11

Women & Crime

Perpetrators & Victims

22

Outline

I. Arrest rates for Women Vs. Men

II. Labor Force Trends For Women

III. Violence Amongst Intimates

IV. Labor Market Analysis for Women

V. Demographic Trends

VI. Forcible Rape

VII. International Traffic in Women

33

Trends in Arrest Rates All Offenses

44

Arrest Rates for Violent Index Offenses

55

Arrest Rates for Property Index Offenses

66

Arrest rates For Murder

77

Arrest Rates For Robbery

88

Arrest Rates For Burglary

99

Arrest Rates For Motor Vehicle Theft

1010

Arrest Rates For Larceny-Theft

1111

Arrest rates For Prostitution and Commercialized Vice

1212

Trends In Arrest Rates For Embezzlement

1313

ConclusionsWomen are becoming more involved in crimeWomen do not like confrontational types of crime

Not so much into violent crime or robbery

As women work, opportunities changeEmbezzlement by women increasingProstitution decreasing

1414

Labor Force Trends For Women

Rosie the Riveter During WWII

Meg Whitman: E-Bay/ Candidate forGovernor/ CEO of Hewlett-Packard

1515

Labor Force Trends For Women

In 1948, nearly one third of women participated in the labor force. By 2008, nearly sixty percent of women participated in the labor force

In 1973, women accounted for 38.5% of national employment. By 2010, this number was over 47 %.

1616

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

RHOWOMEN WOMENPCTEMPL

National Labor Force Trends: Labor Force Participation Rate for Women (blue) and Women's Percentage of Employment (red)

1717

Household Survey

Civilian Non-institutionalPopulation, CNIP

Labor Force,LF

Not In The Labor Force, NLF

Employed, E

Unemployed, U

Labor Force Participation Rate, ρ = LF/CNIP

1818

Labor Force Trends For Women

As more women left the role of house wife for the labor force, the nature of the home changed

As women became a larger presence in the workplace, the nature of the workplace changed

1919

In Contrast: Labor Force Partipation Rate Trends For Young Men, 16-24

56

60

64

68

72

76

80

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

RHOMEN1624

2020

Trends In Property Offense Rates

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

PROPERTY

56

60

64

68

72

76

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

RHOMEN1624

National Property Crime Rates Per 100,000 andthe Labor Force Participation Rate for Males 16-24. 1960-2010

2121

A statistical analysis of the US property crime rate from 1960 through 2010 was conducted, and the crime rate was positively correlated with the labor force participation rate for men ages 16-24, lagged two years, and negatively correlated with the labor force participation rate for women, lagged three years.

2222

Property Crime Rate : Observed & Regression Estimate

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Residual Actual Fitted

2323

III. Violence Amongst intimatesI

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/intimate/ipv.cfm

2424

Role of Intimates In Homicides

2525

2626

Victims of Homicide by Intimates

2727

Intimate Partner Victims

2828

Intimate Homicides By Relationship

2929

Homicide By Intimates Rates

3030

Non-fatal Rates Per 1000

3131

IV. Labor Force Analysis for Women Using Illustrative Muliplicative Preferences

U =(Y –Y0 ) 0.5 (L - L0 ) 0.5

y0 = committed income, credit card payments and mortgage payments etc.

L0 = committed leisure, things you have to do around the house such as take care of the kids (soccer mom)

3232

Fifties and Sixties

Male was the bread-winner, female did the chores around the house

3333

Illustration of Multiplicative Preferences, Cobb-Douglas

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Leisure

Inc

om

e

8 hours work, $25/hr

U =(Y –Y0 ) 0.5 (L - L0 ) 0.5 ,y0 =0 = L0

3434

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

RHOWOMEN WOMENPCTEMPL

National Labor Force Trends: Labor Force Participation Rate for Women (blue) and Women's Percentage of Employment (red)

3535

Housewife with $150/day of Husband’s $200/day for Household

Treat $150/day as her non-labor income so less likely to work

Possibly the story in the fifties and sixties

3636

Illustrative multiplicative preferences

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Leisure

Inc

om

e

U=80

U=100

Housewife with $150 of Husband’s $200

Non-labor

IncomeAt most wants to work ~ 4 hours

3737

Single woman with Kids & Alimony

Ten hours of committed leisureU =(Y – 0)0.5 (L – 10)0.5

3838

Single Woman with Kids & Alimony

0

Illustrtive Multiplicative Preferences

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Leisure

Inc

om

e

U=80

U=100

Alimony

Wants to work at most six0 5

3939

Single Woman with Kids, No Alimony, & $150/day of Committed Income

Illustrtive Multiplicative Preferences

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Leisure

Inc

om

e

U=80

U=100

Wants to work ~ 8 hours

origin

4040

Modern Woman, Husband Earns $200/day, expenses plus mortgage amounts to $250/day: works 8 hours

Illustrative Multiplicative Preferences

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Leisure

Inc

om

e

U=80

U=100

origin

Wants to work ~ 8 hours/day

4141

Currently; Home Ownership is Going Down

4242

Age At First Marriagehttp://www.userniche.com/LoveAndDivorce/ASP/UserNicheMainPage.asp?ID=23

4343

V. Relationship Trends

Marriage Rates

Divorce Rates

Birth Rates

4444

US Statistical Abstract 1953

4545

Baby Boom. US Stat. Abst. 1974

4646

The Long View: Greenwood & Gruner

4747

4848

Where Did All the Married Women Go? How Long Will You Be Married?

4949

5050

OECD Marriage & Divorce Rateshttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/19/40321815.pdf

5151

Marriage Market

5252

Greenwood-Gruner Model

5353

Living Arrangements For Young Women, 1880-2000

5454

If You Have a Microwave Who Needs a Significant Other?

55

Rape

55

56

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

FORCIBLE_RAPE_PER_100K

US Forcible Rape Offenses Per 100,000

5757

58

Uniform Crime Report 2010

59

0

10

20

30

40

50

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

FORCIBLE_RAPES_PER_100K

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

CLEARANCE_RATIO_RAPE

FBIUniformCrime Reports

6060

International Traffic in Women