(114697083) Compostaje Bacteriana de Descarnado Animales Generados Por Las Industrias de Curtiduría

8/12/2019 (114697083) Compostaje Bacteriana de Descarnado Animales Generados Por Las Industrias de Curtidura

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Waste Management 30 (2010) 26222630

Contents lists available at ScienceD irect

Waste Management

journal homeage! """ #e lsev ie r #co m $ locate $" asma n

%acterial comosting o& animal 'eshing generate &rom tanner inustries

%# *avinran+ ,# Se-aran .

/nvironmental echnolog Division+ Central eather *esearch nstitute+ ar+ Chennai 600 020+ nia

a rt i c l e i n &o

3rticle histor!

*eceive 23 ril 2010

ccete 14 5ul 2010

vailable online 14 ugust 2010

a b s t ra c t

nimal 'eshing (7) is the major roteinaceous soli "aste generate uring the manu&acture o&

leather+ "hich re8uires to be isose o& b environmentall soun manner# his stu reorts aboutthe treatment o& 7 into an organic comost an its e&&ects on hsiological arameters o& i&&erent

cros in a laborator stu# he 7 "as hrolse using Selenomonas ruminantium 9M000123 an

then the hrolse 7 "as mi:e "ith co" ung an lea& litter &or roucing comoste organic &er;

tili


2/13


3/13

%# *avinran+ ,# Se-aran $ Waste Management 30 (2010) 26222630

9rolsis o& roteinaceous soli "aste "as consiereb man

researchers as a re;treatment ste be&ore anaerobic igestion#

he resent "or- involves hrolticre;treatment o& 3671 "hich

"ill reuce the comosting erio+ accelerate stabiliumar et al#+ 200)# he 7

arti; cles o& imension 1 cm "ere obtaine+ using choermachine# he chemical characteristics o& elime 7 "ere

etermine on a r "eight basis an the stanar eviations

are base on trili; cate analses# he characteristics o& 7 are

given in able 1#

2#3# 9rolsis o& 3671

he hrolsis rocess "as carrie out in soli state hrolsis

(SS9) reactor+ 0 l caacit an "ith "or-ing volume o& 3 l con;

taining -g o& choe 7# he otimi


4/13

able 2

=timi29L=@ 0#34 g

>92L=@ 0# grace element solution 2 ml

race element comosition (g$l)

MgS=@ 0#@4

7eS=@ 0#0

CoCl2 0#02

MnCl2 0#014

CaCl2 0#1@G

9@MoG=2@ 0#123

able 3

Contents o& i&&erent "astes in the initial ra" mi:ture#

Comonents uantit (-g)

Delime$hrolse 7 Co" ung 6

ea& litter 6

ning electron microscoe (S/M) analsis+ 7ourier;trans&orm in&ra;

re (7;*) analsis an thermogravimetr (,) analsis#

2#6# Lhsico;chemical analsis

he etails o& various methos use &or hsico;chemical anal;

sis are given in able @# he 9 o& the samle in istille "ater at

the ratio o& 1!10 ("$v) "as etermine+ using a Sstronics9 me;

ter (lsstronocis 364) ?tte "ith a glass electroe# /lectrical con;uctivit "as etermine+ using a conuctivit meter (93C9;

conuctivit$DSmeter)# otal otassium "as etermine b 'ame

hotometer (/lico+ C 22D+ nia)# 9eav metals o& total 7e+ Cr+ In+

Mn an Cu "ere etermine b means o& atomic absortion sec;

trohotometer (S) (Ler-in;/lmer amba 2 sectrohotometer)

a&ter igesting the samle "ith concentrate 9=3!concentrate

9Cl=@+ @!1+ v$v) (,arg an >aushi-+ 200)#

he 7ourier;trans&orm in&rare (7;*) sectra o& 7+ initial

ra" mi:tures an comoste organic &ertili%r o& sectroscoic grae an mae in the &orm o&

ellets at a ressure o& 1 MLa# he ellets "ere about 10 mm in

iameter an 1 mm in thic-ness# he sectra "ere then subjecte

to base line correction an the bans "ere stuie to 8uanti& the

changes in the chemical structure o& C=7#

hermogravimetric analsis "as er&orme+ using hermo;

gravimetric analser (0 (B20#6 %uil 31) aaratus registering

,# he samles (0 mg) "ere analse "ithout an re;treat;

ment+ e:cet &or manual grining in agate mortar an sieve to

0#2 mm# , "as carrie out in the temerature range &rom 30 Cu to 1200 C uner nitrogen atmoshere at heating rate o&

10 C$min# he manometric ressure "as maintaine at 101 -La#

7or scanning electron microsco (S/M) analsis+ the initial an

C=7 "ere rie an lace in an ion coating instrument# he sam;

les "ere coate "ith gol ions &or about 1020 min+ the coate

stubs "ere lace in S/M moule+ 5/= 5M;600 electron micro;

scoe an micrograhs "ere recore at 1 -B at levels o&

magni?cation#

2#G# Microbiological characteristics o& comost

During the comosting+ the samle "as analse &or bacterial

countsF total bacteria mesohilic bacteria+ %acillus s#+ Salmonella

an Shigella an 7ecal coli&orm bacteria "ere etermine+ using the

serial ilution techni8ue# 10 g o& C=7 samle "as ae to 40 ml

sterile bu&&ere etone solution uner asetic techni8ue an

(101+10

2+# # # + 10

G) ilutions "ere mae using sterile 0#A aCl

solutions# 0#1 ml ali8uot samle "as late on Deo:cholate cit;

rate agar &or Salmonella s#+ Shigella s#+ utrient agar &or total

mesohilic bacteria+ rtic so agar &or %acillus s# an m7C agar

&or &ecal coli&orm count# ll comost samles "ere assaeb ilu;

tion "ith at least &our relicates o& each susension#

2## Lhtoto:icit test &or C=7

he see germination bioassa o& i&&erent cro secies "as

use to assess the to:icit an maturit o& the C=7# n see germi;

nation bioassa e:eriment+ t"o ieces o& Whatman ?lter aer

"ere lace insie a 1 100;mm sterilieague (141)

@ otal organic carbon *ai titration metho( Wal-e an %lac- (143@)

otal >jelhal nitrogen >jelhal metho( %remner (1446)

6 otal hoshorus Sectrohotometric metho( ,arg an >aushi- (200)

G otal otassium 7lamehotometric metho( ,arg an >aushi- (200)

9eav metals tomic absortion sectrosco (S) ,arg an >aushi- (200)

4 7;* 7ourier;trans&orm in&rare (7;*) sectrosco *avinran et al# (200)

10 S/M Scanning electron microsco *avinran et al# (200)

11 ,3 hermogravimetric analsis Lietro an Laola (200@)


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able

7ormulae &or see germination bioassa 8uanti?cation#

See germination bioassa

umber o& sees germinate in the C=7 e:tractT U Vumber o& sees germinate in the control

100

le soluble molecules (,anesh >umar et al#+ 200)# he chemical

characteristics o& hrolse 7 are illustrate in able 1# 3&ter

the hrolsis o& elime 3671+ the9 has come o"n &rom G#31

to 6#6 an C! ratio change &rom 3#2 to 1#2@# hese changes ma

Mean root elongation in the C=7 e:tractT U VMean root elongation in the control 100 be ue to hrolsis o& comle: molecules b anaerobic bacteria

,ermination ine: VTA *elative see germinat ionU T A *elat ive root elongat io nU

strain S# ruminantium an then the hrolse 7 "as mi:e

"ith co" ung an lea& litter &or roucing comoste organic &er;

tili+ =C+ L+ > (&or nutrient enrichment) an microbial

arameters li-e total mesohilic bacteria count an &ecal coli&orm+

etc# (&or athogenic organism removal) an instrumental analsis

li-e 7;*+ , an S/M (&or structural stuies)# 7inall+ i&&erent

cros see germination stuies "ere use to ienti& the

htoto:; icit o& C=7#

3#1# Lhlogenetic analsis o& the isolate bacteria

he isolate bacteria "ere ienti?e as OOS# ruminantiumP on the

basis o& morhological+ hsiological characteristics an 16S rD3

se8uences# he nucleotie se8uence reorte here has been as;

signe an accession number 9M000123 &rom C% ,ene %an-

atabase# he %S result sho"e 4@A similarities to those o&

the nearest strain 3ciaminococcaceae bacterium D57;B*01 (,en;

%an- accession o# /HG2G0)# he %13S0 results sho"ing high;

similarities to those o& a grou consisting o& several OOS# ruminanti;

umP strains are resente in 7ig# 1#

3#2# 9rolsis rocess o& 3671

he isolate anaerobic bacteria S# ruminantium 9M000123 "as

able to hrolse the 3671 comle: molecules in G as# n the

en o& hrolsis rocess+ the hrolse 3671 "as collecte

&rom SS9 reactor# Hner anaerobic conitions+ hroltic en


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7ig# 1# Lhlogram obtaine base on the hlogenetic analsis o& 16S rD se8uence o& Selenomonas ruminantium 9M000123#


7/13

able 6

Changes in hsico;chemical characteristics (A) (mean Q SD) uring comosting o& hrolse 7+ lea& litter an co" manure (n R 3)#

Das 9 > (A) =C (A) otal hoshorus (A) otal otassium (A)

0 G#4 Q 0#@G3 0# Q 0#04 #6 Q 3#42 0#26 Q 0#01 0#4 Q 0#0G

G G#41 Q 0#@40 0#@ Q 0#03 0# Q 3#3 0#2G2 Q 0#016 0#4 Q 0#06G

1@ G#43 Q 0#@G 0#4 Q 0#066 @6#1 Q 2#44 0#2GG Q 0#016 0#4G Q 0#066

21 G#4@ Q 0#@@1 0#44 Q 0#064 @3#1 Q 2#4G 0#21 Q 0#016 0#4 Q 0#06

2 G#4 Q 0#23 1#32 Q 0#0@ @0#1 Q 2#G6 0#2@ Q 0#014 0#4@ Q 0#06@

3 G#3 Q 0#01 1#62 Q 0#10 32#1 Q 2#21 0#240 Q 0#020 0#4 Q 0#061@2 G#1 Q 0#0 1#0 Q 0#12 30 Q 1# 0#24 Q 0#01G 0# Q 0#04

@4 6#4 Q 0#@ 1#44 Q 0#134 2G#4 Q 1#42 0#244 Q 0#01G 0#3 Q 0#0@

the increase rouction o& organic acis+ an this aciit ma be

realiumar

et al# (200G)+ the temerature above C uring comosting &a;

vors the elimination o& arasites+ athogens an ma:imal sanita;

tion# n the cooling an ?nal hase o& the comosting rocess+

the temerature "as ecrease to 30 C "hich mabe consiere

as an inication o& e:haustion o& ecomosable organic matter in

the comosting mi:ture (7ourti et al#+ 2010)#

&ter @4 as o& comosting erio+ =C "as ecrease &rom

#6A to 2G#4A# his means that =C "as reuce b @4#3A an

7ig# 2# emerature ro?le uring comosting#

7ig# 3# C! ratio uring comosting#

that this loss o& organic carbon as C=2 "as through microbial res;

iration in bacterial comosting rocess# > in the comost "as

increase &rom 0#A to 1#44A+robabl because o& minerali


8/13

able

Microbiological analsis uring comosting#

Comosting

erio

otal

meso hilic

erobic

%acillus s #

7ecal

coli&orm

Salmonella s#

an Shi ella s #(as) bacteria (C7H g

1) (C7H g

1) (C7H g

1) (C7H g

1)

0 G 10G

4#3 106

10

G @ 106

G#1 106

10

1@ 3 10D

#@ 106

10

21 2#1 10@

3#1 10D

D2 2# 10

36#3 10

3 D

3 3#2 102 G 102 D D

@2 2 102 3 10

2D D

@4 1# 102

1#1 102

D D

C7H! colon &orming unitsF D! not etectable# ll e:eriments results as mean o&

si: analses#

heav metals li-e 7e+ Mn+ Cr+ In an Cu "ere etecte in limit an

accetable range (,uta an ,arg+ 200)# Xaav an ,arg (2004)

suggeste the heav metals at an accetable an limit range ma

be essential &or lant gro"th# his suggestion is suorteb the

see germination an htoto:icit stuies o& i&&erent cro sees

conucte in the resent investigation#

3## Microbial activit uring comosting

he analsis o& bacterial oulation in the initial mi:ture

(hrolse 7$co" ung$crushe lea& litter) sho"e total mes;

ohiles (G 10G)+ aerobic %acillus s# (4#3 10

6)+ &ecal coli&orm

(10)+ Salmonella s# an Shigella s# () (able )# he microbial

oulation signi?cantl reuce on @4th a "hich mabe attrib;

ute ue to the e:haustion o& nutrients &rom the mi:tures an the

increase in temerature uring comosting rocess (9aroun et al#+

200G)# he microbial content "as reuce signi?cantl uring

2th3th a an this reuction mabe ue to temerature re;

maine at 4 C on 2th a+ as sho"n in 7ig# 2# n these e:eri;

ments+ athogenic microorganisms li-e &ecal coli&orm+ Salmonella

s# an Shigella s "ere eliminate in the comost mi:ture a&ter3 as# his result coincies "ith Stenti&or (1446)+"ho reorte

that these athogenic microorganisms ha rastic reuction ur;

ing thermogenic hase ( C) o& comosting rocess# he aerobic

%acillus s# (1#1 102) "ere reuce but remaine throughout

the stu+ inicating that the "ere able to survive in mesohilic

an thermohilic conition (9aroun et al#+ 200G)#

3#6# 7;* analsis

n 7 an intense broa ban centre bet"een o& 3300 an

300 cm 1

inicating a strong hrogen ban o& =9 stretch in

carbo:lic grou# smmetric ban at 242 cm 1

occurre ue

to alihatic C9 grou stretching o& &att acis# strong ban

res; ent at 1040 an 1233 cm 1 are ue to C= stretch o&olsaccha; ries in 7 (*eveille et al#+ 2003)# mie bans

( an ) are also aeare in the &re8uenc range 1@0 an

1230 cm 1+ these are originating &rom amie grous (7ig# @a)# he

above inicate stretching &re8uencies are the evience &or the

resence o&rotein+olsaccharies+ liis an &att acis#

n initial mi:tures o& li8ue?e 7+ leaves an co" ung (0th

a (7ig# @b)) also contain a ban o& =9 stretch strong hrogen

boning is seen at 331G cm 1

F lo" intensit absortion ban at

16@ cm 1

is ue to aromatic CKC stretching vibrations (5orao

et al#+ 200G)# n initial mi:tures+ alihatic methlene grous in &ats

an liis are e:hibite b bans at 242 an 20 cm 1

are

&oun ue to &ats an liis (9achicha et al#+ 2004)# strong ban

resent at 1040 cm 1

ma be attribute to C= stretch o&

olsaccharies an Si= stretch in initial mi:tures#bsortion at1@00 cm

1is C 9 bon in celluloseF 1100 cm

1is aromatic

s-eletal an C=
mailto:C@Cmailto:C@C


9/13

7ig# @# 7;* image o& 7 mi:tures an comost manure#

stretch in cellulose an hemicellulose (Lane an heagarajan+

144G)# he bans that aeare at 1@60 an 1@20 cm 1

are the

stretching characteristic vibrations &or lignin# 3mie

(1@0 cm 1

) an (1230 cm 1

) ea-s are also aeare in initial

mi:tures#

he ?nal a (@4th a (7ig# @c)) comosting sho"s a relative

ecreasing ea- intensit o& alihatic region at 242 an

20 cm 1

an o& olsaccharies at 1040 cm 1# hese results"ere the evience &or egraation an conensation reactions o&

organic comouns resent in comost mi:tures (Lroven


10/13

7ig# # hermal gravimetric analsis (,) o& 7 mi:tures an comost manure#

7ig# 6a# S/M image o& initial a 7 mi:tures#

at this temerature attribute to the combustion o& the carboh;

rates an the thermal egraation o& the aromatic structures#

he total "eight losses "ere recore u to 1200 C+ "ith G2A loss

in the initial samle an 32A loss in ?nal a o& C=7 (@4 as)# he

results suort the evience &or the estruction o& the carboh;

rates in mature comost manure# mmature comost "as charac;

teri


11/13

#6b#S/

Mima

geo

&?nalao&com

ostemanure#


12/13

able 4

/&&ect o& comost e:tracts (A) on i&&erent cro b see germination bioassa (n R 3)

(mean Q SD)#

%remner+ 5#M#+ 1446# itrogen;total# n! Sar-s+ D## (/#)+ Methos o& Soils nalsis#

Lart 3# Chemical Methos# Soil Science Societ o& merica nc#+ merican Societ

o& gronom nc#+ Maison+ W+ # 101122#

Canarutto+ S#+ Letru#+ >aushi-+ L#+ 200# Bermistabiliumar+ #+ S"arnalatha+ S#+ Sairam+ %#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 200# Lrouction o&

al-aline rotease b Lseuomonas aeruginosa using roteinaceous soli "aste

generate &rom leather manu&acturing inustries# %ioresource echnolog 44

(6)+ 143414@@#

,anesh >umar+ #+ Ben-atesan+ *#+ Lrasa *ao+ %#+ S"arnalatha+ S#+ Se-aran+ ,#+ 2004#

Htilieague+ 5##+ 141# Manual on Soil Samling an Methos o& nalsis+ secon e#

Canaian Societ o& Soil Science+ =tta"a#

Meunchang+ S#+ Lanichsa-atana+ S#+ Weaver+ *#W#+ 200@# Co;comosting o& ?lter

ca-e an bagasseF b;roucts &rom a sugar mill# %ioresource echnolog 46+

@3G@@2#

Lane+ >#>#+ heagarajan+ >#S#+ 144G# nalsis o& "oo sur&aces an groun "oo

b i&&use re'ectance (D*7) an hotoacoustic (LS) 7ourier trans&orm

in&rare sectroscoic techni8ues# 9ol< ls *oh;Hn Wer-sto&& + 33340#

Lare+ #+ Dinel+ 9#+ Schnit


13/13

*eveille+ B#+ Mansu+ #+ 5are+ /#+ ,arnier;Sillam+ /#+ 2003# Characterisation o&

se"age sluge erive organic matter! liis an humic acis# =rganic

,eochemistr 3@+ 6162G#

Shelton+ 5#/#+ 1444# Soil 7acts using Municial Soli Waste Comost# Lublishe b

orth Carolina Cooerative /:tension Service Lublication (D%)#

Siva>umar+ >#+ Saravana >umar+ B#*#+ 5agatheesan+ L##*#+ Bis"anathan+ >#+

Chanrase-aran+ D#+ 200G# Seasonal variations in comosting rocess o& ea

oultr birs# %ioresource echnolog 44 (4)+ 3G03G13#

Smit+ /#+ /c-hart+ >#+ echne+ L#+ Schulten+ 9#+ ein"eber+ L#+ 200# Characteririeg+ #*#+ 9olt+ 5#,# (/s#)+ %ergeEs Manual o& Sstematic

%acteriolog# Williams an Wil-ins+ %altimore+# G#

Stenti&or+ /##+ 1446# Comosting control! rinciles an ractice# n! De %ertoli+

M#+ Se8ui+ L#+ emmes+ %#+ Lai+ # (/s#)+ he Sciences o& Comosting# %lac-ie

caemic Lro&essional+ ,lasgo"+ H>+ # @44#

am+ #7#X#+ i8uia+ S#M#+ 144@# ssessing to:icit o& sent ig litter using a see

germination techni8ue# *esources+ Conservation+ an *eccling 11+ 2612G@#

i8uia+ S#M#+ am+#7#X#+ 9og-iss+ #5#+ 1446# /&&ects o& comosting on htoto:icit

o& sent ig;manure sa"ust litter# /nvironmental Lollution 43+ 2@426#

Basuevan+#+ *avinran+ #D#+ 200G# %iotechnological rocess &or the treatment o&

'eshing &rom tanner inustries &or methane generation# Current Science 43+

1@421@4@#

Bee-en+ #+ 9amelers+ %#+ 2002# Sources o& C+ Cu+ Lb an In in bio"aste# Science o&

the otal /nvironment 300+ G4#

Biel+ M#+ Saag+ D#+ nre+ #+ 14G# =timi

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