapacityA. Take out a blank sheet of paper.

(Write on the back of this handout)B. As you look at the next slide try to

memorize as many objects from this crime scene scenario as you can.

C. You have one full minute.D. After the time has elapsed, draw as

many of the objects that you can recall.-Ready…..


Crime Scene Investigation

Focus on the ten items shown below:


How many items did you come up with?

A. Ten Items Total:1. Tacks/Pins2. Tacks/Pins3. Paper Clip4. Bullet5. Diamond Ear Ring6. Foot Print7. String8. Ticket Stub9. Key10. Matches11. Knife


Measuring

1. Quantitative data is data that can be measured in numbers.

a. Example: The number of people who displayed symptoms of the disease.

b. 80-90% of the people who became infected died from the disease.


What’s the deal with numbers?


Sampling

1. Scientific sampling is the technique of using a sample, that is a small part, to represent an entire population.


Sampling

2. To be useful, samples must be large and random.


Organizing Data1. Graphs, charts, tables

and maps are useful in providing a visual for organizing data.


Organizing Data

a. Looking at large samples of blood scientists were able to photograph the virus that they believed was responsible for the deadly disease.


Hypothesizing 1. A hypothesis is a

statement that explains specific observations and it can readily be tested.


Forming a Hypothesis1. The central hypothesis in

this complicated investigation was that the virus photographed by the CDC scientists caused the hemorrhagic fever.

-A statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either does or does not support it.


Predicting

1. To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.

2. “If-then” statements


Predicting

3. Example: If the virus were the true disease causing agent, then introducing the virus to healthy tissue would cause cell death.


Experimenting

1. A hypothesis is often tested by carrying out an experiment.


Experimenting

Using a Petri Dish:


Experimenting

2. Experimenting is the process of testing a hypothesis or prediction by gathering data under controlled circumstances.


A Controlled Experiment

1. A controlled experiment is based on a comparison of a control group with an experimental group.


A Control Groupa. The control group and the

experimental group are designed to be identical except for one factor.


Factors Involved in Our Controlled Experiment1. In a controlled experiment the

independent variable changes

(Mouthwash brands tested)

a. All other variables must be kept constant so that you are sure the results you observe are due to changes in the variable being tested.


Factors Involved in Our Controlled Experiment

-The group in which the independent variable is changed or manipulated is known as the experimental group.

a. Water will be the control group in our mouthwash lab.



- The group in which all the variables remain constant, including the independent variable, is known as the control group.



2. The dependent variable is any change that results from the manipulation of the independent variable (Brands of Mouthwash).

3. Ring of Inhibition (area where no bacteria grows)

is the Dependent Variable Inhibit, means to stop.


Analyzing Data

1. Analyzing data is the process of determining whether data are reliable and whether they support or do not support a hypothesis or prediction.


Conclusion

1. At the end of the experiment, study the data collected in the data table for analysis and make some conclusion based on your results.


Report Your Findings

1. Scientists do not work alone.

2. Whether your hypothesis is correct or incorrect always report your findings.

Example: Gene therapy (report findings; autopsies)


Simpson’s Activity

Complete scientific method handout today.

Please get your textbook covered.


September 17, 2009Thursday’s Agenda:Journal Entry #2 a. What is the difference between an independent variable and a

dependent variable?1. Swine flu update2. Turn in your Simpson’s Scientific Method Activity (Homework) 3. *Hand washing journal article (1 – 10)4. *Laboratory I: Fire –Hypothesis, Theory, Law.5. After completing your lab today, write everything in your composition

book using the appropriate laboratory format.6. Homework: -Purchase color pencils.

a. Finish re-writing your lab and make sure that your composition book is up to date.

b. Look up information (Internet) of flame properties


Swine Flu (H1N1) Update:1. The Swine flu vaccine has been approved

by the FDA (9/15/09)2. Two flu shots are required this season:

(1) One shot for the seasonal flu.(2) One shot for the swine flu.

3. Swine flu shots from the new vaccine will be available between October 11 – 16, 2009 or sooner.

4. Who should get the swine flu vaccine shot?(1) Health care workers(2) Pregnant women(3) People 6 months to 24 years of

age: That’s You!!


Map: International Co-circulation of 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Influenza(As of September 4, 2009; posted September 11, 2009, 6:00 PM ET)


Is 2009 H1N1 virus contagious?CDC has determined that 2009 H1N1 virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human.

How does 2009 H1N1 virus spread? Spread of 2009 H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something – such as a surface or object – with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.


What are the signs and symptoms of this virus in people?

The symptoms of 2009 H1N1 flu virus in people include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A significant number of people who have been infected with this virus also have reported diarrhea and vomiting. Severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus.


How severe is illness associated with 2009 H1N1 flu virus?

Illness with the new H1N1 virus has ranged from mild to severe. While most people who have been sick have recovered without needing medical treatment, hospitalizations and deaths from infection with this virus have occurred.




Organizing your Table of Contents

Table of Contents for Biology

Date Assignment Page Number

-Mysteries of the Brain (1-26)

-Dogged Investigation (1-10) (HW)

-Scientific Method (lecture 1)

-Hand washing journal article (1-10)

-Fire Lab (Lab #1)


Hand Washing Journal EntryA. First read the questions

before reading the article. (Highlight answers in the article).

B. Write the question and answer in your composition book

Questions 1 – 10.

1. What did Holmes believe about infectious diseases?


Journal Entry Questions2. Who is Dr. Semmelweis? What

did he observe and what did he recommend as a solution?

3. Why did hand washing seem odd and problematic?

4. What did Louis Pasteur believe?

5. What does the CDC recommend with respect to cleanliness?


Journal Entry Questions6. What are nosicomial infections?7. According to the article, aside

from hospitals, where else is hand washing important?

8. What is salmonella?9. What are three causes of

salmonella?10. What is the most surprising fact

in the last paragraph?


Safety!!!

Please be extremely safe during this lab. Anyone caught not following the directions will be suspended from school.

Work in groups of 3-4.


Today’s Laboratory Since we are not able to work with viruses our lab,

we will work with candle flames. Work with the partner at your table. One person is responsible for collecting the

materials One person is responsible for cleaning up and

returning all materials. This lab handout needs to be transferred/re-written

to your composition book. Please answer all questions. -You will need to do

some research tonight to answer some of these questions.

Everything is due on our next class meeting! Next Assignment: Lecture to prep for mouthwash

laboratory.


Fire Lab (Observations)

1. Describe what you see

(1) Light emitted from candle, flame moving

-Orange flame on match.

-Blue flame toward the wick of candle.

-Flame moving with air currents.

-Candle wick is black


Observations: Birthday candle flame: Taller

flame, brighter burning, burns more quickly.

Tea Candle: Burns longer, shorter flame. (wax is unable to escape at the base of the candle)


Fire Lab (Complete vs. Incomplete)

1. A more complete burn of gas (flame turns blue)

-Complete use (blue) used to heat (heating energy)

2. More incomplete burn of gas (flame turns orange/yellow; carbon monoxide, which is toxic, is given off with an incomplete burn).

-Candle used to see (light energy) orange/yellow.


Explaining the rise of water in the beaker

Heat up the gas molecules and they expand (when the candle is lit).

When the flame goes out the molecules cool down and contract, pulling water into the glass beaker.


Flame Chemistry


Chemical Formulas

Wax + O2 ---) CO2 + H2O + E (Full Burning)

Blue flame is most complete

-Burning to complete stage = blue flame (Currents richer in oxygen getting in)

Wax + O2 ---) CO2 + H2O + E (Middle Burn)

Wax + O2 --) C +H2O + E (Most incomplete Burn)

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10/10/2015Dr. Rick Woodward1 The Scientific Method Agenda: August 2012 1. *Lecture 1: Scientific...

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