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click here for freelancing tutoring sitesENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSE USING PASSIVE COOLING &

HEATING TECHNIQUES

BY :

SOHAIB FAKHAR

ROLL NO:

SUPERVISORS:

AR. IHSAN SUBHANI

AR. ADNAN AHMAD KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE CECOS UNIVERSITY

PESHAWAR

Acknowledgements

I avail this opportunity to extend my hear-felt gratitude to all those who

helped me in the completion of this project. I am indebted to my

supervisors Ar. Ihsan Subhani and Ar. Adnan Ahmad Khan for their

sustained guidance and painstaking supervision. They deserve my profound

appreciation.

I would be failing in my duty if I do not express my thankfulness to my

father Prof. Dr. Fakhr-ul-Islam, currently performing as Director Pakistan

Study Centre University of Peshawar who imparted to me the knowledge of

research methodology and report writing .

I am also grateful to my friends…for their company and support

Sohaib Fakhar

ABSTRACT

ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSE USING PASSIVE COOLING &

HEATING TECHNIQUES was a project assigned to me by the Department

of Architecture CECOS University Peshawar. Immediately after the site

selection, the research phase started which began with the climatic data of

the region where the site was selected i.e. Peshawar.

The annual rainfall, humidity, temperature levels and daylight hours

of Peshawar were studied. In Peshawar, out of 12 months of the year,

almost 8 months fall in summer. Besides, there is electricity crisis in

Pakistan which has affected Peshawar badly. The electricity requirement of

Pakistan is 14000 Megawatts, while production of electricity in peak season

(June-September) drops down to 8000 MW thereby registering a shortfall of

6000 MW. This shortfall is shifted to consumers which results frequent and

long power outages,

Keeping in view these two reasons, there is a dire need to design

buildings, especially houses which are energy efficient. In the project in

hand, a site was selected in phase 7 of Hayatabad Township Peshawar. After

studying topography, ecology and other aspects, an energy efficient house

was designed. The house was designed mainly for summer, through passive

heating .Techniques, such as window orientation and psiagraphy of the

building were applied. However, the main focus was on passive cooling for

summer. In this way the issue of saving energy was successfully addressed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

Scope of Research

Aims and Objectives

Methodology

CHAPTER-2

2.0 Data Analysis and research

2.1 Summary

CHAPTER-3

3.0 Conclusions & Recommendations

Conclusions

Findings

Research Limitations

Main Contributions

Recommendations for further research.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

To start with a site was selected in Phase 7 Sector E- of Hayatabad

Township Peshawar. Phase 7 lies at a distance of 01 kilometer to the west of

CECOS University College of Engineering. The reason for selecting

Hayatabad for this kind of project was easy access and financial

affordability. If one selects a rural area for this type of project that may futile

exercise as people in rural areas cannot afford constructing state-of-the-art

energy efficient houses.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project are given below.

To bring the discipline of Architecture at par with social

requirements, and solved a burning issue confronting the society

To design a house which is Energy Efficient and cost effective

To add new ideas to existing humans knowledge

To share with community the idea of energy efficient housing with an

aim to popularize in Hayatabad and elsewhere.

METHODOLOGY

It is a type of discripto-analytical research where in details of the

designed house are described and analyzed. Major activity was carried

out in field or site of the project. For collection of data, primary and

secondary sourced were consulted. The primary source was the selection

of site, measurement, design etc, while secondary sources were books,

periodicals, reports and Internet

CHAPTER-2

2.0 Data Analysis and Results:

First of all a site was selected in Phase 7 of Hayatabad Township of an

area 6640 sq.ft or approximately 1 kanal. The reason for selecting

Hayatabad for this kind of project was easy access and financial

affordability. Moreover, the residents of Hayatabad are relatively educated

and aware as compared to other parts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. They might

be potential buyers of this relatively new concept of Energy Efficient

housing. This project could have been executed in a rural area but that

would be quite an alien idea for the dwellers of rural area. Similarly their

financial position would not allow them to go for Energy efficient houses.

Collecting data.

I started with collection of data in the region where the site was

selected i-e Peshawar. Annual rain fall, humidity levels over the year, annual

temperature, comfort levels and day light hours were studied and collected

from different sources. (figure and charts of the above statistics is given in

Appendix----).After taking into account weather of the region, the next step

was to suggest / apply suitable techniques for passive cooling as the summer

falls about 8 months of the total 12 months which is almost 80 % of the

whole calendar year.

The study included different types of cooling techniques

such as, green roofs, ground covers, cavity walls, use of courtyards, wind

towers, earth tubes etc. A seminar was also attended on the above

mentioned topics. Case studies of Sethi House in Peshawar, and the Energy

Efficient house by Dr. Shakeel Qureshi, Lahore were also consulted. After

collecting and analyzing the data, it was transmitted to paper and the

sketching process was launched. A concept was derived from Air waves and

the building was aligned to the wind direction. The passive cooling

techniques used were cavity walls, green roofs, and earth tubes. Details of

which are following.

EARTH TUBES :

How They are Supposed to Work

Cooling tubes are long, underground metal or plastic pipes through which air

is drawn. The idea is that as the air travels through the pipes, it gives up

some of its heat to the surrounding soil, entering the house as cooler air. This

will occur only if the earth is at least several degrees cooler than the

incoming air.

A cooling tube system uses either an

open- or closed-loop configuration. In

an open-loop system, outdoor air is

drawn into the tubes and delivered

directly to the inside of the home.

This system provides ventilation

while hopefully cooling the home's

interior. In a closed-loop system

interior air circulates through the

earth cooling tubes. An alternative is to direct the cooled air from either type

of system into a mechanical air conditioning system to reduce the air

conditioner's cooling load.

A closed loop does not exchange air with the outside; instead the system

recirculates the home's air through the earth cooling tubes. This makes the

closed loop system more efficient than an open loop design, since it does not

require as high a degree of dehumidification as an open loop system.

Design Considerations

Tube Material

The main considerations in selecting tube material are cost, strength,

corrosion resistance, and durability. Tubes made of aluminum, plastic, and

other materials have been used. The choice of material has little influence on

thermal performance. PVC or polypropylene tubes perform almost as well as

metal tubes; they are easier to install, and are more corrosion resistant.

Tube Diameter

Optimum tube diameter varies widely with tube length, tube costs, flow

velocity, and flow volumes. Diameters between 6 and 18 inches (15.2 and

45.7 centimeters) appear to be most appropriate.

Tube Location

Earth temperatures and, consequently, cooling tube performance vary

significantly from sunny to shady locations. Where possible, the inlets in

open loop systems and the cooling tubes themselves should be placed in

shady areas.

Tube Depth

Tubes should be buried at least 6 feet (1.8 meters) below grade. Only rarely

is burying them more than 12 feet (3.7 meters) justifiable. When digging

trenches at these depths, cave-ins are an extreme hazard, and appropriate

precautions should be taken.

Earth Temperature

The temperature of the earth at depths of 20–100 feet (6.1–30.5 meters)

remains about two to three degrees higher than the mean annual air

temperature. At depths less than 10–12 feet (3.1–3.7 meters), earth

temperatures may be strongly influenced by air temperatures and may vary

during the year, depending on the locale. Near the surface, earth

temperatures closely correspond to air temperatures.

Tube Length

There is no simple formula for determining the proper tube length in relation

to the amount of cooling desired. Local soil conditions, soil moisture, tube

depth, and other site-specific factors should be considered to determine the

proper length.

Soil Properties

The amount of heat conducted and how widely it is diffused varies from one

soil type to another. The moisture content of the soil is a major influence on

conductivity and diffusivity, and accounts for large variations on how heat

moves through the earth.

Insects and rodents may enter the tubes of an open-loop system. You should

install a sturdy grille and insect screen at the tube inlet to deter potential

intruders.

Economics

Earth cooling tube systems can be very expensive. Considering current

electric power rates and the cost of materials and labor, it is unlikely that an

earth cooling tube installation can be justified on economic grounds alone.

GREEN ROOFS :

A greenroof is a ‘contained’ space on top of a man-made structure.

‘Greenroof’ is often used to describe many other landscape & architectural

treatments:

•Rooftop Garden

•Living Roof

•Turf Roof

•Sod Roof

•Eco-Roof

•Garden Roof

With current technological know how,greenroofs can be located on a variety

of structures: atop underground parking garages, office buildings, hotels,

residences, bridges, schools and even building edges. Generally, there are

two different kinds of greenroofs:

Typical Greenroof Design

The basic components of

a greenroof should

include four essential

layers:

•Waterproofing Layer

•Drain Layer

•Soil Layer

•Plant Layer

Each roof is unique! The success of a greenroof depends on the thorough

understanding of all components and also the specific needs & conditions of

the particular site. Before any components are added to a roof, the structural

weight limits must be determined by a professional.

I also applied an innovative and self thought technique i.e. using the

drainage water of the green roofs and passing it through a material in a

medium which was placed in the direction of the air thereby passing air

through it. As the air would pass through the cool droplets of water, which in

turn are cooled in the process. Subsequently the cool air enters the house

and is distributed evenly all over the house. Since various parts of the house

were designed in split levels , therefore each space gets a direct air gain due

to these split levels . The other innovation and self thought technique was

that water from the roof to that cooling medium will travel in cut-to-half

bamboo or long wooden stems. To the back they are part of the cooling

process while to the front they are used for multi purpose i-e shade and

ornamentation. Further the house was also provided with backup facility

through solar panels. Which would provide backup whenever the main light

source is not available. Or one could rest the main source and wholly use the

solar panels for energy source.

The planning was completed and sections were drawn including

sections of the green roof and drainage. The elevations and 3D view of the

house was the final step to the project completion as that would give a better

understanding of how the house would look like in reality if at all it was

built.

2.1 SUMMARY

The energy crisis in Pakistan made it a dire need to design a house that was

energy efficient and would reduce the cost of the utility bills or the amount

spend on HVAC (Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning) systems. For the

desired purpose a site in the area of phase 7 Hayatabad Township was

selected. And energy efficient house was designed using passive solar

techniques. More emphasis was on passive cooling as 8 out of the total 12

months of the year fall in summer. However passive

Heating techniques were also used such as studying of sun angles and

siagraphy of the building to the winter sun were designed. The house

designed was powered by a solar panel for solar energy backup in load

shedding. The house was designed with the given requirements and basic

comforts for summer and winter severe temperatures.

CHAPTER-3

1.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FINDINGS

Pakistan in general and Peshawar in particular are confronted with

extreme weather and energy crisis

One solution to Energy crisis is designing Energy Efficient buildings

which I successfully accomplished

Different design techniques and types such as, Earth tubes, green roof

and wind catchers were effectively applied.

MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS

As this was a learning project so new ideas needed for further

improvement of the concept of Energy Efficient housing.

My personal and special contribution was a unique technique i-e use of

drainage water from the green roof gardens and passing it through certain

material in a medium. From that material air is passed and cooled. The

medium was in the direction of wind path.

Secondly, wooden stems cut to half longitudinally were used for this

process to pass water to the medium and for shading and ornamentation

purposes. The above techniques were innovative self thoughts. However, the

possibility of these techniques with previously implemented designs may not

be ruled out.

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS

Limitations in terms of time as there was less time available and more

research needed to be conducted

This was a typical urban project and could not be implemented in

rural areas.

Non availability of adequate literature was another area making my

task challenging.

Non-conducive environment for research despite the fact that

Hayatabad is a posh area. Nevertheless I faced difficulties in taking

photographs and measurement of the site.

RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

Universities and Research and Development Institutions(R & D Is)

should own the idea of Energy Efficient housing. They should work

on it. The idea may be extended from single house to Energy efficient

townships

Research is also required to expand this idea of Energy Efficient

houses to rural areas by making them cost effective and affordable for

people with low income.

This idea should not be confined to residential houses only but should

be extended to Government buildings , mosques , shopping malls and

the like

Normally research conducted in universities and Research and

Development Institutions(R & DIs) does not see light of the day and is

buried in the dust of time. It is highly recommended that this type of

research should be shared and disseminated with other academic

institutions and nation building departments so that society benefits

from it to the optimum level.

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