Visual Tracking and Fixing
Visual Tracking
bull Why Visual Tracking
ndash To keep the image in the Fovea which is less than 1mm size and
detect visual field of less than diameter of full moon
ndash It keeps the eye still when the image is still and stabilizes the
image when the object moves in the world or when the head itself
moves
bull How Visual Trackingndash Oculomotor system moves the eye in the orbit
ndash Head movement which moves the orbit in the space
ndash Information of head motion processed by the vestibular system
Three Axes of Eye Rotations
1 Ductions refer to monocular movements of each eye
2 Versions refer to binocular conjugate movements of both eyes
3 Vergences refer to binocular disjunctive movements
Extra Ocular Muscles
Extra-ocular muscles nerve supply
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Visual Tracking
bull Why Visual Tracking
ndash To keep the image in the Fovea which is less than 1mm size and
detect visual field of less than diameter of full moon
ndash It keeps the eye still when the image is still and stabilizes the
image when the object moves in the world or when the head itself
moves
bull How Visual Trackingndash Oculomotor system moves the eye in the orbit
ndash Head movement which moves the orbit in the space
ndash Information of head motion processed by the vestibular system
Three Axes of Eye Rotations
1 Ductions refer to monocular movements of each eye
2 Versions refer to binocular conjugate movements of both eyes
3 Vergences refer to binocular disjunctive movements
Extra Ocular Muscles
Extra-ocular muscles nerve supply
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Three Axes of Eye Rotations
1 Ductions refer to monocular movements of each eye
2 Versions refer to binocular conjugate movements of both eyes
3 Vergences refer to binocular disjunctive movements
Extra Ocular Muscles
Extra-ocular muscles nerve supply
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Extra Ocular Muscles
Extra-ocular muscles nerve supply
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Extra-ocular muscles nerve supply
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Actions of Extra-ocular muscles
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Laws of Ocular Motor Control
1 Sherringtons law of reciprocal innervation
2 Herings law of equal innervation
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Six Cardinal Position
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Visual Accessing Cues
Richard Bandler and John Grinder Frogs into Princes Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Up and to the Left Indicates Visually Constructed Images (Vc)
If you asked someone to Imagine a purple buffalo this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Constructed a purple buffalo in their mind
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Up and to the Right indicates Visually Remembered Images (Vr)
If you asked someone to What color was the first house you lived in this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Visually Remembered the color of their childhood home
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
To the Left Indicates Auditory Constructed (Ac)
If you asked someone to Try and create the highest the sound of the pitch possible in your head this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Constructed this this sound that they have never heard of
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
To the Right Indicates Auditory Remembered (Ar)
If you asked someone to Remember what their mothers voice sounds like this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they Auditorily Remembered this sound
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Down and to the Left Indicates Feeling Kinesthetic (F)
If you asked someone to Can you remember the smell of a campfire this would be the direction their eyes moved in while thinking about the question as they used recalled a smell feeling or taste
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Down and To the Right Indicates Internal Dialog (Ai)
This is the direction of someone eyes as they talk to themselves
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Brain area participate in Visual Fixation
The cerebral structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Parietal eye field (lateral interparietal area and area 7a in monkeys)
1048708 V5 and V5A (MT and MST in monkeys)
1048708 Supplementary eye field
1048708 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The brainstem structures involved in fixation are
1048708 Substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia
1048708 Rostral pole of the superior colliculus
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
An Active Fixation System Keeps the Eyes on a Stationary Target
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Visual Fixation System
bullThe fixation system holds the image of a stationary object on the fovea when the head is immobile
bullSteady fixation is actually an illusion
bullNormal fixation consists of three distinct types of physiological miniature movements that are not detectable by the naked eye
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Function of Eye Movement
Type of Eye Movement
Version (Conjugate) Vergence (Disjunctive)
Holding (slow)bullSmooth Pursuit bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (slow phase) bullVestibular Nystagmus
bullConvergence bullDivergence bullAccommodative Vergence
Catching (fast)bullSaccades bullOptokinetic Nystagmus (quick phase)
Sustaining (miniature) bullMicrosaccades bullTremor
bullDrift
voluntary eye movement involuntary eye movement
Eye Movement
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems
bull The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are the earliest
eye movements to appear phylogenetically
bull The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images
during head motion by counter-rotating the eyes at the
same speed as the head but in the opposite direction
bull Optokinetic eye movements stabilize the eyes during
tracking of a large moving visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Types of Head Motion
1 Rotation A change in orientation
2 Translation A change in position
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Characteristics of the VOR
The VOR stabilizes retinal images during brief head movements by counter-rotating the eyes at the same speed as the head but in the
opposite direction
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Horizontal VOR Pathway
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Vertical and Torsional VOR Pathway
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Otolith-Ocular Pathway
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
VOR Adaptation and the Cerebellum
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Optokinetic System
bullOptokinetic nystagmus is induced
reflexively by motion of a large
visual scene which causes an
illusionary sensation of self-
rotation (circularvection) in the
opposite direction
bullWhereas the angular VOR
responds best to brief high-
frequency head rotation the
optokinetic system maintains
retinal image stability during
sustained low-frequency rotation
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of Interest
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Saccads during reading
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Pulse-Step of Innervation for Saccadic Eye Movement
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Extraocular Motor Signal Eye Position and Velocity
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Central control of Horizontal Saccad
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Brainstem Generation of Vertical and Torsional Saccades
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Cortical Pathway for Saccades
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Summary of Central Control of Saccades
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
The Smooth Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the Fovea
Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
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Gaze Involves Combined Head and Eye Movements
Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
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Cortical control of Pursuit Eye movement
Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
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Summary of Central Control of Pursuit Eye Movement
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Vergence Eye movment
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
Thank You
Neural Substrate of Vergence Eye Movements
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