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04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 1
Information Systems and Business Strategy
Chapter 3 (10E)
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 2
Organization of the IS Function
• Typical firm has a unit called the IS department who are responsible for IT services
• Members of the IS department– Programmers– System analysts– Project managers– CIO– Database administrators– Network administrators– Chief information officer
• End users (users of IS services outside the IS department)
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 3
How IS Impact Organizations
• Economic theories– IS/IT enables firms to lower their transaction costs
and increase revenues with fewer employees (transaction cost theory)
– Agency theory suggests that IS/IT enables firms to reduce management costs and increase revenues
• Behavioral theories– IS/IT has moved decision-making to lower levels of
management and managers make decisions faster because information is readily available
• Post-industrial theories– Also support flattening of hierarchies, but reasons
are that authority arises from knowledge and competence rather than formal positions; knowledge workers tend to be self-managed; task force organization
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 4
How IS Impact Organizations (cont)
• Increasing flexibility as evidenced by ability of orgs to respond to changes and take advantage of new opportunities– Improved communication
– Separation of work and location
– Mass customization
– Data-mining
– The Internet
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 5
How IS Impact Organizations (cont)
• The Internet and Organizations
– The Internet increases the accessibility, storage, distribution of information and knowledge for business firms.
– The Internet lowers the transaction and agency costs of firms.
– Businesses are rapidly rebuilding their key business processes based on Internet technology. Example: online order entry, customer service, and fulfillment of orders.
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 6
How IS Impact Organizations (cont)
• Organizational resistance to change
– Information systems become bound up in organizational politics because they influence access to a key resource (information).
– Information systems potentially change an organization’s structure, culture, politics, and work.
– Most common reason for failure of large projects is due to organizational and political resistance to change.
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 7
IS and Business Strategy
• Business strategy determines
– The products and services a firm produces
– The industries in which the firm competes
– Competitors, suppliers, and customers of the firm
– Long-term goals of the firm
•The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
• How information systems are transforming business
• Globalization opportunities
• The emerging digital firm
• Strategic business objectives of information systems• Operational excellence
• New products, services, and business models
• Customer and supplier intimacy
• Improved decision making
• Competitive advantage
• Survival
•Management Information SystemsManagement Information Systems•Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business TodayChapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 9
Porter’s Value Chain Model
• The value chain model looks at a business in terms of a set of primary and support activities that add value to the firm’s products or services.
• VC model can be used to determine where information systems can have the most impact to effect the competitive position of the firm
• Firm gains a competitive advantage when it provides the product or service with more value or the same value at a lower price
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 10
Management Information Systems 8/eManagement Information Systems 8/eChapter 3 Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and StrategyChapter 3 Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 11
Primary Activities of the VC Model
• Inbound logistics - receiving and storing of materials
– Wal-Mart’s continuous replenishment system
– stockless inventory systems
• Operations - transformation of inputs to finished goods or the process of providing a service
– computer controlled machinery used by Gillette for producing razor blades
• Outbound logistics - storing and distributing the product
– airline reservation system
– automated shipping scheduling systems
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 12
Primary Activities of the VC Model (continued)
• Sales and marketing - promoting and selling the firm’s product
– industrial air conditioning firms provide computer-based modeling systems to help architects determine cooling requirements for commercial properties
– Otis elevator uses sensors in its equipment that automatically notify service centers before malfunctions occur
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 13
Support Activities for the VC Model
• Administration and management
– voice mail and e-mail, intranets
• Human resources
– employee skills database, systems that facilitate compliance with government regulations
• Technology development - improving products and the production process
– an oil company uses infrared data gathered by satellite to search for oil deposits
– CAD systems
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 14
Support Activities for the VC Model (continued)
• Procurement (purchasing inputs)
– on-line electronic auctions exist that provide access to excess inventory
– retailers use on-line systems to access the inventory files and production schedules of their suppliers
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 15
Four Strategies Used With the Competitive Forces Model
• Product differentiation involves developing new and unique products and services not easily duplicated by competitors
• Becoming the low-cost producer (provide same value but at a lower cost than competitors)
• Focused differentiation involves – Narrowing the market by developing niches for specialized products
or services where a business can compete better than its rivals– Use of customer data (data mining, credit card transactions, Internet
behavior)• Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
– Use IS to develop strong ties with customers and suppliers (SCM and CRM are major tools in this area)
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 16
Business Strategies for Digital Firms
• Today digital firms view their value chain as part of a larger chain – the firm’s value chains is linked to the value chains
of their suppliers through SCM systems; Wal-Mart’s (inventory replenishment)
– the firm’s value chain is linked to the value chain of their customers (efficient customer response systems)
• The concept of switching costs and locking customers in
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 17
Competitive Forces Model
THE FIRMTRADITIONAL COMPETITION
NEW MARKET ENTRANTS
SUPPLIERS CUSTOMERS
SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS & SERVICES
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 18
Four Strategies Used With the Competitive Forces Model
• Product differentiation involves developing new and unique products and services not easily duplicated by competitors
• Becoming the low-cost producer (provide same value but at a lower cost than competitors)
• Focused differentiation involves – Narrowing the market by developing niches for specialized products
or services where a business can compete better than its rivals– Use of customer data (data mining, credit card transactions, Internet
behavior)• Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
– Use IS to develop strong ties with customers and suppliers (SCM and CRM are major tools in this area)
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 19
Examples of Systems for Each Strategy
• Product differentiation– Levi Strauss’ s Personal Pair (mass customization or
one-to-one marketing)– Hallmark’s computer generated cards– Build to order products (Dell)
• Focus (market niche)– Customer data analysis through CRM– Harrah’s case and Wyndham Hotels
• Low cost producer– CAD systems used in the automobile or airline
industry– Insurance claim adjusters use of pen-based
computers
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 20
Competitive Forces Model and the Internet
• Substitute products/services
– Online banking, stock trading, reservations, online music
• Customer’s bargaining power
– Availability of pricing information (kbb.com)
– Expansion of options (expedia.com, pricegrabber.com)
• Supplier’s bargaining power
– Procurement over the Internet raises bargaining power of customer
– Suppliers benefit from reduced barriers to entry and elimination of intermediaries (alibaba.com)
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 21
Competitive Forces Model and the Internet (continued)
• Threat of new entrants– The Internet has reduced barriers to entry such as
the need for a sales force, access to channels, and physical assets
• Rivalries among existing competitors– Widens the geographic market– Increases number of competitors– Reduces differences among competitors– Pressure to compete on price
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 22
Network Economics
• The network economics concept is that the marginal cost of adding another participant are near zero, but the marginal gain is much larger
• Building communities of users through the Internet
– Microsoft’s developer’s network
– Microsoft’s attempts to place selected companies on the opening page of their browser
– the airlines use of electronic mail to inform customers of excess capacity
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 23
Management Opportunities and Challenges
• Opportunities
– Firms face a continuing stream of IT-based opportunities to achieve strategic advantages
• Challenges
– Some firms face big hurdles in implementing contemporary systems; resistance to change.
– Once an advantage is achieved, there are difficulties in sustaining the advantage.
– Organizations often cannot change fast enough to accommodate new technologies (Kodak).
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 24
Solutions: What Managers Can Do
• Managers cannot depend on IS professionals to tell them about strategic opportunities
• Managers must understand what is happening in their industry in general and the role of technology in particular
• How do you do this?
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 25
Solutions: Questions to Ask
• Perform a strategic systems analysis
– Understand the structure and competitive dynamics of the industry where your firm operates
– Understand the business, firm, and industry value chains
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 26
Summary Thoughts
• Decreasing costs of IT means IT is available to all firms
• Competition hinges on the creative use of IT since all competitors have access to IT
• Employees who understand IT and can use it in creative ways have high value
• Innovation and creative use of IT is increased by increasing the number of IT-knowledgeable employees
• Individualizing competitive advantage or how do you contribute to the competitive advantage of your firm?
04/20/23 Laudon & Laudon 27
Strategic Option Generator (Wiseman)
• Target
– Supplier, customer, competitor
• Thrust
– Differentiation, cost, innovation, growth, alliance
• Mode
– Offensive or defensive
• Direction
– Internal users, external users, or both
• Execution