11 Sanitary

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PRINCIPLES OFBUILDING

CONSTRUCTION 2

AQS 1291

Assoc Prof Ir Dr Maisarah Ali



11 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY

SANITARY FITTING AND PIPEWORKS

CONTENTS

Domestic water supply

Sanitary fitting and pipe work



DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY

The water company will provide fromtheir main communication pipe to astop valve and protections chamber

just out side the boundary.

Service pipe is taken from this stopvalve to an internal stop valvelocated just above floor level andhoused under the sink unit.

Service pipe must not be placed

where it can be affected by frost,heavy traffic or building loads

Minimum depth 750mmrecommended to domesticproperties.



MATERIALS

Copper

Pvc polythene

Galvanized steel

Pvc pipes are resistance to frost and

corrosion ± superceded metal pipes



WATER METER

Located on a service

pipe, in a compartment

inside the property

boundary.



WATER SUPPLY

DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY

INDIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY




The whole cold water to

the sanitary fitting is

supplied directly from

the service pipe Used where high level

reservoirs provide a

good main supply and

pressure.




Advantage

Only a small cold water storage cistern to

feed the hot water tank is required; this can

usually be positioned below the roof ceiling

level giving a saving on pipe runs to the roof

space and eliminating the need to insulate

the pipes against frost

Drinking water available from several outlet

point.




Disadvantages

Lack of reserve should the supply be cut off

for repair

Lowering of the supply during peak demand

period.

Risk of contamination of the main water for

sanitary fittings by back siphonage



INDIRECT COLD WATER

SUPPLY

All sanitary fittings except

drinking water outlet is supply

indirectly from cold water

cistern positioned at a high

level, usually roof space

Requires more pipe works

but give a reserve supply in

case of mains failure and

reduce the risk of contamination from back

siphonage.



PIPEWORKS

Any materials suitable for service pipe aresuitable for distribution pipe

Based on

individual preference initial costs

possible maintenance costs

Common Size

15mm for wash basin and WC flushing cistern

22mm for sink and bath



COPPER PIPES

Low flow resistance

Strong

Easily jointed and bend

Joints can be made by

Manipulative

compression joint

Non manipulativecompression joints

Capillary joint



STEEL PIPES

Black tube galvanized or coated and wrapped

for underground services.

Joint-tapered thread and socket fitting



POLYTHENE PIPES

Very light, easy to join,

non-toxic, and available

in long length.

Jointing using metal or plastic liner to the end

of the tube.

To prevent sagging, use

saddle clips 14x

diameter. For

horizontal, 24x

diameter for vertical

runs.



UNPLASTICIZED PVC (UPVC)

For cold water service

Color-gray, blue, black

Jointing- a screw thread or solvent welding

Chamfering the end pipes, coated with

adhesive and pushed into straight coupling.

Heat fusion used for larger diameter water

authority mains.



COLD WATER STORAGE

CISTERNS

Size-depends upon reserverequired and whether to fithot water system. Minimum

115 liters for cold water storage, 230 liters for coldand hot water services.

Positions-reasonable accessfor maintenance purposes

Outlet above the highestdischarge point on thesanitary fitting-flow by gravity.





PLASTIC CISTERN

ADVANTAGES

non-corrosive

rot proof

frost resistant

have good resistant to mechanical damages.

MATERIALS

Polythene Polypropylene

Glass fiber



FLOAT VALVES

Pipes supplying cold water storage cisternmust be fitted with float valve to prevent anover flow

Float valve must be fitted higher than the over flow to prevent it from becoming submergedand creating the conditions where backsiphonage is possible

A float valve is designed to automaticallyregulate the supply of water by a floating ballclosing the valve when the water reaches apredetermined level.



TYPES OF VALVES

Piston Valve

Diaphragm Valve



PISTON VALVE

Horizontal piston, whichcloses over the orifice of adiameter to suit the

pressure The diaphragm valve

closes over aninterchangeable nylonnozzle orifice

Quieter in operation

easily adjustable

Less susceptible to the

corrosion.



DIAPHRAGM VALVE

Have the outlet at the

top to increase the air

gap between outlet and

water level

Thus reducing the

possibility of back

siphonage if the cisternwater level were to

increase excessively



SANITARY FITTING AND

PIPEWORKS

Soil fitments-remove soil water and human

excreta such as water closets and urinals

Waste water fitments-used to remove waste

water from washing and the preparation of food including wash basin, bath, shower and

sinks



MATERIALS

Should be made from impervious materials

be quiet in operation

easy to clean

convenient shape

fixed at suitable height.



MATERIALS

VITREOUS CHINA (BS

3402)

white clay body which is

vitried and permanentlyfused with a vitreous

surface when fired at a

very high temperature

Non-corrosive, hygienic

and easily cleaned withmild detergent..



GLAZED FIRECLAY

Porous ceramic body glazed in a similar

manner to vitreous china.

Exceptionally strong and resistant to impact

damage but will allow water penetration if protective glazing is damaged.

Non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleaned.



VITREOUS ENAMEL

A form of glass which can be melted andused to give a glaze protective coating over asteel or cast iron base.

Used mainly for bath, sinks, and drainingboards.

Lighter than ceramic material, hygienic, easyto clean, has a long life.

However, can be cheap and subject tostaining especially from copper compoundfrom hot water system.



PLASTIC MATERIALS

Acrylic plastics, glass-reinforced polyester

resins and polypropylene.

Require no protective coating, very strong,

light, chip resistant, but generally cost morethan ceramic or vitreous enamel product.

Can become soft when heated, should be

used for cold water fitments or

thermostatically controlled mixing taps.

Clean by warm soapy water.



STAINLESS STEEL

18% chromium, 8% nickel

resistant to corrosion, very durable and light.

Used for sinks and draining board, available

polished or satin finish.



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

SPECIFYING SANITARY FITMENTS

Costs: outlay, fixing and

maintenance

Hygiene: inherent and ease

of cleaning Appearance: size, colour and

shape

Function: suitability, speed of

operation and reliability Weight: support required from

wall and floor

Design: ease



BUILDING REGULATION G1, G2

G1 -requirements for sanitary conveniences

i.e water closets, urinals and wash basins

G2 ± bathroom ± bath or shower installation

BS 6465: SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

Part 1- provision and installation

Part 2- special layout and design for sanitaryaccommodation



WATER CLOSETS BS 5503

Ceramic base with a

horizontal outlet

Consists of pan, seat, flush

pipe, flushing cistern. Wash down type

relies on the flush of water

to wash the content of the

bowl round the trap and

into the soil-pipe

Single Trap or double trap



WATER CLOSETS ± flushing

cistern

Made from enameled

cast iron, enameled

pressed steel, ceramic

or plastic ware

Piston type cistern

operate by lever or

button



WATER CLOSETS ± flushing

cistern

When activated the disc

or flap valve piston is

raised and with it the

water level which

commences the

siphonage

Water level is control by

float valve

Typical capacity 6, 7.5and 9 litres



WATER BASINS BS 1188, BS 5506

Can be

supported

on wall-

mounted

cantilever

brackets

or legsupport.



BATH AND SHOWERS

Made from porcelain

enameled cast iron but

now glass fibre

Fittings Shower sprays



SINKS

For preparation of food, washing

of dishes and clothes.

Position: at drinking water

supply outlets

Building Regulation G1, G2

detail requirement and minimum

facilities to be made available in

a dwelling and the need for

sanitary accommodation to be

separated from kitchen area.



SANITARY PIPEWORK

Building Regulation approved document H1,

sanitary pipeworks and drainage set out in

detail the recommendation for soil pipes,

waste pipes, and ventilating pipes. Regulation govern minimum diameter of soil

pipes, material requirements, provision of

adequate water seals by means of an integral

trap or non-integral traps, the positioning of soil pipes of the inside of a building, overflow

pipe works and ventilating pipes.



SANITARY PIPEWORK SYSTEM

one-pipe system

two-pipe system

single-stack system



ONE-PIPE SYSTEM

Single discharge pipe which

conveys both soil and waste water

directly to the drain.



TWO-PIPE SYSTEM

Two discharge pipes, one convey soil

discharges, the other waste discharges.

Simple, reliable, and costly system.

Advantage- complete flexibility in appliance

layouts and deep seal traps are not

required.



SINGLE-SHACK SYSTEM BS

5572

Building regulation approved

documents H1.

Simplification of one-pipe

system by using deep seal

trap, relying on venting by

the discharge pipe, and

placing certain restriction on

basin waste pipes, which

have a higher risk of self-siphonage than other

appliances.



MATERIALS

Galvanized steel prefabricated stack units

(BS 3868)

Cast iron (BS 416)

UPVC (BS 4514 )



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