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PTCL Training & Development
GPON/FTTH
PTCL Training & Development 2
Content Development Team
Muhammad Usman Senior Instructor, PTC Lahore Muhammad Pervaz Ahmad Senior Instructor, PTC Faisalabad Muhammad Zeeshan Senior Instructor, PTCL Staff College, Haripur Nasir Mahmood, Lecturer, PTCL Academy, Islamabad Muhammad Pervez, Lecturer, PTCL Staff College, Haripur Jamil Ahmed, Lecturer, PTC Peshawar Jamil-ud-din, Instructor, PTC Multan Muhammad Zaheer, Instructor, PTC Quetta Muhammad Umer Farooq, Junior Instructor, PTC Karachi Ahmad Ali Shah, Junior Instructor, PTC Peshawar Ghulam Mustafa, Junior Instructor, PTC Sukkur
PTCL Training & Development 3
Objectives
After completion of this course, the participants will be able to: List the limitations of traditional copper based
access network and explain how GPON addresses these limitations
Describe the Architecture of an optical access network
Identify the components and operation of GPON Describe Key GPON technology.
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Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Standards
4. GPON Reference Model
5. GPON Key Technologies
6. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
7. Basic Services over GPON Network
PTCL Training & Development
Overview of Access Network
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Definition (AN)It is access of customer to the telecommunication services or vice versa.
Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside Plant) or LN (Local Network) or Local Loop.
Access Network is a network that connects a user to the telecommunication services.
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Access Network
LE END USER
EX
EX
AN is called the last mile of Telecom Network
Access Network
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Role of AN in the Operators Business
Final tool for service delivery to the end users Quality & flexibility of AN determine the speed and quality of
service to the end users Major cost factor for the operator Accounts for about 40~50% of total telecom network investment Very important in a competitive environment End user oriented, generates revenue for operators
Services Services Access Network node
End user
Motive: revenue
Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue ! 138
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Types of Access Networks
Wired Access Networks Copper wired Access Networks
2 W-Loop for POTS, ISDN,XDSL
Fiber optic based access Networks FTTB FTTC FTTH
For POTS, ISDN,XDSL, VOIP, TV, MSAN.
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems Access network for the cable TV networks, Internet, VOIP.
Wireless Access System (WLL) CDMA Wi-MAx
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Copper Cables Based Point to point/star architecture Tailored to voice/low speed data passive
Characteristics of Traditional Access Mode
Distribution layer Feeder layer Drop layer 500m~1 km
10~300 m 3~5 km LE
Connection Distribution USER Cabinet Box Central office
C C D.P
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Copper Cables Based Small coverage Limited bandwidth Maintenance complexity Reliability cut down Enormous investment
Limitation of Traditional Access Mode
Distribution layer Feeder layer Drop layer 500m~1 km
10~300 m 3~5 km LE
Connection Distribution USER Cabinet Box Central office
Traditional access mode has become the bottleneck of modern telecom network!
C C D.P
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How to Overcome the bottleneck
Optical Integrated Services ! Access Network Advantages:
Wide Coverage Broad Bandwidth Easy Maintenance High Reliability Low Investment 140
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Access Network Status
During the current period of transition, global telecom carriers need to: 1. Enhance service competitiveness and provide more services.
2. Increase ARPU (Average Revenue Per User) value and reduce the maintenance cost by binding multiple services.3. Improve customers satisfaction on the network and reduce the customer churn rate.
To make a success in the transition, To make a success in the transition, increasing the bandwidth is the prerequisite.increasing the bandwidth is the prerequisite.
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Introduction-Broadband Services Voice services revenue is getting flat On a world wide basis, the market is calling
out for broadband which allows for the wide range of applications and products e.g., High speed internet access Sophisticated telephony services High definition TV Video on demand Network based gaming Music and moving down load Education and business based video conferencing Telemedicine.
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Narrowband and Broadband Services
Internet connection speed
Time to down load a typical web page
Time to down load a typical 5 min song
Streaming video quality
56K dial-up modem 14 sec 12 min 30 sec -
256K broadband 3 sec 3 min Low Quality512K broadband 1.6 sec 1 min 30 sec1Mb broadband 0.8 sec 41 sec2Mb broadband 0.4 sec 20 sec Medium Quality
4Mb broadband 0.1 sec 5 sec6Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous8Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous TV Quality
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How to provide Broadband services through Access Network
Digital Subscriber Line Cable Modem Fiber in The Loop Wireless Satellite Broadband over Power Lines
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Service
Access
CoreX.25
ADSL
Ethernet
PSTN
IP
ATM
FR
GSM/GPRS CDMA
Cable
PDHSDH
Wireless Voice
Wireless D
ata
High SpeedInternet
Voice
Streaming
Dial-up
VoIP
Message
FTTH
GPO
N
DSL
Wireless
Eth/IP/MPLSAggregation
Network
Location &Presence
Message
Online G
aming
Voice
Data
Video
Storage
Directory
Development Trend of the Access Network - All over IP
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What is FTTH? CopperFiber
2 MbpsOld networks, optimized for voice
CO/HE
1 Gbps +Optical networks, optimized for voice, video and data
CO/HE//
CO/HE//
//
Note: network may be aerial or underground
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What is FTTH?
An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise. Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission media.
OAN: Optical Access Network ONU: Optical Network Unit
OLT: Optical Line Termination
//
ONUOLT
CO/HE
OAN
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High Transmission Capacity Low Attenuation Long Repeater SpacingNo Cross talk and Signal LeakageSmall size and Light weightSecurity of service
FEATURES OF OPTICAL FIBER
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Small bending causes radiation lossOptical Fiber connections need to align the fiber
core with fine precisionA very small flaw (hole) at the fiber surface
weaken the strength of fiberOptical Fiber is very Fragile
DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
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Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper A single copper pair is capable
of carrying 6 phone calls
A single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying over 2.5 million simultaneous phone calls 64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)
A fiber optic cable with the sameinformation-carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weight
A single copper pair is capableof carrying 6 phone calls
A single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying over 2.5 million simultaneous phone calls 64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)
A fiber optic cable with the sameinformation-carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weight
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Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
Glass Uses light Transparent Dielectric material-
nonconductive EMI immune
Low thermal expansion Brittle, rigid material Chemically stable
Copper Uses electricity Opaque Electrically conductive material
Susceptible to EMI High thermal expansion Ductile material Subject to corrosion and
galvanic reactions Fortunately, its recyclable
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What is a Fiber Optic Cable?
An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length
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History of Optical Communication
Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals
Light Transmission through bent water jet
1000 Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given
1880 Photo Phone by A.G. Bell
1962 Laser diode
1966 Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham
1970 Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning
1973 MCVD
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONToTo
LIGHTLIGHT
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Law of Reflection
This law states that when a ray of light is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
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i2 r2i1 r1
Normal Normal
i2= r2
Law of Reflection
i1= r1
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Refraction
It is the bending of light rays due to changes in the speed of propagation when light enters from one medium to another.
The angle at which the light bends is a function of the mediums index of refraction.
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Angle of Refraction
Angle of Reflection
Angle of Incidence=
D
The critical angle of incidence.
GlassAir
B
GlassAir
Angle of IncidenceA
GlassAir
Critical Angle
900CGlass
Air
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Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .
n 1
n 2
n 1n 2 >
Refraction
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Index of Refraction
It is the ratio of the speed of light through a medium to the speed of light through vacuum.
gIndex of refraction = n = cV
V
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Index of Refraction
It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence divided by the sine of the angle of refraction.
Index of refraction = n = sin isin r
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Refractive IndicesMATERIAL
VACCUM
AIR
MERCURY VAPOUR
WATER
GLASS
DIAMOND
INDEX OF REFRACTION1.0000
1.0003
1.0009
1.3
1.6
2.4
Selected indices of refraction
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Optical Fiber
Propagation Principlesin
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Different wavelengths of light are directed through the fiber core by refraction & reflection.
Different wavelengths relate to different colors.
Optical fiber is basically a glass waveguide.
Fiber Optic Principles
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1310 nm and 1550 nm / Single-mode LED
Invisible = Infrared (high band) Visible = 400 - 750 nm Invisible = Ultra-violet (low-band) 850 nm and 1300 nm / Multi-mode LED
Wavelength
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Propagation of light in an optical fiber requires that the light be totally confined within the fiber.
The above object can be obtained in two different ways Total Internal Reflection
Light Propagation in Optical Fiber
Continuous Refraction
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Most widely used method for the propagation of light through optical fiber is the total internal reflection.
Total Internal Reflection
The amount and direction of deflection is determined by the amount of difference in refractive indices as well as the angle at which the rays strike the boundary.
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For incidence angles equal to or greater than the critical angle, the glass air boundary will act as a mirror and no light escape from the glass.
Example:
Sin 90Sin c = n2 (Glass)n1 (Air)
= 11.5
Sin c = 0.6667 c = 41.80
Total Internal Reflection(Continued)
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For incidence angles equal to or greater than the critical angle, the glass air boundary will act as a mirror and no light escape from the glass.
Example:
Sin 90Sin c = n2 (Glass)n1 (Air)
= 11.5
Sin c = 0.6667 c = 41.80
Total Internal Reflection(Continued)
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Incoming Ray
Out Going Ray
Light propagation within a flexible glass fiber.
Total Internal Reflection(Continued)
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Very complex core structure High refractive index (n1) at the center
decreases gradually to a lower refractive index (n2) at the circumference.
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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In step index fiber, the index profile for a constant index fiber displays a sharp step at the fibers perimeter.
The variable index fiber shows an index profile that has its highest value in the center and slops away gradually. This is referred to as a graded-index fiber.
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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A comparison of index profiles for step-index and graded-index fibers.
n1
n2
A B
STEP INDEX FIBER GRADED INDEX FIBER
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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n1n2n3n4
n1n2n3n4
How light rays react to a gradually changing index ?
Hypothetical Multilayer Fiber
Continuous Refraction (Continued)
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Light propagation with in a hypothetical multi layer fiber.
n 2
n 2
3n
3n
n 4
n 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1n
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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Fiber Radius (microns)
Core Profile
Cladding Cladding62.5 micron core
60 40 20 0 4020 60
Ref
ract
i ve
Inde
x D
iffer
e nce
1.490
1.485
1.480
1.475
1.470
1.465
(Continued)
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The effects of increasing the number of refractive layers while maintaining the same n
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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OUTSIDE
CENTER
FOUR LAYERS
n
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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OUTSIDE
CENTER
EIGHT LAYERS
n
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
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INFINITE LAYERS
OUTSIDE
CENTER
n
Continuous Refraction(Continued)
PTCL Training & Development 53
Graded-index fiber becoming very popular for specialized applications.
It is relatively expensive to manufacture, due to its complex core structure.
It is also more difficult to workwith.
Graded index Fiber
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Two Methods of Optical Confinement
A
B
Continuous Refraction (Graded Index Fiber)
Total Internal Refraction (Step Index Fiber)
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Areas of Application
Classification of Optical Fiberon the basis of
PTCL Training & Development 56
Direct Burial Cable
FIBER OPTIC CABLES
Internal External
Simplex Cord
Duplex Cord
Breakout Cable
Distribution Cable
Underground Cables
Underwater Cable
Duct Cable
Aerial CablesLong Span Cable
OPGW Cable
Short Span Cable
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Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
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Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
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Breakout Cable
Simplex Cord
Duplex figure 8 / Zip Cord
PTCL Training & Development 60
Breakout Cable
PVC sheath
Centre memberBuffered Optical Fiber
PVC jacket
Aramid yarn
Continued
PTCL Training & Development 61
Distribution Cable
Optical FiberTight buffer
Aramid yarn
Flame retardant PVC & zero halogen sheath
PTCL Training & Development 62
Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
PTCL Training & Development 63
Direct Burried CableDirect Burried Cable
PE outer sheath
PE inner sheath
Corrugated coated steel tape armour
Central strength member
Jelly filled loose tube
Moisture barrier sheath
PTCL Training & Development 64
Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
PTCL Training & Development 65
DUCT CABLE
Polyethylene outer sheathPolyester tapes
Small Loose tubestrength memberJelly
Optical fiber
PTCL Training & Development 66
Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
PTCL Training & Development 67
Several variations of Aerial cables are available for fiber optic, depending on the placement, application and environment.
Aerial Fiber Optic Cable
PTCL Training & Development 68
AERIAL CABLE Tight Buffer
PE sheathSupporting strength member
Central strength memberTight buffer
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AERIAL CABLE Loose Tube
High density PE sheath
Jelly filed Loose tube
Supporting strength member
Central strength member
Optical fiber
PTCL Training & Development 70
AERIAL CABLE - Short Span
High density PE sheath
PE sheath
Aramid yarn
Central strength member
Loose tubeMoister resistant jelly
PTCL Training & Development 71
PE outer sheath
PE Inner sheath
Rods Reinforcing
Optical Fiber
Jelly Filled Slotted core
AERIAL CABLE Long Span
PTCL Training & Development 72
Classification on ApplicationClassification on Application
Indoor cable
Duct cable Aerial cable
Direct buried cable
Underwater cable
PTCL Training & Development 73
Under Water Cable
Optical fibers in loose tube
PE outer sheath
Armoring wires
Bitumen layer
PE inner sheathMoisture barrier sheath
Heat sealable tape
Central strength member
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Connector Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber type Application
0.06-1.00 dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.20-0.50dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB MM Fiber Optic Networks
0.50-1.00dB 0.20dB SM,MM Datacom,Telecommunicat
ion
0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB SM,MM Fiber Optic Networks
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Connector Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber type Application
0.30-1.00dB 0.25dB SM,MM Highdensity
Interconnects
0.20-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Telecommunication
0.2-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Datacom
0.40-0.80dB 0.30dB MM Military
Typ.0.40dB (SM)Typ.0.50dB (MM)
Typ.0.40dB (SM)Typ.0.20dB (MM)
SM,MM Inner-/intra-building Security, Navy
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ADAPTERS
ST Adapter SMA Adapter
PTCL Training & Development 77
ADAPTERS
D4 Adapter DIN Adapter
Continued
PTCL Training & Development 78
ADAPTERS
Biconic Adapter FC Adapter
Continued
PTCL Training & Development 79
ADAPTERS
SC Adapter Mini- BNC Adapter
Continued
PTCL Training & Development 80
Optical Fiber Structure Core
Thin glass centre of the fiber where the light travels Cladding
Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core
Coating Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
Glass Glass core glass cladding Lowest attenuation
Plastic Plastic core plastic cladding Highest attenuation
Plastic-clad silica Glass core plastic cladding Intermediate attenuation
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In single-mode fibre only one ray, or mode, of light propagates down the core at a time. It is used primarily for telephony and cable television applications, and is used increasingly for campus backbones.
2. MULTI-MODETYPES OF FIBRES
SINGLE-MODE
1. SINGLE-MODE
PTCL Training & Development 82
Multi-mode fibre was the first type of fibre to be commercialized and is commonly used for data communications. In multi-mode fibre many rays, or modes, of light propagate down the core simultaneously. Multi-mode fibre typically is used in private premises networks, where signals are transmitted less than two kilometers.
MULTI-MODE
PTCL Training & Development 83
SINGLE-MODE
1. Diameter of core is less2. Only one mode is propagated3. Used for Short Haul & Long Haul Transmission
MULTI-MODE
1. Diameter of core is more2. More than one mode are propagated3. Used for Short Haul transmission
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
PTCL Training & Development 84
Fiber Optic ITU Standards G.651 MMFLarge core: 50-62.5 microns in diameterTransmit infrared light (wavelength=850 to 1300
nm)Light Emitting Diode
G.652 SMFSmall core: 8-10 microns in diameterTransmit laser light (wavelength= 1200 to 1600
nm)Laser Diode
PTCL Training & Development 85
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Polly-ethylene sheet
Steel Armoring
Middle Polly-ethylene
sheet
Corrugatedsteeltape
Inner Polly-ethylene
sheet
Slotted Core
Fibres
Strengtheningmember
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Fiber Optic Cable Construction
PTCL Training & Development 87
Why Total Internal Reflection ConceptLight travels through the core constantly
bouncing from the cladding
DistanceA light wave can travel great distances because
the cladding does not absorb light from the core
Signal degradationMostly due to impurities in the glass
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Atomic Defects in Glass composition Impurities of metal ions Electronic absorption bands in the ultra-violet
region Atomic vibration bands in the near infrared
region Intrinsic absorption
REASON OF ABSORPTION LOSSES IN FIBER
PTCL Training & Development 89
Attenuation Vs. Wavelength
PTCL Training & Development 90
O-band E-band S-band C-band L-band U-band
PTCL Training & Development 91
Optical Fiber Transmission System Optical Transmitter: Produces and encodes the light signal. Optical Amplifier: May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distance) Optical Receiver: Receives and decodes the light signal Optical Fiber: Conducts the light signal over a distance
Tx Amp Rx
PTCL Training & Development 92
Optical TransmitterFunction:
Electrical to optical converterTypes:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)Laser Diode (LD)
Comparison:Item LED LD
Data rate Low HighMode Multimode Multimode/Single mode
Distance short longTemp sensitivity minor substantial
cost low expensive
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Optical Amplifier Definition: An optical fiber with a doped coating How it works:Most atoms in excited state rather then in ground stateWhen perturbed by a photon, matter loses energy resulting in
the creation of another photonSecond photon is created with the same phase, frequency,
polarization and direction of travel as the original.The perturbing photon is not destroying in the process
Elements:Erbium-rare, so expensiveErbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
amplifier
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Optical Receiver Function:
Optical to electrical conversion. Types photo detector:APD - (avalanche Photo Diode)PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative Photo Diode)
How it works: Gives an electrical pulse when struck by light
Error:Thermal noise is an issue.To make pulse powerful enough, the error rate can
be made arbitrarily small
Rx
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Optical Transceiver Definition:
A transmitter and a receiver in a single housing
Practical Implementation:Transceivers typically comes as SFPSmall-form-factor pluggable unit
TX
Rx
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Joining Fibers - connectors Properties:Good alignment/correct orientation.Presentation at the termination point of the fiberAlways introduce some loss
Connector types:Amount of mating cyclesLC, FC, SC,
Color codeAPC greenPC - blue
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Optical Power Splitter Optical Splitter:Typically divide an optical signal from a single
input into multiple (e.g two) output signalGenerally provide a small optical loss to the signal passed through it
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Optical Power Splitter
Power of 2 split 3.5 dBm loss every split 1x8 has on average 3.5x3=10.5 dBm of loss 1x32 has on average 3.5x5=17.5 dBm of loss Optical budget 28 dBm = 20 km
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Fiber Cable loose tube Ideal for long distance Easy drop-off Standard buffer tubes for excess fiber length Anti-bucking central strength member Termination and splicing requires cleaning Gel may weaken fiber Inflexible stress buildup, cracks, water penetration
PTCL Training & Development 100
Loose Tube Cable in FTTH Advantages: Proven technology Lower cost for fibers below 144 fibers
Ease of access to individual fibers
Disadvantages: Available in size only up to 432 fibers Cable becomes very large for size over 288 fibers
Restoration can take longer for large count cable
Need to pay attention to buffer tube storage in cold weather
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Tight Buffer Usually indoor Single fiber for patch-cords, pig-tails, jumpers, linking devices. Multi fiber in riser application
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Ribbon Cable in FTTH Advantages:Proven technologyLower cost for 144 fibers and largeEase of access to individual fiberLarge count cables will fit in a smaller duct than the
same sized loose tubeHigher fiber count in a splice tray
Disadvantages:More difficult to store pass-through fiber in a ped or
splice caseRibbon is less tolerant to physical damage than loose
tube
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HOW FIBRE WORKS
PTCL Training & Development 104
Types of Windows used Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber (long distances) communications
1310 nm Usually lowest cost lasers Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate data runs
1550 nm Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFAs) Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths (about
1535 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (WDM) applications Slightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nm
1490 nm Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3l systems.
Cannot be amplified as easily Somewhat higher device cost
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Single and Dual Fiber Systems Single Fiber
Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nm Upstream data on 1310 nm Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm* depending on
system Advantages
Less fiber deployed Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters) Fewer labor-intensive connections
* Downstream data can be carried at 1550 nm if not used for broadcast
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Single and Dual Fiber Systems Dual Fiber
Various plans, usually one fiber will be used for downstream and one for upstream, or one will be used for broadcast and one for data. Sometimes one will be used for specialized services, such as returning RF-modulated data from set top terminals
Advantages Simplifies terminal passive components Somewhat lower signal loss
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SAFETY MEASURES REGARDING OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE HANDLING
PTCL Training & Development 108
Safety issues relevant to operation and maintenance staff involved in optical fiber systems fall into one of three categories:
- Laser light Sources- Handling of bare optical fiber ends- Hazardous Chemicals
Optical Fiber and LASER Light Safety
PTCL Training & Development 109
LASER LIGHT SOURCES
This includes both optical line transmission equipment and Optical test equipment.A laser can cause damage to human tissue either on the surfaceof the skin or in and around the eyes.
- The Eyes- Laser Safety Requirements- Laser safety Procedures- Some General Rules on Laser Safety
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The eyes, being a very sensitive part of the human body, canBe very susceptible to the hazards of laser light.
Laser Safety RequirementsOnly staff who have attended an optical fiber training course And had their eyes tested may install, test and optical fiber cables.
The Eyes
Laser Safety Procedure-Ensure that the power is turned off at both ends of the section while the optical fiber cable is being worked on.-Under no circumstances should an optical fiber or connector
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Vision Hazard
PTCL Training & Development 112
Continued
LASER
WARNING
Vision Hazard
PTCL Training & Development 113
Dont add fiber to your food !
Fiber
Ingestion
PTCL Training & Development 114
Bare fiber
ContinuedFiber
PTCL Training & Development 115
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
That is connected to an optical source, be viewed directly with the eye or be directed at the skin.
- In some circumstances it may be necessary to test fusion slices in conjunction with jointing operations. Under no circumstanceMust a light signal from an OTDR) be transmitted through a fiberUntil jointing staff have completed splicing operations on the fiberAnd have notified the testing Officer that it is safe to do so.
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Some General Rules on Laser Safety
Never look into the beam of a transmitting laser, either via the output port of equipment or the end of a connected fiber Initially assume that all fiber and
equipment is active in transmitting light.
Optical connectors should always be held at least 300mm from the eye, etc.
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HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS
Bare fibers should be treated with more care than handling a piece of broken glass in the home
If optical fiber glass accidentally penetrates the skin, it probably remain there and eventually infect the area around it
However in extreme cases it could potentially end up in the blood stream, which would be extremely dangerous.
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Always dispose of broken fibers or fiber. Off cuts in receptacle designated for this
purpose i.e. fiber bin. Do not throw bare fiber in a waste disposal bin
or on the floor. Always wash hands thoroughly after handling
optical fiber, especially when eating food. Never touch the end of a bare fiber
HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS
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FITL -Fiber in the loop
FTTB Fiber to the Building/Basement
FTTC Fiber to the Curb/Cabinet
FTTH Fiber to the Home
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CO
Curb
CustomerPremise
BA
FTTC
FTTB
OLT
OLT
Architecture of Optical Access Network
DSLAM
250-700m
Urban Coverage
3.5-5kmRemote BusinessxDSL 2~20Mbps
OLTFTTH
ODN
MDU
ONT
ONU
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination
Optical Networks Unit
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
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From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the following scenarios:
1. FTTB scenarioSBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.
FTTb ~ Fiber to the Building , is the deployment of fiber (optical) cable to a specific location within a building, then connected to the buildings existing copper, cable facilities.
This deployment is also referred to as FTTB (Fiber to the Basement) & FTTB (Fiber to the Business).
This deployment will be the typical for MDUs & MTUs also known as ** FTT mdu ~ Fiber to the MDU **
What is Optical Access Network?
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2. FTTC & FTTCab scenario. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of ports, including 10/100/1000BASE-T, VDSL2, and so on.
FTTc ~ Fiber to the Curb , is the deployment of fiber close to the customer but not fully to the customers residence.
In this deployment the existing copper plant is still used to deliver service to the actual customer.
FTTN (Fiber to the Neighborhood) & FTTC (Fiber to the Cabinet) generally fall under the FTTC category. Both services are in deployment and in use, a perfect example is a DLC/NGDLC (Digital Loop Carrier) which some of us get our phone service from.
A direct fiber from the CO (Central Office) is terminated at the DLC/NGDLC and then service is delivered to the customers residence via the copper plant.
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3. FTTH scenario
FTTH scenarioSFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively small number of ports, including following types: POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.
FTTh ~ Fiber to the Home , is the complete deployment of fiber to the customers home, with replacement of there existing NID (Network Interface Device).This replacement device is called an ONT (Optical Network Terminator).
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Strategic Drivers for FTTH
Multi Service Network - Service Convergence Each Long distance (20 Km) Only active components ate OLT and ONT
splitter Passive Remote service provisioning Future proof (almost infinite bandwidth) Reduce operational costs Fiber cost decreasing compared to copper
PTCL Training & Development
Basic Concepts of PON
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PON concept
PON is short for Passive Optical Network ; GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
Optical Line Terminal (OLT) Optical Network Unit (ONU) Optical Distribution Network (ODN).
Passive Optical Splitter
Optical Network Unit
Passive Optical Network
Optical Line Terminal
OpticalNetwork Termination
..
...
.
..
...
.PSTNPSTNInternetInternet
IPTVIPTV
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Why GPON?
GPON supports : Triple-play service
HDTV: 16-20M/program;
Data: 10M;
Video Conference: 4.5M GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.
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Why PON?
Enormous information carrying capacity Easily upgradeable Ease of installation Reduced O&M costs Long distance reach Secure Immune to electromagnetic noise Best suited for triple play services
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GPON Services
Business Services E1/PRI BRI 2G/3G SIP/POTS etc VPN & Ethernet Leased Lines/Internet Leased line
Residential Services HSI (High Speed Internet) (Al Shamil) IPTV POTS
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Philosophy Two types of FTTH networks exist today
Retail Vast majority of FTTH builds today Network owner sells services directly to subscribers Follows traditional telecommunications and cable television
models Wholesale
Market created by a few state laws Network owner sells capacity to multiple providers who in turn
sells services to subscribers Only examples in US today are some municipal FTTH
networks
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Technical considerations Data
How much per home? How well can you share the channel? Security how do you protect the subscribers data? What kind of QoS parameters do you specify? Compatible business services?
SLAs T1
Support for voice? Support for video?
Broadcast IPTV
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Technical considerations Data
How much per home? How well can you share the channel? Security how do you protect the subscribers data? What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
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Technical considerations - Speed
Data requirements Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s
shared, asymmetrical FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s
shared, symmetrical SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement Pictures can run 1 MB compressed 5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s
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Technical considerations - Speed
Service
Required Data Rate
VoIP
Streaming audio
Picture in 15 seconds SDTV
HDTV
FTTH
DSL or cable modem
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Technology Minutes Hours Days
Modem 56 kb/s 2
ISDN 128 kb/s 20
12
DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5
Cable 2.5 Mb/s 1
45
FTTH 0.4
Estimated minimum time to acquire BraveheartAugust 17, 2001:MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, Warner Brothers, and Universal Studios unveiled plans for a joint venture that would allow computer users to download rental copies of feature films over the Internet.
December 9, 2002:Hollywood's Latest Flop
Fortune MagazineThe files are huge. At 952 Megabytes, Braveheart took just less than five hours to download using our DSL Line at home in the same time we could have made 20 round trips to our neighborhood Blockbuster
Technical considerations Speed (IPTV Reference)
PTCL Training & Development
Standards
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STANDARDS ITU-T G.983
APON (ATM Passive Optical Network). This was the first Passive optical network standard. It was used primarily for business applications, and was based on ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 53-byte cell to transfer data.
Initial offering 155.52 Mbps Downstream, 155.52 Mbps upstream.
BPON (Broadband PON) is a standard based on APON architecture. It adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also created a standard management interface, called OMCI, between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor networks.
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BPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.983 * BPON standard of APON (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Single-mode fiber
Asymmetrical 622 (STM-4) / 155 (STM-I) Mbs bandwidth per OLT path of 32 ONT's.
OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing) 1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV) 1490nm downstream data rate of 622Mbps for Voice / Data 1310nm upstream data rate of 155Mbps for Voice / Data TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets 1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology
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STANDARDS (contd) IEEE 802.3ah
EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard for using Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the IEEE 802.3 standard.
-There are currently over 15 million installed EPON ports. -With China's 2008 EPON deployments total installed base is
expected to reach nearly 20 million subscribers by year end 2008.
-EPON uses IP-based protocol to transfer data.- 100 Mbps Symmetrical.- 1.25 Gbps Symmetrical.
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STANDARDS (contd)
ITU-T G.984 GPON (Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). In early 2008, Verizon began installing GPON equipment, having installed over 800 thousand lines by mid year. British Telecom, and AT&T are in advanced trials. GPON uses IP-based protocols to transfer data.
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GPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.984
Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Single-mode fiber
Asymmetrical 1.244 Gbps or 2.444 Gbps / 155 or 622 Mbs bandwidth per OLT path of 32 ONT's
OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing) 1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV) 1490nm downstream data rate of 2.4 Gbps for Voice / Data 1310nm upstream data rate of 1.2 Gbps for Voice / Data TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets 1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology
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ITU-T G.984.3 Specifications of TC layer in the GPON system GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol
stack GTC frame ONU registration and activation DBA specifications Alarms and performance
ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
Simple development processPowerful compatibility
ITU-T G.984.1 Parameter description of GPON network Requirements of protection switch-over
networking
GPON StandardsGPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.4 OMCI message format OMCI device management frame OMCI working principle
ITU-T G.984.2 Specifications of ODN parameters Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream optical port Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream optical port Overhead allocation at physical layer
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xPON Protocols
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Basic Performance Parameters of GPONGPON identifies 7 transmission speed combination as follows:
Upstream Rate(Gbps)
Downstream Rate(Gbps)
0.15552 1.244160.62208 1.244161.24416 1.244160.15552 2.488320.62208 2.488321.24416 2.488322.48832 2.48832
1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s down is the mainstream speed combination supported at current time.
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Basic Performance Parameters of GPON
Maximum logical reach
60 km
Maximum physical reach
20 km
Maximum differential fibre distance
20 km
Split ratio 1 64/up to1128 The distance between nearest
and farthest ONTs
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ITU Full Service Access Network-FSAN Standards.
The following standards apply for APON and GPON.- Fiber loop length limited to 20 Km between OLT and ONT.- System will support from 2 to 64 splits within the 20 Km in any increments or combinations (1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64). Most designs are based on a 32-way split.
Total optical budget is 30 db. Note. ITU G.984.2 Amendment 1 limits this to 28 db.
Maximum difference in optical budget between the first ONT and the last ONT is 20 db, although many manufacturers can now support a higher optical budget difference.- Video is an analog overlay to the digital voice and data.- Voice and Data downstream transmission is 1480 to 1500nm.- Voice and Data upstream is 1260 to 1360nm. - Analog Video overlay on a single fiber system for downstream is 1550nm.
PTCL Training & Development
PON Architecture Choices
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Selecting the Best of Multiple Choices Active Sometimes called Point-to-Point or P2P Dedicated fiber and optics for each subscriber PON Uses passive optical splitters to serve many subscribers from one optical unit Comes in several formats: GPON BPON EPON
Architectural Choices
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Active Architecture
Central Switch
Drops
Connectors(NID)
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Active Architecture
Benefits Dedicated bandwidth per subscriber Simple, point-to-point topology Challenges Cost: each subscriber requires a separate
pair of optical transmitters/receivers Limited deployment options
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PON Architecture
Central Switch
Drops
Passive Optical Splitter
Feeder
Connectors(NID)
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PON Architecture
Benefits Low-cost for high total bandwidth: matches video broadcast traffic patterns Flexibility in outside plant topology
Challenges More complex outside plant topology Choices: APON, BPON, GPON, EPON?
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A recent study found: Top 5% of users consume 56% of total bandwidth Top 20% of users consume 97% of total bandwidth
The study also reported bandwidth by application: Peer-to-peer - 66% Web surfing - 27% E-Mail - 7%
Potential Conclusion: Most users arent so bandwidth hungry or application-sophisticated as pundits think
Source: Ellocoya Networks study, as reported by telephony.com
Considerations
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The Answer is
The best choice for now and the future is:
GPON
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Types Of Splitting
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Types of Splitting
Centralized Splitting Partially Distributed Splitting Fully Distributed Splitting
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Centralized Splitting
Architectural Models
Feeder
Distribution
Drops
Splitters are here
Central Switch
Local Convergence Point NAP(Splice)
(Splice)
Connectors(NID)
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Centralized Splitting
Target Applications: High customer churn Requirement for highly flexible connectivity
Homerun Consolidates all Splitting to the CO Most Flexible Due to Central Splitting
Highest headend flexibility/scalability Requires the Most Amount of Fiber Most Expensive, Most Flexible
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Architectural Models
Partially Distributed Splitting
Central Switch
Local Convergence Point(Splitter)
Splitters are here
(Splice) NAP
Feeder
Distribution
Drops
Connectors(NID)
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Partially Distributed Splitting
Target Application: Overbuild with anticipated customer churn, slower build out, or lower-to-mid-level take rates
Consolidates Local Subscribers to CentralSplitter Cabinet for Adds & Drops
Reduces Feeder Fiber Needs Heavy Fiber Usage in Distribution Second Most Expensive Design
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Architectural Models
Fully Distributed Splitting
Central SwitchLocal Convergence Point
Splitters are here
Feeder Distribution Drops
(1xn Split)
NAP(1xn Split)
(100% Take Rate)
Connectors(NID)
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Fully Distributed Splitting
Target Application: Higher Take Rates Low Anticipated Customer Churn
Fiber Lean Distribution and Feeder Least Expensive Up Front Cost Headend Does Not Scale as Well as Previous
Architectures Requires higher take rates to offset investment
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PON Architecture Summary
Architecture Type Cost Flexibility Application
Fully DistributedSplitting
$ Least Higher Take RatesLow Customer Turnover
Partially DistributedSplitting $
Mid Low to Mid Take Rates/Slow BuildHigh Customer Turnover
Centralized Splitting $ Most High Customer TurnoverNeed for High FlexibilityCash to Burn
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The Optimum Optical/Copper Solution
The Ideal Platform SupportsGPON and Copper
Provides triple-play service delivery over both Allows for a managed migration This combined GPON and copper platform would:
Offer all the choices of different split architectures Also add Really Fully Distributed option of putting the OLT in the remote loop carrier
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Architectural ModelsReally Fully Distributed Splitting
Many OLTs share common feeder transport fibers
CopperDrops
FiberDrops
Splitters are here
Copper and Fiber loop carrier
(1xn Split)
Feeder Distribution
Central Switch
(1xn Split)NAPs
Connectors(NID)
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Operational Considerations.
Advantages of a Copper and Fiber Platform Common Administration
Reduced Training Cost Reduced Cost for Flow-through Provisioning Reduced Sparing
Common Customer Service Experience Triple play regardless of serving infrastructure
Orderly Network Migration Paced by your depreciation schedules and recovery issues, not service offerings
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PON Topologies
(a) Tree topology (using 1:N splitter)
OLT
ONU1ONU2
ONU3
ONU4
ONU5
(b) Bus topology (using 1:2 tap couplers)
OLT
ONU1 ONU2
ONU3 ONU4ONU5
(c) Ring topology (using 2x2 tap couplers)
OLT
ONU1ONU2
ONU3
ONU4
ONU5
(d) Tree with redundant trunk (using 2:N splitter)
ONU1
OLT ONU3
ONU5
ONU2
ONU4
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System Architecture
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GPON ARCHITECTURE
OLT (Optical line Terminal) Access Media Optical Splitter ONU (Optical Network Unit) / Residential
Gateway ODN (Optical Distribution Network)
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Components of PON
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COMPONENTS
A PON consists of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office and a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near end users.
A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment required compared with point to point architectures.
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OLT
The OLT provides the interface between the PON and the service providers network services. These typically include:
Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over Gigabit, 10G, or 100 Mbit/s Ethernet
Standard time division multiplexed (TDM) interfaces such as SONET or SDH
ATM UNI at 155-622 Mbit/s
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OLT ~ Optical Line Terminal
OLT is the networks control card. This card resides in the local CO (Central Office) cross connected to the video and data networks that will be delivered to your home, it consists of a special DFB (Distributed Feedback) calibrated laser that is always on.
This control card acts as a traffic signal to the remote ONT's for complete data / video throughput upstream and downstream.
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ONU ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is an IEEE
term. In Multiple Tenant Units, the ONT may be bridged to a customer premise device within the individual dwelling unit using legacy technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair, Ethernet over Coax, or DSL.
An ONT is a device that terminates the PON and presents customer service interfaces to the user.
Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet data, or video.
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ONU ~ Optical Network Unit
ONU ~ Optical Network Unit , this is similar to the SFU-ONT but for a MDU / MTU, or small business.
It contains 12 - 24 POTS Lines, multiple "Ethernet" or "VDSL" connections, and one / two high-powered RG video outputs.
These ONT's come in two forms, a wall mountable or rack-mountable unit, they are typically installed in a stairwell area, or basement next to the existing SAI for that floor
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ONT The ONT terminates the PON and presents the
native service interfaces to the user. These services can include voice plain old
telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP (VoIP)), data (typically Ethernet), video.
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ONT
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Functions of ONT
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Functions of ONTOften, the ONT functions are separated into two
parts: The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface
such as xDSL, coax, or multiservice Ethernet toward the user. Network termination equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native
service interfaces directly to the user. Note: This is the CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) endpoint of
the ODN. The ONT is an Optical to Electrical to Optical device , that delivers your triple play services. It will replace your existing copper NID (Network Interface Device) , and coax connections. The existing POTS / Coax inside wiring will be cross connected to the ONT. Since we understand that a PON is completely passive the endpoint must contain an AC voltage connection to perform the Optical to Electrical conversions for your services.
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Fusion Splitter1 x 4 Fusion Splitter
1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm
Fiber
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Fusion Splitter
Fiber1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm
2 x 4 Fusion Splitter
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Planar Splitter
1 x 8 Planar Splitter
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Planar Splitter
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BEAM SPLITTER A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two.
Schematic representation of a beam splitter cube
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BEAM SPLITTER - Design 1
In its most common form, a cube, it is made from two triangular glass prisms which are glued together at their base using Canada balsam.
The thickness of the resin layer is adjusted such that (for a certain wavelength) half of the light incident through one "port" (i.e. face of the cube) is reflected and the other half is transmitted.
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BEAM SPLITTER - Design 2 Another design is the use of a half-silvered mirror.
This is a plate of glass with a thin coating of aluminum (usually deposited from aluminum vapor) with the thickness of the aluminum coating such that, of light incident at a 45 degree angle, one half is transmitted and one half is reflected. Instead of a metallic coating, a dielectric optical coating may be used. Such mirrors are commonly used as output couplers in laser construction. Similarly, a very thin pellicle film may also be used as a beam splitter.
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BEAM SPLITTER - Design 3
A third version of the beam splitter is a dichroic mirrored prism assembly which uses dichroic optical coatings to split the incoming light into three beams, one each of red, green, and blue. Such a device was used in multi-tube color television cameras and also in the three-film Technicolor movie cameras. It is also used in the 3 LCD projectors to separate colors and in ellipsoidal reflector spotlights to eliminate heat radiation.
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FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub
FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub , is the cross connection splice-point for the Central Office Fiber and Distribution Fiber to the FDT's servicing the customers community.
This hub can come in various configurations (Aerial Pole mount / Ground Pedestal), the providers configuration will typically be the 144 / 216 user count, designed to be a plug and play system for the FDT / Drop Cable connections.
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PTCL Training & Development 190
(ADC) FDH Rear Panel
PTCL Training & Development 191
FDH Splitter CabinetCore Component: Splitter Cabinet for 432 subscribers (13 Splitters), available also for 144 and 288
subscribers (pre-stubbed and pre-connectorized)
OptiTect Cabinet CouplerModules | Photo CCO108
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Splitter Module
PTCL Training & Development 193
1xN FTTH Splitters
1x16 slot 1x8 slot 1x2 slot
PTCL Training & Development 194
FDH
PTCL Training & Development 195
Corning OptiTect FDH Gen III - 432 & 288 Field Installation
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PON Splitter Cabinet Sizing
Sizes available: 32 Fiber (1 Splitter) to 864 Fiber (Home Run and Centralized Local Distribution Cabinet)
Sizing will be dependent on rural or urban applications.
Specific cabinet sizing is trade off between size of the distribution area and number of cabinets.
Rural areas: Serving areas tend to get too large well before the ideal cabinet size is reached.
Urban areas: Due to the density, the number of fibers can exceed the available cabinet sizes before the serving areas become unmanageable.
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Outdoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH).
The outdoor (FDH) provides for connections between fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in the OSP environment.
The outdoor (FDH) utilize standard SC/APC to interconnect feeder and distribution cables via 1:32 optical splitters and connectors.
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Indoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
The indoor FDH is designed to organize and administer fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in an indoor environment typically suitable for high rise buildings and is placed in the telecom room.
These FDH are used to interconnect main cable (Feeder) and drop cable (2F) via optical splitters in a FTTH network application.
No splices are allowed between the Telecom Room and Flats.
Where the building has less than 32 customers, a wall mounted splitter FDH (indoor type) is more suitable. The unit will serves as a Mini ODF with splitter assembly and facility to terminate drop cables.
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Distribution Cables & Drop Cables From Outdoor FDH Cabinet location, distribution cable (loose tube)
sizes 24F, 16F and 8F combinations may be considered, depending upon the grouping of villas/homes, number and locations.
The drop closures to be installed inside joint boxes, close to group of villas/homes or as per site requirements. These have single entry on one side and 24+ outlets for drop cables.
The drop cables are 2F construction, it is recommended that both the 2F are spliced through in the drop closure, so that the fibers are through to the splitter location.
In the FDH Cabinet, only one fiber of 2F drop cable is required to be terminated.
In the case of single villas, company shall extend and terminate the drop cable in the micro ODF (Low Homes Areas).
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DROP CABLE DROP CABLE ~ This cable is the final connection to
the customers ONT. This cable can be spliced from an aerial / underground FDT. Most providers have moved to a pre-terminated drop cable system, this saves cost and installation time.
Drop Cable ~ This cable will enter the customers apartment from the FDT that's usually located in a closet, or stairwell in a high-rise building. In a small garden-style MDU deployment your drop cable may come from an FDT located on the outside of your building, and routed through the roof breezeway into your apartments designated closet.
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SFH (Single Family Home) - Corning OptiFit Drop Cable.
Corning OptiFit Drop Cable
PTCL Training & Development 202
Corning SST-Drop Cable
PTCL Training & Development 203
Corning OptiSheath Multi-Port Terminal FDT
PTCL Training & Development 204
Pre-terminated drop cable system
PTCL Training & Development 205
FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal
FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal , is the cross connection splice-point between the community serving FDH Distributing Cable, and the Drop Cable to the customers ONT.
PTCL Training & Development 206
SFU (Single Family Unit) The SFU ONT is primarily used in single
dwelling homes. This ONT will replace your existing demarc that
currently delivers your home service. This same unit (The 611i is the preferred
model for this deployment) can also be used in MDU Garden Style installations.
In these MDU installations the SFU is preferred so that the ONT can be placed directly in the unit, with the responsibility and electric cost passed to the customer.
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Tellabs 612 SFU ONT
PTCL Training & Development 208
Motorola 1000v SFU ONT (Scroll over pic)
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GPON Principle----Data Multiplexing
GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, facilitating bi-direction communication over a single fiber.
1490nm
1310nm
PTCL Training & Development 210
Data Multiplexing
To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing mechanisms: In downstream direction, data packets are
transmitted in a broadcast manner; In upstream direction, data packets are
transmitted in a TDMA manner.
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GPON Principle----Downstream Data
Broadcast mode
11 22 33 11 22 33
1122
33
1122
33
11
22
33
Data for specified ONU
Data for specified ONU
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GPON Principle----Downstream Data
Line rate. Downstream : 2.488 Gb/s. Upstream : 1.244 Gb/s. Broadcast mode. . continous mode operation. . traffic in the downstream is sent to/received by every ONU. Issue. Data confidentiality . AES-Advanced Encryption Standard used for link layer encryption.
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GPON Principle----Upstream Data
TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) mode
11 22 33 22
11
33
11
22
33
Data from specified ONU
Data from specified user
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GPON Principle----Upstream Data
TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access. burst mode operation. the OLT controls which ONU gets access to the
upstream at a particular moment in time. Issues: potential collision. . access granting. . distance ranging.
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Upstream Bandwidth Allocation
The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONTs. Because the optical distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONT upstream transmissions could collide if they were transmitted at random times.
ONTs can lie at varying distances from the OLT, meaning that the transmission delay from each ONT is unique.
The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each ONT via PLOAM (physical layer operations and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with respect to all of the other ONTs on the PON.
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Upstream Bandwidth Allocation
Once the delay of all ONTs has been set, the OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual ONTs.
A grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission.
The grant map is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds.
The map allocates bandwidth to all ONTs, such that each ONT receives timely bandwidth for its service needs.
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Upstream Bandwidth Allocation
Some services POTS, for example require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been provisioned.
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AES Encryption in GPONEnd UserEnd User
11
End UserEnd User33
ONTEnd UserEnd User
22
33 33
1133
33
2211
1111 11
22
ONT
ONT
1133
33
2211
11
11 33 3322 11 11OLT
Encryption
Decryption
Decryption
Decryption
11
11 33 3322 11 11
OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption. GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption. In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted. GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.
AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard
A globally-used encryption algorithm
PTCL Training & Development
GPON reference Model
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GPON Network Model ReferenceGPON Network Model Reference
WDM
ONU/ONT
NE
WDM
OLT
NE
Service node
Optical splitter
T reference pointV reference point
R/S S/RODNUNI SNI
IFpon IFpon
ONU Optical Network Unit
ONT Optical Network Terminal
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Terminal
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
NE Network Element
SNI Service Node Interface
UNI User Network Interface
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GPON Multiplexing ArchitectureGPON Multiplexing Architecture
IFpon
ONU
ONU
ONU
T-CONT Port
T-CONTPort
Port
T-CONT
T-CONT
PortPortPort
PortPort
ONU-ID identifies
ONUs
Alloc-IDs identifies T-CONTs
Port-ID identifies GEM
ports
GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying services.
T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of buffer that carries services. It is mainly used to transmit upstream data units. T-CONT is introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth assignment of the upstream bandwidth, so as to enhance the utilization of the line.
IF pon: GPON interface. Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic
is carried to different GEM ports and then to different T-CONTs. The mapping between the GEM port and the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple GEM Ports can correspond to the same T-CONT.
A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or multiple T-CONTs.
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GPON Multiplexing ArchitectureOLT ONT
T-CONT
T-CONT
GEM Port GEM Port
Cl assi -f i cati on
UNI
IF-PON
ONUOLT
Cl assi -f i cati on
I F-PON
QoS/Forward
SNI
Opti cal Fi berf l ow Vi rtualUNI
T- CONT GEM portGEM port
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Physical Control Block Downstream (PCBd) Payload
AllocID Start End AllocID Start End
1 100 200 2 300 500
T-CONT0(ONT 1)
T-CONT 0(ONT 2)
Slot 100
Slot 200
Slot 300
Slot 500
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu XPayload x DBRu Y Payload y
Upstream Bandwidth Map
125usDownstream Framing
Upstream Framing
GPON Frame StructureGPON Frame Structure
OLT
ONT 0
ONT 63
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PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y PLOu DBRu z Payload z
PreambleA bytes
DelimiterB bytes
BIP1 bytes
ONU-ID1 bytes
Ind1 bytesONU ID
Msg ID1 bytes
Message10 bytes
CRC1 bytes
DBA 1,2,4bytes
CRC1byte
DBA ReportPad if needed
GEMheader
Framefragment
GEMheader
Full frame
GEMheader
Framefragment
PLI Port ID PTI HEC
ONT A ONT B
Upstream Framing
GPON Upstream Frame StructureGPON Upstream Frame Structure
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PCBdn
Payloadn
PCBdn + 1
Payloadn
Psync4 bytes
Ident4 bytes
PLOAMd13 bytes
BIP1 bytes
Plend4 bytes
Plend4 bytes
US BW MapN*8 bytes
FEC Ind1 bit
Reserved1 bit
Super-frame Counter 30 bits
Blen BW MapLength 12 bits
Alen ATM PartitionLength 12 bits
CRC8 bits
Access 18 bytes
Access 28 bytes ..
Access n8 bytes
Alloc ID12 bits
Flags12 bits
SStart2 bytes
SStop2 bytes
CRC1 byte
Send PLS1 bit
Send PLOAMn1 bit
Use FEC1 bit
Send DBRu2 bits
Reserved7 bits
125us
Coverage of this BIP Coverage of next BIP
Downstream Framing
GPON Downstream Frame Structure
GPON Downstream Frame Structure
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TDMTDM data Payload
TDM fragment
HECPTI
Port IDPLI
GEM Frame
Ingress buffer
TDM Buffer
Mapping of TDM Service in GPONMapping of TDM Service in GPON
TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission.
This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services transparently. Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services .
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GEM Payload
CRCPTI
Port ID
PLI
GEM FrameEthernet Packet
DA
SFD
Preamble
Inter packet gap
SA
Length\Type
MAC client data
FECEOF
5 bytes
Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPONMapping of Ethernet Service in GPON
GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames into the GEM Payload.
GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information. Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It also
boasts good compatibility.
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GPON Key Technologies-
Ranging DBA T-CONT AES Attenuation
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Ranging OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging process, then specifies
suitable Equalization Delay (EqD) so as to avoid occurrence of collision on optical splitters.
To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open a window, that is, Quiet Zone, and pauses upstream transmitting channels on other ONUs.
ONU3
ONU2
ONU1
OLT
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DBA What is DBA?
DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment Why DBA?
It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports. More users can be added on a PON port. Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those
requiring comparatively greater change in terms of the bandwidth.
DBA operation modes SR-DBA: status report-DBA NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA
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SR-DBA Operation
DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm result in the form of BW Map to ONUs .
Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to themselves and utilizes the upstream bandwidth.
DBA algorithm logic
DBA report
BW Map
Time slot
T-CONT
T-CONT
T-CONTScheduler
ONUOLT
Control platform
Data platform
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SR-DBA Operation
PayloadUS BWMap
Data Report
PCBd
D/S Direction
U/S Direction
OLT ONT
Based on the algorithm result of last time, OLT delivers BW Maps in the header of downstream frames.
Based on the bandwidth allocation information, ONU sends the status report of data currently waiting in T-CONTs in the specified time slots.
OLT receives the status report from the ONU, updates BW Map through DBA algorithm and then delivers the new BW Map in the next frame.
ONU receives the BW Map from the OLT and sends data in the specified time slots.
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NSR-DBA Operation NSR-DBA
NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the bandwidth allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.
Procedure:
Step1: Monitor the number of data packets received by OLT within the specified interval.
Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the utilization rate.
Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization rate with the specified limits.
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DBA Working Principle
Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth. The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.
OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority enjoy higher bandwidth.
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T-CONT Bandwidth Terms Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants delivered by
OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream bandwidth allocation in the PON section of the Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs are primarily used to improve the upstream bandwidth use on the PON.
T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE. Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.
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T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type
Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and services of higher priorities, such as voice services.
Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services and data services of higher priorities.
Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and services of lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.
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QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON
DATAGPON
VOIP
VOD
TDM
Traffic-flowScheduling And buffer
control
Service differentiabased on 802.1p
GPON
VOIP
VOD
TDM
Traffic-flowScheduling And buffer
control
Service differentiabased on 802.1p
OLT
Splitter
Service traffic based on GEM Port-id
Traffic classification of services based on LAN/802.1p. Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) algorithms. Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
and reliability.
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QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON
VOIP
BTV
DATA
TDM
GPON
GPON
GE/10GE
Upstream service traffic based on different VLANs
Ethernet bridging
Non-blockingswitching
802.1pCOS
Queuing & scheduling
DBA
TDM GatewayPSTN
BSROLT
Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p. Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted
Round Robin (WRR) algorithms. DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization. Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.
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(ADC) - FTTP Infrastructure
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(ADC) - FTTx Architecture
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(ADC) - FTTx MDU Architecture
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Corning PON Overview
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Tellabs PON Overview
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Ring Protection
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Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation
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Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation
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Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation
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Property Buried Distribution - FDH feed to FDT InstallationPic1- Each property will have a main buried drop splice-point from the main FDH
servicing the property.
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Pic 2 - Each individual building will have a buried fiber pig-tail spliced into the main fiber
back to the FDH.
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Pic 3 - This fiber pig-tail is already pre-terminated to that new FDT, which will
usually be located next to existing OSP facilities.
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FDT - Exterior Molding Apartment Pathway
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Each building FDT is capable of providing service to 24 apartments. As
service is activated each jumper is then connected to that unit.
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Aerial Feed / Distribution Splice Enclosures
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Aerial Premise Drop Enclosure / Aerial to Buried Distribution Pedestal
Enclosure
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Pic 1 - Open view of Aerial FDH 216 Pic 2 - Scroll over the enlarged pic ~ Pole Mount ADC FDH 216 w/ Aerial Feed & Distribution enclosure above.
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FTTH Planning-Outgoing FO Cable from CO.
The OSP fiber counts from the Central Office should be of suitable size, to ensure meeting the future capacity requirements.
The number of fibers in the OSP cable would more likely end up being closer to 1 Fiber per 16 tenants.
Requirements of direct fibers for business establishment should also to be considered, while sizing the main cables.
Where the diversity is required for an important office, Airport, Police, Hospital etc the fiber can be routed in two different routes.
Fibers already laid for local network & CATV Network can be considered while developing the GPON Network.
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The Number of Splitters per (FDH) Cabinet & Sizing of (Feeder) Cable.
Every splitter requires a single fiber from OLT. The total number of splitter requirement per cabinet
shall be based on 5th year tenants forecasted. 25% spare fibers should be considered in the FO cable
size, for future requirements, maintenance, etc. Number of Splitter per Cabinet=No of Tenants / Split
Ratio (1:32). The provision of the number of fibers may equal to at
least 20 year tenants forecasted. Feeder cable to be loose tube 8F/16F/24F.
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Calculating optical splitter attenuation :
Insertion loss of the optical splitter (
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Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget
Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length
The attenuation of fibre splicing point is
generally less than 0.2dB
Other factors may cause attenuation, such
as fibre bending
About 0.35 dB per kmfor 1310,1490nm
Table G.984.2 Classes for optical path lossClass A Class B Class B Class C
Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dBMaximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dBNOTE The requirements of a particular class may be more stringent
for one system type than for another, e.g. the class C attenuation range is inherently more stringent for TCM systems due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side of the ODN, each having a loss of about 3 dB.
Huaweis OLT and ONU28 dB (Class B+)
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Items Unit Single fibre
OLT: OLTMean launched power MIN dBm +1.5Mean launched power MAX dBm +5Minimum sensitivity dBm -28Minimum overload dBm -8
ONU: ONUMean launched power MIN dBm 0.5Mean launched power MAX dBm +5Minimum sensitivity dBm -27Minimum overload dBm -8
Parameters of GPON (Class B+)
PTCL Training & Development
GPON Management and Service Provisioning
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GPON Service ProvisioningCarriers nightmare
Application scenario
Service Provisioning
NMS 2000
Access Network
Billing
1 Subscribe for services
2 Configure service network
3
Order Management
Start up ONT and make registration with serial numberONTONT
ONTONT
CRM
User
Send terminals to users
1
2
Finish the auto-configuration of OLT
Initial configurations (such as service system information configuration, data configuration) are required on terminals and then they can be put into use. To finish these configurations, it is not cost-effective to carriers.
GPON supports zero configuration on terminals and plug-and-play of terminals, which is cost-effective.
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
STB
3Use OMCI to finishing data configuration on ONT
PTCL Training & Development
Basic Services over GPON Network
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BRASAAA Server
IP Core
ASP/ISP CPE
Firewall
Ethernet
OLT
Softswitch
Internet
VoD ServerMiddle
wareNMS
TL1/CORBA/API
BB service platform
Carriers OSS
Notification
Triple Play Solution in GPON
IPTV
Phone
PC
SFU
Phone
PCSBU
CPEMDU
VDSL
NSP
IP
Voice
CBU
E1FE
ODN
Splitter
Base station
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Summary
In this presentation, we introduced GPON basic concept , architecture , and principle.
We also discussed about GPON service provisioning and application.
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THANK YOU
GPON/FTTHSlide 2ObjectivesContents Overview of Access Network Definition (AN)Slide 7Slide 8Types of Access NetworksSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Introduction-Broadband ServicesNarrowband and Broadband ServicesHow to provide Broadband services through Access NetworkSlide 17Slide 18What is FTTH?FEATURES OF OPTICAL FIBERDISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERWhy FTTH? - fiber versus copperSlide 23What is a Fiber Optic Cable?Slide 25Slide 26Law of ReflectionSlide 28RefractionSlide 30Slide 31Index of Refraction Index of RefractionRefractive IndicesSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Optical Fiber StructureSlide 81Slide 82Slide 83 Fiber Optic ITU StandardsSlide 85Fiber Optic Cable Construction Why Total Internal ReflectionREASON OF ABSORPTION LOSSES IN FIBERAttenuation Vs. WavelengthSlide 90Optical Fiber Transmission SystemOptical TransmitterOptical AmplifierOptical ReceiverOptical TransceiverJoining Fibers - connectorsOptical Power SplitterSlide 98Fiber Cable loose tubeLoose Tube Cable in FTTHTight BufferRibbon Cable in FTTHHOW FIBRE WORKSTypes of Windows usedSingle and Dual Fiber SystemsSlide 106Slide 107Optical Fiber and LASER Light SafetySlide 109Slide 110Slide 111Slide 112Slide 113Slide 114OPTICAL FIBRE CABLESome General Rules on Laser SafetyHANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERSSlide 118FITL -Fiber in the loopSlide 120Slide 1212. FTTC & FTTCab scenario3. FTTH scenarioStrategic Drivers for FTTHSlide 125PON conceptWhy GPON?Why PON?GPON ServicesPhilosophyTechnical considerationsSlide 132Slide 133Slide 134Slide 135 Standards STANDARDSBPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.983 STANDARDS (contd)Slide 140GPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.984 GPON StandardsxPON Protocols Basic Performance Parameters of GPON GPON identifies 7 transmission speed combination as follows:Basic Performance Parameters of GPONITU Full Service Access Network-FSAN Standards.PON Architecture ChoicesArchitectural ChoicesActive ArchitectureSlide 150PON ArchitectureSlide
