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Tomatoes

GB

SeedsSeeds

SeedsSeeds

Open field crops :why cultivate indeterminate tomatoes ?

TomatoesTomatoes

In many countries leading producers have decided to cultivate indeterminate instead of determinate tomatoes. Of course, this requires greater investments: stakes and pruning are indispensable. The initial investment is almost doublethat required for cultivation in flat beds and 30 to 50% higher than for a staked determinate crop. So what are the reasonsbehind this choice?

Almost double the yield per hectare for average cycles (up to 12 clusters) and therefore:• better use of each square metre of soil• quicker recovery of fixed costs (irrigation systems, plant purchases, planting, mulching, disinfecting the

soil, weeding, etc.)

A harvest spread over a longer time frame, enabling producers to respond more efficiently to the needsof their clientele

Superior quality fruit • it does not touch the ground• it remains clean • it is not deformed by pressure from other vegetation• it is easier to access and can be harvested at the peak of maturity• it has a better, more regular size

The possibility of harvesting fruit in clusters

Generally, the move from determinate to indeterminate crops goes hand in hand with increasingly demanding consumers and higher prices.

Vilmorin,a recognized player in tomato !VILMORIN expands rapidly its tomato range to fulfill precisely your requirements. Out of the 37 varieties presented in this brochure, 17 are new.

VILMORIN continues its objective by proposing products responding to the market needs and the consumer’s expectations:

• attractive products by the colour, uniformity, shape, shine,• a good fruit quality, a good firmness, a long shelf life, • a superior taste quality, • a new range of small fruits, original, of high taste appreciation.

The fruit quality is the guarantee of better sale prices.

VILMORIN makes the genetic resistance its priority, in order to reduce the usage of phytosanitary products.

By growing VILMORIN varieties, you secure yourself with the best profitability : bythe conjunction of yield, lower use of phytosanitary products, and good sale prices.

This brochure “VILMORIN tomato range” is intended to guide you in your choice. Soon, other varieties will enhance this offer; do not hesitate to get in touch with your VILMORIN contact!

We wish you excellent harvests!

The qualityof Vilmorin tomato seeds

Seeds sold by seed count (1000 seeds)Vilmorin offers two quality standards and two presentations:

We take great care in preserving the quality of our seeds, their genetic purity and sanitary aspects. To achieve this, crops are regularly inspected, seeds are disinfected and systematically tested for 4 diseases: Clavibacter michiganensis, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Tomato Mosaic Virus and Pepino Mosaic Virus.

Seeds sold by weight (grams)

Some adviceon fertilising soil

A FEW REMINDERS:

Nitrogen (N): is indispensable for plant growth and the formation of fruit. Deficiency leads to weak plants that are incapable of bearing significant weight and therefore of settingfruit. Too much nitrogen produces excessive vegetation and anunbalanced plant, making setting more difficult. The risks of hollow fruit, defects in colour, pith necrosis (Pseudomonas corrugata) or Botrytis are greater. The producer regulates nitrogenand water in order to balance the plant.

Phosphorus (P2O5): tomatoes need only a limited quantityof phosphorus, but deficiency can have a negative affect on yieldand fruit quality.

Potassium (K20): this mineral plays a decisive role in fruit quality and growth, but excesses tend to reduce size by increasing the soil’s salinity. It is important to maintain proper N/K balance at each stage of crop development (see the table).

Magnesium (MgO): magnesium deficiency is detrimental for tomato crops and is caused by an excess of potassium.

Calcium (Ca): needs to be added to soils lacking this mineralin order to avoid the risks linked to blossom end rot.

Trace elements: tomatoes are sensitive to deficiencies intrace elements such as iron, boron, manganese, zinc or copper.

CROP NEEDS:

We need to distinguish between the use of base dressing, whichconsists in compensating for deficiencies in certain minerals in the soilbefore planting, and rectifying manuring, which is used in response tothe needs of the plant according to its degree of development.

It is important to carry out a chemical analysis of the soil before plantingcrops in order to use base dressing to compensate for a lack of minerals.

In the absence of such an analysis, the minimum amounts recommended before planting vary according to the nature of the soil from 30 to 50 units of nitrogen, 0 to 50 units of P2O5, 0 to 300 units of K2O and 0 to 150 units of Mg0.

> General requirements for maintenance of an indeterminate crop:

> General requirements for maintenance of a determinate crop:

2 - 3

Germination rate

Percentage of usable plants

PRECISION SEEDS 95% minimum 90% minimum

STANDARD QUALITY 85% to 90% 80% minimum

Germination rate

STANDARD QUALITY 85% minimum

20 10 to 20 30 to 50 6

30 20 60 to 80 10

From planting to settingof the 3rd cluster

Units / ha / week

After flowering of the 3rd cluster

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium

90 to 130 50 to 70 150 to 300 60 to 80

Units / ha Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium

Tom

ato

es

elongated

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

Determinate elongated

Good fruit setting in warmconditions, moderately vigorous,early variety, grouped harvest.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1,2, S

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

70 x 55 mm, 100-110 g and more.

Open field in flat beds orstacked production.

Good firmness and shelf life,good tolerance to splittingand micro-cracking.

Very early variety with shortinternodes and good fruitsetting in low temperatures.Moderately vigorous plantrequiring good fertilisationwhen the crop is planted.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M

CAPORAL F1

SURYA F1

Open field in flat beds or stacked production.

70 x 55 mm, 110-120 g and more.

Homogenous size and quality.Tolerant to cracking. Very nice, uniform red colourat maturity.

Tom

ato

es

roundDeterminate round

4 - 5

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

47-67 mm, 130–150 g.

Open field for very early cycles. Can be used as semi-determinate under shelter.

Firm and uniform slightly flattened fruit, with lightgreen shoulders.

Good fruit setting in cool weather. Very good earlyproductivity, with rather concentrated maturity.

MEDINA F1

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturity information are only indicative and based onour own observations and our general experience. They are not contractual and they do not necessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of the cultivation also depends on factors non-related with the seed.

FRUIT

USE Open field and tunnel seasonal crops.

USE

FRUIT

Open field seasonal crops.

USE

FRUIT

RESISTANCES

Open field seasonal crops.

HR : V:0, Fol:0

DAIQUIRI F1

RIO-GRANDE

ROMA VF

HR : V:0, Fol:0, SIR : M

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, Cf3, SIR : M

RESISTANCES

Oval shape.

Oval shape.

Oval shape.

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 160–180 g.

Open field for early and season cycles. Can be used as semi-determinate under shelter.

High productivity. Medium to strong vigour.Medium internodes. Good leaf cover for fruit pro-tection. Good early yield and good fruit setting indifficult conditions.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, S

OLGA F1

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 150–160 g.

Open field for very early cycles. Can be used as semi-determinate under shelter.

Medium vigour with short internodes. Adapt fertilization to obtain a good plant structure and increase vigour to have a good leaf cover. Good fruit setting in low temperatures.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, Cf3, S

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm and more, 160–180 g and more.

Open field variety for main and late season crops.

Nice plant, well covered. Very productive with spread out harvest.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, S

TOPKAPI F1

V 119 F1

Unicoloured fruits with a very good shelf-life. Round to slightly flattened shape.

Very nice fruit quality, uniform color, firm withgood shelf-life.

Regular and homogenous size and verygood fruit quality with high percentage of first choice. Excellent shelf-life pre and post harvest.

ro

un

d

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm, 230–250 g.

Open field production. Late cycles.

Good fruit size, nice colour, good resistance to cracking and good firmness.

Strong vigour : limit nitrogen fertilizationuntil first fruit setting.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, S

VS 8366B F1SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm and more, 220–300 g.

Open field production for medium late crops.

Big sized and good quality fruits, with agood firmness and an homogenous size.

Vigorous and well-covered plant, with high yield.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, S, TSWV:0

JOKER F1

6 - 7

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm and more, 200–220 g and more.

Open field production for main and late seasoncrops.

Big slightly flattened fruits. Nice fruit color and nice taste.

Good leaf cover for fruit protection. Excellent fruit setting, high productivity potential,even in difficult conditions.

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1, S

GHANIA F1

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturity information are only indicative and based on our ownobservations and our general experience. They are not contractual and they do not necessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of the cultivation also depends on factors non-related with the seed.d

ete

rm

ina

te

elongatedIndeterminate elongated

CENCARA F1

47 x 35 mm, 30-35 g.

Cherry tomato size, slight green shoulder, nice red colour at maturity. Excellent taste (very sweet) and good firmness.

HR : ToMV, Fol:0IR : M

V123B F1

V255 F1SIZE/WEIGHT 37 x 25 mm, 10-15 g and more.

Shelter production for season cropsand counter-season crops. Bulkharvests.

Excellent taste, slight green shoulderthat disappears at maturity, nice red colour.

Vigorous and open habit variety. Goodbehaviour in cold weather and goodfruit setting in difficult conditions.

PLANT

RESISTANCES

FRUIT

USE

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

SIZE/WEIGHT

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

USE

70 x 55 mm, 100-110 g.

Shelter production for season crops andcounter-season crops.

Versatile and multi-purpose plant.Exceptional yield.

High quality fruit: firm, nice colour,shiny and smooth. Highly appreciated for its taste.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0, Cf3IR : M

HR : V:0, Fol:0,1

Shelter production for season crops and counter-seasoncrops. Bulk harvests.

Vigorous, with open habit, versatile plant.

RESERVA F1

8 - 9

REVA F1

elongated

CHARANDA F1

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturity information are only indicative andbased on our own observations and our general experience. They are not contractual and they do notnecessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of the cultivation also depends onfactors non-related with the seed.

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

USE

SIZE/WEIGHT 65-70 x 55-60 mm, 110-130 g and more.

Season and counter-season crops inopen field.

Homogenous, firm fruits. Good tolerance to hollow fruits and nipples.

Excellent behaviour in medium to long cycles and in cold weatherconditions. Good consistency in size and productivity at the head.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M

RESISTANCES

PLANT

FRUIT

USE

SIZE/WEIGHT 70 mm and more x 55 mm and more, 120-140 g and more.

Vigorous, early variety that is well adapted to long season and counter-season cycles with good consistency in size at the head.

Large fruit, very long shelf-life, highly uniform size,good quality in season and counter-season, nice colour, and good tolerance to hollow fruit,nipples and facets.

Sheltered season and counter-season crops.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, Cf5IR : M

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M

Widely adapted, very productive variety with dense vegetation and continuous fruit-setting.

Large, firm fruit.

Open field seasonal crops.

70 mm and more x 60 mm, 110-140 g and more.

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ate

dIn

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min

ate

V193 F1

MURANO F1

PARSIFAL F1

SIZE/WEIGHT 70 mm and more x 60 mm, 130-150 g and more.

Shelter production for season cropsand counter-season crops.

Large, firm fruit.

Highly versatile plant with open habit.Good fruit setting in difficult conditions.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, Cf5IR : M

RESISTANCES

PLANT

FRUIT

USE

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

70 mm and more x 60 mm, 130-150 g.

Seasonal crops in open field or under shelter.

Large, with uniform color, high quality fruit.

Vigorous plant with good leafcover and excellent yield.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M, For

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

80 mm and more x 55 mm, 120-140 g.

Shelter production for season crops and counter-seasoncrops. Bulk or cluster harvests.

Very original, elongated and cylindrical-shapedfruits of around 8 cm long. Excellent firmness and red colour.

Moderately vigorous plant with high yield.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M

elongatedindeterminate

roundIndeterminate round

10 - 11

LANCELOT F1

DULCE F1

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturity information are only indicative andbased on our own observations and our general experience. They are not contractual and they do notnecessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of the cultivation also depends onfactors non-related with the seed.

V239 F1

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

95 mm and more x 45-50 mm, 110-130 g.

Shelter production for autumn andspring crops.

Highly original, short San Marzano type(cylindrical). Excellent quality: firmness,colour, shine, regularity, taste, absenceof facets.

Rather weak plant. Good variety with good fruit settingand high yield.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0, SIR : M

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

57 mm, 90–110 g.

Open field seasonal crops.

Small fruit with green shoulder. Homogenous, round shape.

Good behaviour in open field, very good yield.

HR : ToMV, Fol:0,1IR : For, TYLCV, Rs

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, Cf3

Medium early variety. Nice plant with very regular fruit-setting, adapted to medium to long cycles. Good tolerance to low and high temperatures.

Excellent fruit firmness with homogenous size and shape throughout the different stages of thecrop. Medium sized semi-flattened fruit with good resistance to cracking. Very good shelf life.

Shelter production for season crops andcounter-season crops.

57-67 mm, 140–160 g.

roundIndeterminate

JADELO F1

LERAC F1 (EX V189)

EPICO F1 (EX V199)

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 150–170 g.

Season and counter-season, indoorand outdoor production.

Very regular size and shape. Tolerant to cracking. Very firm fruits, round, smooth and well-coloured.

Good vigour and versatility. Well adapted to long cycles, including hydroponic crops.Excellent vigour and fruit setting. Good foliage tolerance to the rainy season in tropical zones.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, S, Cf5IR : For

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 160–190 g.

Shelter variety for short-cycle season crops.

Superb fruit quality (colour, shine, smoothness).Good tolerance to blotchy ripening. Nice round and non-ribbed shape.

Early and well equilibrated plant, with good yield.Well adapted to early spring cycles.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, S

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 160–180 g.

Shelter production for spring and autumn cycles.

Superior fruit quality (round shape, smoothness,colour, firmness). High percentage of first-class fruits. Nice round and non-ribbed shape. Good shelf-life.

Constant and regular fruit-setting during allperiods. Good tolerance to hormones and blotchyripening.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, SIR : M

12 - 13

CORNICE F1 (EX V192) V191 F1

roundIndeterminate

OPERA F1

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturity information are only indicative and based on our own observations andour general experience. They are not contractual and they do not necessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of thecultivation also depends on factors non-related with the seed.

V260 F1

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-77 mm, 160–180 g.

Open field stacked production.

Fruit size maintained throughout the cycleof the plant. Tolerant to micro-cracking.Long shelf life. High percentage of first-choice fruits. Nice red colour.

Versatile variety. Constant and regularfruit-setting.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, SIR : M

SIZE/WEIGHT 67-77 mm, 170–200 g.

USE Season and counter-season crops inopen field or under shelter.

Large round firm fruit. Nice bright red colour at maturity.

FRUIT

PLANT Short internodes, high yield, goodhormone tolerance.

RESISTANCES HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, SIR : M

67-77 mm, 160–180 g.SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

Variety for spring and autumn production,indoor and outdoor.

Round shape. High percentage offirst-class fruits. Nice glossy red colour.

Very versatile variety, particularly adapted foroutdoor production, with constant and regularfruit-setting during all periods.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

67-82 mm, 160-200 g.

Variety for medium to long cycles. Production under shelter in spring and autumn.

Large, attractive fruit with nice internal and external colour and good firmness.Homogenous size maintained at the head of the plant.

Vigorous plant for medium and short cycles. Good yield. Particularly suitable for spring cycles.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : TYLCV

VP1 F1

V71 F1

V168 F1

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm and more, 180–250 g.

Shelter and open-field variety for medium long tolong cycles, adapted to season and counter-seasonproduction.

Good firmness. Homogenous, slightly flattened big fruits.Slight green shoulders disappearing at full maturity.

Versatile and open habit plant with excellent fruitsetting and yield, short to mid-long internods.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm, 180–240 g.

Shelter and open-field variety for short to medium-long cycles, adapted to season and counter-seasonproduction.

Slightly flattened regular fruit with green shoulders, offering an homogenous red colour at maturity.Good tolerance to blotchy ripening.

Medium vigour and good earliness forthis fruit size. Well adapted to tropicalconditions. Good package of resistances.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, TSWV:0IR : M, TYLCV

Open field and sheltered seasonalproduction.

SIZE/WEIGHT

USE

FRUIT

PLANT

RESISTANCES

77-82 mm, 200–250 g.

Large, pink, firm, pleasant tastingfruit. Good tolerance to cracking for this type.

The plant is not very vigorous.Good early variety. Suitable forshort spring and autumn cycles.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1

14 - 15

RootstockRootstock

The V137 F1 inter-specific rootstock is produced by crossing a line of wild tomatoes with a “normal” line. This wild “blood” makes the plant highly vigorous and balanced. The V137 F1 is particularly regular in all seasons. It produces good-size fruits as soon as production starts. Its exceptional root network enables it to offer superior quality fruits andmaintain a high level of productivity during the cold season.

V137 F1 is compatible with almost all ToMV-resistant varieties and therefore most recent varieties.

• The germination rate of the V137 F1 is best in darkness (24 to 48 hours depending onconditions) and at a temperature of 25°C.

• The grafting point must not be too close to the ground. Otherwise roots propagated by the graft can provide an access point for parasites in the soil.

V137 F1

AGORA F1 SUPER-MARMANDE VFN

Grafting is nowadays the most common response to the new challenges created by the ban on methyl bromide. Rootstocks provide resistance to most soil-related diseases. An acquiredadvantage which is now considered indispensable. Rootstocks also generate improved behaviourin difficult environments (extreme temperatures), resulting in a higher yield and more consistentquality of fruits than non-grafted seedlings.

Disease resistancesResistance is the ability of a variety to restrict the growth and development of a specified pest or pathogen and/or thedamage it causes when compared to susceptible plant varieties under similar environmental conditions and pest orpathogen pressure.Resistant varieties may exhibit some disease symptoms or damage under heavy pest or pathogen pressure.

Two levels of resistance are defined:High/standard resistance (HR)Plant varieties that highly restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen under normal pest or pathogen pressure when compared to susceptible varieties. These plant varieties may, however, exhibit some symptoms or damage under heavypest or pathogen pressure.

Moderate/intermediate resistance (IR)Plant varieties that restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen, but may exhibit a greater range of symptoms or damage compared to resistant varieties. IR varieties will still show less severe symptoms or damage than susceptible varieties when grown under similar environmental conditions and/or pest or pathogen pressure.

Resistances : IR=Intermediate Resistance, HR=High ResistanceThe genetic resistances are not dispensed from prophylactic measures to be used as an addition.Our recommendations, suggestions, growing cycles and maturityinformation are only indicative and based on our own observationsand our general experience. They are not contractual and they do not necessarily imply a successful harvest and/or result. The success of the cultivation also depends on factors non-relatedwith the seed.

Diseases and physiological accidents

RESISTANCES HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1IR : M, Pl, For

USE

FRUIT

RESISTANCES

Open field and tunnel, season and counter season.

Round shape.

HR : ToMV, V:0, Fol:0,1, SIR : M

USE

FRUIT

RESISTANCES

Open field and tunnel, season and counter season.

Round shape.

HR : V:0

TOMATO MOSAIC VIRUS (ToMV)(tomato mosaic)

Symptoms : Wrinkled and chequered leaflets or stringy leaves.Bumpy fruit with irregular brown necrosis or blotchy on fruit, similar to severe cases of blotchy ripening. Confirmation by alaboratory is necessary (ELISA test).

Consequences : Falling fruit or fruit with no commercial value.

Transmission/development : Virus transmitted during farmingoperations. Can come from crop remains, seeds or host plants(notably tobacco).

Prevention : Use resistant varieties or at least healthy seeds andavoid spreading through good prophylaxis.

Vilmorin’s response : Nearly all Vilmorin indeterminate varietiesare highly resistant (HR). In case of strong attacks, necrosis mayappear on fruits.

VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE AND VERTICILLIUMALBO-ATRUM (V:0) (verticillium wilt)

Symptoms : Wilting of part of the leaf limb (often V-shaped),grey or brown coloration of vessels at the base of the stem (whencut longitudinally).

Consequences : Total destruction of the plant.

Transmission/development : This fungus is present especially in spring and autumn and is stored in micro-sclerotia in the soilor host plants. Develops at temperatures between 13 and 30°C,with optimal conditions at 20-24°C.

Prevention : Disinfect the soil and, above all, use resistant varieties. New strains have appeared that overcome resistance.

Vilmorin’s response : Almost all Vilmorin commercial tomatovarieties are highly resistant (HR) to the common strain (V:0).

CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS (CMV)(cucumber mosaic)

Symptoms : Stringy and rigid leaflets (not to be confused withhormone damage), puckered and chequered leaflets, blisteredfruit with yellow rings or swirls, stunted plants in the case of earlyattacks. Confirmation by a laboratory is necessary (ELISA test).

Consequences : Partial or total destruction of the infected plants.

Transmission/development : Virus transmitted essentially byaphids and also mechanically. Numerous host plants. Concernsmainly open field crops.

Prevention : There is no curative method. Remove weeds (whichare reservoirs for viruses) around the plants. Create a trap croparound the field. Eliminate aphids, destroy suspicious plants, protect young plants in a nursery and regularly clean all tools.

FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. LYCOPERSICI (Fol)(fusarium wilt)

Symptoms : Yellowing of leaflets on one side of the plant or onone side of the leaves (axial symmetry), brown vessels.

Consequences : Fusarium wilt that can lead to total destructionof the crop.

Transmission/development : Fungus present in the soil, carried by irrigation, young infected plants, plant remains or soil frominfected fields (on shoes, tools, etc.)

Prevention : Use varieties that are resistant to the strains present(3 strains have been registered and are referred to as 0, 1 or 2 inEurope, and respectively 1, 2 and 3 in North and South America)and use rootstocks, or disinfect the soil.

Vilmorin’s response : All Vilmorin varieties are highly resistant(HR) to Fol: some to one strain, most to the 2 main strains andsometimes 3 strains.

FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. RADICIS-LYCOPERSICI (For) (fusarium crown and root rot)

Symptoms : Wilting of the leaflets. Rotting of the roots andcrown (check by pulling up one plant), yellowing of leaves at thebase of the plant.

Consequences : Total destruction of the crop through witheringof the plants.

Transmission/development : Fungus present in the soil, carried byirrigation, young infected plants, plant remains or soil from

infected fields (on shoes, tools, etc.) Stressed crops are particu-larly sensitive. Frequent problem in hydroponic crops and more common since the ban on methyl bromide.

Prevention : Use resistant varieties. Disinfect the soil and internal structures for sheltered crops. Eliminate diseased plants.Use resistant rootstocks and avoid contact between the graft andthe ground.

Vilmorin’s response : Epico, V193 and rootstocks Energy andV137 have intermediate resistance (IR) to For.

OÏDIUM LEVEILLULA TAURICA (Lt)(powdery mildew)

Symptoms : Yellow or white spots on the upper side of the leaves, white hairs, turn to gray on the bottom of the leaf.

Consequences : Reduced yield.

Transmission/development : Fungus transmitted by spores carriedby the wind. Optimal development at temperatures between 20 and25°C.

Prevention : Preventive chemical means (in particular sulphur).Specific varietal resistance to this oidium.

Vilmorin’s response : Creation of resistant Vilmorin varieties is inprogress.

OIDIUM LYCOPERSICUM (Ol)(powdery mildew)

Symptoms : Appearance of light green to yellow spots from 3 to12 mm in diameter on the surface of the leaf, which can turnbrown. The whole leaf can wilt but remain attached to the plant.White mycelium on the upper surface of the leaves.

Consequences : Reduced yield.

Transmission/development : Fungus transmitted by spores.Development at in moderate to cool temperatures.

Prevention : Preventive chemical means (in particular sulphur).Specific varietal resistance to this oidium.

CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM (Cf)(leaf mold)

Symptoms : Pale yellow spots spread over the upper and lowersurfaces of the leaves. Afterwards the spots on the underside arecovered with white hairs that turn brown.

Consequences : Reduced yield.

Transmission/development : Temperatures of 20 to 25° C withrelative humidity higher than 80% promote the development ofthis fungus.

Prevention : Ventilate greenhouses. Use fungicide. Use varietiesthat are resistant to some or all of the existing strains.

Vilmorin’s response : Medina, Topkapi, Dulce, Epico, Cencara,Murano and Reva are highly resistant (HR) to 3 or 5 strains of Cf.

PYRENOCHAETA LYCOPERSICI (Pl)(corky root rot)

Symptoms : On the roots: presence of dark brown cork that issometimes cracked. The stem is hollow and the head of the plantis wilted.

Consequences : Huge decrease in yield and even total loss of thecrop through withering of the plants.

Transmission/development : The fungus persists in the ground for several years. Increase in colonisation of the soil caused bymonoculture of tomatoes.

Prevention : There is no efficient remedy after the disease hasattacked the roots. Disinfect the soil. Graft plants onto resistantrootstocks. Grow hydroponic crops.

Vilmorin’s response : Energy and V137 rootstocks offer intermediate resistance (IR) to “corky root”.

NEMATODES (M)Symptoms : Presence of root knots.

Consequences : Huge decrease in yield due to withering of theplant.

Transmission/development : Eggs can persist in the ground formore than 2 years. Concerns numerous vegetable crops.

Prevention : Use resistant varieties (resistance is efficient at soiltemperatures of up to 27° C). Disinfect the soil. Use rootstocksand nematocides (limited effect).

Vilmorin’s response : Medina, Surya, V189, V192, V191, V238,V71, V168, Cencara, Murano, Reva, Reserva, Charanda, V193,Lancelot, Parsifal and V123b varieties have intermediate resistance (IR) to nematodes javanica, arenaria and incognita.

16 - 17

TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV:0)(spotted wilt)

Symptoms : Round spots on the fruit and necrosis on the leaves.Growth of the plant stops. Confirmation by a laboratory is necessary (ELISA test).

Consequences : Growth of affected plants stops. Fruit is unfit forsale. Usually, plants are affected in groups.

Transmission/development : Virus transmitted by the Frankliniellaoccidentalis thrips, generally in Mediterranean type climates.

Prevention : Fight off attacks of thrips (insecticides, fly paper).Eliminate host plants. Use resistant varieties.

Vilmorin’s response : V168, VS8366b as well as other varietiesunder development are highly resistant (HR) to the commonstrain of TSWV.

TOMATO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS(TYLCV) and other gemini viruses

Symptoms : Stunted leaves and plants, spotted fruit.

Consequences : Huge decreases in yield as the plants stop growing and sometimes fruit is unfit for sale, which can affect theentire crop.

Transmission/development : Virus transmitted exclusively bywhitefly bites (Bemisia tabacci).

Prevention : Avoid introducing infected plants or carrier flies indisease-free areas. Fight off whiteflies (using insect-proof shelters,fly paper, predators and insecticides). Use resistant varieties.

Vilmorin’s response : V168, V238 and V260 offer intermediate resistance (IR) to TYLCV and certain gemini viruses.

PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. TOMATO (Pst)(bacterial speck)

Symptoms : Black, round, irregular spots on leaves, sometimeswith a yellow halo. Possible spots on the stems and fruits.

Consequences : Potentially severe losses.

Transmission/development : Bacteria present in spring, at temperatures around 20°, in humid environments. The diseasedevelops more than one week after contamination.

Prevention : There is no effective curative method. Avoid watering the leaves and use a preventive treatment one weekafter planting in order to keep the disease from taking hold. Use uninfected seeds.

Vilmorin’s response : Inspection of crops on production sites.Disinfection of seeds lots.

CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS (Cmm)(bacterial canker of tomato)

Symptoms : White specks on the leaves and stems. Small round white stains from 3 to 8 mm in diameter with abrown centre (similar to a bird’s eye) on the fruit. Yellowing andhollowing of the pith around the vessels of the stems (when cut longitudinally). Wilting between the veins of the leaves which inturn eventually dry out.

Consequences : Total loss of the plant.

Transmission/development : Vascular disease. Transmission viaseeds and plants: spread mechanically (pruning of plants,spraying…). Preserved for several years on vegetal debris.

Prevention : Use unaffected seeds and plants. Uproot anyaffected plant and any neighbouring plants, to disinfect the soiland all pruning equipment. Solarization enables elimination ofthe disease in the soil.

Vilmorin’s response : Inspection of crops on Vilmorin seed production sites. Systematic disinfection and analysis of seed lots.

XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA (Xv) (bacterial spot)

Symptoms : Larger and more regular black spots than thosecaused by Pseudomonas, with yellow halos on the leaves, whichcan affect all the upper parts of the plant.

Consequences : Potentially severe losses (the entire plant can dry out).

Transmission/development : Present in hot weather (the optimaltemperature is 25° C) combined with abundant moisture.Transmitted by seeds and vegetal debris.

Prevention : There are not curative measures. Use disinfectedseeds and clean adventitious host plants. Avoid watering the leaves and use a preventive treatment one week after planting in order to keep the disease from taking hold.

Vilmorin’s response : Systematic disinfection and analysis ofseeds lots. VS8224, a variety resistant to strain T3 ofXanthomonas is under development.

PSEUDOMONAS CORRUGATA(pith necrosis)

Symptoms : Disease that causes three types of symptoms on the stem: longitudinal cracking and hollowing of the stem with formation of cork and sometimes roots at its centre; diffuse browning of the stem; bumpy stems. Browning along the rachis ofthe leaves. Yellowing and drying out of leaflets.

Consequences : Partial or total loss of certain plants. Plants thathave endured less severe attacks may recover.

Transmission/development : Little known bacterial disease thateasily appears in crops that have been heavily treated with nitrogen, on plants that are highly vigorous, in humid conditionsand overcast weather.

Prevention : There is no efficient mean for fighting this disease:avoid excess humidity and use potassium fertiliser.

RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM (Rs)(bacterial wilt)

Symptoms : Wilting of young leaves during the hottest periods ofthe day. Plants can recover temporarily when the air cools again.Browning of roots and the base of the stem. Sudden and definitivewilting of the entire plant a few days later.

Consequences : Loss of the entire crop if the temperature isfavourable for development of the disease.

Transmission/development : The bacteria can be preserved in thesoil and on vegetal debris. Numerous host plants. Transmission viaplant roots. Easily spread by mechanical means. There are twostrains: one in tropical zones and one in temperate zones. Thereis no curative remedy.

Prevention : Avoid contaminated soil. Practice crop rotation,taking into account host plants. Remove host weeds and burn theinfected plants. Graft plants on resistant rootstocks.

Vilmorin’s response : V239 is a Vilmorin variety that is resistantto certain strains of Rs.

PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS (Pi)(late blight)

Symptoms : Presence of large brown spots on the leaves, brownareas on the stems and large oily brown zones on the fruit.

Consequences : From a few lesions on the plants to total destruction of the crop.

Transmission/development : Fungal disease (with differentstrains depending on the region) that affects potatoes. Developswhen humidity is high (>90%) combined with temperatures of 15 to 25°C.

Prevention : It is imperative to use a preventive treatment assoon as conditions are favourable for development of the disease inzones where the fungus is present. Avoid cultivation near potatoes.

Vilmorin’s response : V168 and Ghania offer intermediate resistance (IR) to certain strains.

18 - 19

BOTRYTIS CINEREA(gray mold)

Symptoms : This fungus often infects plant wounds, then moveson to the stem, encircling it and killing the plant. It also affectsthe fruit, forming a pale ring with a brown spot in the middle. In optimal conditions, a grey coat of fungus develops on the surface of the fruit. The leaves can also have large brown lesionsthat form spirals or flame-like designs.

Consequences : Loss of flowers, fruit and even the entire plant.

Transmission/development : Optimal development of the fungus at temperatures ranging from 17 to 23°C in highly humidconditions.

Prevention : Aerate the greenhouses thoroughly in order toreduce humidity. Avoid dense vegetation and placing plants tooclose together. Try to achieve small, clean scars (early pruning).Use preventive treatments.

STOLBURSymptoms : Stunted growth and yellowing of new leaves, whichsometimes curve ; similar to symptoms of TYLCV. The flowersabort; the sepals are huge and stick together. The young parts ofthe plants are sometimes coloured with anthocyanins.

Consequences : The plant stops growing. Losses, which can be severe,depend on the number of affected plants.

Transmission/development : Mycoplasm transmitted by leafhoppers,and even grafting.

Prevention : Fight-off leafhoppers. There is no other remedy.

Vilmorin’s response : Vilmorin is currently developing resistantvarieties.

BLOSSOM END ROT(necrosis apicale)

Symptoms : Necrosis of the tomato plant’s base.

Consequences : Reduced commercial value.

Transmission/development : Calcium deficiency in the fruit inhot weather. Varietal sensitivity which increases with the lengthof the fruit.

Prevention : Avoid irregular watering. Irrigate several times aday. Shade the crop in hot weather. Promote the formation of

roots by using anti-Pythium and by increasing the irrigated area(two drip lines per row, for example). Avoid light or sandy soil. At the beginning of production, aim for an early evening temperature of at least 6°C lower than at the end of the after-noon. Increase relative humidity at the end of the afternoon.Remove as many leaves as possible in order to limit evaporation.Use calcium chloride in case of risks (beware of burns). AvoidNH4+ in plant food.

Vilmorin’s response : The improvement of Vilmorin varieties’performance against blossom end rot is a very important area of development.

HORMONE DAMAGESymptoms : The older leaves are very pointy and rolled-up withprominent clear veins. The young leaves are not fully developed.They are thin and elongated with parallel veins. The stems arespindly and easily broken. The fruit has cat face or irregular scars.

Consequences : The plants that have not been severely affectedwill have normal quality fruit and yield ; only their earliness willbe delayed. However, severely affected plants may not recover.

Transmission/development : Effect due to excessive doses of hormones or hormone treatments during extremely cold or hot temperatures.

Prevention : Follow the manufacturer’s instructions when usinghormones.

BLOTCHY RIPENINGSymptoms : Highly visible green spots on the mature fruit. Black spots on the pericarp.

Consequences : Fruits unfit for sale.

Transmission/development : Phenomena that is above all visiblein spring and autumn, especially when there is less sunlight. It canbe caused by excessive foliage, nitrogen and calcium, excessiveirrigation or low electric conductivity. There is also a genetic factor. Certain defects in colouration (that could be mistaken for

blotchy ripening) disappear when the fruit matures. A severeattack of whiteflies can produce the same type of symptoms.

Prevention : Fertilise generously with potassium (in the soil butalso on the leaves) and boron. Avoid excess nitrogen and water.Severely prune the leaves and axillaries. Avoid shading greenhouses.

Vilmorin’s response : Vilmorin is very attentive to this factor inits breeding programme.

MICRO-CRACKINGSymptoms : Cracks difficult to see with the naked eye, whichappear notably on the shoulder of the fruit, and are sometimesgray in colour.

Consequences : Dull looking fruit with low commercial value.

Transmission/development : Phenomena promoted by highlyhumid conditions. There is also a genetic factor.

Prevention : Aerate the greenhouses.

Vilmorin’s response : Vilmorin is very attentive to this factor inits breeding programme.

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