Date post: | 18-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vahid-uzunlar |
View: | 118 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Chapter 11
Self and Personality
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Personality
• An organized combination of attributes,motives, values, and behaviors– Unique to each individual– Traits
• consistent across situations and time• Self-concept: perceptions• Self esteem: evaluation• Identity: overall sense of who you are
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Sigmund Freud• Three parts of the personality
– Selfish Id; Rational Ego; Moralist Superego• Stages of psychosexual development
– Biological: ends at sexual maturity– Personality formed in first 5 years– Child anxieties become adult traits
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Psychoanalytic
• Erik Erikson– Emphasized
• Social influences• Rational ego• Life-span development
– Crisis-oriented stages result from• Maturational forces• Social demands
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Trait Theory
• Psychometric approach– Personality: a set of traits– Individual differences in each trait– Measurement approach– “Big Five” - Universal and stable– Evidence of genetic basis– Universal
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Social Learning Theory
• Personality– A set of behavior tendencies– Shaped by interactions– Found in specific social situations
• No universal stages• Not enduring traits• People change as environment changes• Situational influences important
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Infancy: The Emerging Self
• First 6 months: Discover physical self• Joint attention – 9 months
– Difference in perceptions can be shared• Self-recognition – 18 months• Categorical self (age, sex) - 18 – 24 months• Based on cognitive development• Requires social experience
– The looking-glass self: a “reflection”
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Temperament
• Seen in infancy• Genetically based• Tendencies to respond in predictable ways• Building blocks of personality• Goodness of fit (Thomas & Chess)
– Parenting techniques– Learning to interpret cues– Sensitive responding
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
The Child
• Childhood “Self”• By age 2
– Use of “I” “me” “mine”– Use physical characteristics to describe
• By age 8– Social identity– Personality trait terms used– Social comparison
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Self Esteem: Multidimentional
• By 3rd grade (Harter)– Scholastic competence– Social acceptance– Behavioral conduct– Athletic competence– Physical appearance
• Accuracy improves with age
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Influences on Self-Esteem
• Competence Differences• Social feedback – positive or negative• Genetic• Parents (cross-cultural)
– Warm and democratic– Enforce clearly stated rules
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Early Temperament and Later Personality
• Some weak links found– Shy 3 yr-olds become cautious teens– Difficult 3 yr-olds remain difficult– Well-adjusted 3 yr-olds also
• Current research– Temperament and Big 5 related– May carry-over into adulthood
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Adolescent Integration
• Different selves in different situations• Storm and Stress in about 20%• Move to middle school
– Often difficult– Especially for females
• Most readily regain high self-esteem
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
A Sense of Identity
• Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion• Adolescence
– Identity Crisis– Moratorium
• Marcia’s Identity Statuses (next slide)– Diffusion– Foreclosure– Moratorium– Achieved
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Influences on Identity Formation
• 1. Cognitive growth: formal operations• 2. Relationships with parents
– Rejection except for diffusion status– Identification w/parents first helps– Foreclosure: may not develop own ID– Achieved more likely if living independently– Moratorium -> Identity Achieved
• Affection and freedom at home
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Influences on Identity 2
• 3. Experiences outside the home– E.g., going to college
• 4. Broader cultural context– Modern Western society
• Forge own ID after exploration of many– Traditional societies
• Foreclosure may be more adaptive• Vocational identity: Ginzberg
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Self-Concept and Aging
• Stable self-esteem generally good• Ability to adjust ideal to real self• Evaluate self with different standards• Comparisons with age-mates• Related to stable personality traits• Collectivist vs Individualistic culture
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Changes in Personality
• Cross-sectional studies show changes• Longitudinal/cross-cultural studies
– Adulthood: achievement and confidence– Older adults
• Activity levels decline• Introversion and introspection increase
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Costa & McRae: “The Big 5”
• Biologically based– Cross-age consistency
• Resistant to environmental changes– Historical context influential
• Universal maturational change– Achievement through middle adulthood– Less N, E, and O– More C and A
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Influences on Personality Change
• Effects of early experiences• Stability of environment• Gene-environment interaction• Biological factors (disease)• Social environment• Poor person-environment fit
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Adulthood: Erikson and Research
• Men: Identity then Intimacy• Women: Identity & Intimacy together• Generativity supported• Integrity supported
– Life review• Path to adulthood
– EE: Eight stages of Development
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Midlife Crisis
• Stereotype– Painful self-evaluation– Dramatic life changes– Desire to regain youth
• Erikson: Not really• Levinson: questioning “Life Structure”• Most evidence for trait stability – not change
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Vocational Development
• Young adults: career exploration• 1982: average man held 7 jobs between ages
18 and 36• Women: fewer children = better career• Career peaks in 40’s
– Define self by their work– Person/environment fit important
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 11
Older Workers and Retirement
• Older workers: competent and satisfied– Selective optimization and compensation
• Retirement phases– Preretirement: Planning– Honeymoon: Novelty of lifestyle w/o work– Disenchantment: Feel aimless, unhappy– Reorientation: Realistic, satisfying lifestyle
• Activity vs. Disengagement theories