� .Elementary. :��

Ter�p6:�t6gr�phyA PRACTICAL TREATISE FOR

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS

By J. P. SAINT-CLAIR.

ILLUSTRATED.

PUBLISHED BY

THE CAMERA & DARK ROOM CO.,108 FULTON ST., NEW YORK.

(Montreal, P. Q. and San Francisco.)

No. " OF 'raE --PHOTOGRAPHIC HANDBOOK.

c. 0(,

Cop_vn'ght, WO'2

By W ALTER G. PI ERSO�.

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109.

ELEMENTARY

TELEPHOTOGRAPHY ..

I

)� �

�.,trodUCtiOn. T:w. 0 R P TEL�•

... PHOTOGRAPHY IS

lerived from the Greek tele, meaning far

'ff; photo, meaning light; and graphz"a,eaning to write. Literally translated,stands for "far off light writing," and

commonly translated, '�'photograph­'g objects which are distant from the

'mera." While these definitions are

; od, they do not em brace all that can

�� accomplished by means of telepho-

tography.. While objects a great dis­

tance from the camera 'can be .photo­graphed and produce a picture of goodsize with plenty of minute detail, small

objects near the camera can also be

photographed in their natural sizes or

even larger in some cases, such as

flowers, small animals, architectural

detail, etc. To do telephotographicwork, special apparatus is 'required,such as camera, lens and tripod; but

the apparatus which can be used in

telephotography can also be made use­

ful in ordinary photography, so if a

camera is bought it would be advan­

tageous to purchase one which can

also be brought into service as a tele­

photo-camera, as the cost is very little

more, and the tripod is the same as

.any, other tripod, with the exception2

that it should be rigid so as eliminatevibration of th� camera -during ex­

posure.A good definition for

Definition.telephotography w 0 u 1 d

read something like this : Telepho­tography is the art of photographingobjects distant from the camera witha specially constructed lens or series of

"lenses by which larger and clearer pict­ures are obtained than with an ordi­

nary lens, and the photographing ofnearer objects with. the view of ob­

taining larger and better defined detailwithout the loss of Iocal depth.

The advantages. of tele­Advantages photography are s u c h

of that a photographer can

Telephotog- reproduce the beautiful intaphy. nature and the handiwork

of man, just as he likes without greatinconvenience. Objects at an infinitedistance from the camera may be pho-

3

tographed, as the sun, the moon, the

planets. and their satellites, and the,

fixed stars. Astronomy would be in a

very sore· plight if telephotographycould not be brought to its aid to pro­duce accurate records of the positionsof the different planets at different

periods, and the many other changestoo numerous to enumerate here,which occur in the universe outside ofthe earth. The photographing of vol­

canos, mountain peaks and ranges at a

distance of forty to sixty miles fromthe camera is only possible with tele­

photography and results are obtainedthat would surprise even the most skep­tical. Pictures can be produced of ob­

jects and views, that would be <impos­sible to get with an ordinary camera

and lens, or sometimes a long and tedi­ous walk is' saved by the use of the

telephoto outfit, whereas with an ordi­

nary outfit the camera would have to

4

be placed at a particular point to pro ...

duce a desirable result. In some

cases the surrounding conditions andthe lay of the ground is such that ,it is

impossible to produce a good pictureand the photographer is compelled to

resort to the telephoto lens to obtainresults. The production of architect­ural detail, when in such a positionthat it could not be secured with an

ordinary lens, is another advantage ofthe telephoto lens. Since the adventof the isochromatic and orthochro­matic dry plates great interest has beentaken in reproducing flowers by-pho­tography, put with the use of a tele- ,

photo lens in 'addition to the iso dryplate and the ray filter, results can beobtained that surpass pictures madewith an ordinary camera, because thesebeautiful objects can be reproduced in'natural size and smaller flowers Can be

enlarged. Small animals, such as

Ii

squirrels and birds, can "be photo-·graphed in their native haunts without

having, to approach too near to dis­turb them.

The disadvantages at­Disadvan-

tending the practice oftages of

telephotography are 'sev­Telephotog- eral. The long focus ca-

mera, the extra heavy tri­

pod, the large focusing cloth, telephotoattachment and its support, a ray filterand plate holders make quite a load to

carry about. The other disadvantagesof telephotography are those connectedwith the prolonged exposure, and the

atmospheric conditions. On account ofthe long exposure necessary it is almost

impossible to make pictures of objectsin motion, and it must not be verywindy as vibrations of the camera are

liable to be produced and objects to be

photographed are kept in constant mo­

tion by the wind. In making pictures

raphy.

6

of objects a great distance from thecamera it is necessary' that the atmos­

phere be absolutely clear and free from.

smoke.imist or dust, otherwise the pic­ture will look foggy.· To get the best.results in telephotography it is policyto go out to make telephoto views on

a bright morning following a shower or

rain, as the air is then clearest. Duringthe hot season of the year telephotog..

raphy should be practiced before ten. A. M., or after three P. M., to avoid thevibrations in the air which occur duringthe heat of the day, and which are pro­duced by air of different temperaturescoming together. Another disadvan­

tage of telephotography .is the diffi­

culty of focusing, especially the largermagnifications such as eight or ten

diameters of enlargement, which willbe explained later on. All the disad­

vantages are not so great that they are

not readily overcome, with the excep-

7

tion of the making of telephotographsof objects ·in motion, although slow

snap shots of ships at sea have beenmade with the telephoto lens in brightweather.

The camera should havea fairly long bellows, from

Apparatus -three to six times the��quired. length of the focus of the

photo-objective used on the camera .

.It should· be strongly built. and the

parts should fjt rigidly, so that theycannot vibrate with the wind. Acamera with a back as well as a front

focusing device is preferable to one

that has only a front focusing adjust­ment, because the focusing is verydifficult and if the bellows .is extendedvery much it will be very inconvenientto have to get out from under the

focusing cloth every time the rackand pinion should .be brought intoservice. to adjust the focus.. I have in

.

The

8

service' a 5 x 7 long focus, reversibleback Premo of t'he 1901 style, with a

bellows extension of 36 inches, with a

back and a front focus, both of whichare supplied with rack and pinion, andfind that it answers the purpose most

admirably. The tripod s h 0 u I d be

strong and: rigid, so that with thecamera placed upon it there will be an

absence of vibration in quite a strongwind, because upon this point dependsyour success in telephotography.

The focusing- cloth should be large,that is it should be large e-n-ough to goall around the camera and come to­

gether underneath, so all the light can

be shut out from behind.Most any' good ray filter will do to

shut out the blue haze which will benoticed when looking at distant ob­

jects and which will make the picturelook foggy.

Another necessary adjunct- to the '

9

telephoto outfit is a support for thefront board of the camera, which be­comes" taxed to the utmost by 'theheavy lens, shutter and telephoto at­

tachment, and puts it on a tension,whichinvites vibration of the worst k-ind.The mere opening of the shutter or

touching of the camera and tripod willmake the front board vibrate for two

whole minutes, which means death to

the picture. Therefore the supportfor the front board is as essential in the

production of telephotographs as is the

tripod. This support may he a simpleblock of wood, fitted so as to reachfr-om the base of the camera to theunder side of the telephoto attachment

just back of the shutter and the photoobjective, or it may consist of a rodwhich extends from the top of the

. camera to the top of the front board,and provided with a slide and thumbscrew so it can be let out or shortened

10

at will, without much inconvenience.

I, for my part, prefer the little wooden

block, as it takes up very little room.in

carrying about.

Telephoto lenses on the market are

of various kinds. The little supple­mentary lenses which are used in front

of, or between the combinations of the

photo-objective, and magnify from one

and a half to two diameters are very

popular, but do not come under this

subject, neither do the convertiblelenses usually sold with long focuscameras. These lenses have becomeso popular that any camera that has

any pretention toward long focus must

be equipped with a convertible lens.I t is so constructed that if the rear

combination of the system is used

alone, or the front combination is used

alone, the focal length is increased fromone and a half to two times that of the,combined system.

11

Long focus lenses, such as would be

required to magnify the picture fromfour to eight diameters would requireas many different lenses, which' are

very expensive, .and would require a

camera with bellows extension of fromfour to eight times that necessary fo�a short focus length, consequently �ewill not consider these' any further withthe exception of showing the differencein bellows extension required in longfocus lenses and the use of a telephotoattachment, as; it is shown in my outfit

consisting of a photo objective, "TheCollinear" Series I I, NO.4, with a 7Y8inch focus and a telephoto attachmentof the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,with, a lens of a negative focus of

3 15-16 in. which is as follows :-

Diameters of enlargement.... 3Extension with telephoto t 8 inattachment I

.. .

With long focus lens 24 in.

Diameters of enlargement. . . • 7Extension with telephoto t 24 in

attachment I.. .

With long focus lens 56 in.

5 6

12 in. 16 in. 20 in.

82 in, 40 in. 48 in.

8 9

28 in. S2in.

64 in. 72 in.

12

. I will now describe the telephoto.attachment which I have been alludingto above. These instruments are man­

ufactured by various firms who make

.lenses, such as Bausch & Lomb Opti­t cal Co., Carl Zeiss, Voigtlaender & Son

Optical Co., J. H. Dallmeyer, Steinheil.

& Son, R. &. J. Beck, and others, 'butI will limit my description to theinstrument made by the Bausch &Lomb .Optical Co., as it is their lensthat I am using. While the instru­ments made by the different firms are

all made on' the same principle .thedescription of one will practicallycover each make with the exception ofsome unimportant points. The Bausch& Lomb Optical Co. make two gradesof this instrument-one which is usedon a camera with a short bellows and

will produce enlargements up to two

and a half diameters, and up to fourdiameters with additional bellows ex-;

13

tension, and the other a higher class

. instr�ment which produces. enlarge­ments from three diameters up to eightand ten. The cheaper instrument will

probably interest more amateur pho-

A HAND CAMERA TELEPHOTO LENS.

tographers than the more expensivekind and I will therefore consider it first.

The hand camera telephoto is the

ideal attachment for the amateur ph<;>-14

tographer as it can �e �M�M with a

camera with ia .bellows tha,t, racks, out

from one atlo4 i.��it i�q t?�j�� �h� '(o.i�length of the photo.objective, ,t\le bestcamera f�r its u�� 0 ��l�k:.�:·\�tlgOOf�cuscycle style. Any camera will answer

the purpose, although not as well.This attachment consists of two tubes,one sliding within the other, the largerhaving a negative lens in the end, of

just half the focal length of the photo­objective used, which is attached to thefront board in place of the shutter, andthe shutter holding the photo-objectiveis attached to the inner tube, whichslides within the larger tube, and on

which is engraved a scale of enlarge­ments. The attachment can be orderedfrom any 'photo supply house by 'send­

ing the exact focal length of the photo­objective and size and kind of shutter,the size of camera and length of bel­lows.

15

The mort�c�xlPensive attachment issimilar too.ofheo �hove' one with the ex-

��ii�J, °th�i' >tbeiibi�r(6.Iib� slides in

�nd' QUCt 'by ; �'�}:l{il'n<d 0 pf�ion, . and' also

ispro;'dd�.Wj£h�4ra�hJ.agms to shut out

reflectCi�ns: t'he�e' instruments are not

kept in stockby the manufacturers butare made to fit the particular photo­objective it is to be used with. The

photographer who desires one of thisclass of instruments is required to sendhis photo-objective to' the: lens makerso. that he can, make a' .negative lensthat will work withit at'�ll the enlarge­ments.. The lens makers ,also assert

that none. but high class· photo-objec­tives will be. fitted to this instrumentas results will not.be satisfactory with

others; that is, any lack of sharpness inthe image produced by the photo­objective will be exaggerated by the

negative lens in the attachment. Hereis appended the manufacturer's table

16-

ELEMENTARY TELEPHOTOGRAPHY.

The small picture isa photograph of the German Building,Chicago, taken on July I at 1.30 P. M. after a rainstorm. The'air was clear, the sky dark and gloomy. The building was a

quarter of a mile from 'the camera. A 16-inch focus lens wasused, stop f/8, time 1/30 second on Cramer Crown plate,usiug g x 7 Premo camera. The picture shows the impossibilityof getting nearer to take the picture.

The large picture is a tele photograph of the same buildingtaken immediately after the other. Diameters of enlargement-6; bellows extension, 20 inches: exposure. 2 seconds onCramer isochromatic plate. through Burk e & James ray titter,same camera, B. & L. telephoto lens,tI

....--l

EQUIVA- MAGNIl<'ICATION.

SIZE. F:;{-';STOF Resul�ing Focus when used with Tele-Photo Attachment

'PaOTOLENS. 3 4 . 5 6 7 ·8

--- - ---' --- --- ---

Inches. . Jncbes. Inches. Juches. Inches. inches. Inches. Inches.

4 .

X 5 6� 6ra; 9f8 �- �2yB 16}'B 19� 22Ys5 X 8 0% 8ra ,13'

.

IJ 72 �2 26 � 316Yzx 8;%' :. ])}'2. II}�, 16� 2�Yz 28Yz. 34Yz 40Yz8 X io "I",iYz :!1$Yz." '�d� 2>Z�: :"34Yz '41,% 48Yz

SIZE. ili.\MEl'ERS OF IMAGE CIRCLE.

Inches. \Vhen used with T'ele-Photo Attachment.

4 X 5 5·ji . 7 Yz . 9 � r � 1.5 17 Yz.5 X 8 6Yz. 9%' 123� I6J.(. 19ra 22Yz6�x &Yz 8' ) I 14xt 18 22 26

8 X 10 9 12% 16Yz 20% 26 30-- �

of bellows extension required for thedifferent sizes of instruments, also a

table of the diameter of the imagecircle produced by them in .the various

enlargements.The Dry

The dry plates used in

Plates. telephotography shouldbe of the m 0 s t rap i d

brand because of the necessarily pro­longed exposure and for long distances,of the iso or orthochromatic kind, and

exposed through a ray-filter, tocut out

the blue haze, which can be observedwhen viewing distant objects. All dryplates to be used should be of the non-

.

halation variety, because halation isnot desirable in pictures and the tele­

photo lens exaggerates it quite a little.Non-halation dry plates are expensive,so the only way �o get around this is

to back regular plates with any goodnon-halation backing of which thereare many on the market. It requires.

18

considerable care but after getting usedto non-halation dry plates none otherwin 'be used again for any kind of pho­tography. I back all my own dryplates with a backing I make myself;I do not consider it supedor to anyof those on the market, but just as

good. ' I purchase a pound of burntumber in dry powder, at the paint shop,at five cents, and a bottle of best mucil­

age at the drug store at ten cents, andmix the two with the addition of

enough water to make a mass of the

consistency of- putty and then knead it

thoroughly as a baker does his bread

dough. [ then mould this mass into

small square cakes and lay it in thesun to dry. The backing is then readyfor use. Scrape from the edges of one

of the cakes enough in the form of fine

powder for immediate use, and mix it

with sufficient water to make it of the

consistency of house paint, and then

19

retire to the dark room and proceed to

cover the glass backs of the dry plates,being ..very careful the face of the

plate is kept perfectly clean, This

operation must be performed in a verydim ruby Iight.and the plates laid facedown on a black piece of cloth to dry:which takes about half an hour, when

they are ready· for the plate holders.After the plates have been exposedand _ are ready for development, the

backing can be removed by taking a

bit of soft cotton, or absorbent cotton,wetting it, wipe' all off carefully with­out wetting the face of the plate. I

have now described all the apparatusrequired to make telephotographs, andwe are ready to proceed with actualwork.

The selection of objects.

for telephoto views should

always be made before_

starting out with the outfit, so as to

StartingOut.

20

-lose the least time possible in gettingthe exposure during the proper timeof day and when the atmospheric con­

ditions are satisfactory. The besttime to start out would be on a brightmorning after _ a shower, as the air isthen most free from fog, dust and

smoke; and if it is during the warm

season the .exposure should be madebefore 10 a. m. or after 3 p. m. to avoidthe vibration of the air previously men­

tioned. It should also be a morningwhen the wind is not blowing, to avoidvibration of the camera, as there is

usually considerable bellows surface

exposed and the wind is also liable to

keep the trees, etc., in motion. Thecamera should be focused in a placeon a solid foundation and as much out

of the wind as possible, as it makes

very little difference in taking longdistance views whether the camera ismoved a few feet one _way or the other.

21

After the camera is set up the object to

be taken should be viewed on the focus­

ing screen, without the telephoto com­

bination, to ascertain the bearing andsize of the object so that the numberof diameters of enlargement can be

judged. The photo-objective should be

wiped clean with a piece of absorbentcotton, so as to remove all the dirt or

dust that may settle on the surface, as

the smallest particle of dirt will be

greatly magnified by the negative lensin the attachment and Cctuse a -spot on

the negative or plate. The shutter and

photo-objective can then be taken offthe front board and the telephotoattachment put in its place and theshutter and photo-objective adjustedto the end of the attachment and the

apparatus is ready for the most diffi­cult part of the whole procedure-s­namely, the focusing of the object on

the focusing screen.

22

This· without doubt isFocusing. the most patience-tryingordeal a photographer is asked to go

through. Having first ascertained the

magnification necessary, the telephotoattachment is set at the number ofthe scale, �hich is engraved on theinner tube, indicating the diametersof enlargement, and rack out the bel­lows to the required length as givenin the table on page 17. Now by the aidof the focusing doth the real work

begins, and with a little perseverancethe effort will be crowned with success.

The fine focusing is done with the rackand pinion of the telephoto-attachmentto get the desired enlargement on the

plate, and with the rack and pinion on

the bed of the camera to get the sharp­ness of the image on the plate. Thelatter may be done much easier if thecamera has a back focusing device.The greater the number of diameters

23

of enlargement the more difficult willbe the focusing, consequently one issometimes satisfied with a smaller·pict-­ture to facilitate matters. It sorne-:

times happens that a lens cannot be

accurately fitted to the attacliment to

obtain all the diameters of enlarge-­ment, especially in the cheaper gradesof lenses, and there will occur what isknown as spherical aberation, That is,when the object is focused on the'

focusing screen the edges of the pict-,ure will be out of focus when thecentre is in focus and vice versa, whichmakes things very aggravating.· Toobviate this the space between the two

combinations of the photo-objective.should be slightly increased by turningthe front combination a half a turn or

more to the left. The exact amount

must be ascertained for each lens andcan only be done during focusing so as

to get it exactly correct.· Before put-24

ting the plate holder into the camera

take another look at the focusingscreen to see if the picture is equallyfocused all over it and we are then

ready for the exposure.This is one of the most

.�xpo$ure. important considerations.The ·exposure is necessarily prolonged,but not as much as it seems at first

thought. The intensity of light dimin­ishes directly as the square of the dis­tance it travels, therefore a .lens of longfocus making a picture eight diameters

larger thah an ordinary lens of thesame diameter the exposure would be8 x 8=64 times that of the ordinary lens.This is not the case when using a tele­

photo-attachment, because the bellowsextension for an eight diameter en­

largement is not eight times as long,as will be seen on the table given on

page 17. I will take as example an

eight-inch photo-objective which would25

require, with a telephoto attachmentset at eight diameters enlargement,only 'twenty-eight inches bellows ex-.tension plus the four inches telephoto­attachment, would make it thirty-twoinches from the photo-objective to the

. focusing screen, which is just one-half. the focus of an ordinary long focus lens,and requires sixty-four times the lengthof exposure, while this combination or

system requires the light to travel onlyfour times the distance of the eight­inch photo-objective, and consequentlythe exposure is only multiplied by the

square of 4, (4x4=16) that is by 16.

This does not mean sixteen seconds or

any specified time, but simply that the

exposure will be sixteen times that of

the eight-inch photo-objective under

normal exposure. This is not all there

is to know about exposure in telepho­tography. The distance an object is

from the camera is an important factor

26

in exposure, as is also the color andthe light surrounding it. It is generallyknown that objects at a greater distancefrom the camera require a shorter ex­

posure than those nearer, and objectsof a dark color require a longer expos­ure than those of a lighter color, whilethose in the shadow also require a

longer exposure than those in the light.These facts are also very much in evi­dence in telephotography as will beseen by the following tables which I

keep in my exposure record for readyreference and which I always carrywith me when I am out with a camera.

I will here again remark that this tabledoes not represent time of any kind,but the figures are multipliers of normal

photo-objective time..

If the photog­rapher is not up on normal exposurehe should invest in a good exposuretable or meter. Following are the tablesfor exposures as I use them in telepho-tography.

.

27

For distances less than 800 feet multiply normal exposure time

bythe following factors:--,-

-Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j 10

Darkobjects in shadow, 9 Ib 25 36 49 64 81 100

.",00

Darkobjects in light and5 8 13 is 25 ,32 40 50light objects in shadow,

tightobjects in bright light,2 4 6 9 1,3 "i6 20, 25Darkobjects in intense light,

Lightobjects in intense light, I 2 3 5 7 9 II i3

For objects less than 1200 feet distance from the camera,

multiply the time of normal exposure by the following factors ,-

Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dark objects in shadow, 6 10 16 24 32 42 54 75

Dark objects in light and5 8 12

' 16 25 36I>:)light objects in shadow, '

3 20

c:o

Light objects in bright light,I 4 6 8 10 13 18

Dark objects in intense light, 3

Light objects in intense light, � I� 2 3 4 5 7 9_

Seaand sky, - - - 1/5 2/5 3/5 I IJ( I� 2 2�

Seaand sky with ships, - � I I�- 2 2,Yz 3 4 5

*For objects mote than r aoo teet distant from the camera,using isochromatic dry plates and ray screen. Multiply normal

exposure time by, the following factors:

.

Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dark objects in shadow, 9 J6 .25 36 49 64 8r 100

Dark objects in light and ..

light objects in shadow,6 10 16 24 32 42 54 68

ce0

Light objects in bright light,Dark objects in intense light, 3 5 8 12 r6 20 25 34

Light objects in intense light, :2 .. 6 9 13 i6 20 25

Sea and sky, - - - 3/10 � 41s 11/5 i� 2 2� 3t

Sea and sky with ships, )( I� 2 3 4 5 6 8

*NOTE.-If used without ray screen give one-quarter of the time thesefactors indicate.

These tables, do not contain factorsfor exposure as used in astronomy, be­cause I have not taken the opportunityto experiment in making pictures of the

sun, the moon, the planets and the fixedstars. This will dose the notes on ex­

posure, although a great deal could bewritten on the subject.

I am not going to giveDevelop-ment of the

a resume on the develop-Plate. ment of dry plates in gen-

eral, but will simply call·attention to one peculiarity in the de­

velopment of the dry plate that hasbeen exposed through a telephoto lens.In the first place, if the dry plates havebeen backed, the backing should be

wiped off with a piece of wet absorbent

cotton,care being taken not to soil or wet

the face of the plate. These plates de­

velop softer than plates exposed in an or­

dinary camera, and workers who are ac­

customed to make soft negatives should

31

be careful or they will have flat nega­-tives. The developer should be con­

siderably stronger than that used forother plates, and if contrasty negativesare desired a little bromide of potashshould be added. I am not confinedto strict formulee for developing dryplates as I vary the proportions of theconstituents in the developer to suit

conditions; viz: the time of the year,the exposure.and the kind of plate used.

The piotures produced byThe

Telephoto.. means of telephotography-graph. ar� such as to leave noth-

ing to be. desired. Theyare soft in appearance, yet full of detail,and have a perspective that can not be

produced by ordinary photography ..

Telephotography is a delightful sub­

ject and as the prices of the attach­ments are now very moderate, I wouldadvise every amateur possessing a fold­

ing hand-camera to purchase one a..dsee for himself.

COMPLETE WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

PRICE

4 x 5'�";"T: $8.00f 6��8�, .12.00

,

.,

u. NI;HRINO,