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04/21/23 1
Water Cycle and WatershedsWater Cycle and Watersheds
Mr. Brian Oram, PG Professional Geologist, PASEO, Licensed Well Driller
Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality
Wilkes University
GeoEnvironmental Sciences and Environmental Engineering Department
Wilkes Barre, PA 18766
http://www.wilkes.eduhttp://www.water-research.net
04/21/23 2
Center for Environmental QualityCenter for Environmental Quality
Non-profit/ equal opportunity employer, is operated and
managed, within the GeoEnvironmental Sciences and
Engineering Department
Outreach Programs Environmental and Professional Education and Training Applied Research Community and Business Outreach Programs
Website: http://www.water-research.net
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The The Water Water CycleCycle
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Components of the Water Cycle
First The InsSolar Energy Input
PrecipitationCondensationWell Injection
Irrigation
The OutsEvaporation
TranspirationInfiltrationPercolation
RunoffGroundwater FlowSurfacewater Flow
Well Pumping
water cyclewater cycle
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The Water CycleThe Water CyclePowered by the Sun- Solar PowerPowered by the Sun- Solar Power
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PrecipitationPrecipitationTypes of Precipitation
NaturalRainSnow
IceHail
Condensation/ Dew
Man-MadeIrrigation
Wastewater Applications
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InterceptionInterceptionInfiltration / PercolationInfiltration / Percolation
Canopy Interception
Percolation
Infiltration
Infiltration- Movement Water Into Soil
Percolation - Water Movement Throughthe Soil
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Evaporation / TranspirationEvaporation / TranspirationEvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Evaporation- Driven by Thermal Gradient and Moisture Difference
Stomata
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Runoff / Overland FlowRunoff / Overland Flow
When Rainfall Rate Exceeds Infiltration Runoff is Generated
Low Infiltration Causes - Overland Flow- Loss
Organic Material
Uncontrolled RunoffCauses Erosion
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GroundwaterGroundwaterZone of SaturationZone of Saturation
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Primary Aquifers in PAPrimary Aquifers in PA
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Well GeologyWell Geology
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Groundwater Flow Groundwater Flow and Aquifersand Aquifers
ConfinedAquifer
UnconfinedAquifer
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Surface Water & GroundwaterSurface Water & Groundwater
They Are Related and Connected !They Are Related and Connected !
Local Water Divide
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Groundwater Moves - SlowlyGroundwater Moves - Slowlyfeet per yearfeet per year
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Induced Recharge Induced Recharge or Artificial Dischargeor Artificial Discharge
Pumping Well - Artificial DischargeArtificial Recharge- Septic Systems
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What is a Watershed?What is a Watershed?
The simple definitionIt's the area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater.
Right Now You’re Sitting In a Watershed !
They cross county, state, and national boundaries(This is the challenge !)
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Watershed MapWatershed Map
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Watershed ViewWatershed View
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Non Point Source PollutionNon Point Source Pollution
Non-point source (NPS) pollution, unlike pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources.
NPS pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even our underground sources of drinking water.
04/21/23 21
Sources of Non-Point Sources of Non-Point PollutionPollution
Excess fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas;
Oil, grease, and toxic chemicals;
Sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding streambanks;
Bacteria and nutrients from livestock, pet wastes, urban runoff and faulty septic systems; and
Atmospheric deposition and hydromodification are also sources of non-point source pollution.
We are Still the Largest Source of Oil Pollution to the Environment !
04/21/23 22
Sources of PollutionSources of PollutionCauses of Contamination
Improper Waste Disposal
Improper Well Construction
Poor Site Selection
Wells Not Properly Abandoned
Improper Waste Storage
Lack of Information on
Hazardous Sites or Activities
(Partial Listing)
04/21/23 23
Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves
1. Which ways can groundwater move?a. Upb. Downc. Sidewaysd. All of the above
1. d. All of the aboveAlthough most movement is lateral (sideways), it can move straight up or down. Groundwater simply follows the path of least resistance by moving from higher pressure zones to lower pressure zones.
04/21/23 24
Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves2. How is the speed of groundwater movement measured?a. Feet per dayb. Feet per weekc. Feet per monthd. Feet per year
2. d. Feet per yearGroundwater movement is usually measured in feet per year. This is why a pollutant that enters groundwater requires many years before it purifies itself or is carried to a monitored well.
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Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves3. How is stream flow usually measured?a. Feet per secondb. Feet per minutec. Feet per hourd. Yards per hour
3. a. Feet per secondWater flow in streams/rivers is measured in feet per second.
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Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves4. What determines how fast groundwater moves?a. Temperatureb. Air pressurec. Depth of water tabled. Size of materials
4. d. Size of materialsCoarse materials like sand and gravel allow water to move rapidly. (They also form excellent aquifers because of their holding capacity.) In contrast, fine-grained materials, like clay or shale, are very difficult for water to move through. Thus, water moves very, very slowly in these materials.
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Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves5. Can the water table elevation change often?a. Yesb. No
5. a. YesWater table elevations often fluctuate because of recharge and discharge variations. They generally peak in the winter and spring due to recharge from rains and snow melt. Throughout the summer the water table commonly declines due to evaporation, uptake by plants (transpiration), increased public use, industrial use, and crop, golf course and lawn irrigation. Elevations commonly reach their lowest point in early fall.
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Groundwater MovesGroundwater Moves
6. Does aquifer storage capacity vary?a. Yesb. No
6. a. YesJust like the water level in rivers and streams, the amount of water in the groundwater supply can vary due to seasonal, weather, use and other factors.
04/21/23 29
Water Cycle and WatershedsWater Cycle and Watersheds
Mr. Brian Oram, PG Professional Geologist, PASEO, Licensed Well Driller
Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality
Wilkes University
GeoEnvironmental Sciences and Environmental Engineering Department
Wilkes Barre, PA 18766
http://www.wilkes.eduhttp://www.water-research.net