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11-ICAL, Aussois, 11-ICAL, Aussois, June 22-25, 2009June 22-25, 2009
PAn morphology in phylogenetic PAn morphology in phylogenetic perspectiveperspective
Laurent SAGARTLaurent SAGART
CNRS, ParisCNRS, Paris
Sagart, L. (2004) Sagart, L. (2004) The higher phylogeny The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai.Tai-Kadai. Oceanic LinguisticsOceanic Linguistics 43,2 43,2 (2004): 411-444.(2004): 411-444.
updated updated inin
Sagart, L. (2008) Sagart, L. (2008) The expansion of The expansion of setaria farmers in east asia: a linguistic setaria farmers in east asia: a linguistic and archaeological modeland archaeological model. In Sanchez-. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin M, eds. M, eds. Past human migrations in East Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and geneticsand genetics, 133-157. Routledge , 133-157. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, Studies in the Early History of Asia, London: Routledge. London: Routledge.
Higher An phylogeny based on numerals
Luilang
Saisiat
Pazeh
Favorlang
Taokas
Atayal
Sediq
Thao
Siraya
Hoanya
Papora
Tsou
Saaroa
Kanabu
Bunun
Rukai
Kavalan
Ketagalan
Paiwan
Puyuma
Amis
PMP
FATK
puluq
walu, Siwa
enem
lima
pitu
PAn
Pathway of Pathway of An An
settlement of settlement of TaiwanTaiwan
PMP
PAN
pitu '7'
lima '5'
enem '6'
walu '8', Siwa '9'
puluq '10'
NE Formosan
Malayo-Polynesian, Tai-Kadai
This paperThis paper
Three morphological innovationsThree morphological innovations
I. Replacement of 3rd person I. Replacement of 3rd person pronounspronouns
►Ross (2006)Ross (2006)►Two reconstructible sets:Two reconstructible sets:
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular *ni-Cia*ni-Cia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia
The *sia setThe *sia set(Atayal, MP)(Atayal, MP)
►nominative singularnominative singular *sia*sia►nominative pluralnominative plural *sia*sia►genitive singulargenitive singular *nia*nia►genitive plural genitive plural *nia*nia
►The *Cia set is analytical, unbalancedThe *Cia set is analytical, unbalanced►The *sia set is synthetic, balancedThe *sia set is synthetic, balanced►signs that phonological reduction and signs that phonological reduction and
analogy have played a roleanalogy have played a role
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular *ni-Cia*ni-Cia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nCianCia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural **nsiansia
The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)
►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **niania►genitive plural genitive plural **niania
This sequence of changes
completed after divergence of Saisiat and Pazeh
II. Loss of *-en in PF II. Loss of *-en in PF /perfective/perfective
Patient focus perfective verbs: Patient focus perfective verbs:
►Paz, Sai, Thao, Sir:Paz, Sai, Thao, Sir: <in>V-en<in>V-en►Elsewhere:Elsewhere: <in>V<in>V
Which is PAn ? Which is PAn ?
Loss of *-enLoss of *-en
►motivation is simplificationmotivation is simplification►Perf PF verbs common in discoursePerf PF verbs common in discourse►decrease marking of common formsdecrease marking of common forms►without loss of a distinction:without loss of a distinction:►no verbs marked simply with <in>no verbs marked simply with <in>
motivation for gain of *–en ?motivation for gain of *–en ?
Prohibition of *-en in PF - PERF verbs
►fixed after the divergence of Pazeh, Saisiat, Thao and Siraya
III. extension of ki- III. extension of ki- prefixation to verb rootsprefixation to verb roots
Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) The The passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma: borrowing, shared innovation Puyuma: borrowing, shared innovation or parallel development?or parallel development?
ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect N’N’
►Saisiat Saisiat kaehoey kaehoey ‘tree, wood, brushwood’ ‘tree, wood, brushwood’ vs. vs. ki-kaehoey ki-kaehoey ‘gather brushwood’, ‘gather brushwood’,
►Kanakanavu Kanakanavu tamemi tamemi ‘sweet potato’ vs. ‘sweet potato’ vs.
ki-tamemi ki-tamemi ‘gather sweet potatoes’‘gather sweet potatoes’,,►Puyuma Puyuma daqidaqiŋŋ 'a share' vs. 'a share' vs. ki-daqiki-daqiŋŋ
'claim one's share' 'claim one's share'
ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’
►Nanwang Puyuma Nanwang Puyuma bekas bekas ‘to interrogate’ ‘to interrogate’ vs. vs. ki-bekas ki-bekas ‘to get interrogated’‘to get interrogated’
►Tona Rukai Tona Rukai avase avase ‘to rob’ vs. ‘to rob’ vs. ki-avaseki-avase ‘to get robbed’‘to get robbed’
►PaiwanPaiwan seqasseqas ‘to cut’ vs. ‘to cut’ vs. ki-seqas ‘ki-seqas ‘cut cut oneselfoneself’’
►Rukai, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Rukai, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Amis, MPPuyuma, Amis, MP
parallel of English ‘get’
►originally from Old Norse getan ‘to obtain, reach’
►transitive verb taking nominals as its objects.
►development of ‘get V-ed’ is mid-17th c. (OED).
Three morphologic
al innovations
This tree
►not fully compatible with numerals-based tree: need to allow prohibition of *-en to
happen twice (Atayalic, Enemish)
►but tells a very similar story: homeland in NW Formosa settlement of west coast precedes
settlement of south and east coast MP subgroups with SE coast.
Converging evidence for this scenario
►archaeology: west coast neolithic older than east coast neolithic
►Gray’s computational method (when Chinese is the sole outgroup)
►population genetics...?
Thank you Thank you
for your attentionfor your attention