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11/8/13
Bellringer: Test Mistakes
Finish Sugar, Salt, Fat - Discuss Begin Enzymes Notes
Homework: Read Biology Book 5.5 – 5.8 Summarize 2+ sentences each section
Test Mistakes
Find 4 mistakes you made on the test
Answer the question correctly and explain the mistake that you made
Title Your Notes: ENZYMES
11/13/13 Bellringer: Affect vs. Effect
Go Over HW
Continue Enzyme Notes
Affect vs. Effect
Write down the two equations below
Affect = Impact
Effect = Results
Affect or Effect???
1) Beckie’s hair was ___________ by the rain
2) The _________ of the rain on Jessica’s hair was eye-popping!
3) How does temperature ________ water cohesion?
4) What is the ____________ of changing the temperature of the water?
11/14/13 Goals Revisited…
Goals RevisitedGoals Revisited Revisiting Goals from Week #1 of School
Annotate where necessary
Are some goals already completed? Are some goals impossible (can be
adjusted) Can some goals be elevated?
Lets come up with a Standard to annotate our goals.
Completed? Too hard? Too easy? Switching plans?
Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Example:
H + O2 → H2Oreactants product
Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Energy: The ability to do “work” There are many forms of energy, but they all do the
same thing, which is make atoms move faster! Energy Types: Sound, heat, light, motion
Cells are constantly carrying out any number of chemical reactions that involve energy
Chemical Reactions: any bodily reaction that leads to the formation or destruction of chemical bonds You start with reactants, and you end with products Energy either gets released or stored
Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical
reactions in cells Catalyst: something that speeds up a
chemical reaction, but is not used up by it All chemical reactions require a certain
amount of energy to get started, called activation energy
Enzymes catalyze by lowering the amount of activation energy necessary
2 types of Chemical Rxns
1. Exergonic reaction (exothermic):
Always releases energy (and heat)
break apart molecules (break bonds)
Ex: Cellular Respiration
2 types of Chemical Rxns Cont’d
2. Endergonic reaction (endothermic):
Always absorbs or ‘stores’ energy, absorbs heat
build molecules (form bonds)
Ex: Photosynthesis
Enzymes are substrate specific, based on the shape of the enzyme
Substrate: a reactant which binds to an enzyme to start a reaction
Enzymes
Example Sucrase is an enzyme that binds to
sucrose and breaks the disaccharide into fructose and glucose.
Enzyme Names Enzyme names always end in “ASE” They are named after the sugar they break
down Ex: Sucrase breaks down sucrose, lactase
breaks down lactose
Enzymes/Active Sites
Substrates sit in the active site of an enzyme
Active site: a pocket on the surface of the enzyme that fits the substrate
Induced fit: The way the active site changes shape to "embrace" the substrate
4 Factors affect Enzyme Activity
HEAT pH Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration
1) Temperature MORE ENERGY = MORE MOVEMENT!
As temp increases, collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move faster; thus increasing reaction rate
However, if it gets TOO hot, the enzyme changes shape (denatures)and doesn’t work anymore
1) pH Enzymes have an optimal pH too! This is because pH can change the shape
of an enzyme, thus changing its function This falls between pH 6 - 8 for most
enzymes. (except for stomach enzymes)
3) Substrate Concentration Reaction rate
increases until all enzymes are busy breaking down substrate
4) Enzyme Concentration Increasing enzyme
concentration allows more interactions with substrate molecules which increases the rate of the reaction
ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) powers nearly all forms of cellular work
ATP is made of one adenine, one ribose, and three negatively charged phosphates
The energy in an ATP molecule lies in the bonds between its phosphate groups
ATP
Chemical work Mechanical work Transport work
PP
P
P
P
P
PADP
Reactants
Product
Molecule formed Protein moved Solute transported
Motorprotein
Membraneprotein Solute
ATP The bonds connecting the phosphate groups
are broken by hydrolysis Hydrolisis = EXERGONIC!!!
ATP + Water = ADP + 1 phosphate + ENERGY That energy can now be used for something else
Adenosine Triphosphate
Phosphategroup
P P P
H2O
Hydrolysis
ATP ADPRibose
Adenine
Adenosine diphosphate
P P P Energy
ATP + Water = ADP + Energy
ATP Hydrolysis can be coupled to any endergonic
reaction through phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to
another molecule (ex: transport protein) It brings the energy with it
Cellular work can be sustained, because ATP is a renewable resource that cells regenerate If ATP is phosphorylated, energy is added back to it
with the phosphate, and it can then restart the process
Energy fromexergonicreactions
ATP
ADP P
Energy forendergonicreactions
Hy
dro
lys
is
Ph
os
ph
oy
lati
on
Metabolism Metabolism: The thousands of chemical reactions
carried out by cells IN OTHER WORDS… Our metabolism is how fast we
go through ATP in our body If we have a high metabolism, we go through ATP fast and
use the energy from food quickly If we have a low metabolism, we go through ATP slowly, and
keep the energy from food Energy coupling: When energy released from
exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions
Bellringer Define Chemical reaction What is energy coupling? Define activation energy.
Bellringer Get out the Enzyme WS (it has the terms to
know at the top) What concepts/questions/areas are difficult
for you? If you took this quizzam today, what would
you get?
Bellringer Tell me the optimal pH range for each of the enzymes
Bellringer What topic is your group doing for today’s lab? What materials do you need?
Bellringer How many points is the bridge project worth? What is due today? What is due tomorrow? How was your break?
Bellringer Define endergonic and exergonic reaction How could you tell if a reaction was ender or
exergonic?
Bellringer Review: Define enzyme and catalyst Tell me what 2 of the graphs are telling us
Bellringer Name and briefly describe the 4 factors that
impact enzyme activity Describe what is happening in the reaction
below
H2O2 H2O + O2
Catylase
THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
The formula for Hydrogen Peroxide is H2O2
The chemical equation that peroxidase/catylase helps along is
catylase
H2O2 → H2O + O2
Bellringer Give me your definition of metabolism What are bonds “made of”? Review: Define hydrolisis