Date post: | 16-Apr-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | tiago-diego-libra |
View: | 111 times |
Download: | 3 times |
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Basic Petroleum Geology
=Prinsip dasar geologi minyak & gas bumi,mencakup :
- Geologi struktur,
- Lingkungan pengendapan,
- Origin, migration, dan accumulation minyak & gas
bumi
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
UMUM
• Eksplore di mana minyak & gas ada Sifat & jenis batuan,model prospek geologi
• Dari mana minyak & gas datang Source, seal, reservoirGenerasi, migrasi,Mekanisme perangkap
• Bagaimana lapangan minyak & gasdi temukan
Analisa cekungan, studi regional,Konsep ‘Play’, generasi prospek
UMUM
Apa yang harus geologist lakukan:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
• Generasi & migrasi minyak & gas bumi
• Batuan Reservoir
• Mekanisme perangkap
• ‘Habit’ atau kebiasaan/tempat di manaminyak & gas bumi ada di dalam cekungansedimen
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
UMUM
Geologist perlu mengetahui :
Petroleum system
ApaApaApaApa ituituituitu petroleumpetroleumpetroleumpetroleum
dandandandan dimanadimanadimanadimana ditemukannyaditemukannyaditemukannyaditemukannya????
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Asal mula minyak
Organic-richSource Rock
Thermally MaturedOrganic Matter
Oil
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
JenisJenis minyakminyak & gas & gas bumibumi::
Minyak dan gas terbentuk oleh pemanasan sekumpulanzat-zat organik yang ada dalam batuan berbutir halus
Algae = Algae = Hydrogen rich = Oil-prone
KayuKayu = = Hydrogen poor = Gas-prone
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Beberapa jenis Kerogen
TOC 2.12 WT.% TOC .38 WT.%
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum—Di mana ditemukannya?
Cekungan mengandung batuan sedimen, udara atau airCekungan adalah suatu wadah besar yang menampung sedimen
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Basin / Basin / cekungancekungan
Basins: Gaya yang membentuk kerak bumi
Bentuk cekungan berhubungan terhadap proses penurunan kerak bumidan tumbuh akibat proses’pembebanan’ endapan sedimen di dalamnya
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Graben (rift)
Sediments filling basin
Listric fault
brittle
ductile
Cooling asthenosphere
hot asthenosphere
a) Streaching and rifting stage
b) sag stage
Cekungan:
Cekungan mungkin mengandung minyak/gas, Batuan induk, batuan reservoir dan batuanpenyekat
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Batuan sedimen terkumpul dalam suatu cekungan
Petroleum System
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Re se rv oi r
Trap
GasGasOilOil
WaterWater
T rap
Unsur & Proses
Migrat ion
S ea lSource
Unsur-unsur dalam Petroleum System
• Source Rock : Batuan induk dimana material organiknya melimpahdan mengandung Hidrokarbon
• Reservoir Rock : Batuan tempat minyak & gas bumi berakumulasi- Porosity : ruang diantara butiran batuan dimana
minyak/gas berakumulasi-Permeability : Suatu alur di antara pori-pori batuan di
mana minyak/gas bisa bergerak (move)
• Seal Rock : Batuan penyekat di mana minyak/gas tidakdapat bergerak dengan efektif (mudstone and claystone)
• Migration Route : Jalur tempat bergeraknya minyak & gas daribatuan induk ke perangkap
•Trap : Tempat terakumulasinya minyak dan gas bumi
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Unsur-unsur di dalam ‘Petroleum System’
24803
Source RockSource Rock
Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Anticlinal T rapAnticlinal T rap
(Organic Rich)(Organic Rich)
(Impermeable)
(Porous/Permeable)
PotentialMigration Route
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Proses di dalam ‘Petroleum System’
• Generation – Suatu proses di mana Batuan induk mengalamipemanasan dan tekanan yang cukup untuk merubahmaterial organik menjadi hidrokarbon
• Migration – Suatu proses pergerakan/perpindahan hidrokarbonkeluar dari batuan induk menuju dan masuk ke dalamsuatu perangkap
• Accumulation – Proses berakumulasinya volume hidrokarbonsetelah bermigrasi menuju perangkap
•Preservation – Sisa hidrokarbon dalam reservoir dan tidak terubaholeh proses “biodegradation”ataupun “water-washing”
• Timing – Perangkap terbentuk sebelum dan selama hidrokarbonbermigrasi
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Proses ‘Petroleum System’
24803
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal Rock
ReservoirRockReservoirRock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation
Source RockSource Rock
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Migration
Migration: Minyak & gas bermigrasi dari source rock menuju reservoir rock
•Minyak terbentuk di bawah prosestekanan yang sangat tinggi
•Tekanan tsb menyebabkan garis ‘fracture’halus (micro fracture) yang berkembang didalam batuan
•‘micro fracture’ adalah jalan/tempat minyakuntuk bermigrasi
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Micro-fractures
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Migration: Minyak dan gas bermigrasi melaluibatuan reservoir menuju perangkap
oil & gas seeps
trappedoil & gas
R eser vo ir R
ock
• Apabila migrasi bergerak terus ke permukaan, minyak dan gas akan hilang (escaped)
• Apabila reservoir terlipat dan terpatahkan,kemungkinan minyak/gas bisa terperangkap
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
Source Rock
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Source: Minyak di produksi dari “source rock”
Minyak terbentuk dalam batuan sedimen yang mengandungsejumlah besar materail organik. Kebanyakan di dunia ini m inyakdihasilkan dari batuan yang mengandung alga
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Source: Oil is produced from “source rock”
Minyak terbentuk dari zat organik yang terpanaskan-ter-masak kan di dalam bumi untuk waktu yang lama padatemperatur rendah
Fossil organic matter = kerogen
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Source: Minayak di produksi dari “source rock”
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System
Spill PointSpill Point
Seal Rock(Mudstone)Reservoir Rock
(Sandstone)Migration from‘Kitchen’
1) Early Generation
2) Late Generation
Gas displaces all oil
Gas beginning to displace oil
Displaced oil accumulates
Dynamic Entity
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Generation MigrationAccumulation
and Preservation
Petroleum System: Timing is CriticalPetroleum System: Timing is Critical
Processes:
Elements: Source Rock
Migration Avenue Reservoir and Seal
TrapPerangkap/trap harus tersedia sebelum/selama migrasiberlangsung
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
ReservoirReservoir
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Reservoir: Minyak tersimpan dalam “reservoir rock”
Minyak mengisi pori-pori diantara butiran batuan
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Reservoir :Pori-pori yang terisi semen akan menurunkan kualitasreservoir
Cement(pink)
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
PerangkapPerangkap (Trap)(Trap)
Perangkap (Traps)
• Struktur: Dip closure, faulted dip closure, fault-enhanced dip closure, faulted closure footwall, faulted closure hanging wall
• Stratigrafi: Isolated sand body, reef
• Struktur/stratigrafi: Drape, structural truncation, erosional truncation, pinch out
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Perangkap Struktur:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Perangkap Struktur / Stratigrafi:
Perangkap Stratigrafi:
REEF
ISOLATED
SAND BODY
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
GasGas
OilOil
WaterWater
Antiklin adalah lipatan di dalam bumi
MinyakMinyak berkumpul/berakumulasiberkumpul/berakumulasi
didi dalamdalam antiklinantiklin
Gas adalah unsur paling ringandaripada minyak dan air (gas<minyak<air)
Fenomena ini menggambarkanperangkap dasar minyak & gas bumi
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Trap: Minyak & gas bermigrasi dari ‘ source rock, melalui reservoir rock menuju ke ‘ trap’ (perangkap)
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Seal/Seal/penyekatpenyekat
Seal: Batuan penyekat mencegah minyak/gas darikebocoran
Seal Rock
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum System:
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
AkumulasiAkumulasi
Di mana gas/minyak dapatdi temukan?
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Kebanyakan HC terperangkap diantiklin,Teridentifikasi di permukaandan di ‘ extrapolated’ ke bawahpermukaan
Minyak dan gas terperangkap di dalamsuatu lapangan/fields
BASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATIONBASIC PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Perangkap antiklinSouth
North
Sealevel
-10,000’
-20,000’
-30,000’
BasementBasement