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11927352 Electronics Minor Project Metro Train Prototype

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A MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. FROM KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA SUBMITTED BY: NIKHIL (1705429) Asstt. Prof. DEVENDER PRAKASH GUIDED BY: HEMANT KUMAR (1705433) PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN (1705439) Er. VARSHA SOOD CO-GUIDED BY: DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT AMBALA ROAD, KAITHAL-136027
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Page 1: 11927352 Electronics Minor Project Metro Train Prototype

A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

FROM

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA

SUBMITTED BY:

NIKHIL (1705429) Asstt. Prof. DEVENDER PRAKASH

GUIDED BY:

HEMANT KUMAR (1705433)

PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN (1705439) Er. VARSHA SOOD

CO-GUIDED BY:

DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

AMBALA ROAD, KAITHAL-136027

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(i)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions & opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to continuous process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The process of completion of this project was a tedious job & requires care & support at all stages. I would like to highlight the role played by individuals towards this. I am eternally grateful to honorable principal Dr. D.P. Gupta for providing us the opportunity & infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree. I am very thankful to Asst. Prof. Rajiv Chechi, Head of Department, for his kind support & faith in us. I would like to express my sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Asst. Prof. Devender Prakash for their keen interests my project. I also thank Mr. Varun Sharma for his valuable help in our project. I am also thankful to all visible & invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a feeling of success. Nikhil (1705429) Hemant Kumar (1705433) Priyanshu Chauhan (1705439)

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CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the project entitled “METRO TRAIN

PROTOTYPE” by “NIKHIL SHARMA, HEMANT KUMAR, PRIYANSHU CAUHAN” in

partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech (Electronics &

Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engg.

at Haryana College Of Technology & Management, Kaithal under Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from August2008 to December2008 under the

supervision of “Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash” Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering, HCTM Kaithal. The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me

in any other University/ Institue for the award of B.Tech. Degree.

NIKHIL SHARMA (1705429) HEMANT KUMAR (1705433)

PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN (1705439)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our

knowledge.

Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash Er. Varsha Sood

Project Guide Project Co-guide

The B.Tech Viva Voce Examination of “Nikhil Sharma, Hemant Kumar, Priyanshu Chauhan”

has been held on _____________ and accepted.

(Asstt. Prof. Rajiv Chechi)

H.O.D

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(iii)

ABSTRACT

This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a

day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like

Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control

the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is

defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.

In this Project

In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using

microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor,

for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines.

The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi. The

Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a

LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are

indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before

stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system

due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when

the emergency situation is over.

This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of

integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose

was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident

scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation

and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model

the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of

utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight

the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the

simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high

level architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are

identified.

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1.1 List of Components 4

1.2 Maximum Rating of ULN 14

4.1 Cost Analysis 45

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1.1 Pin Diagram of 8051 5

1.2 Reset Diagram 7

1.3 Block Diagram of 8051 10

1.4 ULN 2003 13

1.5 Voltage Regulator 7805 15

1.6 12V 75Ω Unipolar Stepper Motor 16

1.7 Basic Stepper Motor 18

1.8 Schematic Diagram of LCD 19

1.9 LCD Display 20

1.10 Power Supply 20

1.11 Bridge Rectifier 21

1.12 Basic Transformer 22

1.13 Diode 22

1.14 Symbol of Resistance 23

1.15 Carbon Film Resistance 24

1.16 Capacitor 26

1.17 Symbol of Capacitor 26

1.18 Capacitor & Battery Connection 27

1.19 LED & LED Symbol 27

1.20 Detailed Diagram of LED 28

1.21 Buzzer 28

3.1 Block Diagram 43

3.2 Circuit Diagram 44

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS Page No. Certificate (i)

Acknowledgement (ii)

Abstract (iii)

List of Tables (iv)

List of Figures (v)

Chapter 1

• Introduction 1-29

Chapter 2

• Literature Review 30-37

Chapter 3

• PCB Designing 38-40

• Working 41-42

• Block Diagram 43

• Circuit Diagram 44

Chapter 4

• Cost Analysis 45

• Problem Faced & Troubleshooting 46

Chapter 5

• Conclusion 47

• Future Scope 47

REFERENCES 48-49

APPENDIX

• Program Coding 50-58

• Datasheets 59-77

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION

This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the

now a day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries

like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which

control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the

path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is

predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without

driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.

1. 8051 Microcontroller

2. ULN 2003

3. Stepper motor

4. LCD

In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL

microcontroller 8051 to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the rotation

of motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD and

accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro

train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying

message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed

for three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3

Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing

various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the

train direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the

buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the

brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL

2

WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large

device or system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC,

which runs general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all

around us and has been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the

engine control unit in a car, which measures what setting to give the engine. Your

coffee maker has embedded technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is

what tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m. the vending machine has it too. Overall,

billions of devices woven into everyday life use embedded technology.

In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending machines and

copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But as

technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded

technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let

them perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why

cell phones are cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself

that matters, but the connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and

the internet. Until you download software that lets you find a local restaurant or

mange your finances. Let say you make freezers the big, expensive kind that grocery

stores buy. You sell ne and you are done with that customer. When it brakes the

customer calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than

your company. But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let

say three refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the

freezer alerts the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do

preventative work and save a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology

allows all of that to happen. You, the freezer company have transformed yourself

from a product company to product and services company. The possibilities go

beyond that programming device to communicate with businesses can eliminate the

need for costly call centers. Copy machines that can order their own replacement

cartridges will save businesses time and money. Remember, the fact the technology is

embedded is not what important, and neither is the device.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL

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APPLICATIONS

Telecom

Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers

Automotive application

Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and

Steer-by-wire systems.

Domestic application

Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,

Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital

cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills

Robotic

Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm

Aerospace application

Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system

Medical equipment

Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems,

MRI scanners

Defense system

Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance

systems

Office automation

Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card

readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers

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COMPONENTS

LIST OF COMPONENTS USED

Table No. 1.1 List of components

Sr. no Equipment Quantity

1 IC 8051 MC 1

2 IC ULN 2003 1

3 Transformer 1

4 Voltage Regulator 7805 1

5 2 line LCD display 1

6 Stepper Motor 1

7 Crystal Oscillator 1

8 Switch 2

9 LED 2

10 Resistors(220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ) 10

11 Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk) 2

12 Diode 2

13 Buzzer 1

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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1) MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051

DESCRIPTION

The IC 8051 is a low-power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device

is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-

chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU

with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel IC 8051 is a powerful microcomputer

which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications. The IC 8051 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes

of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector

two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock

circuitry. In addition, the IC 8051 is designed with static logic for operation down to

zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle

Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and

interrupt system to continue functioning.

Figure No. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8051

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PROCESSOR

A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way specified by

a sequence of instructions.

INSTRUCTIONS

Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when

read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions

are also called opcodes or machine codes.

Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core.

Every processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and

functionality.

PROGRAM

The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of

instructions may be altered to suit the application.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very

difficult ,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called

as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language

program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor.

ASSEMBLER

An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for

execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program

written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.

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Fig No. 1.2: Reset

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors. Software

called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code.

Ease of programming and portability.

PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC (Pin 40)

Provides voltage to the chip . +5V

GND (Pin 20)

Ground

XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin 18)

Crystal Oscillator connected to pins 18, 19.Two capacitors of 30pF value. Time for

one machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085 µ secs

RST (Pin 9)

RESET pin

1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset

and terminate all activities.

2. INPUT pin

3. Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET

4. Value of registers after RESET

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External Access: EA 31

• Connected to VCC for on chip ROM

• Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin

Program Store Enable: PSEN 29

• Output Pin

• In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the

ROM

Address Latch Enable: ALE 30

• Output Pin. Active high

• In case of external ROM ,ALE is used to de multiplex (PORT 0) the

address and data bus by connecting to the G pin of 74LS373 chip

I/O Port Pins and their Functions:

• Four ports P0,P1,P2,P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32

input/output pins

• On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be

programmed to make them function as inputs

PORT 0

• Pins 32-39

• Can be used as both Input or Output

• External pull up resistors of 10K need to be connected

• Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save

pins .AD0-AD7

• ALE is used to de multiplex data and address bus

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL

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PORT 1

• Pins 1 through 8

• Both input or output

• No dual function

• Internal pull up registers

• On RESET configured as output

PORT 2

• Pins 21 through 28

• No external pull up resistor required

• Both input or output

• Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address

for external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16

PORT 3

• Pins 10 through 17

• No external pull up resistors required

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PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Figure No. 1.3: Block Diagram of Microcontroller

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ALU

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of

data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the

operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers

and ALU.

Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND , NAND ,

OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc. Some ALU

supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two

registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of

the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location

from ALU output.

REGISTERS

Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies

significantly between processor architectures.

• WORKING REGISTERS

Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.

• INDEX REGISTERS

Points to memory addresses.

• STATUS REGISTERS

Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from

various operations.

• CONTROL REGISTERS

Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating

modes of various internal subsystems.

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MEMORY

Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.

• SRAM Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support

circuitry.

• DRAM Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence

require external circuitry.

• OTP ROM One time programmable, used for shipping in final products.

• EPROM Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and

debugging.

• EEPROM Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,

Used for storing system parameters.

• FLASH Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.

BUSES

A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for

the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.

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Processor buses are of three types:

• Data bus

• Address bus

• Control bus

CONTROLLER LOGIC

Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units.

It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.

I/O Peripherals

The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world

• Parallel Ports.

• Serial Ports.

• ADC/DAC.

2) ULN 2003

Figure No. 1.4: ULN 2003

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FEATURES

- Output current 500mA per driver (600mA peak)

- Output voltage 50V

- Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads

- Outputs can be paralleled for higher current

- TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL Compatible inputs

- Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify Layout

DESCRIPTION

The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current

Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common

emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.

Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned

opposite the outputs to simplify board

MAXIMUM RATING Table No. 1.2: Maximum Rating of ULN

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WHY WE USE ULN 2003?

Digital system and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay.

While the stepper motor’s coil needs around 10ma to be energized, the

microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2 mA current. For this reason, we

place a driver.

3) VOLAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable

output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative

voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators

include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and

overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads.

They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Figure No. 1.5: 7805 Voltage Regulator

DESCRIPTION

These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed

voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card

regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and

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safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in

excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these

devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and

current.

FEATURES

• Output current in Excess of 1.0 A

• No external component required

• Internal thermal overload protection

• Internal short circuit current limiting

• Output transistor safe-area compensation

• Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance

• Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages

• Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction

temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

4) STEPPER MOTOR

Figure No. 1.6: 12-Volt 75 Ohm Unipolar Stepper Motor

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GENERAL INFORMATION

A stepper motor system is an electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts

electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the

number of pulses.

Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an

object based on speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors.

There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor,

Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more.

Stepper motors are ideally suited for precision control. This motor can be operated in

forward/reverse with controllable speed from a BASIC Stamp or any other

microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. Some of the applications for this

motor include educational experimentation, robotics and precision mechanical control

the #27964 is a Unipolar (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per

step.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

· Phase resistance (Ohms): 75

· Current (mA): 150

· Phase Inductance (mH): 39

· Detent torque (g-cm): 80

· Holding Torque (g-cm): 600

· Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73

· Mounting hole (in.) 0.11

· Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197

· Shaft length (in.): 0.43

· Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66

·Motor height (in.): 1.35

· Weight: 0.55 lbs.

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Figure No. 1.7: Basic Stepper Motor

5) LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION OF LCD DISPLAY

This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something

simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus

it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of

the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are

quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure No. 1.8: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is

connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain

output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which

don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is

more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal

pull up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard

wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts

on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which

tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This

problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.

The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As

with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power

supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling

capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.

The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of

manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the

right shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left

pin is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.

Figure No. 1.9: LCD Display

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6) POWER SUPPLY

Figure No. 1.10: Power Supply

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as

shown in figure.

Figure No. 1.11: Bridge Rectifier

AC Suppl

D1

D2

D3

D4

1

B 2

A

3 4

7805

1000 µF + +

AC Supply Load

+

D1

D2

D3

D4

1

B 2

A

3 4

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OPERATION

During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer

secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point1 of

bridge

Positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 &

D4 become reverse biased. As a result a current starts flowing from point1, through

D1 the load & D2 to the negative end.

During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1. Diodes

D1 & D2 now become reverse biased. Thus a current flow from point 2 to point1.

7) TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a major class of coils having two or more windings usually wrapped

around a common core made from laminated iron sheets. It has two cols named

primary and secondary. If the current flowing through primary is fluctuating, then a

current will be inducted into the secondary winding. A steady current will not be

transferred from one coil to other coil.

Figure No. 1.12: Basic Transformer

Transformers are of two types:

1. Step up transformer

2. Step down transformer

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In the power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the

primary of step down transformer. This transformer step down this voltages to 6V

AC. We Give 6V AC to rectifier circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.

8) DIODE

The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of

the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.

Figure No. 1.13: Diode

When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The

Zener diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the

identification of the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line.

The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the

positive terminal (cathode).

APPLICATION

• Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc

• Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.

• Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc

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9) RESISTORS

The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects

to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some electric

circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three

categories , only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor

.the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous

paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega,

looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work

properly and it is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of

resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm.

1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm.

Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mohm.

Figure No. 1.14: Symbol of Resistance

FUNCTION

Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series

with a light-emitting diode(LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

TYPES OF RESISTORS

FIXED VALUE RESISTORS

It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal film .These two types are

explained under

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1. CARBON FILM RESISTORS

During manufacture, at in film of carbon is deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive

coating is spiraled away in an automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends

of the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal leads and end caps are added, the

resistors is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with colored bands to

indicate the resistor value

Figure No. 1.15: Carbon Film Resistors

Another example for a Carbon 22000 Ohms or 22 Kilo-Ohms also known as 22K at 5%

tolerance:

Band 1 = Red, 1st digit

Band 2 = Red, 2nd digit

Band 3 = Orange, 3rd digit, multiply with zeros, in this case 3 zero's

Band 4 = Gold, Tolerance, 5%

3. METAL FILM RESISTORS

Metal film and metal oxides resistors are made in a similar way, but can be made more

accurately to within ±2% or ±1% of their nominal vale there are some difference in

performance between these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple circuit.

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WIRE WOUND RESISTOR

A wire wound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and because of this, they can be

manufactured to precise values. Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick

wire material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high frequency circuits. Coils are used

in high frequency circuit. Wire wound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened with special

cement. They have very high power rating, from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. These

resistors can become extremely hot when used for high power application, and this must be

taken into account when designing the circuit.

TESTING

Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a defective resistor the ohm-meter

shows infinite high reading.

10) CAPACITORS

In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely

different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have

read How Batteries Work

, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the

battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at

the other terminal.

Figure No. 1.16: Capacitor

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BASIC

Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals

connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper,

plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from

touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum

foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its

storage capacity, but it will work.

In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like

this:

Figure No. 1.17: Symbol of Capacitor

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, here’s what happens:

• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery

accepts electrons that the battery is producing.

• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery

loses electrons to the battery.

Figure No. 1.18: Capacitor & Battery Connection

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TESTING

To test the capacitors, either analog meters or special digital meters with the specified function

are used. The non-electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.

Multi – meter mode : Continuity

Positive probe : One end

Negative probe : Second end

Display : `0`(beep sound occur) `OL`

Result : Faulty OK

11) LED

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED)

is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased

P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a

recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy

possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of

giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are

displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown

through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and

also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

Figure No. 1.19: LED & LED Symbol

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Figure No. 1.20: Detailed Diagram of LED

BUZZER

Buzzer is a device used for beep signal. This will help us to make understand

information or message. A buzzer is usually electronic device used in automobiles,

household applications etc.

Figure No. 1.21: Buzzer

It mostly consists of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if

and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a

light on appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a

continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based

on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electrical bell without the

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metal gong. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling

or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected

devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to

derive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit to a cheap 8-ohm speaker.

These buzzers do not make a sound or turn on a light, they stop a nearby digital clock,

briefly fire two smoke cannons on each side of the stage exit and open the exit.

However, at the end of the Heartbreaker in Viking, the buzzer is replaced with a

sword that, when removed, causes two contacts to touch, closing the circuit and

causing the latter two actions above to occur.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

PREHISTORY: 8048

In fact, it should have started with chapter -2, the invention of microprocessor. Intel

introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor,

with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was

meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators,

especially if the software is based on BCD arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8-

bitter 8008 and it's grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by

an ex-Intel employee as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).

In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing

core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a

1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallisation mask during the chip processing) or

EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM

(including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides

general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external

interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system).

Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-

bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear remarkable similarities to

Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether something of this is

true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange features. Using four of its

general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the

I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the

hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but also in the instruction set, having dedicated

instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the expander.

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The 8048 already had a lot of useful features known well to 8051-users: external code

memory support; external data memory support (inherently only 256 bytes addressed

indirectly by R0 and R1 as there is no 16 bit pointer register such as the DPTR in

8051 - the 8051 inherited this 8-bit external data access); quasibidirectional I/O ports.

Maximum clock is 11MHz, but an instruction cycle takes 15 oscillator clocks. The

"A" version (advanced) introduced powerdown mode

There were multiple variations of the 8048 around, mostly with different numbering,

but generally denoted as the MCS-48 family. 8048 itself denoted a mask-ROM part,

8748 an EPROM part - windowed (CERDIP - erasable) for development, and

unwindowed (PDIP) OTP. The romless part was a bit surprisingly marked 8035

(probably most of the parts sold as romless were parts with unusable ROM, due to

error in the "programmed" firmware). There was a low-cost version with reduced pin

count and omitted some of the features as 8021, and versions with more ROM and

RAM as 8049 (2kB ROM/128B RAM) and 8050 (4kB ROM/256B RAM); with

ROMless versions as 8039 and 8040; and 8049 had also an EPROM version 8749 (the

funny thing is, that 8749 came in 1981, one year after 8051/8751). 8048's were second

sourced by a number of manufacturers, including NEC, Toshiba, and were cloned also

behind the then iron curtain in Czechoslovakia (Tesla MHB8048/8035) and USSR.

Application specific versions of 8048 were also built quite early, with adding of

various peripherals, such as 8-bit ADC in 8022 and a parallel-bus slave interface in

8041/8042.

The MCS-48 family was used in a quite wide range of applications. One of the first

applications of 8048 was in a gaming console (Magnavox Odyssey2), but there were

also more "serious" applications, for example in one of the first car engine

"computerized" control units. But the biggest hit came when IBM decided to use 8048

in its original PC keyboard. Although in the AT keyboard IBM used the (presumably

cheaper) 6805, it used 8042 as a co-processor on the mainboard, communicating with

the keyboard. The 8042 is still present in almost each and every PC even today, but

don't search for a chip with "8042" on it - it is integrated in the chipset. It may come

as a surprise to somebody, but thanks to this fact the 8048 with its derivatives is most

probably the most widespread microcontroller at all.

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As in the 70s there were no pdf-s and no world-wide web, datasheets and other

documentation is hardly available over the internet. I believe Intel will give out a copy

if one really wants it (there is a "literature request" form at their "museum" pages).

However, there seems to be a couple of enthusiastic people, one of the maintaining a

wonderful document called “Grokking the MCS-48 System” at http://home.mnet-

online.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf .

8051: THE CLASSICS

In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the 8051.

Intel made sure that the transition from the already successful model will be as

smooth as possible. Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to 8048. Almost every

feature and resource of 8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form. 4kB ROM

and 128B RAM on chip. Pin compatibility was not maintained, but it was not a real

issue. Software compatibility is not binarywise but source-wise, but that is also

acceptable. The preliminary datasheet read: "Enhanced MCS-48 Architecture".

The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with appropriate

support in instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional and unconditional

jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a 256-byte page in 8048), four

register banks instead of two, "unlimited" stack (8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes),

multiple and divide instructions. As for peripherals, second timer was added and both

were extended to 16 bits with multiple modes (including 8-bit autoreload mode), and

an UART (which was a luxury that many lower-end

microcontrollers didn't have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock frequency did

not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle is 12 clocks now.

Similarly to 8048, also the 8051 had variants, but there was no cut-down "low-cost"

version (presumably because of the cost of ROM/RAM and the DIP40 package went

low enough). The romless version was 8031 and the EPROM version was 8751. The

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"extended" version - 8052 (with 8032 and 8752) came 3 years later and featured

besides 8kB ROM and 256B RAM also an extra 16-bit timer. An unusual chip was

the 8052AH-BASIC, which according to Intel was "software-onsilicon version of the

8052 microcontroller with a BASIC interpreter on-chip in 8K ROM". The

whole family was eventually called MCS-51 and was manufactured in NMOS, since

1986 in CMOS.

Intel provided all the needed initial tools and support with the 8051 - assembler,

application notes, example software, in-circuit emulator. Some of the appnotes and

software still can be found on Intel's webpages and are of excellent quality. The basic

datasheet set - dubbed in the community as "the bible" - is still THE reference source

of information on 8051 and its derivatives, even today.

So, Intel did its job, providing everything needed to make 8051 successful, and the

rest is history.

THE BIRDS ARE OUT OF THE NEST

Similar to 8048, also the 8051 has been licensed to various manufacturers worldwide.

Some of the early adopters include Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra) and Siemens.

Most of these companies don't exist any more, some have been taken over, others

have been renamed; but most of them still manufacture some derivative of 8051.

The licensees started to make fully compatible models. Naturally, they took over also

the datasheets, for example the "bible" is better used in the Philips version, which is a

verbatim copy of the Intel version, except that it is a true searchable pdf, while the

Intel is a scanned copy of paper document, unsearchable. More than that, the

manufacturers took over the annoying practice of Intel to include in datasheets only

the specific differences to the "bible", very confusing for the newbies (but there are

opinions on this, some of the users consider this arrangement

better than having huge datasheets containing all the “common” details). The

manufacturers published their own appnotes, which all together form a huge

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knowledge base and code library, but... due to competition it is scattered across the

manufacturers' sites, an another confusing fact for the newbies.

Later, the manufacturers rolled out their own derivatives and variants with varying

marking - there is no real standard in it (although there are some idiosyncrasies

present in the marking of most manufacturers). All types of modifications described

in the following chapters were applied; but the compatibility to the original 8051 was

usually maintained. This, together with the availability of second-, third-,...,35th-,...-

source of 8051 is the true source of its immortality.

EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED

Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be embedded in

various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks. Typically, the resources of the

ASIC are mapped as external data memory, as if the ASIC would be connected to a

conventional 8051 chip. This approach allows to use an unmodified core, which

speeds up the chip development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC

could be breadboard-prototyped in this form easily.

As an example, Intel produced 80C51SL, a descendant of 8042. Philips has a line of

8051-based teletext controllers. In a particular USB webcamera, the chip interfacing

the CCD and USB was controlled by an embedded 8051. There are probably much

more examples around, but most of them never get public. In spite of this, the 8051 in

this form is produced probably in much higher volumes than as general-purpose

microcontrollers.

EXTRAS

Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been introduced

by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased code and data

memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above, these chips tend to

implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed usually via extra SFRs. This

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allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct addressing

(mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation instructions, too.

One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which introduced the

programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052 otherwise). It was intended for

automotive applications (brake control). Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and

more code memory. 80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal external" data

memory. These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "sub-family", produced by

Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.

FAT BOYS: 16-BIT EXTENSIONS

When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications started to grow

and soon required more power than the 8051 even with enhancements could provide.

There were 16-bit microcontrollers around (e.g. Intel had it's 80C196 line), but it

seemed a good idea to provide a more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit

version of 8051.

Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C251. It went all the way to achieve

compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to switch to native 16-

bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with 8051. It was not a big success,

most probably for bad market timing (although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel).

Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family, which

seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy code has to be

maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and poses little constraint on

the chip design itself.

All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the 8051 and are

less widespread.

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FLASH FOR THE MASSES

In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory, enabling

fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-grade chip in

development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be reprogrammed when

upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs. It brought down the 8051 to the

masses - the small "garage" companies and hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced

also 89C2051 with decreased pin count (and price).This was a smart move, the chip

proved to be extremely popular in many small applications.

Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most of them

able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-situ programming

(ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end versions also able to reprogram

themselves (in-application programming, IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed

or OTP - seems to become extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.

NEED FOR SPEED

The need for higher processing power, addressed unsuccessfully by the 16-bit

versions, has been solved by introducing the high speed derivatives of 8051. The

original 12-clock instruction cycle scheme is obviously inefficient and also the

technology progressed enough to achieve higher clock rates than the original 12MHz.

The first derivative addressing this in a radical way is the now legendary Dallas

DS80C320. It featured a 4-clocker core with incompatible timing, and could be

clocked as high as 33MHz. Unfortunately, it was produced as ROMless only.

The following step was taken by Cygnal, where a single-clock core has been

developed. In the top-range models, the clocking is as high as 100MHz, being the

fastest 8051s around.

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Today, there are many 8051 derivatives with sped-up cores available. They can be

divided into two groups: the 6-clockers (e.g. the 8xC51RD2) and 2-clockers

(Philips LPC9xx) have the same number of instruction cycle per instruction as the

original; while the 4-clockers and singleclockers are incompatible in this way,

requiring recalculation of timing loops if used.

WHERE IS IT GOING?

The 8051 is a sound mcu core with rich history. However, it seems that it is already

over its peak, although it might take quite a lot of time until it will be completely

replaced by most modern microcontrollers.

So we now have superfast 8051 derivatives with loads of internal FLASH and RAM.

ISP and IAP seems to be the standard these days. There are the 8051s built around

advanced analog circuits, mainly high resolution ADC. There are derivatives suitable

for extreme applications – high temperature, radiation hardened. There are softcores

around, tuned up, and even open source.

There is a wealth of knowledge and experience, however, it is scattered around and

the newbies tend to get the easier path - competing 8-bit microcontrollers usually do

have a single-stop information resource site, so this knowledge and experience seems

to die out as the "old boys" retire gradually. The price difference between the high-

end 8-bitters and the much more powerful low-end 32-bit RISCs (such as the ARMs)

seems to decrease rapidly and will change eventually, as the 32-bitters are becoming

the standard in all but the least demanding applications.So there is perhaps still a need

for the 8051s, but this need is decreasing and 8051s life cycle is slowly approaching

its end.

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CHAPTER 3

P.C.B. DESIGNING & WORKING

1) P.C.B. DESIGNING

P.C.B. LAYOUT

The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board

respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important

operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of

component side is to be made in accordance with available components dimensions.

The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B.

1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.

2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient

distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.

3. The most important points are that the components layout is making proper

compromise with copper side circuit layout.

Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of

conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the

components; they are small in size and efficient in performance.

PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the copper

clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with the help of a

shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the

connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between the leg of the

component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it is allowed to dry.

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DRILLING

After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at

desired points where we have to fix the components.

ETCHING

The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is known

as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed circuit is placed in the

solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes

and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed from the P.C.B.

After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in order to get

P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of the circuit.

After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft piece of cloth

dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the P.C.B.

is ready for use.

SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two metal

conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and

then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the

joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and durable connection

between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also present oxidation.

SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES:

These are basically two soldering techniques.

• Manual soldering with iron.

• Mass soldering.

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SOLDERING WITH IRON

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron switched on

and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied

hear the component to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface to be soldered

is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold without disturbing.

SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO

1. Provide permanent low resistance path.

2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.

3. Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and P.C.B.

4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.

The following precaution should be taken while soldering:

1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.

2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.

3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering instead of asking

the iron.

4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.

5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.

6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering iron.

7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only instead of

keeping for very long or very small time.

8. Use optimum quantity of solder

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2) WORKING OF PROJECT

METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE is a microcontroller based device. It is used in

driverless metro train, which is used in most of developed countries. These trains are

equipped with CPU, which control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific

path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance

between the two stations is predefined.

Basically it has four parts

1. POWER SUPPLY

2. 8051 IC

3. DISPLAY UNIT

4. STEPPER MOTOR

The 230 AC supply is converted into 9 volts by the power supply section in which 4

. Elements are used.

1. TRANSFORMER

2. 7805 REGULATOR

3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)

4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD

The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by the

bridge rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is regulated by 7805. 1000 micro

farad capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the

correctness of power supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this

type of trains. We are using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is

controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using

Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named

as Aligarh, Ghaziabad and New Delhi. The stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time

between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec. There is a LCD display for showing

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various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to

show the train direction i.e. UP path and Down path. Before stopping at station the

train blows the buzzer.

.

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3) BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure No. 3.1: Block Diagram

8 0 5 1

U L N

STEPPER MOTOR

BUZZER

LCD DISPLAY

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4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure No. 3.2: Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER 4

COST ANALYSIS & TROUBLESHOOTING

COST ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS USED

Table no. 4.1: Cost Analysis

Sr. no Equipment Rating Quantity Cost

1 IC 8051 MC --- 1 80

2 IC ULN 2003 --- 1 40

3 Transformer 9-0-9 1 45

4 Voltage Regulator 7805 1 5

5 2 line LCD display --- 1 120

6 Stepper Motor --- 1 80

7 Crystal Oscillator 12Mhz 1 10

8 Switch --- 2 10

9 LED --- 2 4

10 Resistors 220Ω,4.7kΩ,10kΩ 9 18

11 Capacitors(ceramic disk) 33pf,470µf,100µf 4 8

12 Diode --- 4 12

13 Buzzer --- 1 20

14 PCB --- 1 60

15 Variable Resistance 10k 1 8

16 40 Pin IC Base --- 1 4

Total 545

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PROBLEM FACED

• First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE that,

it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor & LCD.

• Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of STEPPER

MOTOR

• We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD • During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder

the connection and did soldering again.

• A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be

replaced.

• LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the

new one.

TROUBLESHOOT

• Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints.

• Proper power supply should maintain.

• Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate

• Component change and check again circuit

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CHAPTER 5

CONCULSION

AREA OF APPLICATIONS

The theme of the project when merged with certain established technologies can be

quite effective in number of countries like Germany, France & Japan etc. which

control the train . The project when used with an improved sensitivity. The train is

programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage

timing of the train & distance between the two stations is predefined.

The circuit diagram is shown in the figure. Here LCD display is connected with the

P1 of the MC. Control lines are connected with port 3 of the microcontroller. The

contrast of the LCD is controlled by 10K variable resistor.

Unipolar Stepper motor is used for running of the train. This motor has 5 wires, which

are named as A1, B1, B2, and COM. Common line is given at +5V. The other lines

can be connected with port 2 of microcontroller. The stepper motor is derived by the

ULN 2003 chip. This Chip includes Darlington pairs, so that motor can get enough

current to for its running. This chip required pull ups at inputs.

FUTURE SCOPE

This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has a bright future as it is

being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to

control train without a driver and the stations are shown on the LCD so the passenger

doesn’t has any difficulty. This project will lead to increase in technological trends &

this will help the people in many ways.

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REFRENCES

1. Collins, J.; Pymm, P, “Replacement of the station data logger at Hunterston B

nuclear power station”,

‘Retrofit and Upgrading of Computer Equipment in

Nuclear Power Stations, IEE Colloquium’ on 11 Mar 1991 Page(s):11 - 15.

2. Engel berg, S.; Kaminsky, T.; Horesh, M.; “Instrumentation notes - A USB-

Enabled, FLASH-Disk-Based DAS”

Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2007 Page(s):63 – 66.

, Instrumentation & Measurement

Magazine, IEEE,

3. Erdem, H, “Design and implementation of data acquisition for fuzzy logic

controller

‘Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02. 2002 IEEE International

Conference’ on 11-14 Dec. 2002 Page(s):199 - 204 vol.1.

4. Kuchta, R.; Stefan, P.; Barton, Z.; Vrba, R.; Sveda, M, “Wireless temperature

data logger”,

‘Sensors and the International Conference on new Techniques in

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 2005 Asian Conference’ on 5-7

Sept. 2005 Page(s):208 – 212.

5. Lee Tat Man, “Recording power demand characteristics and harmonic

pollution by a general-purpose data logger”,

‘Advances in Power System

Control, Operation and Management, 1991. APSCOM-91., 1991 International

Conference’ on 5-8 Nov 1991 Page(s):737 - 743 vol.2.

6. Luharuka, E.; GAO, R.X., “A microcontroller-based data acquisition for

physiological sensing

”, ‘Instrumentation and Measurement Technology

Conference, 2002. IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE’, 21-23 May

2002 Page(s):175 - 180 vol.1.

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WEBSITES

www.atmel.com

www.seimens.com

www.philipsemiconductors.com

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com

www.efyprojects.com

www.thomson.com/learning

www.google.com

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APPENDIX

CODING ;Program for a stepper having connected & to show message on the LCD

$mod51

data equ p1 ;p0

busy equ p0.7 ;p0.7

rs equ p3.2

rw equ p3.1

en equ p3.0

org 400h

show0: db 'Welcome To All','0'

show1: db 'Current Station','0'

show2: db 'Next Station','0'

show3: db 'Aligarh','0'

show4: db 'Ghaziabad','0'

Show5: db 'New Delhi','0'

org 0000h

here:

mov p2,#00h

acall ini

mov dptr,#show0

acall read

clr p3.3 ;p1.0

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acall delay

mov a,#01h

acall command; Now make memory clear cursor home

mov dptr,#show1

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show3

acall read

acall delay ;Stopage1 time 3 sec new delhi

acall delay

acall delay

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show2

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show4

acall read

; acall delay ;Stopage1 time 3 sec new delhi

acall stepperf

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show1

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acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show4

acall read

acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec noida

acall delay

acall delay

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show5

acall read

;acall delay

acall stepperf

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show1

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show5

acall read

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acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec greater noida

acall delay

acall delay

setb p3.3 ; p1.0 ;off led at p1.0 for forward journey

clr p3.4 ; p1.1 ; 0n Led for back ward journey

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne noida

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show4

acall read

acall stepperb

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show1

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show4

acall read

acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec noida

acall delay

acall delay

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mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne new delhi

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show3

acall read

; acall delay

acall stepperb

mov a,#01h

acall command

mov dptr,#show1

acall read

mov a,#0c0h

acall command

mov dptr,#show3

acall read

setb p3.4 ;p1.1

ljmp here

;routine for stepper motor

; Delay Routine

delay:

push acc

push 00h

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push 01h

push p0

push p1

mov r0,#0eh

loopr:

mov a,#0ffh

loopb:

mov b,#0ffh

loopa: djnz b,loopa

djnz 0e0h,loopb

djnz r0,loopr

pop p1

pop p0

pop 01h

pop 00h

pop acc

ret

;dlay stepper

delays:

push acc

push 00h

push 01h

push p0

push p1

mov a,#0ffh

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loopa1:

mov b,#0ffh

loopb1:

djnz b,loopb1

djnz 0e0h,loopa1

pop p1

pop p0

pop 01h

pop 00h

pop acc

ret

;++++++++++++Routine to read data from prog mem

read:

nex: clr a

movc a,@a+dptr

cjne a,#'0',aga

sjmp down

aga: acall display

;acall delay

inc dptr

sjmp nex

down: ;acall delay

ret

;================ stepper routine

stepperf:

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push acc

push p1

mov a,#88h

; mov p2,a

mov r0,#0e0h

mov r1,#01h

loop:

mov p2,a

acall delays

rr a

dec r0

cjne r0,#00h,loop

dec r1

cjne r1,#00h,loop

pop p1

pop acc

ret

stepperb:

push acc

push p1

mov a,#88h

; mov p2,a

mov r0,#0e0h

mov r1,#01h

loop1:

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mov p2,a

acall delays

rl a

dec r0

cjne r0,#00h,loop1

dec r1

cjne r1,#00h,loop1

pop p1

pop acc

ret

end

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DATASHEETS

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