11[2].the Female Reproductive System 2009

7/29/2019 11[2].the Female Reproductive System 2009

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The Female Reproductive

System

Bydrg.Nursiah Nasution Mkes





Female Reproductive Anatomy



Female Pelvis



Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries and

Supporting Ligaments



The Developing Follicle

• Atresia of all follicles but one – One follicle develops faster

than the rest

– Starts to secrete estrogens:

• Enhances granulosa cell

proliferation

• Increase no. of FSH receptors

on granulosa cells

• Increase FSH effect on follicle

• Decrease secretion of FSH & LH



Follicle and Oocyte

Development• Oogenesis is the

production of a secondary

oocyte in ovaries

• Oogonia are cells from

which oocytes develop• Primary oocytes are

surround by granulosa

cells and called a

primordial follicle

• Primordial follicle

becomes a primary

follicle when oocyte enlarges and cells

change

• Primary follicle becomessecondary follicle andenlarges to form matureor graafian follicle – Usually only one is

ovulated, othersdegenerate

• Primary oocyte completesfirst meiotic division toproduce secondary

oocyte and a polar body• Secondary oocyte begins

second meiotic division,which stops in metaphaseII



Ovary Histology



Maturation of Follicle and

Oocyte



Ovulation and Follicle Fate

• Ovulation

– Follicle swells and

ruptures, secondary

oocyte is releasedfrom ovary

– Second meiotic

division completed

when secondary

oocyte unites with

sperm cell to form

zygote

• Fate of the follicle

– Graafian follicle

become corpus luteum

– If fertilization occurs,corpus luteum persists

– If no fertilization,

becomes corpus

albicans



Functions of FSH

1. Stimulates growth and maturation of

ovarian follicles: Primary to mature

Graafian follicle.

2. Theca interna: secretion of estrogen

(follicular stage)

3. Granulosa cells: Secretion of

progesterone (luteal stage)



Functions of LH

1. Initially supports the stimulatory effect of FSH.

2. Imperative for ovulation to occur (day 14).

3. LH causes the granulosa cells to form

lutein cells (luteinization) which forms thecorpus luteum.

4. Lutein cells secrete estrogen and

progesterone.5. Lutein cells: proliferation→enlargement

→secretion →degeneration.





Puberty and Menstrual Cycle

• Puberty

– Begins with menarche

or first episode of

menstrual bleeding – Begins when GnRH

levels increase

• Menstrual Cycle – About 28 days long

– Phases

• Menses

• Proliferative phase• Secretory phase

• Menses

– Amenorrhea:

Absence of amenstrual cycle

– Menopause:

Cessation of

menstrual cycles



Menstrual Cycle



Hormone Regulation during

Menstrual Cycle



Proliferative Phase (estrogen phase)

1. Increase concentration of estrogens

secreted by ovaries.

2. Stromal and epithelial cells proliferate

rapidly.

3. Increase growth of glands & B/Vs into

endometrium.

4. At the time of ovulation→endometrium

3mm thick.



Secretory Phase (progesterone Phase)

1. Increase secretions of estrogen and

progesterone from the corpus luteum.

2. Progesterone causes:

• Marked swelling of the endometrium.

• Increased secretory development.

• Increase nutritional content of stromal cells

• Increase gland tortutosity

3. Endometrium thickness: 6mm.



Menstrual Phase1. Day 26 → degeneration of corpus luteum →

2. decrease levels of blood estrogen andprogesterone:

• Decrease stimulation of endometrial cells

• Involution of endometrium (by 65%).

• Bld vessels become vasoplastic (constrict)• Necrosis of endometrium

• All superficial layers of endometrium desquamated(broken down)

• Uterine wall contracts →expels contents: • 35ml blood

• 35ml serous fluid

• Ps.: Fibrolysin prevents clotting















Thank you for your attention

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11[2].the Female Reproductive System 2009

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