11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

11Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

2

Technology in Action

Technology in Focus:

The History of the PC

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

3

Altair 8800• The first microcomputer• Sold as a kit• Switches for input• Lights for output• Bill Gates and Paul Allen

created a compiler for BASIC


4

Apple I and Apple II

• Apple I built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, followed by Apple II in 1977

• Used Motorola processor

• First fully contained microcomputer

• Highly successfulCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

5

Early Competitors

• Commodore PET 2001

• Radio Shack’s TRS-80

• The Osborne


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IBM PC

• IBM entered the small-computer market in 1981

• Used open architecture• Purchased operating system from

Microsoft• Used the Intel microprocessor


7

Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)

• Revolutionized software industry

• Easily learned by beginners• Key PC language • Used by Gates and Allen to

write the program for Altair• Led to the creation of

MicrosoftCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

8

Advent of Operating Systems• Steve Wozniak invented the floppy

drive • Disk Operating System (DOS):

Operating system that controlled the first Apples

• Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs


9

Advent of Operating Systems• MS-DOS

– Operating system for IBM PCs– Based on an operating system called

Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS)

– Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen– All PCs using the Intel chip used

MS-DOS


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Software Application Explosion

• Electronic spreadsheets– VisiCalc– Lotus 1-2-3 – Microsoft Excel

• Word processing– WordStar– Word for MS-DOS– WordPerfect

VisiCalc


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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Xerox – Alto: 1972– Introduced the What

You See Is What You Get principle (WYSIWYG)

• Apple– Lisa: 1983– Macintosh: 1984

Xerox Alto


Macintosh

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The Internet Boom

• Mosaic: 1993• Netscape: 1994• Internet Explorer: 1995


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Early Computer History

• Pascalene, 1642– The first accurate mechanical

calculator– Created by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract, multiply,

and divide• Jacquard Loom, 1820

– Created by Joseph Jacquard– Automated the weaving of

complex patterns– Used holes punched in cards

to automate the process


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• Hollerith Tabulating Machine, 1890– Created by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate census data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine

Company, which later became IBM

• Analytical Engine, 1834– Created by Charles Babbage,

the father of computing– The first automatic calculator– Included components similar to

those found in today's computers


15

Early Computer History• Atanasoff-Berry

Computer, 1939– Created by John Atanasoff

and Clifford Berry– The first electrically

powered digital computer– Used vacuum tubes to

store data– First computer to use the

binary system

Atanasoff-Berry Computer


• Z1, 1936– Created by Konrad Zuse– A mechanical calculator– Included a control unit and

separate memory functions

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Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I, 1944

– Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper

– Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistics calculations

– Hopper’s greatest contributions to computing were• Invention of the compiler• Coining the term “computer

bug”

1st use of “computer bug”


• Turing Machine, 1936– Created by Alan Turing– Hypothetical model; defined a mechanical procedure– Concept of an infinite tape that could be read, written

to, and erased was precursor to today’s RAM

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Early Computer History• ENIAC, 1944

– Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

– First successful high-speed electronic digital computer

• UNIVAC, 1951– First commercially successful

electronic digital computer– Used magnetic tape

ENIAC


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• Transistors, 1945– Invented at Bell Laboratories– Replaced vacuum tubes

• Integrated circuits, 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments– Small chip containing thousands of transistors– Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter


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• Microprocessor chip, 1971– Created by Intel Corporation– Small chip containing millions of transistors– Functions as the central processing unit (CPU)


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Transistors and Beyond

• First-generation computers (1946–1958)– ENIAC and UNIVAC– Used vacuum tubes to store data

• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Used transistors to store data

• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Used integrated circuits

• Fourth-generation computers (1971–today)– Use a microprocessor chip


• Chapter 1Technology in Focus 21

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