1.1 ARTICLES: DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE Indefinite articles ...

Unit I

1. Applied Grammar (14 Marks)

1.1 ARTICLES: DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE

‘Articles’ is one of the grammatical categories of the words in English language. They are ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’. It is very important to use these articles at proper places and before proper words. These articles are the demonstrative adjectives. They are important in the study of English language. These articles are categorized into two parts – ‘Definite articles’ and ‘Indefinite articles’. The articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles whereas ‘the’ is called the definite article.

To understand the usages of the articles ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’, one has to know how to identify Countables (Countable Nouns) and Uncountables (Uncountable Nouns). Countables are the nouns which can be counted in the form of 1, 2, 3 … For example boy, girl, phone, file, key, window, etc. whereas uncountables are the nouns which cannot be counted in the form of 1, 2, 3 … For example beauty, happiness, touch, wisdom, bravery, etc. The articles can only be used before Countables and not before Uncountables.

1.1.1 Indefinite Articles (‘A’ and ‘an’)

‘A’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles because they are used when one does not specify a particular person or place or thing. It means the person or place or thing is not specific but it is general only.

Usages of Indefinite Articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ The indefinite articles can be used before a noun in the following cases:

a) ‘A’ and ‘an’ are used in the numerical sense of one. The examples are given as under. 1) She owns a dozen of the textile companies. 2) An honest employee is an asset for any organization. 3) The production of the touch screen cellular phones will begin in a week.

b) They are used to point out an unfamiliar person, animal, place or thing. The following are the examples of this kind.

1) A maintenance engineer will have a visit to the section. 2) We have seen an eagle in the zoo.

c) They are sometimes used to change a proper noun into a common noun. See the following examples.

1) The world needs a Shakespeare to create interest in writing quality literature. 2) He is a Valmiki of present era. 3) We need an Ashoka to teach the lesson of peace, love and duty.

Difference between ‘a’ and ‘an’

Articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ are used on the basis of the sound of the words and not their spellings. Usually ‘a’ is used before a consonant and ‘an’ is used before a vowel. The

following are the instances. 1. The indefinite article ‘a’ is used before a word which begins with a consonant sound. Example: a ball, a flower, a canteen, a pen, a laptop, a ring, a calendar, a book, a table, 2. The following examples carry the article ‘a’ though they start with a vowel but

they have a consonant sound. Example: a university, a union, a uniform, a unit, a one-rupee coin, a useful instrument. 3. The indefinite article ‘an’ is used before a word which begins with a vowel and a vowel sound. Example: an umbrella, an opportunity, an elephant, an animal, an inkpot, an owl. 4. The following examples carry the article ‘an’ though they start with the

consonant, but they have a vowel sound. Example: an honest man, an hour, an honourable priest, an MLA, an FIR.

Thus the correct choice of the articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ depends on the initial sound of a word but not on the initial letter of the word that they precede.

1.1.2 Definite Article ‘the’

‘The’ is called definite article because it used to indicate something or someone specific.

Usages of Definite Article ‘the’ The definite article ‘the’ can be used in the following cases:

1. To speak of something or someone already referred to: 1) The girl who came to see me was my sister. 2) He delivered the speech on socialism. 3) My grandfather told us the interesting story.

2. To talk about a specific or particular person or thing

1) Did they like the book?

2) We have to move towards the forest. 3) The fellow is impressive one. 4) My parents came to meet me at the hostel.

3. Before Comparatives as an adverb: 1) The more we get, the more we want. 2) The higher we go, the cooler it becomes.

3) The harder you work, the better it will be.

4. To emphasize a noun when it is required: 1) She is the woman who can solve it properly. 2) He is the hero of today’s program. 3) William Shakespeare was the dramatist of his time. 4) This is the method to implement now.

5. Before the common nouns when they represent the total class:

1) The dog is a faithful animal. 2) The lion is the king of animals. 3) The rose smells sweet. 4) The whale is a kind of mammal.

(Note: The definite article ‘the’ is not used before man and woman when they represent the whole class. E.g. Man is the supreme creation of God.)

6. Before an adjective which represents a whole class but in such cases the noun is understood. 1) The rich should help the poor. 2) The high should not insult the low.

7. When one refers to scriptures or classical books: The Gita, the Quran, the Ramayana, the Bible.

8. To refer to the names of the newspapers and journals: The Times of India, the Economic Times, the Illustrated Weekly of India

9. To refer the names of mountains, peaks, hills, rivers, canals, glaciers, group of islands, oceans, seas, straits, bay.

The Himalayas, the Nile, the Pacific Ocean, the Philippines, the Bay of Bengal.

10. Before the superlatives and the words used in the superlative sense: The best cadet in the troop, the Prime Minister, the Chief General.

11. To refer to the imaginary geographical lines: The Equator, the Tropic of Cancer, the Latitude.

12. Before the unique common nouns, but they do not start with the capital letters: The earth, the sun, ,the sky, the world, the east

13. Before some proper nouns, being the names of certain geographical regions: The United Kingdom, the Jammu and Kashmir, the Deccan Plateau

14. Before the United Nations Organizations and its parts: The UNO, the ILO, the International Court, the General Assembly

15. Before nationalities, races, communities, people’s organizations, movements, political parties, historical events.

The Indians, the Indian National Congress, the Second World War.

16. Before the musical instruments – The flute, The Piano

1.1.3 Omission of Articles

There are some typical cases where articles are not used. The following are the examples. When a noun is used in general sense. (e.g. Man is a social animal.) With proper nouns and abstract nouns. (e.g. Prajakta, beauty)

With material nouns when they are used in general sense. (e.g. Gold is a precious metal.)

With collective nouns if they are used in general sense. (e.g. Society helps to develop our attitude.)

With the meals and diseases. (e.g. dinner, lunch, fever, dysentery)

In many verbal and prepositional phrases. (e.g. Verbal phrases: to give ear, to call to mind. Prepositional Phrases: on land, at sea, on foot) 1.1.4 Exercise/s

A) Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:-

1. England is ________European country.

Ans: England is a European country.

2. This world is _______ happy place to live in.

Ans: This world is a happy place to live in.

3. My father has presented me with _______ bike on my birthday.

Ans: My father has presented me with a bike on my birthday.

4. R. K. Narayana created _______ imaginary town, Malgudi, in his writings.

Ans: R. K. Narayana created an imaginary town, Malgudi, in his writings.

5. Sarojini Naidu is called _______ Nightingale of India.

Ans: Sarojini Naidu is called the Nightingale of India.

6. To get something out of _______ heat register add _______ empty paper towel roll to your vacuum.

Ans: To get something out of a heat register add an empty paper towel roll to your vacuum.

7. _______ insect responsible for maximum human deaths worldwide is _______ mosquito.

Ans: An insect responsible for maximum human deaths worldwide is a mosquito.

8. _______ huge underground river runs underneath _______ Nile.

Ans: A huge underground river runs underneath the Nile.

9. Wearing headphones for just _______ hour will increase _______ bacteria in your ear by 700 times.

Ans: Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times.

10. She is _______ untidy girl.

Ans: She is an untidy girl.

11. He is the student who won _______ first prize.

Ans: He is the student who won the first prize.

12. She was _______ best singer of the evening.

Ans: She was the best singer of the evening.

13. He likes to play _______ flute.

Ans: He likes to play the flute.

14. _______ Titanic disappeared in the sea.

Ans: The Titanic disappeared in the sea.

15. _______ Sahara desert is the largest desert on _______ earth.

Ans: The Sahara desert is the largest desert on the earth.

16. She likes to play _______ piano.

Ans: She likes to play the piano.

17. _______ sun was shining brightly.

Ans: The sun was shining brightly.

18. There is _______ hotel at the end of this road.

Ans: There is a hotel at the end of this road.

19. At college he was _______ union leader.

Ans: At college he was a / the union leader.

20. We want _______ help of _______ few volunteers.

Ans: We want a help of a few volunteers.

21. This is _______ historic occasion.

Ans: This is a historic occasion.

22. After _______ year or two the question can be raised.

Ans: After a year or two the question can be raised.

23. Mussolini was _______ real Hitler of the Italy.

Ans: Mussolini was the real Hitler of the Italy.

24. _______ higher you climb _______ colder it gets.

Ans: The higher you climb the colder it gets.

25. There was _______ ugly scar on _______ face of _______ prisoner.

Ans: There was an ugly scar on the face of the prisoner.

26. We should have compassion for _______ poor.

Ans: We should have compassion for the poor.

27. _______ Amazon is _______ longest river in _______ world.

Ans: The Amazon is the longest river in the world.

28. In _______ park I saw _______ one-eyed beggar.

Ans: In the park I saw a one-eyed beggar.

29. He reads _______ Bible every day.

Ans: He reads the Bible every day.

30. Frank is _______ American, but Robinson is _______ European.

Ans: Frank is an American, but Robinson is a European.

31. Bombay is _______ Manchester of India.

Ans: Bombay is the Manchester of India.

32. He has been appointed for _______ year in _______ first instance.

Ans: He has been appointed for a year in the first instance.

33. I cannot remember _______ story which he told.

Ans: I cannot remember the story which he told.

34. _______ advertisement should be brief.

Ans: An advertisement should be brief.

35. We cannot entertain _______ complaint like this.

Ans: We cannot entertain a complaint like this.

36. You are _______ B.A. and only _______ M.A. can apply for this post.

Ans: You are a B.A. and only an M.A. can apply for this post.

37. She is _______ Indian artist married to _______ European engineer.

Ans: She is an Indian artist married to a European engineer.

38. I have read _______ book you are talking of.

Ans: I have read the book you are talking of.

39. Where there is _______ will, there is _______ way.

Ans: Where there is a will, there is a way.

40. Mr. Rohit is _______ active member of the party.

Ans: Mr. Rohit is an active member of the party.

41. You need to _______ uniform on the Independence Day.

Ans: You need to a uniform on the Independence Day.

42. This is really _______ opportunity for me.

Ans: This is really an opportunity for me.

43. _______ apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Ans: An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

44. Mount Everest is in _______ Himalayas.

Ans: Mount Everest is in the Himalayas.

45. _______ president of _______ United States of America was elected last year.

Ans: The president of the United States of America was elected last year.

46. London is on _______ River Thames.

Ans: London is on the River Thames.

47. My flat is on ________ second floor.

Ans: My flat is on the second floor.

48. They were _______ first to reach _______ station.

Ans: They were the first to reach the station.

49. _______ sun is shining.

Ans: The sun is shining.

50. _______ film is about _______ bank robbery.

Ans: The film is about the bank robbery.

51. Hamburg is _______ German city.

Ans: Hamburg is a German city.

52. He is _______ Irishman.

Ans: He is an Irishman.

53. It is _______ university decision.

Ans: It is a university decision.

54. Ram goes to ____ college everyday at 10 O’ clock.

Ans: Ram goes to the college everyday at 10 O’ clock.

55. I bought____ new mobile. Ans: I bought a new mobile.

56. Goa is ____ paradise for all hippies.

Ans: Goa is the paradise for all hippies.

57. ____ man is the highest form of creation.

Ans: A man is the highest form of creation. (There is no need to use an article as it has been used in general sense.)

58. Please open______ window.

Ans: Please open a window.

59. Gramophone is _____ devise for recording and reproducing sound and music.

Ans: Gramophone is a devise for recording and reproducing sound and music.

1.2 PREPOSITIONS:TYPES AND USAGE

Preposition is one of the essential categories of words. These words are used to indicate the relationship between two or more words of a sentence. They are limited in numbers. Being a second language learner, we have to understand various usages of prepositions.

Wren and Martin defines Preposition as “a word placed before a noun, or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.” The word ‘Preposition’ means ‘that which is placed before’.

1.2.1 Different Kinds of Relationship Shown Through Prepositions

The below given are the different types of relationship shown through various prepositions.

1) Place/Location: These are the prepositions used to indicate where something is placed or located. This kind of relationship can be positive or negative. ‘In’, ‘above’, ‘inside’ and ‘in front of’ are the examples of positive prepositions and ‘out’, ‘below’, ‘outside’ and ‘behind’ are the examples of negative prepositions. Examples: 1) Seeta is playing on the ground. 2) What are you doing inside the room?

3) Deepak fells among the flowers. 4) The ball is on the table.

5) The mouse is on the table.

2) Time:

These prepositions are used to show the time of an action or event. Examples: 1) He came at 6 o’clock. 2) Wait till tomorrow. 3) He is studying for many years. 4) You have to be present for the ceremony on time. 5) She will come in the next week.

3) Agency and Instrumentality (Means):

Some prepositions are used to indicate agent or the means used for particular action. It is the relationship of accompaniment.

Examples: 1) The parcel came by the post. 2) His house was destroyed by the fire.

3) Please cut the cake with the knife. 4) Kill the snake with that iron rod.

4) Manner: It is also called as method or manner used for the action. The relation of ‘Manner’ and ‘Agency and Instrumentality’ overlaps each other.

Examples: 1) The soldiers fought with courage till their last breath. 2) He is working with earnestness. 3) The old man is dying by inches.

5) Cause, Reason and Purpose:

There are some prepositions, which are used to express motive behind something. The cause might be Material cause or Psychological cause of happening.

Examples: 1) He trembled with fear. 2) She died of fever. 3) Mahatma Gandhiji fought for freedom.

6) Possession:

Some prepositions are used to show ownership or possession of someone or something on someone or something.

Examples: 1) Delhi is the capital of India. 2) I saw an actress with white hair. 3) He is a man of principles.

7) Measure, Rate, Standard and Value:

There are some prepositions, which are used to indicate measurement, rate, standard, and value. Examples:

1) The bank charges interest at nine per cent. 2) Adventurous stories must be taken at what they are worth. 3) Radha is taller than me by two inches.

8) Contrast and Concession:

Contrast and concession can be shown through some prepositions. Examples:

1) The teacher admires him, in spite of his faults. 2) The member of the assembly has hundred friends for his one enemy. 3) For all (in spite of) his wealth, he is not content.

9) Inference, Source and Origin:

Some prepositions are used to indicate source or origin of someone or something. Examples: 1) I borrowed the book from the college library. 2) He comes from Australia. 3) She developed her skills from practice.

1.2.2 Frequently Used Prepositions

The following are the frequently used prepositions:

Sr. No. Preposition Sr. No. Preposition Sr. No. Preposition 1. On 2. Above 3. Over 4. In 5. At 6. Between 7. Among 8. Under 9. Below 10. To 11. Through 12. Across 13. For 14. With 15. By 16. Behind 17. In front of 18. Before 19. About 20. From 21. Since 22. Beside 23. Besides 24. Of 25. Inside 26. Outside 27. Upon 28. Towards 29. 30.

ON / ABOVE / OVER / UPON

On: The following are the usages of the preposition “ON”: 1. Before days and dates – On Monday / On Saturday / On 22nd of this month /

On coming Sunday / On the Christmas Day / On Diwali Day / On Independence Day

2. Things at rest or surface or on anything flat – On the table / On the third floor / On the door / On the wall / On the blackboard / On a desk / On the Stove

3. On the side – On the left side / On the right side 4. For a Public Transport – On the bus / On the plane 5. For Television and Radio – On the TV / On the radio

Above: The following are the usages of the preposition “ABOVE”:

1. Means higher than someone or something but not exactly above something or someone For Ex: a) The bridge is above the building. b) The plane is above my head.

Over: The following are the usages of the prepositions “OVER”:

1. Means higher than a someone or something but exactly above something or someone: The calendar is over the table. / The plane is over my head. / The fan is over the Teapoy.

2. Covered by something else: Put a jacket over your shirt 3. Overcoming an obstacle: Climbing over the fence. 4. Meaning more than: Over 16 years / Over the limit

Upon: The preposition ‘UPON’ is used when something or

someone is in motion. The dog jumped upon the table.

AT / IN

At: The following are the usages of the preposition ‘AT’. 1. Denotes a definite point of time but can also be used for indefinite periods:

a) At 7.00 pm b) At this moment c) At midnight d) At the end of the class – Definite Periods e) At night f) At dawn g) At Durga Pooja h) At Diwali – Indefinite Periods

2. Idea of exact point therefore used with houses, villages, small towns: a) At Chakan b) At Moti Baugh c) At the end

of the road 3. For Night – a) At Night

4. For Weekend – a) At the weekend 5. Meaning next to or by an object – a) At the temple b) At the door c) At the station 6. For Events – a) At the concert b) At the party

7. Place where you are to do something typical- a) At the cinema b) At the school 8. For Age – a) He studied French at 14. 9. It has usually the idea of AIM – a) He threw the stone at the dog. b) He threw the ball at the child. 10. At is used with the following figuratively: aim at / point at / smile at / laugh at / look at / throw at.

IN: The following are the usages of the preposition ‘IN’. 1. With parts of a day – a) In the morning b) In the afternoon c) In the evening 2. Before months/Seasons/Years – a) In the morning b) In September c) In 2006 d) In Winter

3. Used with the future tense to show the period in which the action will happen – a) In a week b) In 2 hours

4. With the larger area means speaking of bigger towns, states and countries - a) In England b) In New Delhi c) In India d) In Maharashtra

5. Entering in the car or taxi – a) Get in the car 6. Picture, World, etc. – a) In the picture b) In the world 7. Book, Paper, etc. – a) In the book b) In the paper 8. Room, Building, Street, etc. – a) In the kitchen b) In the Paradise Residency c) In the East Street

BETWEEN / AMONG

Between: It is used when something or someone is in the middle of something or someone. Ex: a) ‘B’ is between ‘A’ and ‘C’. b) He sat between Ram and Rahim. c) Dive this between both of you.

Among: It is used when something or someone is among more than two.

Ex: a) He stood among the bushes. b) Ganesh stood among the friends. c) Distribute the papers among the students. d) Divide these bananas among all of you.

BELOW / UNDER

Below: Used when something or someone is lower than something or someone else. Ex: a) The road is below the window. b) The garden is below the building.

Under: Used when something or someone is exactly under something or someone. Ex: a) The dog is under the table. b) The book is under the cupboard. c) She kept the keys under the pillow.

SINCE / FROM

Since: This preposition marks the point of the time at which an action began and still the action is going on. Therefore it is used with Perfect Continuous Tenses.

Ex. a) She has been teaching in this college since 2006. b) We have been waiting for you since 2.00 pm. From: It is used when the starting point of an action and that action is continued.

Ex: a) The examination will be held from 8.00 am to 11.00 am.

b) They will be interviewed from Monday to Saturday.

BESIDE / BESIDES

Beside: Next to or by the side of something or someone

Ex: a) I stood beside the police Inspector. b) He was seen beside the death body. Besides: Means ‘In addition to’

Ex: a) Besides all these books, I need two more reference books. b) Besides, he needs my help for the completion of this project. THROUGH / ACROSS

Through: Something with limits, top, bottom and sides

Ex: a) I drove the car through the tunnel. b) Bore a hole through this board.

Across: Getting to the other side / From one side to the opposite Ex: a) He ran across the bridge.

b) He swam across the river. c) Walk across the road.

BEHIND / IN FRONT OF / BEFORE

a) The doctors went towards the site of accident immediately.

b) Go 5 meters towards to building.

Ex: a) He is behind me. b) The canteen is behind the main building. c) He sat in front of me. d) The library is in front of the Mall. e) He stood before me. f) It took place before 2000.

TO / TOWARDS

To: The preposition ‘to’ has the following usages.

1. It has the sense of destination. / Movement to person or building / Movement to place or country / For bed

Ex: a) He came to me for the medicine. b) We will go to the cinema.

c) My sister will go to Scotland. d) Children have to go to bed.

2. Marking a beginning and end of the time of an action Ex: a) It is from August 2014 to December 2014.

b) The interview will be taken from 11.00 am to 5.00 pm.

Towards: It has the sense of direction.

ABOUT

About: The following are the usages of the preposition ‘about. 1. Nearness of some kind – She is about to leave. / The President is about to call. 2. Concerning – He told us about his experiences. / I need to know about his character Figure 01 : Prepositions through pictures

1.2.3 EXERCISE/S

A) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. The journal is _________ the table.

Ans: The journal is on the table.

2. The first shift of the factory starts _________ 7:00 am.

Ans: The first shift of the factory starts at 7:00 am.

3. The river is _________ the bridge.

Ans: The river is under the bridge.

4. The laboratory is _________ the canteen.

Ans: The laboratory is in front of the canteen.

5. She worked there _________ two years.

Ans: She worked there for two years.

6. He cut an apple _________ a knife.

Ans: He cut an apple with a knife.

7. The cupboard is made _________ imported glass.

Ans: The cupboard is made of imported glass.

8. He will travel _________ a train.

Ans: He will travel by a train.

9. She cares very much _________ her brother.

Ans: She cares very much for her brother.

10. He succeeded _________ his hard work.

Ans: He succeeded because of his hard work.

11. The HR officer kept the file _________ the cupboard.

Ans: The HR officer kept the file in the cupboard.

12. The manager was not sure _________ his delay in the completion _________ work.

Ans: The manager was not sure about his delay in the completion of work.

13. One of our employees was affected _________ labor policies of the government.

Ans: One of our employees was affected of labor policies of the government.

14. The project manager will give presentation _________ next Monday.

Ans: The project manager will give presentation on next Monday.

15. This road goes _________ the jungle.

Ans: This road goes across the jungle.

16. The surgical treatment _________ cancer has undergone a paradigm shift. Ans: The surgical treatment of cancer has undergone a paradigm shift.

17. The manager will hold the meeting _________ 8:30 am to 10:30 am.

Ans: The manager will hold the meeting from 8:30 am to 10:30 am.

18. The crowd started pelting stones _________ the thieves.

Ans: The crowd started pelting stones on the thieves.

19. Karan hid himself _________ the sofa.

Ans: Karan hid himself behind the sofa.

20. Mr. Sharma received a letter _________ his daughter.

Ans: Mr. Sharma received a letter from his daughter.

21. A man is known _________ the company he keeps.

Ans: A man is known as the company he keeps.

22. The tender has been cancelled _________ the executive manager.

Ans: The tender has been cancelled by the executive manager.

23. Personal appearance plays a major role _________ judging a person.

Ans: Personal appearance plays a major role of judging a person.

24. The salesman is very good _________ English.

Ans: The salesman is very good at English.

25. The climate _________ Mahabaleshwar is conducive _________ health.

Ans: The climate of Mahabaleshwar is conducive for health.

26. What does the government think _________ global warming?

Ans: What does the government think of global warming?

27. The directors did not agree _________his proposal.

Ans: The directors did not agree with his proposal.

28. We have received a good response _________our campaigning.

Ans: We have received a good response from our campaigning.

29. After all we are _________the Apex.

Ans: After all we are at the Apex.

30. You are asked to refer _________the previous documents.

Ans: You are asked to refer to the previous documents.

31. That is what I searching _________.

Ans: That is what I searching for.

32. He is the man that I was talking _________.

Ans: He is the man that I was talking about.

33. Here is the bus that we have been waiting _________.

Ans: Here is the bus that we have been waiting for.

34. What have you been dreaming _________?

Ans: What have you been dreaming of?

35. This is the kind of music that I like to listen _________.

Ans: This is the kind of music that I like to listen to.

36. Have got anything to cut it _________.

Ans: Have got anything to cut it with.

37. We have a great deal to be thankful _________.

Ans: We have a great deal to be thankful to.

38. What do you want to speak to me _________?

Ans: What do you want to speak to me of?

39. I have nothing to dig _________ .

Ans: I have nothing to dig with.

40. He was standing _________ me. (beside, besides)

Ans: He was standing beside me. (beside, besides)

41. There is no agreement _________ the Great Powers about the treaty to ban nuclear weapons.

Ans: There is no agreement among the Great Powers about the treaty to ban nuclear weapons.

42. I have been waiting here _________ a long time. (since, for)

Ans: I have been waiting here for a long time. (since, for)

43. The land was ploughed _________ the farmer _________ the help of a tractor. (by, with)

Ans: The land was ploughed by the farmer with the help of a tractor. (by, with)

44. The Congress Session will be held _________ Monday to Friday. (between, from)

Ans: The Congress Session will be held from Monday to Friday. (between, from)

45. The collector will interview candidates _________ 9 and 11 A.M. (between, from)

Ans: The collector will interview candidates between 9 and 11 A.M. (between, from)

46. He was born _________ Vikrampur, a village _________ Bengal. (in, at)

Ans: He was born at Vikrampur, a village in Bengal. (in, at)

47. Divide this _________ two of you. (between, among)

Ans: Divide this between two of you. (between, among)

48. As he fell _________ debt, he decided to sell his house and live _________ a small hut. (in, into)

Ans: As he fell into debt, he decided to sell his house and live in a small hut. (in, into)

49. I have been studying here _________ last year. (since, for)

Ans: I have been studying here since last year. (since, for)

50. The culprit was brought _________ the judge.

Ans: The culprit was brought before the judge.

1.3 CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word which is used to join two words, clauses or sentences without changing their meaning. Use of appropriate conjunction is essential while constructing a variety sentences.

1.3.1 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

1.3.1.1 Co-coordinating Conjunctions

They are used to join two main or independent clauses of equal rank, e.g. and, or, but, as well as, nevertheless, so, therefore, yet, still, consequently.

Examples: 1. He is poor but he is an honest person.

2. My friend enjoys poetry and fiction as well. 3. We must work hard or face the failure. 4. My father invited them but they didn’t come. 5. Trees give us fruits as well as shade. 6. My salary is really low, nevertheless I find the work incredibly rewarding. 7. I know you must be tired, so I will let you rest. 8. I felt lonely therefore I went to play cricket with my friends. 9. Christmas was only a few days away, yet it didn’t seem like Christmas. 10. When they turned around, Alex was still on the horse. 11. Consequently, it made more sense to submit to John than to argue with him.

1.3.1.2 Subordinating Conjunctions

They are used to join one main clause and one or more subordinate clause/s e.g. unless, even if, after, till, since, if, before, than, that, though, although, where, when, whenever, while, because, as if, as, so that, even

though, as soon as, until. Examples:

1 If you pay the bill, I will be very happy. 2 I won’t pay unless you provide the goods immediately. 3 It will not see me till it comes very near. 4 He had been in a grumpy mood since he got up. 5 If you come late, I will punish you. 6 Let’s go to the chores last time before we leave. 7 We should not spend more than we earn. 8 I think that I know who sang this song. 9 She spoke quietly because she didn’t want Ramesh to hear. 10 As soon as I hear any news I’ll call you. 11 He has lived more than eighty years. 12 I definitely meet him whenever I go to Paris.

13 Companies are training their employees so that they can use their talents efficiently. 14 Harry is the best friend of mine though we don’t see each other very often. 15 Even though he is a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat. 16 No one left the room until the talk ended 1.3.1.3 Co-relative conjunctions

They are used in pairs to connect two words or phrases or clauses e.g. either…. or, neither……nor, not only……but also, as…….as, rather …. than, both…….and, if……. Then. Examples: 1. You should go either by bus or by train. 2. Neither the police officers nor the military personnel were present there.

3. The car is not only economical but also easy to drive. 4. I like you as much as he does. 5. If you promise, then I will come. 6. She is free to decide whether to play or not.

1.2.3 EXERCISE/S

A) Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:

1. It was raining heavily…………. we cancelled our trip to Goa. Ans: It was raining heavily therefore we cancelled our trip to Goa.

2. Teachers ………………. parents shape the lives of hildren.

Ans: Teachers and / as well as parents shape the lives of children.

3. Walking is a very good exercise …………. many people don’t go for it.

Ans: Walking is a very good exercise but many people don’t go for it.

4. You can eat your cake with a spoon ……. a fork. Ans: You can eat your cake with a spoon and / as well as a fork.

6. I wanted to go to the beach ………. Mary refused.

Ans: I wanted to go to the beach but Mary refused.

7. I am allergic to cats, ……. I have three of them.

Ans: I am allergic to cats, yet / yet I have three of them.

8. She is a vegetarian, ………. she doesn’t eat any meat.

Ans: She is vegetarian therefore she doesn’t eat any meat.

9. Jennifer doesn’t like to swim……. does she enjoy cycling

Ans: Jennifer doesn’t like to swim nor does she enjoy cycling

10. The train had already departed ……. I reached the station.

Ans: The train had already departed when I reached the station.

11. Sachin scored more ………getting tips from his coach.

Ans: Sachin scored more before getting tips from his coach.

12. I shall contact him ………………. he comes back.

Ans: I shall contact him if he comes back.

13. You will not get success …………you work hard.

Ans: You will not get success unless you work hard.

14. Seema didn’t come to college …………she was out of station.

Ans: Seema didn’t come to college because she was out of station.

15. Ashok will get the job ………. he deserves it.

Ans: Ashok will get the job because he deserves it.

16. He was behaving in such a way ………. he was a king.

Ans: He was behaving in such a way as if he was a king.

17. ……………he got enough time, he could not complete his assignment within time. Ans: Although he got enough time, he could not complete his assignment within time.

18. You should finish your homework ………. I get back to home.

Ans: You should finish your homework before I get back to home.

19. ………my parents allow ……. I’ll decide to come with you.

Ans: If my parents allow then I’ll decide to come with you.

20. Dr. Kalam was ………… a scientist………….an author of many famous books.

Ans: Dr. Kalam was not only a scientist but also an author of many famous books.

21. The management will decide………. to install this machine ……. not.

Ans: The management will decide whether to install this machine or not.

22. Ritu is not ……. tall …… intelligent than Deepa.

Ans: Ritu is not as tall as intelligent than Deepa.

23. …………. you finish your work………leave your job.

Ans: Either you finish your work or leave your job.

24. Your company offers …………. a good salary……….an opportunity to grow.

Ans: Your company offers neither a good salary nor an opportunity to grow.

25. ……… he is not eligible, he got the post.

Ans: Though he is not eligible, he got the post.

26. ………..the concert was cancelled we went to watch a Hollywood movie.

Ans: As soon as the concert was cancelled we went to watch a Hollywood movie.

27. We love ……… honour him. Ans: We love and honour him.

28. She is intelligent ………… she is lazy. Ans: She is intelligent but she is lazy.

31. The sun is hot ……….air is cool. Ans: The sun is hot but air is cool.

33. ………… you work hard, you will get an opportunity. Ans: If you work hard, you will get an opportunity.

34. The guests will leave ……….. they finish their work. Ans: The guests will leave if they finish their work.

35. Ans:

He said sorry ………….he had slapped her. He said sorry because he had slapped her.

36. The player was nervous ………. he did not do his best. Ans: The player was nervous therefore he did not do his best.

37. You were not at the office ………..I called you. Ans: You were not at the office when I called you.

38. They tried ……..they did not succeed. Ans: They tried but they did not succeed.

39. Ans

How can you survive ……….you have no money? How can you survive if you have no money?

42. …………you are called, you must come there at once.

Ans: If you are called, you must come there at once.

43. The boss said …………the employees must follow the discipline of the company. Ans: The boss said that the employees must follow the discipline of the company.

44. She will wait ………….you arrive.

Ans: She will wait till you arrive.

45. The boy is strong ……….he can’t lift the box.

Ans: The boy is strong yet he can’t lift the box.

46. You can lead a horse to the water …………you can’t make it drink.

Ans: You can lead a horse to the water but you can’t make it drink.

47. Hard work ……………intelligence has brought him success.

Ans: Hard work as well as intelligence has brought him success.

48. He did work hard,………he passed.

Ans: He did work hard, yet he passed.

49. I don’t understand your point of view; ………..I can agree with your party.

Ans: I don’t understand your point of view; still I can agree with your party.

50. There is ………..some coffee here …………some tea too.

Ans: There is not only some coffee here but also some tea too.

51. Susan finished her work ………..went for a walk.

Ans: Susan finished her work and went for a walk.

52. I went to his house …………congratulated …………him …………his wife.

Ans: I went to his house and congratulated both him and his wife.

53. Shall we do the work now ………..postpone it?

Ans: Shall we do the work now or postpone it?

54. My friend enjoys poetry …………fiction as well.

Ans: My friend enjoys poetry and fiction as well.

55. There was no hope of success ………he tried hard.

Ans: There was no hope of success though he tried hard.

56. He answered all the questions because he had prepared his lessons.

Ans: He answered all the questions because he had prepared his lessons.

57. It began to rain …………he postponed the match.

Ans: It began to rain therefore he postponed the match.

58. Sunil is clever …………his brother is not.

Ans: Sunil is clever but his brother is not.

59. He is very rich ………..he does not help any of his neighbours.

Ans: He is very rich yet he does not help any of his neighbours.

60. She did not see anybody there ……….she came back.

Ans: She did not see anybody there therefore she came back.

61. He is an experienced person ……….he is sometimes nervous.

Ans: He is an experienced person but he is sometimes nervous.

62. She gave the children food ……….sent them to school.

Ans: She gave the children food and sent them to school.

66. She wanted to return the book …………she went to the library. Ans: She wanted to return the book therefore she went to the library.

68. The boy doesn’t work hard, ………..he is intelligent. Ans: The boy doesn’t work hard, but he is intelligent.

1.4 TYPES OF SENTENCES

A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete thought. It is a separate and complete grammatical

unit. Sentences are used in four different ways: to make statements, to ask questions, to command or

request and to make exclamations. The same meaning can be conveyed by changing the structure of

sentence as per situation.

There are four major types of sentences:

1.4.1 Assertive/ Declarative Sentences:

A sentence that states a fact is called as an assertive sentence. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert, or declare something.

Example: He is an honest employee.

A) Convert the following sentences into Assertive sentence.

1. How kind of him to help the poor man!

Ans: It is kind of him to help the poor man.

2. Give me a cup of tea.

Ans: You are requested to give me a cup of tea.

3. Are they wise enough to submit the proposal?

Ans: They are wise enough to submit the proposal.

4. What a pleasant surprise!

Ans: It is a very pleasant surprise.

5. Does the manager discuss all the issues with you?

Ans: The manager discusses all the issues with you.

1.4.2 Imperative sentences

Imperative sentences are requests, suggestions, advice or commands. They often appear to be

missing subjects and use a base form of verb to begin the sentence. In fact, the subject is the person

listening, or the audience.

Example: Bring me a glass of water

B) Convert the following imperative sentences to assertive.

1. Please be quiet in the library.

Ans: You are requested to be quiet in the library.

2. Close the door.

Ans: You are requested to close the door. 3. Don’t be so rude to him.

Ans: You are instructed not to be so rude to him.

4. Go to office and start the work.

Ans: You are ordered to go to office and start the work.

B) Convert the following imperative sentences to assertive.

1. Please be quiet in the library.

Ans: You are requested to be quiet in the library.

2. Close the door.

Ans: You are requested to close the door. 3. Don’t be so rude to him.

Ans: You are instructed not to be so rude to him.

4. Go to office and start the work.

Ans: You are ordered to go to office and start the work.

1.4.3 Interrogative Sentence

An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that asks a question. They are typically marked by inversion of

the subject and predicate: that is, the first verb in a verb phrase appears before the subject. The sentence always

ends with a question mark (?) . Example: Why don’t many people follow traffic rules?

D) Transform the following interrogative sentences to assertive.

1. Did you pay the bill?

Ans: I paid the bill.

2. Are you ready to leave?

Ans: I am ready to leave.

3. Are they ready to organize the programme?

Ans: They are ready to organize the programme.

4. How do you feel now?

Ans: I feel good now.

E) Convert the following assertive sentences to interrogative.

1. Bhima is a clever boy.

Ans: Is Bhima a clever boy?

2. The workers are going on strike.

Ans: Are the workers going on strike?

3. The production unit was equipped with latest machineries.

Ans: Was the production unit equipped with the latest machineries?

4. The guest arrived late for the function.

Ans: Did the guest arrive late for the function?

5. Ananya refuses to talk with her friends.

Ans: Does Ananya refuse to talk with her friends?

1.4.4 Exclamatory Sentences

An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, is a more forceful version of a declarative sentence. In other

words, an exclamatory sentence makes a statement but it also conveys excitement or emotion. An exclamatory

sentence ends with an exclamation mark (!).

Example: What a pleasant surprise it is!

F) Transform the following exclamatory sentences to assertive.

1. How big that mango tree is!

Ans: That mango tree is big.

2. What a beautiful picture it is!

Ans: It is a very beautiful picture.

3. What a great deal!

Ans: It is a great deal.

4. How fortunate he is!

Ans:_ He is very fortunate.

G) Convert the following assertive sentences into exclamatory.

1. It is very fine weather today.

Ans: What a fine weather today it is!

2. It was a very horrible experience.

Ans: What a horrible experience it was!

3. He is a very noble man.

Ans: What a noble man he is!

4. You seem to be much upset.

Ans: How much upset you seem!

Transformation of Sentences:-

Sentences can be classified into affirmative, negative, imperative, interrogative,

assertive(declarative) and exclamatory sentences. These sentences can be transformed into

different form without changing the meaning of the sentence. This process is known as

transformation of sentences. The various types of transformation can be:-

1. Affirmative Sentence

Affirmative sentence means the sentences which are used to describe any general action,

event, speech, or expression.

Examples:-

Every student is present today.

He was always punctual.

2. Assertive or Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called an assertive or declarative sentence.

Assertive sentence ends with a period.

Examples

He goes to school

He likes to play chess.

They are singing a song.

3. Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentence ends

with question mark.

Examples.

Where are you going?

Do you use your laptop?

4. Imperative Sentence

A sentence that expresses a request, command or advice is called an imperative sentence.

Examples

Open the door. (an order)

Please help me. (a request)

5. Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence that expresses strong feelings or emotions is called an exclamatory sentence.

These sentences express surprise, joy, sorrow, appreciation, love excitement, frustration,

anger etc. An exclamatory sentence ends with exclamation mark.

Examples

What a beautiful flower it is!

How nicely she is singing!

That is fantastic!

Hurrah! We won the match!

Affirmative to Negative Sentence Transformation Rules

Sr.no Affirmative

Sentence

structure

Negative

Sentence

structure

Rule Example

1 Subject

+always +

verb + ext.

OR

Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ always +

verb/

adjective/

adverb + ext.

Subject +

never opposite

verb + ext.

OR

Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ never +

opposite verb/

adjective/

adverb + ext.

If there is always in an

affirmative sentence, never

will be used for ever/always

in negative sentence and

verb /adjective/adverb will

be opposite meaning.

Affirmative:-He

was always

punctual.

Negative:- He

was never late.

2 Subject + verb

+ too +

adjective + to

+ verb + ext.

Subject + verb

+ so +

adjective + that

+ subject +

can/ could +

not + verb +

ext.

If there is present tense

before too, ‘can’ will be

used after that and if there

is past tense before too,

‘could’ will be used after

that. Again when there is

for + noun/ pronoun after

too+ adjective, the noun/

pronoun after for will be the

subject after that.

Affirmative:-He

is too weak to

walk.

Negative:- He

is so weak that

he cannot walk.

3 Subject + verb

+ as +

adjective + as

+ noun/

pronoun.

Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ not + verb +

less + adjective

+ than + noun/

pronoun.

In negative sentence as -as

is replaced by not less-than.

Affirmative:-He

is as wise as his

brother.

Negative:- He

is not less wise

than his brother.

4 Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ verb/

adjective/

adverb + ext.

Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ not +

opposite verb /

adjective /

In order to change an

affirmative sentence having

an auxiliary verb with a

verb/ adjective/ adverb into

a negative sentence, we

Affirmative:- I

shall remember

you.

Negative:-I

shall not forget

adverb + ext. should add not after the

auxiliary verb and use the

opposite meaning of verb/

adjective/ adverb in

negative sentence.

you.

5 Subject + verb

+ ext.

Subject +

auxiliary verb

to do + not +

opposite verb +

ext.

If there is no auxiliary verb

in an affirmative sentence,

to do verb will be used as

auxiliary verb to make it a

negative sentence. After to

do verb not will be added

and the opposite meaning of

verb will used there. This to

do verb will be according to

the tense of the verb of

affirmative sentence.

Affirmative:-

She

remembered

me.

Negative:-She

did not forget

me

6 Subject +

must + verb +

ext.

Subject +

cannot but +

verb + ext.

Subject +

cannot help +

verb-ing + ext

For making a negative

sentence from an

affirmative sentence having

must, we have to use cannot

but/cannot help for must. In

this case, basic form of verb

will be used after cannot but

and present participle (verb-

ing) will be used after

cannot help.

Affirmative:-

We must read

attentively.

Negative:-We

cannot but read

attentively.

We cannot help

reading

attentively.

7 Every + noun/

body/ one +

verb + ext.

There is no +

noun/ body/

one + but +

verb + ext

To change an affirmative

sentence having every +

noun/ body/ one into a

negative sentence, we can

use there is no for every,

then we have to put the

word after every and next

we should use but before

verb+ ext.

Affirmative:-

Everybody

hates a liar.

Negative:-

There is no

body but hates a

liar.

8 As soon as +

subject + verb

(past), subject

+ verb(past) +

ext.

No sooner had

+ subject +

verb(past

participle) +

than + subject

+ verb(past) +

ext.

To change an affirmative

sentence having as soon as

with two clauses, no sooner

had will be used for as soon

as in negative sentence. than

must be used between the

two clauses.

Affirmative:-As

soon as he

came, the rain

started.

Negative:- No

sooner had he

come than the

rain started.

9 Only + subject

+ verb + ext.

None but +

subject + verb

+ ext.

Here only is used before a

person, but alone is used

after the person word and

auxiliary verb. For changing

an affirmative sentence into

Affirmative:-

Only Allah can

help us.

Negative:-

None but Allah

a negative sentence where

only is before a person or

alone is after the person and

auxiliary verb, we have to

start the negative sentence

with none but for

only/alone.

can help us.

10 Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ alone + ext.

None but +

subject +

auxiliary verb

+ ext.

It will be applied when the

subjective word is a person

word i.e he/ she/ I/ you/

they/ we/ any proper noun.

Affirmative:-

He was alone

alive in the

house.

Negative:-

None but he

was alive in the

house.

11 Only + subject

+ verb + ext.

OR

Subject + verb

+ only +

object + ext.

Nothing but +

subject + verb

+ ext.

OR

Subject + verb

+ nothing but +

object + ext.

when only is used before an

object/thing, nothing but

will be put there to make a

negative sentence from an

affirmative sentence .

nothing but is used in

negative sentence for only

when there is an

object/thing after only in


Affirmative:-

Only the

monsoon causes

rain in our

country.

Negative:-

Nothing but the

monsoon causes

rain in our

country.

12 Subject + verb

+ only +

number/age +

ext.

Subject + verb

+ not more /

less than +

number/age +

ext.

when only is used before

number/ age ,not more / less

than will be used in negative

sentence for only in


Affirmative:- I

am only 20.

Negative:- I am

not more/less

than 20.

Assertive to Interrogative Sentence Transformation Rules

Sr.no Assertive

Sentence

structure

Interrogative

Sentence

structure

Rule Example

1 Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ ext.

auxiliary verb

+ n't + subject

+ ext.?

If there is an auxiliary verb

in the assertive sentence, n't

added with the auxiliary

verb and be placed before

the subject in the

interrogative sentence

Assertive:- We

shall play.

Interrogative:-

Shan't we play?

2 Subject +

auxiliary verb

+ not + ext.

auxiliary verb

+ subject +

ext?

If the assertive sentence is a

negative sentence, the

negative word will be

deleted in interrogative

sentence and then it will be

started with only auxiliary

verb.

Assertive:- We

can not study

attentively.

Interrogative:-

Can't we study

attentively?

3 Subject + verb

+ ext.

to do + n't +

subject + verb

+ ext?

if there is no auxiliary verb

in the assertive

sentence/affirmative

sentence, to make it an

interrogative sentence to do

verb will be used as an

auxiliary verb there and n't

will have to add after the to

do verb and to do with n't

will be placed before the

subject in the interrogative

sentence.

Assertive:- He

reads a book.

Interrogative:-

Doesn't he read

a book?

4 Subject +

never + verb +

ext.

to do verb +

subject + ever

+ verb + ext.?

If there is ‘never’ used in

the assertive sentence, to

make an interrogative

sentence to do verb will be

used as Question word and

‘never’ is replaced by

‘ever’.

Assertive:- I

never drink tea.

Interrogative:-

Do I ever drink

tea?

5 subject +

auxiliary verb

+ verb +

nothing + ext.

auxiliary verb

+ subject +

verb +

anything +

ext.?

If there is ‘nothing’ used in


make it interrogative

sentence, sentence starts

with auxiliary verb and

‘nothing’ is replaced by

‘anything’

Assertive:-

There was

nothing to do.

Interrogative:-

Was there

anything to do?

6 everybody/

all/everyone +

verb + ext.

Who + to do

verb + n't +

verb + ext.?

If there is

everybody/all/everyone

used in the assertive

sentence, to make it

interrogative sentence,

everybody/all/everyone is

replaced by ‘who + to do

verb’ and n’t will have to

add after the to do verb.

Assertive:-

Everybody

hates a liar.

Interrogative:-

Who doesn't

hate a liar?

7 Nobody +

auxiliary verb

+verb+ ext.

Who +

auxiliary verb+

verb + ext.?

auxiliary verb

+ anybody +

If there is ‘Nobody’ used in



sentence, ‘Nobody is

replaced by ‘Who’

Assertive:-

Nobody can hit

accurately.

Interrogative:-

Who can hit

accurately?

verb+ ext.? If there is ‘Nobody’ used in



sentence, sentence starts

with auxiliary verb and

‘nobody’ is replaced by

‘anybody’

Can anybody

hit accurately?

8 none/no one +

auxiliary

verb+ verb +

ext.

who +

auxiliary verb+

verb + ext.?

auxiliary verb

+ anyone +

ext.?

If there is ‘none/no’ one




‘none/ no one’ is replaced

by ‘who’.

If there is ‘none/no’ one




sentence starts with

auxiliary verb and ‘none/no’

one is replaced by ‘anyone’

Assertive:-

None/No one

can do this.

Interrogative:-

Who can do

this? Can any

one do this?

Assertive to Imperative Sentence Transformation Rules

Sr.no Assertive

Sentence

structure

Imperative

Sentence

structure

Rule Example

1 You + auxiliary

verb + verb + ext.

Verb + ext. If the assertive sentence

consist auxiliary verb

and no negative word

then to make it

imperative remove

subject and auxiliary

verb from sentence

Assertive:-

You should do

the sum.

Imperative:-

Do the sum.

2 you +auxiliary

verb + not + verb

+ ext.

Do + not +

verb + ext.

If the assertive sentence


and negative word ‘not’

then to make it

imperative remove


verb from sentence and

start sentence with ‘Do

Not’

Assertive:-You

do not waste

your time.

Imperative:-

Do not waste

your time.

3 you + should +

never + verb + ext.

Never + verb

+ ext.



‘should’ and negative

Assertive:-You

should never

word ‘never’ then to

make it imperative

remove subject and

auxiliary verb from

sentence and start

sentence with ‘Never’

tell a lie.

Imperative:-

Never tell a lie.

4 I/We/He/She/Noun

+ verb + ext.

Let + me/ us/

him/ her/

them/ noun +

verb + ext.


consist of subject other

then ‘you’ and no

auxiliary verb then to

make it imperative use

object form of pronoun

if subject is pronoun and

start sentence with ‘Let’

Assertive:-She

sings a song.

Imperative:-

Let her sing a

song.

5 I/we/he/she/they/ +

auxiliary verb +

not + verb + ext.

Let me/ us/

him/ her/ them

+ not + verb +

ext.


consist of pronoun as

subject other then ‘you’

and auxiliary verb and

also negative word ‘not’

then to make it

imperative use object

form of pronoun and

start sentence with ‘Let’

and place ‘not’ after

subject.

Assertive:-We

do not do it.

Imperative:-

Let us not do it

6 Noun + auxiliary

verb + not + verb

+ ext.

Let not + noun

+ verb + ext.


consist of noun as


verb and also negative

word ‘not’ then to make

it imperative start

sentence with ‘Let not’.

Assertive:-

John does not

go there.

Imperative:-

Let not John go

there.

Assertive to Exclamatory Sentence Transformation Rules

Sr.no Assertive

Sentence

structure

Exclamatory

Sentence

structure

Rule Example

1 Subject +

verb + a +

very +

adjective/

adverb + ext.

What + a/ an +

adjective/

adverb + ext. +

subject + verb!

in exclamatory sentence, a

very is replaced by what

+a/an and these are used

after verb and before

adjective/ adverb.

Assertive:- It is

a very nice

story.

Exclamatory:-

What a nice

story it is!

2 Subject +

verb + very +

adjective/

adverb + ext.

how +

adjective/

adverb + ext. +

subject + verb!

in exclamatory sentence ,

very is replaced by how and

it is used after verb.

Assertive:-The

scenery looks

very nice.

Exclamatory:-

How nice the

scenery looks!

3 Subject +

wish +

subject +

verb + ext.

If + subject +

verb + ext.!

For subject + wish, if is

used in exclamatory

sentence.

Assertive:-I

wish I had the

wings of a bird.

Exclamatory:-

If I had the

wings of a bird!

4 Subject +

wish +

subject +

could + verb

+ ext.

would that +

subject + could

+ verb + ext!

For subject + wish + could,

if /would that is used in

exclamatory sentence

Assertive:-We

wish we could

shift there.

Exclamatory:-

Would that we

could shift

there!

Exclamatory to Assertive Sentence Transformation Rules

Sr.no Exclamatory

Sentence

structure

Assertive

Sentence

structure

Rule Example

1 what + a/an +

adjective/

adverb +

subject + verb!

Subject + verb

+ a + very +

adjective/

adverb.

in assertive sentence, what

+a/an is replaced by a very

and these are used after

verb and before adjective/

adverb.

Exclamatory:- What a nice

baby you are!

Assertive:- You are a very

nice baby.

2 How +

adjective/

adverb +

subject + verb!

Subject + verb

+ very +

adjective/

adverb.

in assertive sentence ,how

is replaced by very and it is

used after verb.

Exclamatory:-

How beautifully

you sings!

Assertive:-You

sings very

beautifully.

3 Hurrah!

Subject + verb

+ ext.

It is a matter of

joy that +

subject + verb

+ ext.

Hurrah is replaced by it is a

matter of joy

Exclamatory:-

Hurrah! we

have won.

Assertive:- It is

a matter of joy

that we have

won.

4 Alas! Subject +

verb + ext.

It is a matter of

sorrow that +

subject + verb

+ ext.

Alas is replaced by it is a

matter of sorrow. Exclamatory:-

Alas! I am

undone.

Assertive:-It is

a matter of

sorrow that I

am undone.

5 If + subject +

were/verb(past)

+ ext.!

Subject + wish

+ subject +

were/

verb(past) +

ext.

For ‘If were/verb(past)’ ,

subject + wish +

were/verb(past) is used in

assertive sentence.

Exclamatory:-

If I sang a song!

Assertive:-I

wish I sang a

song.

6 Were/Had +

subject + ext.!

Subject + wish

+ subject +

were/had + ext.

For ‘Were/ Had’, subject +

wish + were/had is used in

assertive sentence.

Exclamatory:-

Were I a child

again!

Assertive:-I

wish I were a

child again.

7 Would that +

subject + could

+ verb + ext.!

Subject + wish

+ subject +

could + verb +

ext.

For if /would that subject +

wish is used in assertive

sentence.

Exclamatory:-

Would that we

could play

cricket!

Assertive:-We

wish we could

play cricket.

1.5 TENSES

Tenses are associated with the time of an action. The time of the action may be present, past or future. One

has to use tense properly because it is an indicator of the time of the action. Usages of the tenses are essential

to study because they may be used variety of situations.

1.5.1 TYPES OF TENSES

The following are the types and sub-types of Present, Past and Future tense.

Sr. No.

Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense

1. Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

2. Present Continuous/Imperfect Past Continuous/ Imperfect Future Continuous/ Imperfect

3. Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

4. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

1.5.3 TYPES OF TENSES

The following chart states the usages of various tenses.

Sr. No.

Tense Type Usages

1 Simple Present Tense

1. To indicate habitual actions 2. To denote universal truth, 3.

To make general statements 4. In cricket commentary 5.

Sayings and proverbs 6. To indicate an action which is going to

happen in the future but it is preplanned.

2 Present Continuous Tense 1. To indicate ‘ongoing’ action 2. To express an action which is going to happen in the near future

3 Present Perfect Tense To indicate just completed action and which has an influence on the present situation

4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense To indicate an action which started in the past and is still going on

5 Simple Past Tense To indicate an action which has happened in the past

6 Past Continuous Tense To indicate an action which was happening in the past, i.e., was continued in the past.

7 Past Perfect Tense To indicate an action which was completed in the past

8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense To indicate an action which started in the past and was going on in the past

9 Simple Future Tense To indicate future action

10 Future Continuous Tense To indicate an action that is going on in the future

11 Future Perfect Tense To indicate completed action in the future

12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense To indicate an action that will start in the future and will be continued in the future

1.5.4 EXERCISE/S

A) Rewrite the following sentences using correct form of verbs given in bracket.

1. When you arrive tonight, we……….. (go) out for dinner. Ans: When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner.

2. Whenever we meet, we ……….. (plan) a trip. Ans: Whenever we meet, we plan a trip.

3. The sun ……….. (shine) brightly. Ans: The sun shines / is shining brightly.

4. Vijay ……….. (wait) for me when I arrived. Ans: Vijay had waited for me when I arrived.

5. I promise I ……….. (tell) him about the surprise party. Ans: I promise I won’t tell him about the surprise party.

6. Shikhar Dhawan ……….. (score) a century in the last match. Ans: Shikhar Dhawan scored a century in the last match.

7. I ……….. (get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat. Ans: I got hungry. Let's go and have something to eat.

8. …….. (have) you ever ……….. (visit) the U.S. before your trip in 2006? Ans: Have you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?

9. Who ……….. (invent) the bicycle? Ans: Who has invented the bicycle?

10. Yesterday evening the phone ……….. (ring) three times while we ……….. (have) dinner. Ans: Yesterday evening the phone ringed three times while we were having dinner.

11. When I met you last time, you ……….. (think) of moving to a new flat. Ans: When I met you last time, you were thinking of moving to a new flat.

12. She only understood the movie because she ……….. (read) the book. Ans: She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

13. Can you ……….. (help) me to move this heavy table? Ans: Can you help me to move this heavy table?

14. Hello Nitya, I ……….. (not/see) you for ages. How are you? Ans: Hello Nitya, I have not seen you for ages. How are you?

15. We can go out now. It ……….. (not/rain) any more. Ans: We can go out now. It will not rain any more.

16. He ……….. (go) to that place every year. Ans: He go to that place every year.

17. There I……….. (notice) how important it……….. (be) to speak foreign languages nowadays. Ans: There I notice how important it is to speak foreign languages nowadays.

18. And I……….. (begin / already) to read the texts in my English textbooks again. Ans: And I already began to read the texts in my English textbooks again.

19. If I ……….. (pass) my exams successfully, I……….. (start) an apprenticeship in September. Ans: If I pass my exams successfully, I will start an apprenticeship in September.

20. But while I ……….. (do) the language course, I ……….. (meet) lots of young people from all over the world. Ans: But while I do the language course, I will meet lots of young people from all over the world.

21. The servant (work) since morning.

Ans: The servant has been working since morning.

22. I would not attempt it if you (ask) me.

Ans: I would not attempt it if you did not ask me.

23. The soldier advanced as far as he (dare). Ans: The soldier advanced as far as he had dared.

24. He stayed at home because he (be) tired. Ans: He stayed at home because he was tired.

25. Whenever we meet, we (talk) of old times. Ans: Whenever we meet, we talk of old times.

26. As soon as Priya (hear) the news she wrote to me. Ans: As soon as Priya heard the news she wrote to me.

27. After the shower, the sun (shine) again. Ans: After the shower, the sun is shining again.

28. My grandmother’s health (improve) after she gave up eating meat. Ans: My grandmother’s health improved after she gave up eating meat.

29. We shall rest here until John (come). Ans: We shall rest here until John comes.

30. He (work) very hard over the past six years. Ans: He has worked very hard over the past six years.

31. The manager (visit) Australia recently. Ans: The manager visited Australia recently.

32. We (work) on the project since 2011.

Ans: We have been working on the project since 2011.

33. (Have) you (commit) the mistake?

Ans: Have you committed the mistake?

34. Where there (be) a will, there (be) a way.

Ans: Where there is a will, there is a way.

35. (do) they finish the project before deadline?

Ans: Do they finish the project before deadline? Or Did they finish the project before deadline?

36. He (come) next week.

Ans: He comes next week. Or She will come next week.

37. The task is being (complete) by us.

Ans: The task is being completed by us.

38. The experts (have) been (call) to discuss the matter.

Ans: The experts have been called to discuss the matter.

39. Sachin (score) 125 runs in the last match.

Ans: Sachin scored 125 runs in the last match.

40. What (be) the causes of global warming?

Ans: What are the causes of global warming?

1.7 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (CHANGE THE NARRATION)

Communication can be done in a direct or indirect way. Speech can be reported to another person in two ways - direct and indirect speech. When we use direct speech, it means we quote the speaker’s actual words. On the

other hand, when we use indirect speech, speaker’s words are reported in our own way.

For Example: -

Direct: Ram said, “I can complete this work today.”

Indirect: Ram said that he could complete that work that day.

In the above sentence we can notice that in direct speech speaker’s actual words are put into inverted commas.

In indirect speech we do not use inverted commas. While changing the above direct speech into indirect speech, there are certain changes in sentence structure. Changes in structure depend on the tense of the reporting verb.

1.7.1 GUIDELINES FOR CONVERTING SPEECH

Conversion of speech depends on the tense of reporting verb. Reporting verb may be in present, past or future tense. Guidelines for converting the reporting verb are given below:

1.7.1.1 The reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense:

If we have reporting verb in the simple present tense or simple future tense, then there will be no change in the tense of the verb in the indirect speech.

Examples:

Direct Speech: Rama says, “His sister has scored a good percentage.” Indirect Speech: Rama says that his sister has scored a good percentage.

Direct Speech: The manager will say to the workers, “I cannot tolerate such behaviour.” Indirect speech: The manager will say to the workers that he cannot tolerate such behaviour.

1.7.1.2 The reporting verb is in the past tense:

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the following changes should be made related to the concerned tenses.

Examples:

Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES

Tense Change - In -

into into into into into into into into into into

Indirect Speech

Simple Present tense Present Continuous tense Present Perfect tense Present Perfect Continuous

Simple Past Past continuous Past perfect

Past perfect continuous Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect

would would be would have

Simple Past Past Continuous

Past Perfect Simple Future

will Future Continuous will be

Future Perfect will have

Examples:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

PRESENT TENSE

Present Simple Changes into Past Simple 1) He said, “I write a letter.” 2) She said, “he does it.” 3) They said, “we love our country.” 4) He said, “he does not like computer.”

1) He said that he wrote a letter. 2) He said that he did it. 3) They said that they loved their country. 4) He said that he did not like computer.

Present Continuous Changes into Past Continuous 1) He said, “he is listening to the music.” 2) She said, “I am washing my clothes.” 3) They said, “we are enjoying the weather.” 4) I said, “it is raining.” 5) She said, “I am not laughing.”

1) He said that he was listening to the music. 2) She said that she was washing her clothes. 3) They said that they were not enjoying the weather. 4) She said that it was raining. 5) She said that she was not laughing.

Present Perfect Changes into Past Perfect 1) She said, “he has finished his work.” 2) He said, “I have started a job.” 3) I said, “she has eaten the meal.” 4) They said, “we have not gone to New York.”

1) She said that he had finished his work. 2) He said that he had started a job. 3) I said that she had eaten the meal. 4) They said that they had not gone to New York.

Present Perfect Continuous Changes into Past Perfect Continuous 1) He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock.” 2) She said, “It has been raining for three days.”

3) I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007.”

1) He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock.

2) She said that it has been raining for three days.

3) I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.

PAST TENSE

Past Simple Changes into Past Perfect 1) He said to me, “you answered correctly.” 2) John said, “they went to cinema.” 3) He said, “I made a table.” 4) She said, “I didn’t buy a car.”

1) He said to me that I had answered correctly. 2) John said that they had gone to cinema. 3) He said that he had made a table. 4) She said that she had not bought a car.

Past Continuous Changes into Past Perfect Continuous 1) They said, “we were enjoying the weather.” 2) He said to me, “I was waiting for you.” 3) I said, “It was raining.” 4) She said, “I was not laughing.”

1) They said that they had been enjoying. 2) He said to me that he had been waiting for me. 3) I said that it had been raining. 4) She said that she not been laughing.

Past Perfect Changes into Past Perfect (Tense does not Change) 1) She said, “She had visited a doctor.” 2) He said, “I had started a business.” 3) I said, “she had eaten the meal.” 4) They said, “we had not gone to New York.”

1) She said that she had visited a doctor. 2) He said that he had started a business. 3) I said that she had eaten the meal. 4) They said they had not gone to New York.

FUTURE TENSE

Future Simple Tense Will Changes into Would

1) He said, “I will study the book.” 2) She said, “I will buy a computer.” 3) They said to me, “we will send you gifts.”

1) He said that he would study the book. 2) She said that she would buy a computer. 3) They said to me that they would send you gifts.

4) I said, “I will not take the exam.” 4) I said that I would not take the exam.

Future Continuous Tense Will be Changes into Would be

1) I said to him, “I will be waiting for him.” 2) She said, “I will be shifting to new home.” 3) He said, “I will be working hard.” 4) He said, “he will not be flying kite.”

1) I said to him that I would be waiting for him. 2) She said that she would be shifting to a new home. 3) He said that he would be working hard. 4) She said that he would not be flying kites.

Future Perfect Tense Will have Changes into Would have

1) He said, “I will have finished the work.” 2) She said, “they will have passed the exam.” 3) He said, “I will have gone.”

1) He said that he would have finished the work. 2) She said that they would have passed the exam. 3) He said that he would have gone.

Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense. Examples:

Direct speech : He said, “Mathematics is a science.” Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science. Direct speech : He said, “The sun rises in the east.” Indirect Speech: He said that the sun rises in the east.

(Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to past tense)

If the statement is a universal truth, tense is not changed while making indirect speech. Example:

Direct: He said, “The earth is round.” Indirect: He said that the earth is round.

The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed according to the Speaker and the Listener. Study the

following sentences: - Example:

Direct: He said to me, “I don’t like your suggestion”.

Indirect: He told me that he didn’t like my suggestion.

Direct: She said to him, “I don’t like your suggestion”.

Indirect: She told him that she didn’t like his suggestion.

Direct: I said to him, “I don’t like your suggestion”.

Indirect: I told him that I didn’t like his suggestion.

Direct: I said to you, “I don’t like your suggestion”.

Indirect: I told you that I didn’t like your suggestion.

Guidelines for changing certain words in indirect speech.

Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech

Now then These those

Here there Today that day

Ago before tomorrow the next day

Thus so yesterday the day before

This that Tonight that night

1. Interrogative sentences:

Reporting verb is changed to asked, questioned, enquired etc. and pronouns are changed as per the context. Example:

Direct: He said to me, “Would you like to watch films?” Indirect: He asked me whether I would like to watch films.

Direct: Neera said to me, “Did you see my brother in the garden?” Indirect: Neera enquired whether I had seen her brother in the garden.

Direct: She said to them, “How can you help me?” Indirect: She questioned them how they could help her.

2. Imperative Sentences:

Imperative sentences of the Direct Speech are changed in Indirect Speech by using conjunction to or not to and reporting verb is used as: ordered, requested, suggested, warned, advised, etc.

Example:

Direct: Ram said to Tanmay, “Go away.” Indirect: Ram ordered Tanmay to go away.

Direct: He said to her, “Please help me in my work today.” Indirect: He requested her to help him in his work that day.

Direct: He said, “Don’t waste your time and work hard.” Indirect: He advised him not to waste his time and to work hard.

3. Exclamatory sentences:

Reporting verb is changed to ‘exclaimed’ and proper adjective like joy, sorrow, sad, etc. is used depending on the meaning.

Example:

Direct: He said, “What a beautiful picture it is!” Indirect: He exclaimed that it was very beautiful picture.

Direct: She said, “Bravo!” we have won the match’

Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Direct: She said, “Alas! Her only son died.”

Indirect: She exclaimed with sorrow that her only son had died.

1.7.3 EXERCISE/S

A) Turn the following into Indirect Speech.

1. He said, “I am going to Mumbai tomorrow morning.”

Ans: He said that he was going to Mumbai the next day morning.

2. Meena said to him, “I can help you in your mission if you wish.”

Ans: Meena told him that she could help him in his mission if he wished.

3. Gopal said to me, “You have given me this book today.”

Ans: Gopal told me that I had given him that book on that day.

4. He said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Ans: He said that honesty is the best policy.

5. Ram said to her, “Are you coming with me in the forest where there are many tigers?”

Ans: Ram asked her if she was coming with him in the forest where there were many tigers.

6. “We must go for the practical session now Ajay”, he said.

Ans: He said that they had to go for the practical session then Ajay.

7. “Sit down.”, she told him.

Ans: She instructed to sit down.

8. “I will never forget your kindness.” Neeta said to her friend.

Ans: Neeta told to her friend that she would never forget her friend.

9. She said to her son, “Are you absolutely sure that you want to read this book?” Ans: She asked to her son if he was absolutely sure that he wanted to read that book.

10. She said to him, “I have no words to thank you for the gift that you have given me.” Ans: She told him that she had no words to thank him for the gift that he had given her.

11. She said, “Let the child go home now.” Ans: She permitted the child to go home then.

12. The principal said to the students, “Do not make noise.” Ans: The principal instructed the students not to make noise.

13. Monali asked, “What do you want?”

Ans: Monali asked what he wanted.

14. The chairman asked, “Was he present for the meeting yesterday.”

Ans: The chairman asked if he had been present for the meeting on the previous day.

15. My mother said, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”

Ans: My mother said where there is a will there is a way.

16. She said, “I had never seen such a movie.” Ans: She said that she had never seen such a movie.

17. “Friends, I will wait for you at the temple.”, Deepak said.

Ans: Deepak said that friends he would wait for them at the temple.

18. The president said, “What a beautiful place!”

Ans: The president exclaimed it was a very beautiful place.

19. She asked, “Have you published your book.” Ans: She asked whether he had published his book.

20. “How nice of you!”, She said.

Ans: She exclaimed that he was very nice.

21. Geeta said, “I do yoga daily.”

Ans: Geeta said that she did yoga daily.

22. She said to me, “What do you want now?”

Ans: She asked me what I wanted then.

23. I said to him, “Are you going for the party?”

Ans: I enquired him whether he was going for the party.

24. The monitor said, “Sir, some students were making noise yesterday.” Ans: The mother said that sir some students have been making noise the day before.

25. The servant says, “The master is not at home.” Ans: The servant says that the master is not at home.

26. Anju said, “I wrote a letter.” Ans: Anju said that she had written a letter.

27. The Prime Minister said, “India became independent in 1947.” Ans: The Prime Minister said that India had become independent in 1947.

28. He said to the policemen, “Please save me.” Ans: He requested the policeman to save him.

29. The old man said to her, “Obey your elders.” Ans: The old man instructed her to obey her elders.

30. The girl said, “Hurrah! I have won a gold medal.”

Ans: The girl exclaimed with joy that she had won a gold medal.

31. Raju said, “Gautam must go tomorrow”.

Ans: Raju said that Gautam had to go the next day.

32. He said, “I have passed the physical test.”

Ans: He said that he has passed the physical test.

33. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.

Ans: She instructed boys not to play on the grass.

34. "You should revise your lessons," he said.

Ans: He advised you to revise your lessons.

35. "I shall appreciate it," he said.

Ans: He said that he should appreciate it.

36. Emma said "People in Africa are starving."

Ans: Emma said that people in Africa were starving.

37. "I brought you this book," she said.

Ans: She said that she had brought you that book.

38. Param said to me, "He moved a year ago."

Ans: Param told me that he had moved a year ago.

39. He said to me "I have not done it today." Ans: He told me that he had not done it on that day.

40. She said to him, “I don’t believe you”. Ans: She said to him that she did not believe him.

1.6 ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice Chart

In the following chart some short forms are used. They should be interpreted as under:

S – Subject, Obj. – Object, V1 – First form of the verb, V2 – second form of the verb, V3 – Third form of the

verb, N.S. – New subject, N.O. – New Object. Simultaneously, the students must study variety of structures of

sentences and their passive structures like interrogative, negative, imperative, structures with modals, etc. For better understanding go through the exercise.

1.6.1 CONVERSION OF ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE

Tense Present Past Future

Indefinite

Active S + V1 + Obj. S + V2 + Obj. S + shall/will + V1 + Obj.

Passive N.S. + am/is/are + V3 + by + N. O.

N.S. + was/were + V3 + by + N. O.

N. S. + shall/will + be + V3 + by + N. O.

Continuous

Active S + am/is/are + V1 + ing. + Obj.

S + was/were + V1 + ing. + Obj.

S + shall/will + be + V1 + ing. + Obj.

Passive N. S. + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + N. O.

N. S. + was /were + being + V3 + by + N. O.

NO PASSIVE

Perfect

Active S + has/have + V3 + Obj. S + had + V3 + Obj. S + shall/will + have + V3 + Obj.

Passive N. S. + has/have + been + V3 + by + N. O.

N. S. + had + been + V3 + by + N. O.

N. S. + shall/will + have + been + V3 + by + N. O.

Perfect Continuous

Active S + has/have + been + V1 + ing. + Obj. + for/since + time factor

S + had + been + V1 + ing. + Obj. + for/since + time factor

S + shall/will +have + been + V1 + ing. + Obj. + for/since + time factor

Passive NO PASSIVE NO PASSIVE NO PASSIVE

1.6.2 USAGES OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1) If the doer of the action is important then active voice is used.

(For e.g. William Shakespeare wrote the play Hamlet.)

2) If the action is important then passive voice is used.

(For e.g. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare.)

3) In science generally passive voice is used.

(For e.g. The solution is heated. (by someone))

4) In day-to-day life active voice is used for short sentences. (For e.g. He has solved the problem.)

1.6.3 EXERCISE/S

A) Change the voice of the following sentences:

1. I sent the report yesterday. Ans: The report was sent yesterday by me.

2. The restaurant was renovated in 2004 Ans: Someone renovated the restaurant in 2004.

3. The girls were singing the songs when I went into the hall. Ans: The songs were being sung by the girls when I went into the hall.

4. By whom was she taught French? Ans: Who taught her French?

5. Sweets are being distributed to the children. Ans: Someone is distributing the sweets to the children.

6. I will clean the house every Saturday. Ans: The house will be cleaned every Saturday by me.

7. Let the door be shut. Ans: Shut the door.

8. Grammar is taught to us by Prof. Gokhale. Ans: Prof. Gokhale taught us Grammar.

9. The publisher had printed the book before anyone saw the mistake. Ans: The book had been printed by the publisher before the mistake was seen by anyone.

10. He will be forgiven by the teacher. Ans: The teacher will forgive him.

11. The fire destroyed the whole forest. Ans: The whole forest was destroyed by the fire.

12. The two ministers are signing the treaty. Ans: The treaty is being sung by the two ministers.

13. The lift is operated by electricity. Ans: Electricity operates the lift.

14. Marry generously donated money to the homeless shelter. Ans: Money was generously donated by Marry to the homeless shelter.

15. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the sale. Ans: Two dozen cupcakes will be baked for the sale by Susan.

16. Who ate the last cookie? Ans: By whom was the last cookie eaten?

17. Will your brother pay your fees today? Ans: Will your fees be paid by your brother today?

18. The director will give you instructions. Ans: You will be given instructions by the director. OR Instructions will be given you by the director.

19. Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every year. Ans: The Grand Canyon is viewed every year by thousands of tourists.

20. Whom did you laugh at? Ans; Who was laughed at by you?

21. The team will celebrate their victory tomorrow. Ans: Their victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow.

22. Let this post be advertised. Ans: Advertise this post.

23. The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch. Ans: Her baby was carried

24. The robber has been caught by the police. Ans: The police has caught the robber.

25. Anisha was completing her assignment. Ans: Her assignment was being completed by Anisha.

26. The boy sings a song. Ans: A song is sung by the boy.

27. She makes a kite. Ans: A kite is made by her.

28. He plays football.

Ans: Football is played by him.

29. They pluck flowers.

Ans: Flowers are plucked by them.

30. I love all children.

Ans: All children are loved by me.

31. The work was done by us. Ans: We did the work.

32. Gopi made disturbances in the meeting.

Ans: Disturbances were made in the meeting by Gopi.

33. She did not complete her work. Ans: Her work was not completed.

34. A gift will be given to you by me. Ans: I will give a gift to you.

35. She will pay you some money.

Ans: Some money will be paid you by her.

36. An article was written by him.

Ans: He wrote an article.

37. Ram was watching birds.

Ans: Birds were being watched by Ram.

38. He was not helping me.

Ans: I was not being helped by him.

39. We have finished this topic.

Ans: This topic has been finished by us.

40. She has taught me grammar.

Ans: I was taught grammar by her.

41. The papers are checked by the teacher.

Ans: The teacher checks the paper.

42. He had visited us.

Ans: We had been visited by him.

43. He hadn’t helped me in those days.

Ans: I had not been helped in those days by him.

44. Children will have finished their drawings.

Ans: Their drawings will have been finished by children.

45. These files will be completed by Neera.

Ans: Neera will complete these files.

46. Sugar tastes sweet.

Ans: Sugar is sweet when it is tasted.

47. It is done.

Ans: Someone does it.

48. He had to present it properly.

Ans: It had to be presented properly by him.

49. You must call him sir.

Ans: He must be called sir by you.

50. We should rebuke them for doing such things.

Ans: They should be rebuked for doing such things by us.

51. Have they done it?

Ans: Has it been done by them?

52. Are you transferring the data?

Ans: Is the data being transferred by you?

53. She had to attend the program.

Ans: The program had to be attended by her.

54. Change the narration.

Ans: Let the narration be changed. Or You are instructed to change the narration.

55. We must solve the problem.

Ans: The problem must be solved by us.

Date post:	07-Jan-2022
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