11_ Science2 Content

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Foundation Course: Science 2

SEMESTER 1

UNIT 1: Energetics (Biology)( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

One way to differentiate between living and non-living things is by relating it to theway each uses energy. All matter tends to lose energy or it tries to attain its lowestenergy state. Any system which is highly ordered has much energy. Under naturalcondition it will tend to lose this energy and so become disordered. This state isknown as entropy. A disordered system has high entropy, and an organized one haslow entropy. ree energy and entropy is inversely proportional. !iving things, beinghighly ordered, have low entropy and much free energy. "hile non-living things havehigh entropy and little free energy. !iving organisms maintain their low entropy by theconstant addition of energy to themselves, in the form of sunlight or foods.

This unit e#plore enzymes and it$s functions in cell metabolisms. %t also look at howthe energy that maintain low entropy is obtained &photosynthesis and heterotrophicnutrition' and how energy is released & respiration' to permit organisms to carry outthose seven processes that distinguish living from non-living.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME

At the end of this unit the students should be able to(

%. state that enzymes are catalysts which reduce activation energy)

%%. e#plain how enzyme activity is affected by temperature, p*, substrate andenzyme concentrations)%%%. describe the active site-directed and non-active site-directed inhibition of

enzyme action)%+. e#plain the concept of a metabolic pathway as a se uence of enzyme-

controlled reactions)

+. list the significance of AT in metabolism as the immediate supply ofenergy for biological processes)

+%. state that photosynthesis consist of light and dark reactions.+%%. describe the conversion of monosaccharides to pyruvate during glycolysis.

+%%%. e#plain that during the complete o#idation of pyruvate in the rebs cycleresult in the production of carbon dio#ide, more reduced coenzyme &/A0*1 * 1 ' and AT )

%2. decribe the role of the electron-transport chain in generating AT &o#idativephosphorylation')

2. describe the situations in which the pyruvate formed in glycolysis may notundergo complete o#idation) formation of lactic acid in muscle) formation ofeth an ol in yeast) and

2%. list the basic principles of autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.

3


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SEMESTER 1

T !I%S #N& TIME #"" %#TI N

4. 5iocatalysis 6 hours

7. hotosynthesis 8 hours6. 9ellular respiration 8 hours:. /utrition 7 hours

Tot'l 15 hours

N "E&$E S I""S TE#%*IN$ + "E#RNIN$E,!ERIEN%E

4.; 5iocatalysis

4.4 0efinition of enzymes 4.7


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SEMESTER 1


6.; 9ellular espiration

6.4 Aerobiosis

6.4.4 Blycolysis 0escribe aerobiosisrespiration including thedetailed process of glycolisisand the production of AT .

Str'tegy (Using multimedia softwareto e#plain the detailedprocess.

6.4.7 rebscycle?tricarbo#ylic

acid cycle?citric acid)

0escribe detailed process ofreb cycle including how and

calculation on the number of/A0*, A0*, and BTmolecules produced.

6.4.6


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SEMESTER 1

UNIT - : The !eriodic T'.le(1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding in periodic table. Thescope of study encompasses the uses of the periodic table as a means of providing aunifying pattern for the properties of the elements and their compounds.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME


%. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechni ues and show the understanding of the concepts of periodic table)%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principles

and concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of matter and atomic structure)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study ofmatter) and

%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.


4. 0evelopment of the =odern eriodic Table 6 hours

7. 5uilding of the eriodic Table and electronic configuration : hours

6. +ariation in the physical properties with roton /umbers across eriod 7 and eriod 6


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SEMESTER 1


4. 0evelopment ofthe =odern eriodicTable

4.4 /ewlands4.7 =endeleev4.6 =oseley

T = hysics

Te#tbook

/'lues: Appreciate the ethical

practices of scientists Thinking critically and

analytically le#ible and openminded

*onest and accurate inthe recording of data

6. +ariation inhysicalroperties withroton /umbers

across eriod 7 anderiod 6


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SEMESTER 1


:. irst row d -block

elements

T = hysics

Te#tbook



analytically le#ible and openminded

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SEMESTER 1

UNIT 0: Energy( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit aims to enhance further knowledge and understanding of mechanics andthermodynamics including work, energy, power, state of matter, thermodynamics ofgases, thermal conduction, an appreciation of the different forms of energy andapplication of these concepts in calculations.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME

At the end of this unit the students should be able to(%. show the understanding of mechanical work and energy, work done by gas,

heat energy, internal energy of gas, thermal energy and power)%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principles

and concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of work, energy, power, conservation of energy and first law ofthermodynamics)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study ofwork, conservation of energy, heat capacity) and

%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.


4. "ork, energy and power 3 hrs7. >tate of =atter 7 hrs6. Thermodynamics of gases 8 hrs

Tot'l 15 hours

.

4:


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SEMESTER 1


4. "ork, energy andower 4.4 "ork 0efine work done by a force

and calculate work from agraph of force versusdisplacement.

9alculate work done incertain situations, includingthat by a gas which e#pandsagainst a constant e#ternal

pressure.

Str'tegy:!ecture followed by tutorialsessions

ractical sessions toenhance the understandingof theory as well as to applythe knowledge learnt

I%T Integr'tion %nternet "ebsite


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SEMESTER 1


7. >tates of matter7.4 %deal gas e uation

7.7 inetic theory of

gases

7.6 ressure of a gas

6. Thermodynamics of

gases

6.4 *eat capacity

6.7 "ork

6.6 irst law of

thermodynamics

6.6 %nternal energy

elate the concept of Avogadro number.

Use the e uation of idealgas, p+ E n T.

elate the relationshipbetween 5oltzmann constantand gas constant.

Use assumptions of thekinetic theory of gases toderive the e uation forpressure e#erted by an idealgas, p =1/3 p < c 2 > or p =1/3 nm < c 2 >.

0efine heat capacity,specific heat capacity, andmolar heat capacity.

Use the e uationsQ = C G, Q = mc G,Q = nC v m G,.

0erive and use the e uationfor work done by gas duringe#pansion, W = p d V .

Understand and use the firstlaw of thermodynamics, Q = AU + AW.

Understand the concept ofinternal energy from the firstlaw of thermodynamics.

0erive and use the e uation9 .. - 9v.m E .


T + " Resources: 90 O= >T = hysics Te#tbook



analytically le#ible and open

minded *onest and accurate in

the recording of data

Str'tegy:!ecture followed by tutorialandpractical sessions toenhance the understandingof theory as well as to applythe knowledge learnt.


T + " Resources: 90 O= >T = hysics Te#tbook

4C


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SEMESTER 1

UNIT : !r'ctic'l Science - (1 credit 203 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit will develop students$ e#perimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. %t is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling ofapparatus, planning of e#perimental works, making observations, interpretation ofresults and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamic ande#citing nature of science. %n the process, an awareness of the ethical, technologicaland economic aspects of the subHect can be created.

T = ractical 5iology,9hemistry and hysics. There are three e#periments to be carried out in this

semester comprising of one practical each from 5iology, 9hemistry, and hysicsrespectively taking up a total of 6; hours.

"E#RNIN$ UT% MES


%. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly)

%%. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed)

%%%. observe, record and display readings or data collected)

%+. process, analyse and interpret data correctly and perform necessarycalculation)

+. draw reasonable conclusions consistent with the processed observations)and

+%. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for thepractical work.

!r'ctic'ls%o4 onents E6 eri4ent Titles

!r'ctic'lScience -


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SEMESTER -

UNIT 5: %ontrol 'nd %oordin'tion( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit looks at how integration and control are achieved in organisms.


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SEMESTER -


173 Ner8ous syste4

4.4 *uman /ervous >ystem

4.4.4 Types of neurones Isensory, inter- andmotor neurones.

4.4.7 >tructure of the brain.4.4.6 >tructure of the

spinal cord.

0escribe the functions ofeach types of neurone.

0escribe the gross structureof the brain and spinal cord.

0escribe the location andfunctions of the medulla,cerebellum, hypothalamusand cerebralhemispheres.

0escribe the functioning ofa spinal refle# arc and thetypes of neuron involved.

Str'tegy:9ollecting information onstructure and its function.

4.7 %mpulse

4.7.4 Beneration,characteristics, andtransmission ofimpulse

4.6 >ynapses

0escribe the generationand transmission ofimpulse along the a#on.

>tate the characteristics ofan impulse.

0escribe the structure andfunctions of a synapse.

Str'tegy:Using an interactive modelto illustrate the process.

/ote( The role ofacetylcholine as atransmitter substanceshould be discussed.

4.: Autonomous nervoussystem in mammals

9ompare between thesympathetic andparasympathetic nervoussystem.

4.8 0rug abuse Understand the effects ofdrug abuse on humannervous system.

>trategy(9ollecting information fromvarious resources.

4@


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SEMESTER -


-7 *or4one9che4ic'lcoordin'tion

7.4 *umans7.4.4 0efinition of

hormone

7.4.7 Types andcharacteristics ofhormone

7.4.6 =echanism ofhormone action

>tate the definition ofmammalian hormone.

!ist the types andcharacteristics of hormone.


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SEMESTER -

UNIT : < uilibria I 9hemical and %onic (1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of basic 9hemical andionic e uilibria. The scope of study encompasses of chemical e uilibrium, !e9hatelier$s principle, and acid-base and salt.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME

All students should ac uire the following learning outcomes in the conte#t of thecontent and skills prescribed. At the end of the course the students should be able

to(

%. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechni ues and show the understanding of the concepts of chemical and ionice uilibria)

%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of chemical and ionic e uilibria)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of

chemical and ionic e uilibria) and%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to show

understanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.


4. 9hemical e uilibriua 8 hours7. !e 9hatelier$s principle 7 hours6. Acid-base and salt 3 hours

Tot'l 15 hours

74


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SEMESTER -


4.; 9hemical e uilibria

4.4 eversible reaction

4.7 *omogeneous andheterogeneousconstant c and p

T = hysics Te#tbook

7.; !e 9hatelier$s principle >tate !e 9hatelierDsprinciple and use it

ualitatively from giveninformation

0iscuss the effect ofcatalysts, or changes inconcentration, pressure, ortemperature on a system ate uilibrium, using !e9hatelierDs principle



analytically le#ible and open

minded *onest and accurate in

the recording of data

>tate e#amples of e uilibriawhich are referred to andstudied in general

>how awareness of theimportance of anunderstanding of chemicale uilibrium in chemicalindustry

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SEMESTER -


6. Acid-base and salt

6.4 Acids and basestheories

6.7 0egree of dissociation

6.6 0issociation constant

6.: Titration and indicator

Use Arrhenius,5ronstead-!owry, and!ewis theories to e#plainacids and bases

%dentify conHugate acidsand bases

alt>oluble and insoluble salt

reparation of soluble andinsoluble salt

%dentifying cation and anionualitatively


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SEMESTER -

UNIT ;: Electricity 'nd M'gnetis4 1( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit aims to enhance students$ knowledge and understanding of the behaviourof static charges, parallel plate capacitors, flow of electric current, what constitute adirect current circuit, the use of potentiometer and calculations involved in electriccircuits.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME


%. show the understanding of electric field and potential, 9oulomb$s law, parallelplates capacitor, conduction of electricity, resistivity, electric energy andpower, electromotive force, potentiometer and "heatstone bridge throughtheir abilities to recognize and recall of specific facts, terminology, principles,and relevant practical techni ues related to the four topics)

%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of electrostatics and electricity)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of

electrostatics and electricity) and%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to show

understanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.


4.


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SEMESTER -

N "E&$E S I""STE#%*IN$ +

"E#RNIN$

E,!ERIEN%E4. T = hysics

Te#tbook


practices of scientists

Thinking critically andanalytically

le#ible and openminded

*onest and accuratein the recording ofdata

7. 9apacitors

7.4 9apacitance

7.7 arallel platecapacitor

7.6 Uniform fieldbetween parallelplates

7.:


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SEMESTER -

N "E&$E S I""S

TE#%*IN$ +

"E#RNIN$E,!ERIEN%E

6.


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SEMESTER -

UNIT tudents will need to develop mathematicalcompetencies in func tion s, dif fer enti al calc ulus and inte gral calc ulus .

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME

At the end of the course the students should be able to(

%. sketch and recognize the forms of plots of simple e#pressions like 4?#, # 7, 4?#7, sin #, cos #, e # and 4?e # )

II. recognize and use the logarithmic forms of e#pressions like ab, a?b, # n, e k# )and

%%%. apply the principles and concepts of differential and integral calculus


4. unctions 8 hours7. 0ifferential 9alculus 8 hours6. %ntegral 9alculus 8 hours

Tot'l 15 hours

7J


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SEMESTER -


4. unctions and Braphs&8 hours'

ecognize algebraicfunctions and find thedomain and range ofsuch functions.

Braphical features offunctions.

0efine a function.

9ombine functions usingthe arithmetic operations

9ompositefunctions

%nverse functionslot set of ordered pairs

to obtain the graph offunctions.Obtain the graphs ofrelated functions bytranslation and stretchingof a graph

T + " Resources: Beometer >ketch ad. eference(

Ong 5eng >im,&7;;6'. "!h-m"! c'f & TP . =alaysia(

enerbit aHar 5akti.

&eli8ery Str'tegy: 9ooperative !earning 9onstructivism

7. 0ifferential 9alculus&8 hours'

Use the rules ofdifferentiation todifferentiate compounde#pressions.

!ocate and identify thestationary points and thenon-stationary points ofinfle#ion of a function.

T + " Resources: Use of calculus

courseware eference(

Ong 5eng >im,&7;;6'. "!h-m"! c'

f & TP . =alaysia(enerbit aHar 5akti.

6. %ntegral 9alculus&8 hours'%ntegration as a reverseprocess to ifferentiation.

%ntegrals with integrandof the orm f$'?f'.

%ntegration by artialractions.

%ntegration by arts. Application of%ntegration.

0efine the definiteintegral.

ecognize thatintegration is the reverseprocess of differentiation.Use standard derivativesto solve simple integrals.

Use a number ofstandard methods ofconverting integrals tostandard form.

9alculate plane areasbetween the curve andthe a#es.

&eli8ery Str'tegy: 9ooperative !earning 9onte#tual Teaching

73


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SEMESTER -

UNIT >: !r'ctic'l Science - (1 credit 203 hours)

SYN !SISThis unit will develop students$ e#perimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. %t is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling ofapparatus, planning of e#perimental works, making observations, interpretation ofresults and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamic ande#citing nature of science. %n the process, an awareness of the ethical, technologicaland economic aspects of the subHect can be created.

T = ractical 5iology,

9hemistry and hysics. There are three e#periments to be carried out in thissemester comprising of one practical each from 5iology, 9hemistry, and hysicsrespectively taking up a total of 6; hours.

"E#RNIN$ UT% MES


%. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly)

%%. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed)




+%. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for thepractical work.

!r'ctic'ls%o4 onents

E6 eri4ent Titles

!r'ctic'lScience -


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SEMESTER 0

UNIT 13: $enetic( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit will unravel some of the mysteries of why offspring are recognizably similarto their parents but rarely identical to them) why characteristics seem to disappear inone generation only to reappear in the ne#t) and how hereditary information ispassed from generation to generation. %n addition, this unit will e#plore the methodsby which new species arise through the gradual process of evolutionary change. 5ythe end of this unit students will ac uire the ability to solve genetic problems andmake predictions about the likely offspring of given parents.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME


%. e#plain the meaning of monohybrid and dihybrid cross)

%%. calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios)

%%%. state the significance of mutations)

%+. describe point mutations as illustrated by base deletions, insertions,

substitutions, and inversion)+. describe chromosome mutations as illustrated by translocation) and

+%. state that non-disHunction can lead to polysomy and polyploidy.


4. Transmission genetics 3 hours7. =utation J hours

Tot'l 15 hours

6;


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SEMESTER 0

N "E&$E S I""S TE#%*IN$ + "E#RNIN$E,!ERIEN%E17 Tr'ns4ission

genetics

Benetic terms

=endelian genetics=onohybrid 9ross0ihybrid 9ross

0efine the basic terminologycommonly used.

tate the significance ofmutations.

0escribe point mutations asillustrated by basesubstitutions, base insertion,base deletion and inversion.

Str'tegy:!ecture followed bydiscussion.

7.7 9hromosomalmutation

9hromosomal aberration

Alteration ofchromosome number

0escribe the maincategories ofchromosomal mutations.


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SEMESTER 0

UNIT 11: %'r.on %he4istry -(1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of hydrocarbon. The scopeof study encompasses alkanes, alkenes and alcohol and carbo#ylic acids.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME


%. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechni ues and show the understanding of the concepts of hydrocarbon)

%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of hydrocarbon)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study ofhydrocarbon) and

%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.


4. Alkanes 8 hours7. Alkenes 8 hours6. Alcohol and carbo#ylics acids 8 hours

Tot'l 15 hours

67


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SEMESTER 0


4. Alkanes ,e#emplifiedby


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SEMESTER 0


6.; Alcohol and carbo#ylic Acid

6.4 Alcohol

/aming alcohol. hysical properties. 9hemical properties 0istinguishing alcohol.

reparation of alcohol. Uses of alcohol.


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SEMESTER 0

UNIT 1-: #to4ic 'nd Nucle'r !hysics( 1 credit 15 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit aims to enhance students$ knowledge and understanding ofthe concepts of stress and strain in solids, atomic structure as postulated by 5ohr$smodel and its energy levels, photoelectric effects, basic concepts in nuclear physicsincluding isotopes and radioactivity.

"E#RNIN$ UT% ME


%. show the understanding of deformation of solids, oung$s modulus, 5ohr$spostulate for atom, energy levels, photoelectric effects, nucleus of atom,isotopes and radioactivity through their abilities to recognize and recall ofspecific facts, terminology, principles, and relevant practical techni uesrelated to the four topics)

%%. describe, e#plain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in thestudy of deformation of solid, atomic structure, photoelectric effects andradioactive decay)

%%%. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables,diagrams and graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study ofsolids, atomic structure, 2-ray spectrum, photoelectric effect and radioactivedecay) and

%+. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.


4. 0eformation of solids : hrs7. Atomic structure : hrs6. hoton 6 hrs:. /ucleus and adioactivity : hrs

Tot'l 15 hours

SEMESTER 0

68


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4. 0eformation of

>olids 4.4 >tress and strain 0efine stress and strain for a

stretched wire or elasticstring.

>ketch and interpret force-e#tension graphs and stress-strain graphs.

Str'tegy:

!ecture followed by tutorialsessionsractical sessions to enhance

the understanding of theory aswell as to apply the knowledgelearnt


4.7 orce-e#tension

graphs and stress-strain graphs

4.6 oung modulus

2. Atomic structure

7.4 5ohr$s postulate

2 .7 tate 5ohrDs postulate for anatom.

0erive an e#pression for radii oforbits in 5ohrDs model.

0erive the e uation


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SEMESTER 0


6. hoton6.4 hotoelectric effects

0escribe importantobservations in photoelectricemission e#periments.

Use the e uation ( = hf for aphoton

Understand the meaning ofwork function and thresholdfre uency.

Use


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SEMESTER 0

UNIT 10: !r'ctic'l Science - (1 credit 203 hours)

SYN !SIS

This unit will develop students$ e#perimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. %t is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling ofapparatus, planning of e#perimental works, making observations, interpretation ofresults and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamic ande#citing nature of science. %n the process, an awareness of the ethical, technologicaland economic aspects of the subHect can be created.

T = ractical 5iology,9hemistry and hysics. There are three e#periments to be carried out in thissemester comprising of one practical each from 5iology, 9hemistry, and hysicsrespectively taking up a total of 6; hours.

"E#RNIN$ UT% MES

At the end of the course the students should be able to(

%. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly)%%. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed)




+%. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for thepractical work

!r'ctic'ls%o4 onents

E6 eri4ent Titles

!r'ctic'lScience -


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