11 FireFighter Study Guide

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2011 Firefighter Examination

Study Guide


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Table of Contents

Introduction 2

Overview of Test Phases

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Important Notes About the Exam 3

Map to Citywide Training and Testing Center 3

Directions to Citywide Training and Testing Center 3

Scoring 4

Phase IMultiple-Choice Examination 4

General Test Taking Strategies for Phase I 4

A Quick Overview of the Answer Sheet 5

Multiple-Choice Subtests 5

Subtest 1: Information Gathering 5 Subtest 2: Mathematics, Logic, and Reasoning 6

Subtest 3: Gears, Levers and Pulleys 9 Subtest 4: Map Reading and Following Directions 11 Subtest 5: Reading Comprehension 13 Subtest 6: Tool Identification and Uses 16

Phase IIPhysical Capability Test (PCT) 23

Important Notes Regarding the PCT 23

Stair Climb (Stairmaster StepmillTM) 24 Victim Rescue 24 Hose Advance 24 Ceiling Breach and Pull 24

Muscle Groups Tested 24

Preparing for the PCT 25 Aerobic Training Program 25 Guidelines for Resistance Training 27 Stretching Exercises 31

Phase III-Firefighter Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM) 36

Important Notes Regarding FOAM 36

Scoring Dimensions for FOAM 36

Problem Sensing and Resolution 36 Interpersonal Relations 36

FOAM Preparation Tips 37

Confidentiality 37

Final Firefighter Examination Results 38


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2

Introduction

The Entry-Level Firefighter Examination for the City of Columbus is designed to test theknowledge, skills, and abilities that are important to the job of firefighter with the City of

Columbus, Ohio.

This study guide is designed to help candidates perform at their best in the Firefighter Entry-LevelExamination process. It contains information about the test, sample questions, and information ontest-taking strategies that may improve your score. Reading this guide and studying pertinentcontent may assist you in preparing for the Firefighter examination. It is recommended that youread the information contained in this study guide and attend one of the Information Sessions toacquaint yourself with the testing process.

Overview of Test Phases

The Firefighter Entry-Level Examination is a multi-phase test. The entire examination process

consists of three phases. The three phases are as follows:

Phase IMultiple-Choice ExamSubtestsInformation GatheringMathematics, Logic and ReasoningGears, Pulleys, LeversMap Reading and Following DirectionsReading ComprehensionTool Identification and Uses

Phase IIPhysical Capabilities Test (PCT)

EventsStair ClimbVictim RescueHose DragCeiling Breach and Pull

Phase IIIFire Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM)Scored AbilitiesProblem Sensing & ResolutionInterpersonal Relations

Later sections of this study guide will provide more specific descriptions of the phases.


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Important Notes About the Exam

Late candidates WILL NOT be admitted into the exam, so arrive early to avoiddisappointment. Once the exam instructions begin, no additional candidates will beadmitted to the testing room.

Please bring your admission letter and your drivers license to the test site.

All phases of the examination process including the Information Sessions will take place atthe City of Columbus Citywide Training Facility, 750 Piedmont Road, Columbus, OH43224. Questions call (614) 645-0879.

Map to the Citywide Training and Testing Center

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*Map is not drawn to scaleDirections to the Citywide Training and Testing Facility

The Citywide Training and Testing Facility is located off of Interstate 71, approximately 4.5 milesnorth of downtown. From 71, take the N. Broadway exit (exit # 114) and head east 0.2 miles toMaize Road. Turn left (north) on Maize Road and proceed 0.5 miles to Carolyn Avenue. Turnleft (west) on Carolyn Avenue and continue 0.3 miles to the main gate.

The Carolyn Avenue gate should be open weekdays 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. On evenings andweekends, the Carolyn Avenue gate may be closed. If so, please head south on Beulah Road,and enter through the gate located on Piedmont Road.

There are two buildings in the City of Columbus North Complex. The Training and TestingFacility is the southernmost building. Parking is available to the north, east, and south of thebuilding. Follow the signs to enter the building.

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Scoring

The entry-level firefighter exam will be scored as follows:

Phase I Pass/FailPhase II Pass/FailPhase III Band/Fail

The Multiple-Choice and Physical Capabilities Test phases of the examination process will bescored on a pass/fail basis. Your oral exam score will be weighted as 100% of the final score forthose who pass. Only those who receive passing scores on all phases of the examinationprocess will be placed on the eligible list.

Phase I Multiple-Choice Exam

This section of the study guide provides information on the Multiple-Choice Examination. It isdesigned 1) to provide you with strategies for taking the test; and 2) to give you a betterunderstanding of the content of the examination.

Calculators and dictionaries are prohibited during this phase of the examination process.

General Test Taking Strategies for Phase I

Try to get a good night's sleep before the test. It is important that you are well rested so youcan do your best.

Eat appropriately prior to the test. Too little or too much food can hurt, rather than help.

Be sure you know where the test center is located. It is recommended that you arrive beforeyour scheduled time. Refer to your admission letter for the exact date and time. Driving bythe exam location on a date prior to your exam may be helpful.

Business attire is not required. Dress comfortably. We recommend that you bring asweatshirt or sweater and dress in layers so that you can adjust your comfort to fit thetemperature of the room.

When you arrive at the test site you are to check in and you will then be assigned a seat. Tryto relax and get comfortably settled as quickly as possible.

Be sure to listen and follow all directions.

Do not waste time on problems that are too hard. Skip them and go to the next question. If

time permits, you may go back later. There is no penalty for guessing.


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A Qu ick Overview of the Answer Sheet

There are some important things you will need to know about the booklet and answer sheet:

When you have chosen your answer to a test question, find the number of that question on theanswer sheet.

Fill in the lettered rectangle that matches the answer you have picked.

Blacken the rectangle you have picked with a heavy pencil mark. Be certain to darken therectangle completely.

Erase completely any answers you wish to change. Do not cross them out.

Do not make any unnecessary marks on your answer sheet.

You should not mark more than one answer to any question. In all test sections, multipleanswers will be scored as wrong answers.

Multiple-Choice Subtests

The multiple choice exam includes many types of test items which are divided into six subtests:1) Information Gathering; 2) Mathematics, Logic, Reasoning; 3) Gears, Pulleys, Levers; 4) MapReading; 5) Reading Comprehension; and 6) Tool Identification, Tool Uses. The test will covereach of these six subtests; although the subtests are numbered in this guide, the subtests mayappear in any order on the examination.

Subtest 1Information Gathering

This portion of the exam is designed to test your ability to distinguish between important andunimportant information, and your ability to recall events accurately, with the use of aids such asnotes or reports.

You will watch simulated versions of typical runs which Firefighters may encounter. Thesesimulations will be presented as a video presentation in the form of a series of still pictures withaudio. You will be permitted to take notes while viewing the scenarios. You will be shown all ofthe scenarios before beginning the examination. After completing all other sections of theexamination, you will be asked specific questions pertaining to the scenarios. You will bepermitted to use your notes while answering the questions. You will not be tested on firepolicies, or procedures, etc.

In format ion Gathering Study A reas:

To prepare for this portion of the examination, you may practice note taking skills while listeningto and watching others or while viewing segments of information provided on television or other

media. It is important to be able to take notes of critical information that may be asked later.The critical information that may be asked during the examination includes:

Name(s) and address(es) of victim(s)Nature of injuryMedical history of victimCare given to victimAny unusual occurrences


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While viewing the scenario(s), record or make notes regarding the important information listedabove.

Subtest 2Mathematics , Log ic, and Reasonin g

The purpose of this section is to test your ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide wholenumbers, fractions, and decimals, and your ability to apply formulas/math principles to practical

situations. This section will also test your logic and reasoning skills.

Mathemat ics, Logic , and Reasoning Study A reas:

1. Basic arithmetic (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing)2. Word/story problems3. Mathematics involving fractions and decimals4. Conversion Problems (inches/feet/yards, ounces/pounds, ounces/pints/quarts/gallons, and

seconds/minutes/hours)5. Simple geometry such as finding the area or perimeter of a rectangle6. Mathematical reasoning and logic

The following conversions and formulas are available to you in this study guide. Thisinformation, however, will notbe provided to you during the test. You should study and gain agood understanding of this information prior to taking the test.

12 inches = 1 foot; 3 feet = 1 yard; 1,760 yards = 1 mile;100 centimeters = 1 meter; 1000 meters = 1 kilometer1 acre = 4,840 square yards

16 ounces = 1 pound;2 cups = 1 pint; 16 ounces = 1 pint; 2 pints = 1 quart; 4 quarts = 1 gallon;

60 seconds = 1 minute; 60 minutes = 1 hour; 24 hours = 1 day;52 weeks = 1 year; 365 days = 1 year

area of a rectangle = width x lengthperimeter of a rectangle = 2(width) + 2(length)

NOTE: Candidates will NOT be allowed to use calculators during the exam.

Mathemat ics, Logic , and Reasoning Sample Quest ions

1. 2/3 +3/4+5/8=?

A. 2 1/24

B. 10/24C. 10/15D. 1 23/24

The answer is A. To complete this problem you must first find the lowest common denominator.In this case 24 is the lowest common denominator. Each fraction must be converted to have thedenominator of 24 before adding the fractions. The problem then looks like this 16/24 + 18/24 +15/24=? Now the numerators may be added, this totals 49/24. This should be reduced to themixed number of 2 1/24 (Answer A).


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2. 2.6 200 =?

A. 13B. 1.3C. 0.13D. 0.013E. 0.0013

The answer is D. See solution below.

.013200 2.600

2 006006000

3. Which of the numbers below best completes the series: 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, _____

A. 256

B. 265C. 274D. 283

The answer is A. The difference between each number in the progression increases by two, asshown below.144 121= 23169 144= 25196 169= 27225 196= 29225 + 31= 256 (Answer A)

Also, the sequence is 112, 122, 132, 142,

4. What is 20% of 650?

A. 120B. 130C. 150D. 520E. 1300

The answer is B. To calculate the answer, transform 20% into a decimal. (.20) Then multiply.20 and 650. Place the decimal two digits from the right to account for the decimal places in the

problem.

650x.20000

1300130.00

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5. You are fighting a fire at a plastics manufacturing company. The entire building sits on a cityblock that is a rectangle consisting of exactly one acre. You know that the length of theblock is 121 yards, but you need additional hose to cover the width of the block. If you needexactly the same length hose as the width of the block, how may yards of additional hose doyou need, if one acre is equal to 4,840 square yards?

A. 40

B. 121C. 2,420D. 4,719

The answer is A. To calculate square yards, you multiply length by width. Since one acre is4,840 square yards, you divide 4,840 by 121 (length) to get the width, which is 40 yards. This isequal to the amount of additional hose that is needed.

6.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

G J E X K T W A L P C I R U Q Z B O H Y F D N V M S

For this item, there is a message written is a secret code. For this example, in order to breakthe secret code, you must use the table above. The letters in the second row represent theletters in the first row. Therefore, the letter S in the second row actually represents Z, andQ in the second row represents O. The letters SQQ are equivalent to ZOO. Use the tableabove to break the code and answer the following question.

Rgyyh tgyako gingmh xoluch eqttkk lu yak rqouluw, jfy ak quim okgxh yak uknhzgzko gtykokgyluw g jqni qt qgyrkgi.

When does Matts father read the paper?

A. after drinking a morning cup of coffeeB. just before getting in the showerC. after eating a bowl of oatmealD. while listening to music on the radio

The sentence reads:

Matts father always drinks coffee in the morning, but he only reads the newspaper after eatinga bowl of oatmeal.

Therefore, the answer is C after eating a bowl of oatmeal.

7. VVWWVWVWWVV is to 66996969966 as WVWVWWVWWVWWVW is to

A. 69696696696696B. 96969969969969C. 96969669969969D. 69696996696969

See solution on next page.

The answer is B, because V=6 and W=9 and the sequences are as follows:


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V V W W V W V W W V V

6 6 9 9 6 9 6 9 9 6 6

W V W V W W V W W V W W V W9 6 9 6 9 9 6 9 9 6 9 9 6 9

Subtest 3Gears, Levers, and Pul leys

This portion of the exam is designed to test your knowledge of basic mechanical equipment andits operation. Test questions will focus on the identification of basic working principles of gears,levers, and pulleys. Illustrations may be used as part of the questions.

Gears, Levers, and Pul leys Study A reas:

Questions regarding some of the following facts and terms may be asked on this portion of themultiple-choice phase of the examination.

General Terms and Facts

counterweight: a weight of equal size or force to balance a weight pulling in the oppositedirection.

complicated machines: machines that have many moving parts.

force: strength or power, such as a push or a pull, applied to an object to cause movement.

friction: the force created when two objects touch or rub each other resisting movementbetween them.

gravity: the natural force that pulls all things toward the center of the earth.

load: an object you want to move.

simple machines: machines that have few moving parts.

torque: a twisting force that causes turning or a rotating movement.

work: moving an object from one place to another.

Gears

spur gears bevel gears worm gear rack and pinion

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bevel_gear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gears_large.jpg


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Gears

gearwheel (gear): a wheel with teeth around its edge that interlock with the teeth of anothergearwheel to create movement.

bevel gears have toothed wheels with sloping faces that mesh at a particular angle.

spur gears have toothed wheels that mesh to connect parallel shafts.

worm gears have a shaft with a screw thread.

If gearwheels are the same size, they turn at the same speed.

If one gear is bigger than the other they can be used to speed up or slow down movement or toincrease or decrease force.

Two spur gears interlocking will turn in the opposite direction of one another.

A larger spur gear turns with less speed but with greater force than a smaller spur gear.

Levers

Load (the box) Lever (the bar)

lever in the human body: elbow

load load

fulcrum

force force

pair of levers

lever: a simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that pivots on a supporting piece to pry up orlift a weight on one end by means of pushing or pulling force on the other end.

fulcrum or pivot: the point or support on which a lever pivots.

inclined plane: a simple machine that consists of a flat surface, such as a plank or a ramp, set atan angle that is less than 90 degrees.

A pair of levers, like scissors or pliers, has two lever arms joined at a pivot.

A small effort pushing down on the longer end of the bar can raise a large weight on the shorterend nearer the pivot.

When the pivot of a lever is further away from the load the force needed to lift the load isgreater.

When the pivot of a lever is in the middle of the lever the force needed to lift the load is equal tothe weight of the load.

When the pivot of a lever is moved closer to the load the force needed to lift the load is less thanthe weight of the load.

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Pulleys

simple pulley moveable pulley compound pulley block and tackle pulley

pulley: a wheel that has a rope looped around it, the rope fits a groove that runs around theedge of the wheel

compound pulley: two or more pulleys working together to decrease the effort needed to lift theload.

block and tackle: a compound pulley system that has more than one pulley wheel. The toppulley wheel, the block, is attached to a set point. The bottom pulley wheel, the tackle, issuspended on a rope passing through the block.

double pulley: this compound pulley system has two pulley wheels; pulling the rope raises thelower wheel and the load. With two wheels, only half the effort is needed to lift the load, but therope has to be pulled twice as far.

fixed pulley: a pulley that stays attached in one place.

moveable pulley: a pulley that is attached to a load.

simple pulley: changes the direction of the effort on a load. You pull up instead of down or viceversa. It consists of one wheel and rope. The amount of force required to raise the load is equalto its weight.

Running the rope around more pulley wheels enable less effort to be usedtwo wheels requirehalf the effort, three wheels, a third, and so on.

Subtest 4Map Reading and Fo l low ing Direct ion s

This section of the exam is designed to test your ability to follow directions and read maps. Forthis section of the exam you will answer questions regarding a map. You should have familiarity

with directions, north, east, south, and west when reading a map and be able to follow writtendirections related to the map.

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Map Reading and Fol lowing Direct ions Sample Quest ions

The following pages contain a map followed by the type of questions that may be asked on thisportion of the firefighters test.

1. What direction is the intersection of Arc Street and Worf Street from the intersection of AlanStreet and Lisa Street

A. NortheastB. NorthwestC. SoutheastD. Southwest

2. Which of the following streets is the southernmost street on the map?

A. FilterB. PalinC. MaggieD. Sid

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3. You are traveling west on Simpson street approaching Gilliam Street and need to take theshortest route to reach W. Moulder Street. Assuming all streets are two-way streets, whatdirection would you turn on to Gilliam Street?

A. northB. southC. east

D. west

Answers for map reading questions:C/C/B

Subtest 5Reading Comp rehension

This section of the exam is designed to test your ability to read a passage and then answerquestions based on that passage. In this section you will be given a passage to read andquestions to answer based on that passage. Please select the best answer based on thepassage. When answering the questions, you may refer back to the passage if necessary.

Do not try to memorize the text as you read. It is more useful to try to understand the events

and relationships described. You can always go back to the text to check for descriptions andactions after you read the questions.

Reading Com prehension Sample Quest ions

The following pages contain two sample reading passages along with examples of the types ofquestions that may be asked.

Reading Passage 1Physic al Demand s of Firef ight ing

Fighting fires is tough business, and firefighters need to make sure they are physically fit. Eventhough firefighters today make more emergency medical runs than fire runs, fires still occur. At

the fire scene, firefighters work as a team with each team member contributing to the total effort.Typical tasks include extending hose lines that may be charged or dry, carrying and climbingladders, using saws or axes to make holes in roofs, or using a pike pole to tear down plasterand drywall. Uncommon, but important tasks, include removing victims from the fire structure orpulling oneself or another firefighter out of a burning building.

To see how demanding the job is, consider the task of extending a fire hose. The fire hose isneatly folded on the bed of the fire truck in 100-foot sections, and each section weighs close to50 pounds. A single firefighter may have to pull the hose off the truck, and drag it into thebuilding. Before advancing the fire hose into the fire, the hose will be filled with water. Whenfilled with water, the hose is said to be charged. Now, when the firefighter drags a hose, eachten-foot section can weigh close to 50 pounds! Few would argue that the firefighter needs to be

in good physical condition to perform this task quickly.

Firefighting is so physically intense that demands made of the cardiovascular system have beenstudied. In one of these studies, firefighters wore a Holter electronic cardiographic monitor thatallowed their heart rates to be monitored while they fought fires. Researchers found that duringtheir peak work effort, their hearts worked at near maximum capacity. In one case, a firefighterworked so hard that his heart beat at a rate of 180 beats per minute for one hour and 56minutesa truly remarkable feat that few can match!


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To make sure they are ready to respond at the fire scene, men and women, who are ColumbusFirefighters must take time to stay in shape. Staying in shape commonly has threecomponents: strength, aerobic, and flexibility training. Strength training requires the individualto develop the muscular capacity of the arms, legs, and torso. Good exercises for developingstrength include push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, and 40-yard sprints. Aerobic training focuses onkeeping the heart and lungs fit. Good exercises for aerobic training include running orswimming for more than 12 minutes at a time. Many firefighters can run a mile and a half in

twelve minutes. Finally, flexibility is concerned with being able to reach and twist and isobtained by doing stretching exercises. Clearly, firefighters must commit to be fit!

1. The main point made in this passage is that

A. adding water to a fire hose increases its weightB. doing push-ups will help one drag fire hosesC. firefighters must maintain their physical abilitiesD. firefighting involves physical competition among the firefighters

The answer is C. This passage gives examples of how physically demanding the job offirefighter is, provides results of studies that have been completed about the physical demand of

the job, and provides examples of techniques firefighters can do to maintain their physicalfitness. Answers A and B are simply examples which support the main theme of this passage,but are not comprehensive enough to be considered the main point. Answer D is not mentionedin the passage and is therefore incorrect.

2. According to the passage, which task is performed least frequently?

A. carrying laddersB. climbing laddersC. dragging victimsD. making holes in roofs

The answer is C. In the first paragraph examples of typical tasks performed by firefighters aregiven, among these carrying ladders, climbing ladders, and making holes in roofs are listed. Thelast sentence in the paragraph gives examples of uncommon tasks, dragging victims is listed asan uncommon task. The word uncommon indicates tasks that would be performed lessfrequently than typical tasks.

3. The word cardiographic is unusual. Based on the context of the paragraph, it most nearlymeans

A. a 12-lead EKGB. a device showing heart rateC. a diagram showing the cardiovascular system

D. a snapshot of the heart at a given moment

The answer is B. In the third paragraph it is stated, firefighters wore a Holter electroniccardiographic monitor that allowed their heart rates to be monitored while they fought fires.

Answer A is incorrect because not enough information was given in the passage to indicate thatthis monitor was a 12-lead EKG. Answers C and D are also incorrect because no mention wasmade of a diagram as mentioned in C or snapshot as mentioned in D.


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Readin g Pass age 2Test Taker

I am the worlds worst test taker. My test scores never reflect how much I know. Every time Itake a test, its the same. It starts the day before. I become anxious, worried, terrified; I canteat, I cant sleep. Why do I have to take this test? Dont they know how much information Ihave in my head?

On the way to the test I cant concentrate on anything. All I can think about is how bad myscore will be, and what theyll think of me when they see that score. I know I will miss most ofthe answers, but not because I didnt know them. I will miss them because I cant take tests.But you try telling that to someone, that you understand everything even though it doesnt looklike it on paper. They wont listen. They think they know everything from one little number; 42out of 100 means youre nothing. It means everyone will label you, and overlook you foranything meaningful. This is not what we expected from you! Well, its what I expected. Thattest doesnt know who I am at all! I know who I am, let me pick the score I deserve. Then youwould better understand who I am. Im not a 42, Im a 98!

Walking into the room it gets worse, I start to sweat, my nerves are shot, and I can barely findmy seat. The directions are a blur. Did someone call my name? By the time I hear, You may

begin, Im so far gone, nothing can bring me back. For what seems like an eternity, I struggleto maintain my sanity. I try to read the words on the page, but they start swimming, and I cantcatch them. The entire world wants me to fail this test. How can I compete? Why should Ieven try? They have their mind made up that I am nothing, and they dont care what I have tosay about it. I feel lower than low. I look around the room for support, but no one even seesme. Everyone else is well on their way to a good score. I see them racing to the finish line andlaughing at me all the way. They hate me. Suddenly I hear the words, Stop. Put your pencilsdown. What? What do you mean? Im not done, this isnt fair! Im still working! Of course bythen its too late. By then the damage has been done. Whats the use anyway?

Now its time to get confirmation that the test was a disaster. As the papers are passed out,again I feel sick to my stomach. The Grim Reaper himself is walking toward my desk. I dont

want to turn the paper over, but I know I must. Just do it quick, like ripping off a band-aid. OK,1..2..3..GO!

What? Can this be right? I got a 94? Oh, a 94, OK, a 94. I can live with a 94. I mean, Imreally a 98, but this is good too. Ok, maybe they do know what theyre talking about. Hum,maybe I can do this after all. What? Whats that? We have a test tomorrow? Oh no, I dont feelso good..

1. The author of this passage feels the mostpressure from:

A. himselfB. the test administrator

C. fellow test takersD. his parents

2. The author feels that a bad score will mean

A. he will have to take the test againB. he doesnt understand the materialC. he is a worthless personD. others in the class are smarter


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3. The author may miss some of the test directions because

A. the test administrator is not clear enoughB. a fellow test taker is disturbing himC. he is too distraught to listenD. someone wants him to do poorly on the test

4. At the end of the passage, the author doesnt feel good because he

A. had a bad lunchB. feels defeated about his scoreC. is a pessimistD. still has test anxiety

5. The author likens the Test Administrator to the Grim Reaper because he feels the TestAdministrator

A. hates him

B. is delivering his fateC. has a glamorous jobD. is excited about his score

Answers for second reading passage:A/C/C/D/B

Subtest 6Tool Ident i f icat ion and Use

This section of the exam is designed to test your knowledge of common hand tools and their uses.You will be asked to identify tools and their uses from the following list of tools.

Tool Ident i f icat ion

The following pages contain the pictures and list of tools that you should be able to identifyduring the examination. The tool identification questions on the firefighter test will come from thefollowing listed and pictured tools.

Flat Head Screwdriver Phill ips Head Screwdriver

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Hex Head Screwdriver Scraper

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Hole Cutter Center Punch

Fish Tape Measur ing Tape C Clamp

Workshop Vise Ratchet or Socket Wrench (with adaptersand sockets)

Crowbar Pike Poles
http://cgi.ebay.com/5-WONDER-PRY-BARS-WRECKING-CROW-BAR-FREE-BONUS_W0QQitemZ4446636769QQcategoryZ42254QQrdZ1QQcmdZViewItemhttp://cgi.ebay.com/5-WONDER-PRY-BARS-WRECKING-CROW-BAR-FREE-BONUS_W0QQitemZ4446636769QQcategoryZ42254QQrdZ1QQcmdZViewItem


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Claw Hammer Rubber Mallet

Sledge Hammer Ball Peen Hammer

Box End Wrench Double-Handled Pipe Wrench

Tap Wrench

Crimping Tool Combination Wrench

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Open End Wrench Adjustable Wrench

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Cutting Pliers Locking Clamp Pliers Wire Stripper/Cutter

Tongue and Groove Pliers Long Nose Pliers Slip Joint Pliers


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Tin Snips Utility Snips Bolt Cutter

Hacksaw Crosscut Saw

Rip Saw

Keyhole Saw Halligan Tool

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Box End Wrench:It is a one piece wrench with enclosed openings that grip the faces of the boltor nut.

Double-Handled Tap Wrench:It is used to turn the square drive on taps.

Pipe Wrench:It is an adjustable end wrench that securely grips soft iron pipe and pipe fittings.

Crimping Tool:This is used to crimp electrical terminals and connectors, metal rings or tags onlivestock, and metal security seals on cargo carriers. A notary seal is also a crimping tool.

Combination Wrench:This is a double ended tool where one end is an open-ended wrench whilethe other end is a box-end wrench. Both ends generally fit the same size bolts.

Open-End Wrench: This is a one piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two oppositefaces of the bolt or nut. It is often double ended, with a different sized opening at each end.

Ad justable Wrench : Is an open-ended wrench with adjustable, usually smooth, jaws commonlyused to tighten and loosen nuts and bolts.

Cutting Pliers:Are used to sever or pinch off.

Locking Clamp: Is a type of gripping pliers also called lock jaw pliers or vise grip and are used toimprove grip.

Wire Stripper/Cutter: The center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting thewire. A manual wire stripper is used by rotating it around the insulation while applying pressure inorder to make a cut around the insulation. The insulation then pulls easily off the end. The wirecutter may have several notches of varying size, allowing the user to match the notch size to thewire size, and thereby eliminating the need for twisting. Once the device is clamped on, theremainder of the wire can simply be pulled out, leaving the insulation behind.

Tongue and Groove Pliers (Channel Lock Pliers): Have adjustable jaw sizes, which aredesigned to grip various sizes of round, hexagon, flat, or similarly shaped objects.

Long Nose Pliers (Needle Nose Pliers): Have long, narrow jaws for gripping in confined spaces.

Slip Joint Pliers: Tighten/loosen nuts and bolts and cut small gauge wire; they have two sizesettings.

Tin Snips:Are for cutting light sheet metal or corrugated galvanized iron.

Utility Snips:Are multi-purpose snips for cutting sheet metal, vinyl, plastic, rubber, and more.

Bolt Cutter: This is a scissors-like tool used for cutting heavy chains, bolts, and wire mesh.

Hack Saw: Is a saw used for cutting metal or hard materials. The blade can be placed such thatthe sawing occurs on the push stroke or as a result of pulling.

Crosscut Saw: It is designed to make crosscuts, such as cuts made in woodworking, a type of cutmade approximately at a right angle to the direction of the grain of the wood. This type of sawwould be used to cut across a trunk of a tree.

Rip Saw: It is designed for making rip cuts; that is, a cut with the grain of the wood. This designallows each tooth to act like a chisel, which prevents the saw from following grain lines.

Keyhole Saw: It is a long narrow saw that is used for cutting small features in building materialsuch as drywall and plywood.

Halligan Tool: It is commonly used in the fire and rescue service. It is useful in breaking throughmany types of locked doors, opening walls, and during vehicle rescue.


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Phase IIPhysical Capabilities Test (PCT)

The PCT consists of four events. These events require cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength,muscular endurance, and flexibility. Each event will be timed. During all events, you will wear a

forty-pound weighted vest, which approximates the weight of the clothing, equipment andbreathing apparatus that a firefighter normally wears during these types of activities.

Order Event Pass Point

1 Stair Climb 220 secondsmust stay on machine

2 Victim Rescue 39 seconds or less

3 Hose Advance 62 seconds or less

4 CeilingBreach and Pull

53 seconds or less

Important Notes Regarding the PCT

Prior to this phase of the examination, all candidates who pass the multiple-choice phase ofthe exam will be notified of their PCT test dates, along with dates prior to the test in whichcandidates can practice the actual PCT events.

Wear clothing appropriate for physically demanding work.

Wear sneakers or rubber soled shoes.

You will be provided with a forty-pound weighted vest during this phase of the exam. Youmust wear the forty-pound vest provided to you. You will also be provided gloves and ahelmet. However, if you do not want to use the gloves provided, you may bring your own.

Participants may not use any extraneous piece of equipment (e.g. harness, straps) that mayhelp them in an event. You may use only the material and equipment provided for the testevent. However, personal safety appliances (e.g. knee brace, ankle brace, back brace) willbe allowed, but they will not be provided.

Because the PCT is physically demanding, you are urged to drink plenty of fluids at thebeginning of the day, before the test, and continuing up until the time you are tested. Avoiddrinking caffeinated beverages. You are also advised to stretch and warm-up beforeparticipating in the test.

You must complete all events of the Physical Capabilities Test within the required time periods.If you cannot complete the test for any reason, you will automatically fail the test. The eventsare described, in the sequence completed, in the next sections.


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Stair Climb (Stairmaster Stepmil l)This event tests the ability to exert ones self for a long period of time without getting winded.This is a measure of strength or stamina. The muscles involved in this event include thefollowing: hip flexors and extensors, knee flexors and extensors, and plantar flexors.Equipmentrequired:forty-pound weighted vest. Wearing a forty-pound weighted vest you will be required

to mount a stair climber and climb continuously at level 2 for 30 seconds, at level 4 for 30seconds and at level 7 for 2 minutes and 40 seconds. The event ends when you request tostop, grab the handrails, you are no longer able to maintain the stepping cadence, or your timeis called. Leaning or hooking hands on or underneath handrails may disqualify applicants. A 4-minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Victim RescueThis event tests the ability to use the back and torso muscles to perform one or a series oftasks and the ability to maintain ones balance or remain stable while in a crouched position.The muscles involved in this event include the following: spinal extensors, shoulder extensors,and elbow flexors. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, and a helmet. Optional:gloves. You will be required to drag a 150-pound dummy through an obstacle course. There is

a ceiling over the course to prevent you from standing upright. The candidate must drag thedummy the full length of the obstacle course and across the finish line within 39 seconds. A 4-minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Hose AdvanceThis event tests the ability to exert continuous muscular resistance against an opposing force toperform a task over a short period of time. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, anda helmet. Optional: gloves. You will be required to pull a 50-foot hose through an obstaclecourse with two turns. There is a ceiling over the course to prevent you from standing upright.For this event candidates must drag the nozzle through the maze and across the finish linewithin 62 seconds. A 4-minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Ceiling Breach and PullThis event tests the ability to perform a series of tasks requiring muscle force without rest. Themuscles involved in this event include the following: shoulder flexors and extensors, and elbowflexors and extensors. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, helmet. Optional:gloves. You will begin by moving a simulated pike pole attachment with both hands and useupward thrusts to move the weights. You will then move to the next simulated pike poleattachment and use downward pulls to raise the weights. You will be required to do two upwardthrusts and one downward pull to complete a repetition. You will need to complete 4 repetitionswithin 53 seconds.

Muscle Groups Tested

The tasks a Columbus Firefighter performs require a variety of basic physical abilities. In orderto adequately assess these abilities, the Physical Capabilities Test (PCT) will include a range ofrequirements. Most of the major muscle groups will be tested (see the listing of events andassociated muscle groups) and the testing will require muscular strength, muscular endurance,and cardiovascular endurance. The demands on a muscle group to do work fall into one of thefollowing three general categories:


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Short-Term Exercise

Short-term exercise requires high intensity or high power output. This type of exercise lastsless than 30 seconds and relies on muscular strength.

Moderate Durat ion Exercise

Moderate duration exercise requires what is commonly known as muscular endurance.Although this type of exercise does require high power output, the extended duration of theexercise results in an ability to sustain relatively lower intensity than that in short-term exercise.This type of exercise usually lasts between 30 seconds and 2 minutes.

Long Durat ion Exerc ise

Long duration exercise requires cardiovascular endurance. Muscles working for more than 2minutes continuously rely heavily on oxygen delivery from the cardiovascular system (heart,lungs and blood vessels) to enable them to complete the task. This type of exercise lastslonger than 2 minutes. During the PCT, one event is designed to require a person to work

more than 2 minutes.

Preparing for the PCT

Events which constitute the PCT require the candidates to demonstrate their ability to performexercises that require short-term and long-duration exercise (muscular strength andcardiovascular endurance). As noted previously, all major muscle groups are involved. Thismeans that preparation for the PCT should be broad-based and should include all the majormuscle groups to be most effective.

Since the PCT is a test to determine your basic physical capabilities, an exercise trainingprogram that includes proper methods of training, appropriate frequency duration and intensity

of exercise sessions conducted over an adequate time frame (minimum of 8 weeks) can be ofsignificant value. In order to demonstrate your capability in each of the tested events, you mustdo exercise training (impose demands on the muscular and cardiovascular systems and causethem to adapt to that demand) to reach your potential. The potential for increase from the non-trained to the trained state will vary between individuals and will vary with your level of previousactivity. There is no doubt, however, that exercise training can have a significant benefit.

Guidelines for a Resistance Training Program that is designed to improve both muscularstrength and endurance and an Aerobic Training Program that is designed to enhancecardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance have been included in this study guide.These programs have been specifically developed to enhance all three of the categories andenhance performance. Please note that this is not the only way to adequately prepare for the

PCT. There are many methods used to develop a good training program. An experiencedprofessional with a background in exercise physiology, fitness, and training can be helpful indetermining an appropriate training program.

Aerobic Training Program

This program is based on Interval Training. Interval training involves alternating periods ofexercise and periods of rest or recovery. For example, a person may run 800 meters in 4minutes (the exercise period) and then jog slowly for 4 minutes (the recovery period), repeating


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this sequence 4 times for a daily workout. This would be generally described as 4 x 800 meterswith a 4 minute recovery between repetitions. Interval training has long been used by manyinterested in enhancing muscular endurance and cardiovascular endurance as we have definedthese categories. This program is based on a running program, which is likely to be mosteffective in training to prepare for the PCT. However, you may use swimming or cycling asmodes of exercise. To use swimming, divide the distance suggested for running by 4 using thesame times and principles. To use cycling as a mode of exercise, multiply the distance

suggested, by 2.5 and use the same times and principles.

Principles to Fol low

Always warm up prior to beginning each days workout. The warm up should consist of low-level exercise similar to the mode of exercise used for training (e.g. easy jog) and shouldlast 10-15 minutes.

Complete what is generally called warm down or cool down after each days intervalworkout. This should be similar to the warm up exercise routine.

Include stretching in your routine. Particularly stretch those muscle groups involved in thework done. See the Safe Stretching sheet for a guide.

Start gradually as you initiate your training program. The guide below helps you to begin at

a level of your present ability. However, it is easy to over-train early in your program so beconservative in the first 2-3 weeks.

Insure that this training program is suitable for you by consulting your physician for adviceregarding exercise.

Program

This program will consist of 2 types of interval workouts described below. They areCardiovascular Endurance (CE) and Muscular Endurance (ME). You should complete 2 CEinterval sessions per week and 2 ME interval sessions per week, for a total of 4 interval trainingsessions per week.

The first step in the program is to determine your best time to complete a 1.5 mile run. Thismust be done on a measured track. Most tracks are 400 meters and 6 laps are essentially 1.5miles. You are encouraged to put forth your best effort so that your time for the 1.5 mile is thebest you can accomplish. Your pace for interval training (CE and ME) is based on this time.

You will use the pace you were able to achieve and the chart below to determine your trainingprogram. Chart columns are defined as:

Type: The type of interval workout, either Cardiovascular Endurance (CE) or MuscularEndurance (ME).

Distance: The possible distances, in meters, you can use as the workout. Your workout may

include repetitions of the same distance (e.g. 4 x 800m) or repetitions of varying distances (e.g.1 x 800m, 1 x 1200m, 1 x 1600m). In other words, you can vary the distances in each trainingsession as long as you stay within the parameters for the type of interval workout. You shouldin fact vary these distances, at least from workout to workout.

Pace: This indicates the time in which you should complete each repetition, and is based onyour initial 1.5 mile time. 100% refers to the pace of your 1.5 mile run time. For example, if youcompleted the 1.5 run in 12 minutes this would be a pace of 8 minutes per mile (1600 meters), 4minutes for 800 meters, and 2 minutes for 400 meters, etc. 115% refers to 15% faster than your


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1.5 mile pace. (For example, the 12 minutes time for 1.5 mile run would result in a pace for 800meters of 3:24 minutes, etc.).

Rest/Relief: This refers to the type and duration of the non-work interval. A 1:1 ratio meansthat the relief interval is the same length as the exercise interval; 1:3 means that the rest intervalis 3 times longer than the exercise interval.

Interval Type Distance Pace Rest/Relief

CE 800, 1200, 1600 100% 1:1 slow jog

ME 200, 400, 600, 800 115% 1:3 rest

As you begin the program, the total distance of the exercise interval should be approximately 2miles and gradually increasing to 4 miles by the 4thweek of training.

Guidel ines for Resistance Training

Resistance training, also known as strength training or weight training, is any exercise where youwork against some type of resistance. Sources of resistance include your own body weight (e.g.when you perform push-ups or sit-ups), weight-stack machines, free weights (e.g., dumbbells andbarbells), as well as others.

Terminology:

There are some key terms that you should understand in order for these guidelines to be usefulin developing a resistance-training program. These include the following terms: resistance,repetition, set, and rest interval.

Resistance is the weight or load that the muscle or muscle group works against.

A repeti tion is the single, complete action of an exercisefrom the starting position to the midpoint and back to the starting position.

A set consists of a specified number of successive repetitions of an exercise.

The rest intervalis the time taken to rest between successive sets of an exercise or betweendifferent exercises in a routine.

For example, if you perform ten successive repetitions of an exercise, then you have performedone set of ten repetitions for that exercise. If you rest a minute and perform another tensuccessive repetitions, then you have performed two sets of ten repetitions with a rest interval ofsixty seconds. The muscle group(s) for which the exercise is designed will benefit to thegreatest extent only if the correct technique is utilized.

Technique

When performing resistance-training exercises, it is important that you use correct techniques.As a beginner, you should use light resistance and learn correct techniques. As you progressthrough your program, never sacrifice correct techniques for the sake of using heavierresistance.


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It is also important that you breathe regularly during the performance of resistance trainingexercises. Never hold your breath! Be sure to inhale and exhale during each repetition of anexerciseexhaling as you press, push or pull the weight and inhaling as you gradually returnthe weight to its starting position. Remember, do not hold your breath, and exhale on effort.

Guidelines

The following are general guidelines for the development of muscular strength:

Resistance: Select a resistance that allows you to perform at least 8, but no more than12,repetitions per set for each exercise in your routine. When you can perform 12 or morerepetitions per set, increase the resistance such that you perform only 8 repetitions per set.

Repetitions: Perform 8 to 12 repetitions per set for each exercise in your routine.

Sets: Perform 1 to 3 sets for each exercise in your routine. As you begin your resistancetraining program, perform only one set for each exercise. After a week or two, increase to twosets for each exercise. After a month, increase to three sets for each exercise.

Rest Interval: Rest at least 30 seconds, but no more than 60 seconds, between successivesets of an exercise or between the different exercises in your routine.

Frequency: Perform your resistance training routine 2 to 3 days per week with at least one dayof rest between resistance training sessions.

Sequence: A properly ordered exercise routine can increase the efficiency of your resistancetraining sessions. Exercises that target large muscles or muscle groups (e.g., the chest or back)should be performed before exercises that target smaller muscles or muscle groups (e.g., thebiceps and triceps). You also should alternate upper-body exercises and lower-body exercises.

Exercise Routine

The following resistance exercise training routine is one that utilizes weight-stack machines andcan be performed in a number of settings. This routine includes exercises for all the majormuscle groups: legs, arms, chest, shoulders and back. The following exercises arerecommended for each group:

Legs:Calf Press and Leg PressArms:Biceps Curl and Triceps Press-DownChest:Chest PressShoulders:Shoulder PressBack:Lateral Pull-Down and Seated Row

Each of the recommended exercises is described and illustrated on the following pages. Pleasenote that the weight-stack machines used for these exercises may differ between settings.Whenever you choose to implement your resistance training program, be sure to ask a qualifiedstaff person to instruct you in proper technique for the designated weight-stack machines.


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Calf Press Leg Press

Biceps Curl Triceps Press-Down

Chest Press

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Shoulder Press

Seated Row Lateral Pull-Down

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Stretching Exerc ises

General Guidelines

Hold each stretch approximately 20 to 30 seconds, do not bounce. Perform 3 to 5 repetitions of each stretch to achieve optimal improvements in flexibility.

Perform the series of stretches at least 3 times per week. Regardless of whether you are stretching before or after a workout, muscles should always

be warmed up before you stretch. After a workout is a great time to stretch; because yourmuscles are warm and are very pliable.

Move until you feel the stretching sensation in the muscle not in the joint. Be conscious that you are not holding your breath while you hold your stretch. This is very

common and you may not even notice that you are doing it at first.

Specif ic Stretches

The shaded area on the drawing is the place on your body where you should be feeling thestretch.

Terminology:

Quadriceps: the group of muscles that make up the front of your thighHamstrings: the group of muscles that make up the back of your thigh

Achilles Tendon: the tendon located in your heel and attached to the muscles in your calfHip Flexor: the muscle in the front of your hip


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1. Neck 2. ChestHalf neck roll, move head slowly, Pull your shoulder blades togetherdo not roll your head back. (stretch should be felt in the front- chest area).

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asdddFigure 1

3. Arms/Shoulders/Chest 4. Arms/Shoulders/Upper BackSlowly turn your elbows inward Palms facing upward, push armsand then lift up your arms. slightly back and up.

5. Shoulder/Middle Upper Back 6. Triceps/Top of ShoulderGently pull your elbow across Gently and slowly pull onyour chest toward your opposite shoulder. your elbow.


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7. Side of Waist 8. Upper and Lower Back/Side of HipKeep knees slightly bent and place Look over your shoulder behind you.one hand on your hip for support.

9. Lower Back/Side of HipYour leg should be bent at a 90 degree angle anddown to one side, look to the opposite side fromwhere your knee is pointed.

10. Lower Back/Hamst rings 11. AbdomenBend one knee and pull it gently Reach with your arms and hands while you pointto your chest, keep your lower back your toes, gently pull in your lower abdominalflat against the floor. muscles to make the middle of your body thin.

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12. Hip Flexors 13. Upper Hamstring /HipThe knee of your forward leg should be Gently pull your leg (both from the knee and ankledirectly over your ankle. With your other as a unit).knee resting on the floor, lower the frontof your hip downward.


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14. HamstringBend forward at your hip not at your head and shoulders (improper form 14a); the foot of yourstraight leg should be pointed upright.

15. HamstringBend forward at the hip, heels should be no further than 6 inches apart and you feet should bepointed upright (improper 15a).

16. Hamstring 17. Inner ThighBend forward at the hip, again not Pull your upper body forward at the hip not at thehead forward at the shoulder or head shoulder or head (improper 17a)

18. Inner ThighRelax your hips and let gravity cause the stretch.

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19. Quadriceps 20. QuadricepsHolding your foot with the opposite hand Gently pull the knee toward the buttock.keep the knee bent in a natural angle.

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21. CalfYour bent leg supports your body weight; your back leg shouldbe straight, and the back foot should be flat on the floor andpointed straight forward.

22. Calf/Achilles TendonYour bent leg supports your body weight; your back leg should be slightly bent at the knee andlower your hip downward, your back foot should be flat on the floor and pointed straight forward.


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Phase IIIFirefighter Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM)

The oral exam is a video-based test that examines a candidates problem sensing andresolution skills and interpersonal relations skills. This exam is not intended to test fire policiesor procedures. A series of scenarios or situations will be presented in which you will be expected

to respond as a firefighter.

Important Notes Regarding FOAM

Prior to taking this phase of the examination, you will be shown a sample scenario and given anopportunity to ask questions related to the structure and format of the examination. You will alsobe given an opportunity to respond to a practice scenario just prior to responding the scenariosthat will be scored.

During the oral exam you will be seated in front of a video monitor and video camera. Afterreceiving instructions orally, and in writing, you will be presented with several scenarios. Thesescenarios are simulations of situations that a firefighter may encounter. These simulations will

be presented as a video presentation in the form of a series of still pictures with audio.

At the end of each scene, the words RESPOND NOW will appear on the monitor and you willthen have to respond verbally, as if you are actually in that situation; responding to real people.You will have 40 seconds to respond to each scenario. You are not required to use the full timeallotted for each response; however, you will not be allowed to exceed the set time limit. Yourresponses should be complete and concise. You should respond to the monitor as if you areactually responding to the person(s) in the scene. DO NOT respond in terms of what youwould do. Successful applicants will place themselves in the situation and respondaccordingly. When the allotted response time has expired, the next scene will begin. A videocamera, placed next to the monitor, will record your responses. At a later date, a panel of raterswill carefully assess each applicants responses.

Scoring Dimensions for FOAM

Candidates will be scored on two dimensions. Each of these dimensions will be graded using afive-point scale, with a five being the highest score for each dimension.

Problem Sensing and Resolut ion

Ability to critically evaluate a situation and comprehend it in its proper perspective; to identifyunderlying as well as the obvious issues; to assess alternative solutions; and to consider theimplications of problems and solutions.

Interpersonal Relat ions

Ability to establish and maintain cooperative and constructive relationships; to consider the feelingsand needs of others; and to respect the views of others.


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FOAM Preparation Tips

Do not present unnecessary, unrelated, or trivial information.

Think about what you want to say before you begin to speak.

Speak slowly and distinctly. Do not mumble or speak so softly that your response will bedifficult to understand. When people are nervous they tend to speak quickly, so make an effort

to slow down. Know your tendencies and adjust accordingly.

Do not attempt to use words with which you are unfamiliar.

Try not to ramble or repeat yourself.

If you feel that the answer you have given to a scenario is complete, just stop and wait for thenext scenario. Do not try to fill time.

Try to address key issues and bring about a good resolution to the problem.

Try to demonstrate the appropriate emotion for the given situation, show empathy whereappropriate.

Below is a picture of a sample of the set-up in the instruction room and the exam room.

Instruction Room Test Room

Confidentiality

The content of the examination is confidential. DO NOT share information with other candidates.

Sharing information about the content of this exam may give other candidates an advantage.Scores differing by one or two points may mean the difference between becoming a firefighter, andnot becoming a firefighter. Additionally, giving information to other candidates may be grounds fordisqualification. Also, there are a number of different versions of the same exam; the ones youreceive may be different from those given to other candidates.

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Final Firefighter Examination Results

For Individuals who pass ALL THREE PHASES of the examination, the scores from FOAM willbe used to band candidates into the 90, 80, or 70 bands. Veterans preference points will beadded to passing scores of qualifying candidates prior to being placed within the respective

bands.

References:

Kindersley, D. (1995). How Things Work: 100 ways parents and kids can share the secrets oftechnology.London: Limited.Oxlade, C. (1998). Young Scientist Concepts and Projects. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth StevensPublishingWalker, S., Feldman, R. (2002).Pulleys.Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company

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