Date post: | 30-Jan-2015 |
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Chapter one
A View of Life
Bristlecone Pine World's oldest living trees (4,600 years old) which reside in
the Inyo National Forest in the California White Mountains.
Biology =The study of
living organisms
Many Branches…..
• Botony = study of plants• Zoology = study of animals• Ecology = study of organisms interactions
with environment & each other• Biochemistry = study of chemical reactions in
living things• Anatomy = study of body structure• Physiology = study of body function
“Life?”
5 Characteristics of “Life”
1. Organization
2. Acquisition of Materials & Energy
3. Response
4. Reproduction & Development
5. Adaptation
1st Characteristic of “Life”=Organization
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Life
Begins
HERE!!!
Atom
Smallest unit of a molecule…
(made of elements)
Molecule
2 or more “atoms”
Cell
• Basic Unit of Life
• independent life
functions
• Comprised of
“nonliving”
Tissue
Different cells combine with common function
OrganTissues combine for specific task
Organ System
• Organs working together
Example:
respiration
digestion
Organism
• A single living individual
Largest organism may be a fungusArmillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom)Malheur National Forest (E. Oregon)
started from a single spore approx 2,400 yearskills trees as it grows.5 miles acrossextends avg 3 ft into the ground. covers an area as big as 1,665 football fieldsNo one has estimated its weight
single individual
Salmonella (bacteria)
Amoeba (Protist)
Single Cell
Individual
Tape Worm
(no organs)
Tissue Level
Individual
Organ Systems Level
Emergent Properties
“the sum is more than its parts”Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
2nd Characteristic of “Life”
Acquisition of Materials & Energy
Materials =
a. Provides nutrients
(molecules used
in metabolism)
FOOD ….
Materials = Food
b. Provides Energy
(capacity to do work)
C. “AUTOTROPHS”
Some “produce” their own food
Photosynthesis = Solar energy + CO2 food
Materials = Food
“Auto” = self, same“Troph” = nurture, feed
Energy required for:
METABOLISM =
all chemical
reactions
in a cell
Energy required for
HOMEOSTASIS =
maintenance of internal conditions
within certain limitations
ex:
human blood pH = 7.35-7.45
human body temperature
Homeostasis
Internal control mechanisms
Behavior
• To stimuli (temp or light)• Results = movement, behavior & learning• Helps organisms to survive
3rd Characteristic of “Life” = Response
Single Celled
organisms
simply
split in two…
“Binary Fission”
4th Characteristic of “Life”=
Reproduction & Development =ability to make another organism like itself
Reproduction & Development
Multicultural organisms – sexual reproductionunite sperm & egg
result = immature individual
Instructions for development
encoded in GENES (made of DNA)
Reproduction & Development
Genes passed from generation to generation in CHROMOSOMES
5th Characteristic of “Life” =
Adaptation
modification that makes organisms “better suited”
populations adapt by process of
Adaptations (modifications)
Diversity
lead to:
All Living things are Diverse (different)
basic organizational unit = cell
common genetic blueprint = DNA
common environment
= Earth
But… Unified
Other levels of Biological Organization..
• Individual…..
• Population: “individuals” of same species in an area
• Community: all populations in an area.
• Ecosystem: living community along with
nonliving
• Biosphere: anywhere living things exist.
Ecosystems:• Tropical Rain Forests
• Deserts
• Tundra
• Grasslands
• Aquatic
• Etc….
Biotic = all the living things organisms, vegetation
microscopic life, etc
Abiotic = all the non living water, sunlight, air, minerals,
Ecosystems performa vital function
1. Energy flows through ecosystems
(lost as heat)
2. Nutrients cycle within an ecosystem
(recycled)
Living Things are Classified
Classification =
grouping things based on some similarities
Taxonomy = branch of Biology
identifying and classifying living organisms according to certain rules.
Taxo = “put in order” nomy = “law or rule”
Classification
Carl Linnaeus = Father of Taxonomy
8 Levels of Classification
• Domain - most “inclusive”• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species – most “exclusive”
Domains - 3
1. Archaea – unicellular (bacteria)
survive in harsh environments
DO NOT have membrane bound nucleus
(Prokaryotic)
2. Bacteria (or Eubacteria) – unicellular (“true bacteria”)
most bacteria
DO NOT have membrane bound nucleus
(ProKaryotic)
3. Eukarya – unicellular/multicellular
have a membrane – bound nucleus
(Eukaryotic)
Cells – 2 types
1. With nucleus = eukaryotic 2. Without nucleus = prokaryotic
Nucleus = membrane bound compartment of cell containing genetic material
“Karyose” = greek “kernal” refers to nucleus of cell
“Pro” = “before” (Prokaryotic = before a nucleus)
“Eu” = “true” or “good” (Eukaryotic = prossessing a true nucleus)
DomainEucarya
KingdomProtista
KingdomFungi
KingdomPlantae
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Hierarchical System of Classification
Levels of Classification
DomainArchaea
3 Kingdoms
DomainBacteria
Many Kingdoms
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
DomainEucarya
KingdomProtista
Protozoans & Algae
Range from unicellular forms to multicellular ones
DomainEucarya
KingdomProtista
KingdomFungi
Mushrooms & Mold
DomainEucarya
KingdomProtista
KingdomFungi
KingdomPlantae
multicellular photosynthetic
DomainEucarya
KingdomProtista
KingdomFungi
KingdomPlantae
KingdomAnimalia
organisms that ingest and process their food
Living Things have
Scientific Names that are
UNIVERSAL
Species are named using
Binomial Nomenclature
Homo sapien
Rules - Binomial Nomenclature
1. 2 part name:– 1st word = genus – 2nd word = species
2. 1st letter 1st word uppercase
3. 1st letter 2nd word lower case
4. Both words underlined or italicized
5. latinized
Nature of science =
understand the
natural world through
observations & testing
Basis of Science ……
1. Is objective
2. Events can be explained by natural causes
3. Material universe –
observable & can be collaborated
4. no moral or ethical decisions
5. Not mythical, philosophical or theological
Scientists approach problems differently….
Scientific Method
sets apart “natural sciences” from fields based on opinion, faith, &
tradition
What is the Scientific Method?
Step by Step approach for gathering info:
1. Identify Problem or Question
2. Form a Hypothesis (educated guess)
3. Experimentation and Observation
(test the hypothesis/results in “data”)
4. Conclusion (is hypothesis supported or not?)
In Experimentation – always 2 Variables:
1. Independent – what is manipulated by the scientist
(experimental variable)
2. Dependent – result or change due to the independent
variable (responding variable)
Also very important…
Control Group: subject that does not experience the
“Independent Variable”
Scientific Method
Results must be able to be reproduced by other scientists.
Scientific Theory
Concept supported by broad range of
observations, experiments & data.
Unifying Theories of Biology
• Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells
• Homeostasis: internal environment stays with range
• Evolution: living organisms share a common ancestor & adapt
• Gene: organisms contain coded info that determines their
form, function, and to some degree, behavior
• Ecosystem: organisms are members of populations, interacting
with each other & physical environment