1.1 Electrical Installation

8/20/2019 1.1 Electrical Installation

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PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 1

1.0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDINGElectrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and

associated devices. Electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures,commonly referred to as building wiring.

1.1 Basic Concept of Electrical Power SupplyElectricity generation is the process of generating electrical power from other sources of

primary energy.

The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820sand early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today:electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between thepoles of a magnet.

For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. Theother processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage andrecovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric powerindustry.

Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also byother means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sourcesinclude solar photo-voltaic and geothermal power.

There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy intoelectrical energy:

i. Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge.ii. Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator

transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity. This is the most usedform for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law.

iii. Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in abattery, fuel cell or nerve impulse

iv. Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cellsv. Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity,

as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.vi. Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or

crystals.vii. Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles.

Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostaticgenerator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator. Chargecarriers are separated and physically transported to a position of increased electric potential.

Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, inwhich mechanical energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many differentmethods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidalpower.


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The direct conversion of nuclear potential energy to electricity by beta decay is used onlyon a small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used torun a heat engine. This drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricityby magnetic induction.

Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels suppliesmost of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some

from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in1884) currently generates about 80% of the electric power in the world using a variety of heatsources.

Figure 1.1: Source of Energy

Figure 1.2: Stage of electricity


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1.1.1 Electrical DistributionThere are a few stages to distribute the electric to consumer from generation plant. The

explanation must be referring to the numbers of stage at figure 1.2.

1. The Power Plant: The electricity that used at home starts its journey at the powerplant. Normally, the power plant will use a spinning electrical generator to produce its

power, though what spins the generator (water, diesel, gas, or steam) varies. Steamturbines, powered by burning natural gas or coal, are the most common generators.Regardless of what type of generator is used, the energy produced is called 3-phase

AC power.

2. The Transmission Substat ion: The 3-phase power travels from the generator to anearby transmission substation. Here, the substation converts the generator’svoltage, which is on the order of thousands, up to the levels needed for long distancetravel, which is on the scale of hundreds of thousands, using large transformers.

3. The Transmission Lines: Once the voltage is increased to the appropriate levels,electricity runs along transmission lines for up to 3000 km.

4. The Distr ibut ion Substat ion: However, before the electricity is usable in a home orbusiness the voltage must be reduced to manageable levels, which is accomplishedat a distribution substation. This substation also has a “distribution bus” that splits thepower in multiple directions, and breakers that can disconnect it from thetransmission lines and/or specific distribution lines.

5. Into Your Home/Factor y: From the distribution substation power runs throughregulator banks (which prevents overcharges), taps (which separate out the phases),and finally into a transformer drum on top of a power pole outside your house. Thetransformer drum’s job is to reduce the voltage from 7,200 volts to 240 volts/415voltswhich is what most houses/factory use. From there the power travels through yourmeter and into home/factory.

1.2 Electrical Power Supply: Single Phase and Three Phase

The phase voltage is a voltage between any one conductor and ground. Electricitysupply for domestic consumers, according to MS IEC 60038 standards, meets the followingspecifications:

i. Single phase supply with nominal voltage of 230V, range +10%, -6%ii. Three phase supply with nominal voltage of 400V, range +10%, -6%iii. Permitted frequency is 50Hz +1%iv. Earthing system type (TT System) as in Figure 1.3 and figure 1.4.

All electrical equipment used must be suitable for operation with the statedelectricity supply specifications.

Figure 1.3: Single phase power Figure 1.4: Three phase power


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1.2.1 Single Phase Power SupplySingle-phase wire has three wires located within the insulation. Two hot wires and one

neutral wire provide the power. Each hot wire provides 120 volts of electricity. The neutral istapped off from the transformer. A two-phase circuit probably exists because most waterheaters, stoves and clothes dryers require 240 volts to operate. These circuits are fed by bothhot wires, but this is just a full phase circuit from a single-phase wire.

Every other appliance is operated off of 120 volts of electricity, which is only using one hotwire and the neutral. The type of circuit using hot and neutral wires is why it is commonlycalled a split-phase circuit. The single-phase wire has the two hot wires surrounded by blackand red insulation, the neutral is always white and there is a green grounding wire.

1.2.2 Three Phase Power Supply A continuous series of three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees. Three-phase

power is used for all large scale distribution systems. The most common form of AC power fordistribution. Three-phase power has three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees.

In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least threeconductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of theperiod. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye insome areas). A wye system allows the use of two different voltages from all three phases,such as a 230/400V system which provides 230V between the neutral (centre hub) and anyone of the phases, and 400V across any two phases.

A delta system arrangement only provides one voltage magnitude, however it has agreater redundancy as it may continue to operate normally with one of the three supplywindings offline, albeit at 57.7% of total capacity. Harmonic currents in the neutral maybecome very large if non- linear loads are connected.

Figure 1.5: Home wiring


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1.2.3 The Differences between Single and Three Phase Power SupplyThe difference between three phase and single phase is primarily in the voltage that is

received through each type of wire. There is no such thing as two-phase power, which is asurprise to some people. Some ways to determine whether three-phase wire or single-phasewire.

Table 1.1: Differences between single phase and three phase

No Item Single Phase Three Phase

1Phasename

Commonly called "split-phase." It’s called three phase

2 Suitable Suitable for low electricity load More efficient than single-phase power

3 Cable Two cables power supply Four cables power supply

4 Connecting One hot wire and one neutral Three hot wires and one neutral

5 Cable colorOther once red/blue/black chose for

hot wire.Red, blue and black connecting for hot

wire

6 Voltage Carry 240 Volts Carry 415 Volts

7Waveshape

8Powersupply

connection

Figure 1.6: One voltage cycle of a three phase system


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1.3 Electrical Wiring SystemElectrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and

associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used toprovide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. Regulation11(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that all wiring or rewiring of an installation orextension to an existing installation, which shall be carried out by an Electrical Contractor or a

Private Wiring Unit, have to obtain the approval in writing from a licensee or supply authority.

Electrical wiring composes of electrical equipment such as cables, switch boards, mainswitches, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) or fuses, residual current devices (RCD), lightingpoints, power points, lightning arrestors.

Figure 1.7: Single phase wiring schematic


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1.3.1 Consumer Unit Wiring Circuit System A consumer unit is a type of distribution board (a component of an electrical power

system within which an electrical power feed provides supply to subsidiary circuits). Aparticular type of distribution board comprising a type-tested coordinated assembly for thecontrol and distribution of electrical energy, principally in domestic premises, incorporatingmanual means of double-pole isolation on the incoming circuit(s) and an assembly of one ormore fuses, circuit breakers, residual current operated devices or signaling and other devicesproven during the type-test of the assembly as suitable for use.

Figure 1.8: Three phase wiring schematic


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See on figure 1.9 above, in an example typical new town house wiring system, there have:i. Live & Neutral tails from the electricity meter to the CU.ii. A split load CU.iii. Ring circuits from 32A MCBs in the CU supplying mains sockets. 2 such rings is typical

for a 2 up 2 down, larger houses have more.iv. Radial lighting circuits from 6A CU MCBs. 2 or more circuits typical.

v. Earth connection from incomer to CU.vi. 10mm² main equipotential bond to other incoming metal services (gas, water, oil).

Systems often have some of the following as well: i. Dedicated circuit MCB & cable supplying cooker.ii. Dedicated high current circuit MCB & cable supplying showeriii. 2 way lighting switching for stairs, large rooms & walk through roomsiv. Outdoor lighting supplied by a 6A MCB, often via a PIR motion detector switch.v. 16A MCB and cable supplying hot water immersion heater.vi. A high current MCB supplying storage heater. Sometimes these are run from the main

CU, but often from a time-switch controlled dedicated CU (with either a separate "offpeak" electricity meter, or a dual tariff meter).

The radial lighting circuit has 3 common wiring options, which may be mixed at will:i. "Loop-in". The circuit is fed to each lamp fitting in turn, and a separate cable connects

from the fitting to the switch. (this is the most common method).ii. Switch loop through (the circuit connects to each switch in turn, and a separate cable

goes from the switch to each lamp).iii. Junction box loop in, where the termination and feed connection are done at junction

boxes, and cables run to switches and lamps from there.

The diagram is shown with 6A lighting fuse and 32A ring circuit MCB. Other options are

also possible: 20A radial socket circuits and 10A lighting circuits are occasionally used

Figure 1.9: Consumer circuit


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i. Plug A fitting, commonly with two metal prongs for insertion in a fixed socket, used to

connect an appliance to a power supply. AC power plugs and sockets are devices thatallow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current(AC) power supply in a building. Electrical plugs and sockets differ in voltage and currentrating, shape, size and type of connectors. The types used in each country are set by

national standards,

Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operateddevice's mains cable, and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure andconnected to an energized electrical circuit. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, orpins (referred to as male) that fit into matching slots or holes (called female) in thesockets. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare energized contacts. Socketsmay also have protruding exposed contacts, but these are used exclusively for earthing(grounding).

These are the three colour wires, what they mean and where they are in the openedplug.a. Blue – Neutral (found on the left side)

b. Yellow and green – Earth (found at the top)c. Brown – Live – (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)

An older appliance the wires may be different as so:a. Black – Neutral (found on the left side)b. Green – Earth (found at the top)c. Red – Live (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)

Figure 1.10: Plug


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ii. SocketSockets may be wired on ring circuits or radial circuits. Mostly rings are used, as they

use less copper for most circuit layouts, they have safety advantages over radial circuits(sometimes debated), can provide more power, and cover more floor area per circuit. Thetypes of socket circuits were:

a. RingSockets are on 32A ring circuits in most house installations. These use a ring of cable(ie a loop), so that at the CU 2 cables are connected to the MCB instead of 1. Anunlimited number of sockets may be connected on each ring. One ring circuit per flooris a fairly common arrangement, but by no means the only option. Larger housesgenerally have more rings. Its also common to have a ring dedicated just for socketsin the kitchen since that is where you will find many of the highest power consumingappliances in a modern house. 2.5mm² cable is usually used for ring circuits. 4mm² isused when cable will be under insulation or bunched with other cables.

b. SpursSpurs are permitted, but sockets should be included in the ring rather than spurredwherever practical. Spurring is best only used for later additions to circuits. Rulesapply to the loading and number of sockets allowed on the end of a spur.

Spurring sockets prevents the easy later addition of more sockets in some positions,as a spur may not be spurred off a spur. Spurs also prevent the addition of moresockets at existing spurred positions, whereas a practically unlimited number ofsockets can be added where a socket is in the ring. Bear in mind the number ofsockets wanted has risen greatly over the years, and can only be expected to risefurther.

c. Radial

Radial socket circuits are used less often. These use a single cable from CU tosocket, then a single cable to the next socket along the line etc. Radials use morecopper on most circuits, though less cable on physically long narrow shaped circuits.Connection faults have greater consequences than with ring circuits. (Confusion overthe relative safety of ring & radial circuits is widespread.)20A radials use 2.5mm² or4mm² cable. 32A radials use 4mm² cable.

Figure 1.11: T-junction outlet socket


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iii. Lighting circuitSuruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia was suggested the lighting circuit at the consumer circuit

must be referring to table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2: Examples of single –phase schematic circuit for lamp

No Types of switch and lamp Diagram

11 lamp control by 1 switch

1-way switch


1-way switch

32 lamp control by 2 location

1-way switch


2-way switch

5


2-way switch andintermediate switch

6

1 lamp fluorescent control by1 switch

1-way switch


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1.3.2 Electrical Wiring Installation Factors

To choose the type of wiring to be use has considered a few factors. The factors were:i. Types of place to installation: to determine the routing of wiring, connections and

terminations.

ii. Types of electrical load: the installed capacity of electric cables must be compatible withelectrical load

iii. Cost: overall cost of a wiring and financing capabilities.iv. Neatness: identifies whether the installation of the wiring system suitable for surface or

concealed wiring.v. Safety and approval by LLN/JKR:

installation routing paths taking into account thesituation and circumstances that can prevent from potential danger.

vi. Effectiveness: power supplies can be distributed to electrical appliances with theappropriate voltage.

vii. Flexibility to the system:

can change the position and orientation of the equipment as wellas machinery and temporary buildings.

viii. Ambient temperature: taking into account the type of installation if the boiler room orassembly heat treatment.

ix. Installation Method - protection against possible mechanical requirements and height atwork.

x. Durability: the long life span of the installation.xi. Environment: made an assessment of the environment so that the owner obtain the

optimum value from the electrical installation.xii. Installation period: with short installation period, it will save you the cost of installation.xiii. Easy for wiring extension if there are building renovation for the future.

Figure 1.12: Electrical wiring illustration


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1.3.3 Types of Electrical Wiring SystemThere are a few types of wiring system to install in the building. It’s were:

i. Open/Surface Wiring System A network of electrical wiring that is not concealed by the structure of a building, but is

protected by cleats, flexible tubing, knots, and tubes, which also support its insulated

conductors. Surface wiring system is a system where the cables used in an installationthat is installed on the wall or ceiling without any additional protection. The features ofopen/surface wiring system were:i. Single-phase supply voltageii. Buildings is made of wood or stoneiii. Low the installation costiv. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installedv. Minimized cause of mechanical lacking damagevi. Less time to complete the installationvii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load

ii. Hidden Wiring SystemCircuit cables installed in walls or ceilings and are not visible directly, but the end of

the cable used to connect to the terminal. The features of hidden wiring system were:i. Single-phase supply voltageii. Building is made of brick or cementiii. Neatness and beautiful buildings requirediv. Mechanical damage can be minimizedv. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installed

vi. Longer cable resistance requiredvii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load

Clip

Merantiwood

Limited

to12cables

Figure 1.13: Surface wiring system

Figure 1.14: Hidden wiring system


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iii. Conduit Wiring SystemUse a system-conduit and conduit will be installed into the wall or the like and in it will

be channeled cable.a. There are too much cause of mechanical breakdown on a buildingb. Need a good grounding or earthing systemc. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension

d. Suitable for 1 phase and 3 phase supply voltagee. The power rate installed was greater than electrical load

iv. Overhead Catenaries Wiring Support SystemOverhead Catenaries supporters wiring system is a system that is rarely used today.

But in a situation of this system is still needed. The features of this system were:a. When the building or hall ceiling is too highb. There are center of wiring in the buildingc. Also installed at the livestock barnd. Supply cable connection between the two buildingse. There are outdoor obstruction areas

Figure 1.14: Conduit wiring system

Figure 1.15: Overhead canaries wiring support system


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v. Trunking Wiring SystemTrunking wiring system is a system that uses mains metal or insulating materials are

usually rectangular and mounted vertically or horizontally on the wall or the metal frame ofthe building. The features for this system were:a. Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltageb. Used foe large buildings and multi-storey

c. A lot of cable requiredd. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extensione. Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required

vi. Ducting Wiring System

Ducting wiring system is a system that uses a metal duct or insulating material andmounted under the floor during the construction of the building. The features were:

i. Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltageii. A lot of cable requirediii. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension

iv. Allowed the possibility of making changes in the load position in the futurev. Requires regular arrangement of devices or straight of tablesvi. Need a neatness and good finishing installationvii. Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required

Figure 1.16: Trunking wiring system

Figure 1.17: Ducting wiring system


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1.4 Conductor, Insulator and Protection in the Electrical Wiring System

1.4.1 ConductorIn physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material which

permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions. In metals such as copper oraluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile,

such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the mobile protons of the proton conductorof a fuel cell. Insulators are non-conducting materials with few mobile charges and whichsupport only insignificant electric currents.

All conductors contain electrical charges, which will move when an electric potentialdifference (measured in volts) is applied across separate points on the material. This flow ofcharge (measured in amperes) is what ismeant by electric current. In mostmaterials, the direct current is proportionalto the voltage (as determined by Ohm'slaw), provided the temperature remainsconstant and the material remains in thesame shape and state.

Copper is the most common materialused for electrical wiring. But silver is the

best conductor, but it is expensive.Because gold does not corrode, it is usedfor high-quality surface-to-surfacecontacts. However, there are also manynon-metallic conductors, includinggraphite, solutions of salts, and allplasmas. There are even conductivepolymers.

Figure 1.18: Flow of electric charge in conductor

Figure 1.18: Conductor


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Table 1.3: The resistivity and conductivity of selected 16 materials at 20 °C

No. MaterialResistivity

ρ (Ω•m) at 20 °C Conductivity

σ (S/m) at 20 °C

1 Silver 1.59×10-8

6.30×107

2 Copper 1.68×10-8

5.96×107

3 Annealed copper 1.72×10-8

5.80×107

4 Gold 2.44×10-8

4.10×107

5 Aluminium 2.82×10-8

3.50×107

6 Calcium 3.36×10-8

2.98×107

7 Tungsten 5.60×10-8

1.79×107

8 Zinc 5.90×10-8

1.69×107

9 Nickel 6.99×10-8

1.43×107

10 Lithium 9.28×10-8

1.08×107

11 Iron 1.00×10-7

1.00×107

12 Platinum 1.06×10-7

9.43×106

13 Tin 1.09×10-7 9.17×106

14 Carbon steel (1010) 1.43×10-7

6.99×106

15 Lead 2.20×10-7

4.55×106

16 Titanium 4.20×10-7

2.38×106

Table 1.4: Conductor size and circuit breaker capacity

Capacity (A)Main conductor size

mm2 (copper)

Earth conductorsize mm

2(copper)

Circuit breakercapacity

Up to 600 W 1.5 1.5 5A

600-1200 W 1.5/2.5 1.5 10A

1200-1800 W 2.5/4.0 2.5 15 A

Ring circuit(floor area 100 m

2)

4.0 4.0 30/32A

A2 Radial Circuit(floor area 50 m

2)

4.0 4.0 30/32A

A3 Radial Circuit(floor area 20 m

2)

2.5 2.5 20 A

Air conditioner (1.5 ton) 6.0 6.0 30/32A

Cooker 6.0 6.0 30/32A

Water Heater 4.0 4.0 20A


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1.4.2 Insulator An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and

which therefore does not conduct an electric current, under the influence of an electric field. Aperfect insulator does not exist, but some materials such as glass, paper and teflon, whichhave high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials,even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to insulate electrical

wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Such materialscan serve as practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages.

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductorswithout allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrapelectrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used morespecifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution ortransmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers.

Electrical insulation is the absence of electrical conduction. Electronic band theory (abranch of physics) says that a charge will flow if states are available into which electrons canbe excited. This allows electrons to gain energy and thereby move through a conductor suchas a metal. If no such states are available, the material is an insulator.

Most insulators have a large band gap. This occurs because the "valence" bandcontaining the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this bandfrom the next band above it. There is always some voltage (called the breakdown voltage)that will give the electrons enough energy to be excited into this band. Once this voltage isexceeded the material ceases being an insulator, and charge will begin to pass through it.However, it is usually accompanied by physical or chemical changes that permanentlydegrade the material's insulating properties.

Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges aswell. For example, if a liquid or gas contains ions, then the ions can be made to flow as anelectric current, and the material is a conductor. Electrolytes and plasmas contain ions andwill act as conductors whether or not electron flow is involved.

Insulator material were :i. Glassii. Rubberiii. Oiliv. Asphaltv. Fiberglasvi. Porcelainvii. Ceramicviii. Quartzix. Dry cottonx. Dry paperxi. Dry wood

xii. Plasticxiii. Airxiv. Diamondxv. Pure water

Figure 1.19: Illustration of cable


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1.4.3 Electrical Protection System

i. The LightingOne of the most esoteric topics among

electrical engineers is the Lightning ProtectionSystems, more specific lightning rods already

mentioned lightings are a very complex naturalphenomenon therefore is it difficult to establish andunified criteria, for this reason is that there exists alot of opinions and strange myths that brings asresult wrong lightning protection designs.

Air is not a perfect isolating media, given thatits dielectric resistance is around 30kV/cm, when apotential difference is reach between tow electricalconductor points a spark will occur inevitably(family size, the one we call Lightning).

Depending of the polarization, the lightings are

classified on negatives (electrons or negativecharge ions) or positives (positive charged ions),according to its origin figure 1.21 there are insidelightning (inside the cloud), intercloud (from cloudto cloud), clout – earth lightning (80% percent ofthe lightning produced and therefore the mostimportant to us) and at last earth to cloud lightning.

Despite the short duration that they have (microseconds), lightning’s have a hugedestructive potential given that they carry current around 30 kA typically, up to 300 kAhave been register, therefore the necessity of protecting installations and ourselves.

a. Lightning Formation

The lightning (this point forward it will be considered as and cloud to earth andnegative) is produced by the union of the ion leaders figure 1.22 the ascendant -up streamer.

The descendent - stepped leader, they precisely are the ones that make a ionizerow which is used by the lightning to go through figure 1.23.

The lightning produces when the ion leaders touch each other as seen in figure1.24.

When a Lightning takes place it drains the negative charge of the cloud, it canoccur a several times in a row, that why sometimes it looks like blinking in the

sky.

Figure 1.20: The lightning

Figure 1.21: Types of lightningFigure 1.22: Ascendant and descendent

Leader


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b. Protection against Atmospheric Discharges

Given that a lightning is a natural phenomenon and as one it is unpredictable, it isimpossible to avoid its incidence on the structures or people 100% of the times,what a protection system does is attract the lightning that otherwise will strike inan undesired area.

The most costumed way to do so is by using lightning rods, the simplest systemsconsist on a captor element of cooper or one with and equivalent resistance,connected solid to earth trough a isolated download wire.

Figure 1.23: Ionize row for by theascendant and leader Figure 1.24: Lightning formed

Figure 1.25: Lightning protection


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ii. EarthingIn electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the

conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system canaffect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulationscan vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supplyconductor to earth (ground). If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot"

(unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it whileelectrically connected to the earth (e.g., by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) willcomplete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.

A Protective Earth (PE), known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US NationalElectrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device atearth potential. To avoid possible voltage drop no current is allowed to flow in this conductorunder normal circumstances, but fault currents will usually trip or blow the fuse or circuitbreaker protecting the circuit. A high impedance line-to-ground fault insufficient to trip theovercurrent protection may still trip a residual-current device if one is present.

In contrast, a functional earth connection serves a purpose other than shock protection,

and may normally carry current. The standard terminology an earthing distinguishes threefamilies of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment(generator or transformer):

a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)b. I -No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.

The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device beingsupplied:

a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth

b. N -Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to theearth

Figure 1.26: Earthing illustration


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Table 1.5: Types of earthing circuit

The important of earthing were:

a. In power systems it helps to maintain the voltage of any part of the network at adefinite potential with respect to earth.

b. And it allows enough current to flow fast enough under earth fault conditions tooperate the protective devices installed in the circuits.

c. Preventing exposed conductive parts of the equipment from rising in potential for aperiod sufficient to cause danger from electrocution.

For normal installation practice, earthing is to connect together the exposed conductiveparts of various items of the equipment and to a common terminal (main earthing terminal).This in turn is connected by the earthing conductor to an earth electrode, buried in the massof earth. The earth installation must be capable of carrying the prospective fault currentswithout danger and without excessive heat. It must have low resistance at all t imes with goodresistance to corrosion.

No Network Circuit

1 TN

TN-S TN-C TN-C-S

Separate protective earth (PE) andneutral (N) conductors from transformer

to consuming device, which are notconnected together at any point after the

building distribution point.

Combined PE and N conductor all theway from the transformer to the

consuming device.

Combined PEN conductor fromtransformer to building distribution

point, but separate PE and Nconductors in fixed indoor wiring

and flexible power cords.

2 TT

The protective earth connection of the consumer is providedby a local connection to earth, independent of any earthconnection at the generator.

Commonly code used in Malaysia country

3 IT

The electrical distribution system has no connection to earthat all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In suchsystems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor

the impedance.


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The most important part of the earthing system is the electrodes. Earth electrodes aremade from a number of materials like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel, and they maybe in the from of plates, tubes , rods or strips. The most favored material is copper. It hasgood conductivity, is corrosion resistance to many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is amaterial that easily worked.

The earth resistance depends on soil resistivity and characteristics. The types of soilsuitable for earth electrode are: -

a. Wet marshy groundb. Clay, loam soil, arable landc. Clayey soil, loam mixed with small quantity of sandd. Damp and wet sand

The site should not be well drained and without flowing water which will wash away thesalt in the soil. Achieving a good earth will depend on local soil condition. Three factors thataffect the soil resistivity are:-

a. Moisture content of the soil

b. Chemical composition of the soil

iii. Fuses A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide

overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. It’s essential component is ametal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit inwhich it is connected. Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure arethe prime reasons for excessive current.

A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating orfire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating forparticular circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems tolimit threats to human life and property damage. The time and current operating

characteristics of fuses are used to provide adequate protection without needless

Figure 1.27: Earthing system


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interruption. Slow blow fuses are designed to allow harmless short term higher currentsbut still clear on a sustained overload.

Fuses are manufactured in a wide range of current and voltage ratings to protectwiring systems and electrical equipment. Self-resetting fuses automatically restore thecircuit after the overload has cleared; these are useful, for example, in aerospace or

nuclear applications where fuse replacement is impossible. There are three types of fuse,refer table 1.6 below.

Most fuses are marked on the body or end caps with markings that indicate theirratings. Surface-mount technology "chip type" fuses feature few or no markings, makingidentification very difficult.

Similar appearing fuses may have significantly different properties, identifiedby their markings. Fuse markings will generally convey the following information, eitherexplicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type:

a. Ampere rating of the fuseb. Voltage rating of the fuse

c. Time-current characteristic; i.e. fuse speed.d. Approvals by national and international standards agenciese. Manufacturer/part number/seriesf. Breaking capacity

Fuses come in a vast array of sizes and styles to serve in many applications,manufactured in standardized package layouts to make them easily interchangeable.Fuse bodies may be made of ceramic, glass, plastic, fiberglass, molded mica laminates,or molded compressed fiber depending on application and voltage class.

Cartridge (ferrule) fuses have a cylindrical body terminated with metal end caps.Some cartridge fuses are manufactured with end caps of different sizes to preventaccidental insertion of the wrong fuse rating in a holder, giving them a bottle shape.

Fuses for low voltage power circuits may have bolted blade or tag terminals which aresecured by screws to a fuse holder. Some blade-type terminals are held by spring clips.Blade type fuses often require the use of a special purpose extractor tool to remove themfrom the fuse holder.

Renewable fuses have replaceable fuse elements, allowing the fuse body andterminals to be reused if not damaged after a fuse operation. Fuses designed forsoldering to a printed circuit board have radial or axial wire leads. Surface mount fuseshave solder pads instead of leads.

High-voltage fuses of the expulsion type have fiber or glass-reinforced plastic tubesand an open end, and can have the fuse element replaced.

Semi-enclosed fuses are fuse wire carriers in which the fusible wire itself can bereplaced. The exact fusing current is not as well controlled as an enclosed fuse, and it isextremely important to use the correct diameter and material when replacing the fusewire, and for these reasons these fuses are slowly falling from favor. Current ratings refertble 1.7 below.


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Table 1.6: Types of fuse

No. Type of fuse Diagram

1 Wire

2 Domestic

Cartridge

Over currentfuse

Miniaturetime delay

fuse

3 High voltage


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Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure theirmechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely onmelting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operateunder fault conditions.

In a multi-phase power circuit, if only one fuse opens, the remaining phases will have

higher than normal currents, and unbalanced voltages, with possible damage to motors.Fuses only sense overcurrent, or to a degree, over-temperature, and cannot usually beused independently with protective relaying to provide more advanced protectivefunctions, for example, ground fault detection.

Some manufacturers of medium-voltage distribution fuses combine the overcurrentprotection characteristics of the fusible element with the flexibility of relay protection byadding a pyrotechnic device to the fuse operated by external protective relays.

Table 1.7: Fuse rating versus wire diameter

Fuse wire rating (A) Cu Wire diameter (mm)

3 0.15

5 0.2

10 0.35

15 0.5

20 0.6

25 0.75

30 0.85

45 1.25

60 1.53

80 1.8100 2


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iv. Circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is todetect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.

Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can

be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakersare made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual householdappliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding anentire city. Types of circuit breaker:

a. Low-voltage circuit breakers- Molded Case Circuit Breaker –MCCB 2500A- Miniature Circuit Breaker – MCB 100A

b. Magnetic circuit breakersc. Thermal magnetic circuit breakersd. Common trip breakerse. Medium-voltage circuit breakersf. High-voltage circuit breakersg. Residual-current device RCD or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)

h. Residual current breaker with over-current protection (RCBO)i. Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)

The sample design miniature circuit breaker components above:1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates

the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designedso they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This issometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.

2. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.4. Terminals5. Bimetallic strip.6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of

the device after assembly.7. Solenoid

8. Arc divider/extinguisher

Figure 1.28: Two-poll miniature circuit breaker


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1.4.4 Standard Graphic Symbol In Wiring System

Table 1.8: Types of electrical symbol

No Name Graphic symbol

11-fit

Fluorescent

2 DoubleFluorescent

31-fit Wall

Fluorescent

4Double WallFluorescent

5Circle

Fluorescent

6 Filament lamp

7 Glob lamp

8Wall glob

lamp

9 Wall lamp

10Double wall

lamp

11Chandelier

lamp

12 Spotlight

13 1 Way switch

14 2 way switch

15Intermediation

lamp

16 Pull lamp

17Dimmer light

switch

185A 3 pin

outlet socket

1913A 3 pin

outlet socket

2015A 3 pin

outlet socket

21Telephone

socket outlet

22TV antenna

socket

23 Electric bell

24Distribution

board

25 Ceiling fan

26 Exhaust fan

27 Wall fan

28 Fan regulator

29Hot unitcontrol

30Water heater

point

31 Air conditioner

unit

32Cook control

unit

33 Circuit breaker

34Miniature

circuit breaker

35Current

balance circuitbreaker

36 Fuse

37 Switch fuse

38Neutral

connection

39Kilo-Watt/hour

Meter

40 Earthing

41Lightningcollector

42 Connector box


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1.5 Safety Procedures and Rules for Electrical Installation SystemThe Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 sets out the general health and safety duties

of employers, employees and the self-employed. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989,which were made under the Act, require precautions to be taken against the risk of death orpersonal injury from electricity in work activities.

Duties are placed on employers to ensure, amongst other things, that employeesengaged in such work activities on or near electrical equipment, implement safe systems ofwork, have the technical knowledge, training or experience to carry out the work safely, andare provided with suitable tools, test equipment and personal protective equipmentappropriate to the work they are required to carry out.

Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act employees are required to co-operate withtheir employer to enable the requirements of the regulations to be met. This includescomplying with any instructions given on matters such as safe systems of work. TheElectricity at Work Regulations 1989 requires that employees themselves comply with theregulations.

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require employers to

make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety both of theiremployees and of other persons arising out of, or in connection with, the conduct of theirundertakings. Where five or more persons are employed, the employer must record thesignificant findings of these risk assessments.

In the context of risks arising from live work, regulation 14 of the Electricity at Workregulations 1989 requires that:

No person shall be engaged in any work activity on or so near any live conductor (otherthan one suitably covered with insulating material so as to prevent danger) that dangermay arise unless;i. It is unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to be deadii. It is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to be at work on or near it while it is

liveiii. Suitable precautions (including where necessary the provision of suitable protective

equipment) are taken to prevent injury

1.5.1 Institution of Electrical Engineer (IEE) Standard for Electrical Installation

i. Legal requirementsa. In accordance with Regulation 12 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994

states that every wiring in an installation must be supervised by Wireman withphase restrictions Single or Three Phase Restrictions. Once completed, Wiremanshall certify Supervision and a Certificate of Completion

b. In accordance with Regulation 13 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994

states that the installation Wiring shall be tested by the restriction or by WiremanSingle Phase with Restrictions Phase Three authorized to test any installation,and to be Test Certificate to verify the installation

c. In accordance with Regulation 14 (1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 statesSupervision Certificate and Certificate of Completion and Testing in regulations12 and 13 shall be respectively in Form G and H are specified in the FirstSchedule

ii. TestingUpon completion of the wiring, some testing of wiring installations should

performed for confirmation of wiring and equipment operating safely installed tobe used. Before testing was conducted the inspection shall be made. Decision

inspection / supervision and testing must use. For confirmation of the Test CertificateForm applied, the following tests should be performed:


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a. Continuity testb. Insulation Resistance Testc. Polarity testd. Earth Electrode Resistance Teste. Testing Residual Current Devices

T a b l e 1 . 9 : S t a n d a r d o f e l e c t r i c a

l w i r i n g


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1.5.2 Safety Procedure and RegulationTo comply with regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (work on or near

live conductors), dead working should be the normal method of carrying out work on electricalequipment and circuits.

Live working, which includes not only working on live uninsulated conductors but also

working so near live uninsulated conductors that there is a risk of injury, should only becarried out in circumstances where it is unreasonable to work dead.

Typically this would include some types of fault finding and testing (including the livetesting requirements of BS 7671 – Requirements for Electrical Installations (IEE WiringRegulations)), but only where the risks are acceptable and where suitable precautions aretaken against injury, including the provision of adequate training and personal protectiveequipment (PPE).

Pressure to carry out live work is becoming more common in areas such as constructionsites, high cost manufacturing and in retail outlets operating twenty-four hours per day, sevendays a week.

Irrespective of these pressures, the requirements of the regulations still apply in suchsituations and live working should only be carried out when justified using the criteriaexplained in HSG85. For systems where the supply has been cut off to allow dead working,regulation 13 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 applies as follows:

Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent electrical equipment, which has beenmade dead in order to prevent danger while work is carried out on or near that equipment,from becoming electrically charged during that work if danger may thereby arise.

This regulation therefore requires that adequate precautions are taken to ensure thatconductors and equipment cannot inadvertently be energised while the work is taking place – this is the process of isolation.

The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 definition of ‘isolation’ is given in regulation 12and means the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source ofelectrical energy in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure. In effect thismeans not just cutting off the supply but also ensuring that the means of disconnection issecure, as described in this Guide. In most instances this will require securing the means ofdisconnection in the OFF position and it is highly recommended that a caution notice or labelis posted at the point of disconnection as described in the Guide under ‘Safe isolationprocedures’.

Of equal importance is regulation. This requires that employers ensure that all employeesinvolved in work on electrical equipment are competent. Employees should be instructed on,and trained in, the implementation of safe systems of work. If they have not received suchtraining and instruction, they should only work under the supervision of a competent person.

For the best of practice guide to safe isolation and control of the working practices onelectrical systems must be consider these aspect, it’s:

i. Site safety managementii. Safe isolation procedure

a. When isolating the main source of energy, it is also essential to isolate anysecondary sources (such as standby generators, uninterruptible power suppliesand micro generators).

b. Where there is no such local means of isolation or where there is a risk ofreinstatement of the supply, the circuit or equipment to be worked on should besecurely isolated by one of the following methods- Isolation using a main switch or distribution board switch-disconnected

- Isolation of individual circuits


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c. It is preferable that a final circuit distribution board is not energised until all of itsfinal circuits have been completed, and inspected and tested- Isolation of individual circuits protected by circuit-breakers- Isolation of individual circuits protected by fuses

Note:In TT systems, the incoming neutral conductor cannot reliably be regarded as

being at Earth potential. This means that for TT supplies, a multi-poleswitching device which disconnects the line and neutral conductors must beused as the means of isolation. For similar reasons, in IT systems, all polesof the supply must be disconnected.

In these circumstances, single pole isolation, such as by fuses or single-polecircuit-breakers, is not acceptable.

iii. Electrical permit workiv. Caution noticev. Proving dead isolated equipment or circuitsvi. Additional precautions

a. New installationb. Alterations and additionsc. Circuits under automatic controld. Neutral conductore. Protective conductorsf. Proving dead unused or unidentified cables

vii. Identification of devices suitable for isolation


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Figure 1.29: Steps to safe isolation


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Figure 1.30: Pocket guide to isolation procedure

Figure 1.31: Caution notice


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1.6 Green Technology on Electrical Installation System

What is green electricity?“Green electricity’' means electricity produced from sources which do not cause these impactsupon the environment. Of course, every type of electricity generation will have some impact,but some sources are much greener than others. The cleanest energy sources are those

which utilize the natural energy flows of the Earth. These are usually known as renewableenergy sources, because they will never run out.

1.6.1 Latest Green Electrical Technology by Wind Technology and Innovation

i. Wind power plantWind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such

as using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power,wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Large wind farms consist ofhundreds of individual windturbines which are connected to

the electric power transmissionnetwork. Offshore wind is steadierand stronger than on land, andoffshore farms have less visualimpact, but construction andmaintenance costs areconsiderably higher. Smallonshore wind farms provideelectricity to isolated locations.Utility companies increasingly buysurplus electricity produced bysmall domestic wind turbines.

Wind power, as an alternativeto fossil fuels, is plentiful,renewable, widely distributed,clean, produces no greenhousegas emissions during operationand uses little land. The effects onthe environment are generally lessproblematic than those from otherpower sources.

Wind power is very consistentfrom year to year but hassignificant variation over shorter

time scales. The intermittency ofwind seldom creates problemswhen used to supply up to 20% oftotal electricity demand, but as theproportion increases, a need toupgrade the grid, and a loweredability to supplant conventionalproduction can occur.

Power managementtechniques such as having excesscapacity storage, geographicallydistributed turbines, dispatch able

backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting andimporting power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is

Figure 1.32: Wind power plant technology


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low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits theelectricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur.

A turbine works by converting kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy.Energy used directly by machinery, then the machine is referred to as a windmill. Theenergy converted to electricity, is known as a wind generator. Wind turbine

technology is a great thing, because it allows us to still provide enough energy for ourmodern day needs at our disposal. A turbine makes it electricity by using wind. Thewind force turns the blades a wind turbine which are connected to a shaft, and theshaft is connected to a generator which creates the electricity. Turbine's produce from50-750 kilowatts. Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axisabout which the turbine rotates.

Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axisturbines are less frequently used. Another way to classify wind turbines is thelocation. Whether they are used onshore or offshore, or even aerial wind turbines.High-tech turbines equal low environmental impact. Offshore wind turbines areincreasing and are by far the largest wind turbine operation. That’s why wind power isgaining public approval and generating increased awareness.

It is also becoming economically competitive with more conventional powersources a fact that’s greatly improving its prospects as a viable energy source. Theprocess behind wind energy is pretty simple. It starts, of course, with the wind, whichis actually a form of energy. Wind is caused by the sun’s heating of the atmosphere,the irregularities of the earth's surface and its rotation.

ii. High Altitude Wind Power with Yo-Yo Kites

Some of the most powerful (and energy-dense) winds on Earth are literally out ofreach of conventional wind turbines, but one wind power startup aims to harvestenergy from them with giant kites and some yo-yo action.

The Turin-based startup Kite Gen isn't the only one searching for the holy grail of

high altitude wind power, but their approach is a bit different from other methods,which seek to generate power at altitude and then send it down a tether to theground. The Kite Gen system leaves all of the generating equipment on the ground,saving weight and money in the air, and instead uses the physical traction from thekite's tether to generate electricity.

.

Figure 1.33: Kite gen


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Once launched, the company's kites are automatically piloted in a predefinedflight path (covering a much larger area than a conventional turbine) using on-boardavionic sensors to maximize the power generation. The kites are tethered to theground unit with Dyneema tethers, and the pull on these tethers is what generateselectricity. When the kites reach the end of their tether (while turning spinning drumsattached to alternators), the angle of the kites are repositioned to present minimum

resistance to the wind and the cables are then rewound to begin another phase ofpower generation. According to Kite Gen, rewinding the cables does consumeenergy, but only a fraction of what is produced by the kites.

iii. Invelox wind turbineInvelox wind power generation technology, Sheerwind tests result its turbine

could generate six times more energy than the amount produced by traditional

turbines mounted on towers. Besides, the costs of producing wind energy withInvelox are lower, delivering electricity with prices that can compete with natural gasand hydropower.

Invelox takes a novel approach to wind power generation as it doesn’t rely onhigh wind speeds. Instead, it captures wind at any speed, even a breeze, from aportal located above ground. The wind captured is then funneled through a ductwhere it will pick up speed.

The resulting kinetic energy will drive the generator on the ground level. Bybringing the airflow from the top of the tower, it’s possible to generate more powerwith smaller turbine blades.

As to the sixfold output claim, as with many new technologies promising aperformance breakthrough, it needs to be viewed with caution. SheerWind makes the

Figure 1.34: Kite height – high altitude wind


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claim based on its own comparative tests, the precise methodology of which is notentirely clear.

Figure 1.35: Invelox turbine


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1.6.2 Latest Green Electrical Technology by Solar Technology and Innovation

i. Solar power systemSolar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using

photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentratedsolar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of

sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using thephotoelectric effect. Sunlight can be converted:a. Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power, concentrated solar

thermal, and CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area ofsunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area.

b. Solar thermal energy (STE) is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermalenergy (heat).

Figure 1.36: Power of sun cycle


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ii. Solar power productTable 1.10: Product of solar energy

No. Item Picture

1

ER Emergency Ready Solar andHand-Crank Powered Emergency

LED Flashlight with Radio andMobile Phone Charger

2 Sunforce 60-Watt Solar Charging Kit

3 Waterproof Dynamo Solar Flashlight

4Hybrid Solar Cooker Sun Oven

Portable Cooker by Sun BDCorporation

5Garden Creations Solar-Powered

LED Accent Light, Set of 8

6SOLARBAK Solar Powered TakeYour Power With You Backpack


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7Solar Powered White LED Light

Globe

8 Solar boat

9 Solar roof

10Brunton Solar Roll Flexible Solar

Module


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1.7 Reference

BooksEgan M David (1986). The Building Fire Safety Concept. University Technology Malaysia,

Skudai.

Fullerton R. L. (1979). Building Construction in Warm Climates. Volume 1, 2, 3. OxfordUniversity Press, United Kingdom.

Hall F. (2000). Building Services & Equipment. Pearson Limited, England.

MS EN 81-1:2012. Malaysian Standard. Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation ofLift- Part1: electric Lifts (first revision). Department of Standards Malaysia.

Nor Rizman (2010). Risk Assessment for Demolition Works In Malaysia. Faculy of CivilEngineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Undergraduatethesis.

Prashant A/L Tharmarajan (2007(. The Essential Aspects of Fire Safety Management In Hihg-Rise Buildings. University Teknologi Malaysia. Degree of master science thesis.

Riger W. Haines, Douglas C. Hittle (2006). Control System for Heating, Ventilating and AirConditioning. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S., Grondzik, Walter T., and Alison G. Kwok, (2006).Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 10th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey:John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006.

Tan, C. W. and Hiew, B.K., (2004), “Effective Management of F ire Safety in a High-RiseBuilding”, Buletin Ingenieur vol. 204, 12-19.

JournalsN.H. Salleh and A.G. Ahmad. (2009). Fire Safety Management In Heritage Buildings: The

Current Scenario In Malaysia. CIPA Symposium Kyoto Japan. UIAM and USM.

Code of Practices Approved Code Of Practice For Demolition: Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992.

Issued And Approved By The Minister Of Labour September 1994.

Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works. (2002 ed).

Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings 2004. Published by the Building Department.Printed by Taiwan Government Logistics Department.

Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings (2009). Malaysia Standard Supersede Ms 282Part 1: 1975. Technical Committee For Construction Practices Under TheSupervision Of Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia.

Demolition Work Code Of Practice (July 2012). Australian Government.

Work Health and Safety (Demolition Work Code of Practice) Approval 2012. AustralianCapital Territory. By Dr Chris Bourke, Minister for Industrial Relations.


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Others Publishing

Coby Frampton. Benchmarking World-class maintenance. CMC Charles Brooks Associates,Inc.

Electrical Installation and Systems (2006). Training Package UEE06. Industry Skills Council, Australia.

Fire Safety Manual (2002). Florida Atlantic University USA.

Garis panduan Pendawaian Elektrik di bangunan Kediaman (2008). Suruhanjaya TenagaMalaysia. Jabatan Keselamatan Elektrik.

Laws of Malaysia. Act 341: Fire Services Act 1988. Publish by The Commissioner Of LawRevision, Malaysia Under The Authority Of The Revision Of Laws Act 1968 InCollaboration With Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd 2006.

Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency.

(August 2010). Release 3.0.

Principles of Home Inspection: Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. (2010). Educational CourseNote.

Routine Maintenance Modules. Part II.

Uniform Building By Law 1984. (1996). MDC Legal Advisers: MDC Publishers Printers

Guidelines For Applicants For A Demolition Licence Issued Under The Occupational Safety And Health Regulations 1996. Occupational Safety And Health Act 198. TheGovernment of Commerce, Western Autralia.

Websites

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety

http://www.usfa.fema.gov/citizens/home_fire_prev/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations

http://academia.edu/406774/Demolition_Work_in_Malaysia_The_Safety_Provisions

http://www.mbam.org.my/mbam/doc/news/010-05Oct09-COP%20Demolition%20Works-corrected%20on%20%2030th%20sept%202009-1.doc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition

http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/700/Demolition%20Work.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning


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http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/heat-island-sprawl.html

http://www.projectnoah.org/education

http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/other_methodological_issues/interactions_with_ozone_layer/application/pdf/subgene.pdf

http://www.cibse.org/Docs/barney2.doc

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_Services/Vertical_Transportation

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