Chapter 4

Objective & Research Methodology of the Study

4.1] Introduction

The current chapter details about research methodology used in the present study to arrive at

desired results. This chapter includes in detail about statement of research problem, objectives,

research design, sampling and sampling criteria, variables considered, hypothesis formulation,

measures and statistical testing tools used.

There are numerousmain questions that require importantdeliberation by individual who do

research. These question can range from How to What type of Research? But the answers can be

only one to all questions i.e. Why research? Multiple reasons can be assigned why researchers

are doing research and why they have selected any topic based on various methodologies i.e.

qualitative, quantitative or combination of both.

Research consists of…

1. Redefining or defining research problems

2. Hypothesis formulation

3. Collecting information or data

4. Arranging, organizing, analyzing and evaluating data or information

5. Making inferencesor assumption and completing or reaching conclusions;

6. In the last, careful test of conclusions and to see whether they are in sync with hypothesis.

As per Kothari, research process follows below steps.

(1) Statement of the research problems: Formulating

(2) Widespread survey of literature

(3) Hypothesis Design and development

(4) Preparation and design for the research

(5) Determination and Definingdesign for sample

(6) Data Collection

(7) Project execution

(8) Data analysis

(9) Testing of hypothesis

(10) Interpreting and generalization,and

(11) Report or presentation preparation of findings and results i.e. reaching conclusion

The objective of the current chapter is to provide detail understanding of all the previously

discussed issues and processes. This chapter will provide broad framework and way forward for

analysis of data for thesis.

4.2] Aim of the Study

The fundamental aim, purpose and target of this study are to compare, examine and measure the

emotional intelligence level of alcoholics & drug addicts with non-alcoholics & non-drug

addicts. It also tries to find the personality of both categories i.e. alcoholics & drug addicts and

non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

4.3] Statement of Research Problem

The formulation and construction of research problem is indeed is the first step towards scientific

enquiry. This consists of thoroughly understanding problem and rephrasing in meaningful terms

which can be further taken for testing and analysis.

Hernon & Metoiyer-Duran, in 1993 had found 9characteristics that respondents related with

statement of problem or problems.

1. Clarity and precision (a well-written statement does not make sweeping generalizations and

irresponsible statements);

2. Identification of what would be studied, while avoiding the use of value-laden words and

terms;

3. Identification of an overarching question and key factors or variables;

4. Identification of key concepts and terms;

5. Articulation of the study's boundaries or parameters;

6. Some generalizability;

7. Conveyance of the study's importance, benefits, and justification (regardless of the type of

research, it is important to address the “so what” question and to demonstrate that the research is

not trivial);

8. No use of unnecessary jargon; and

9. Conveyance of more than the mere gathering of descriptive data providing a snapshot.

The research problem of the current study is - A comparative study of emotional

intelligence and personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics and non-drug

addicts.

4.4] Objective of the Study

It is extremely important to clearly specify the objective of the study as it generally describe the

researcher’s goal which he/she want to attain in the study and inform the reader accordingly. The

objectives of the present research are:

1) To measure the status of emotional intelligence among alcoholics& drug addicts and non-

alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

2) To assess the personality among alcoholics& drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug

addicts.

3) To observe at the factors affecting the emotional intelligence & personality in the drug

addicts & alcoholics.

4.5] Hypothesis of the Study

The next important step, after objective and research problem is the formulation of working

hypothesis.

Working hypothesis is cautiousstatementprepared which can be tested for its empirical and

logical consequences. The manner in which formulation and construction of hypothesis is taken

place is very crucial as it provide central focus to problem of research and also decide quality of

data and its analysis tools. This also charts out future plan of action. The working hypothesis

should be very precise and concentrate only on research problem.

Various stages have been provided in literature for testing of Hypothesis or Hypotheses.

.

Stage(A):Formulation ofHypotheses: We assume a value for null hypothesis, which is true.

And stating alternative hypothesis if we assume null hypothesis is wrong.

Null Hypothesis is indicated by H0: It is normal assumption for no relationship, no variations,

no change etc.

In against Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis is indicated by H1: It is assumption for

existence of relationship, variations, change etc.

Stage(B):Decision Making Criteria: for this decide the level of significanceto testhypothesis.

This is the one of the criterion to judge the value and decide results acceptance. It is the

statistical measures, using this one hypothesis (Null or Alternative) is rejected or accepted. This

values normally is set at 5% significance level.

Stage (C):Test-Statistic Calculation and Computation. This is to decide whether resultant

outcomes should be rejected or accepted for Null Hypothesis.

Stage(D):DecisionMaking: We can decide on null hypothesis by using the value of test statistic

The following are the five main hypotheses formulated in the present study.

1) Emotional intelligence of drug addicts & alcoholics would be significantly lower than

that of non alcoholics & non drug addicts.

2) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism as compared to the non

alcoholics & non drug addicts.

3) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion as compared to the non

alcoholics & non drug addicts.

4) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism as compared to the non

alcoholics & non drug addicts.

5) The personality development would be better in non-addicts than addicts.

Fifth hypothesis is qualitative in nature and will draw support from the results obtained from

above mentioned four hypotheses. In this hypothesis, we will conclude analysis and results of

previous four hypotheses.

Operational Hypothesis of the Current Study

As explained earlier, hypothesis is divided into two segment 1) null hypothesis and 2) alternative

hypothesis. Our hypothesis are defined as below

Hypothesis 1]

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference in the emotional intelligence levels of drug addicts

& alcoholics and emotional intelligence levels of non-drug addicts & non-alcoholics.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Emotional intelligence of drug addicts and alcoholics would be

significantly lower than that of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

Hypothesis 2]

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference between score onNeuroticism of alcoholics & drug

addicts and score onNeuroticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism

as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts.

Hypothesis 3]

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference between score onExtraversion of alcoholics &

drug addicts and score onExtraversion of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion

as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts.

Hypothesis 4]

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference between score onPsychoticism of alcoholics &

drug addicts and score onPsychoticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism

as compared to the non alcoholics &non drug addicts.

Hypothesis 5]

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference between personality development of alcoholics &

drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The personality development would be better in non-alcoholics &

nondrug addicts than alcoholics & drug addicts.

4.6] Methodology of the Present Study

This section tries to explain the research methodology adopted for the current study in detail

which includes research design, sampling, operation definition of sample, sample selection

criteria, measuring tools, variables considered and statistical tools used.

4.6.1] Research Design

This is the most critical part of the methodology and detail about research design adopted for this

study has been presented. Polit & Hungler (1999) described the research design as a blueprint, or

outline, or conducting the study in such a way that maximum control will be exercised over

factors that could interfere with the validity of the research results. Designing a study helps

researchers to plan and implement the study in a way that will help them obtain the intended

results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the

real situation (Burns & Grove, 2001).

In present study, researcher has used the 2x2 Factorial Research Design. Factorial research

designs are used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be

determined (Kothari, 2004).

4.6.2] Sampling

Sampling is the procedure of choosing units from a larger set of population in the area of our

research. This is done in order to generalize results for entire population.

For quantitative part of this study, the purposive sampling method has been used for sample

selection.

For the current study, 50 (fifty) samples for each category i.e. drug addicts, alcoholics, non-

alcoholics and non drug addicts has been considered i.e. in total of 200 sample considered. In the

current research, the demographic characteristics of non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts and

alcoholics & drug addicts are presented in selection criteria.

Sample Selection Criteria

Selection of sample has followed below mentioned criteria.

Gender: For gender, sample of only male has been considered.

Qualification : Only Graduates and above (degree holder) have been considered

Employment: The entire sample selected was working either for Government sector or

non-government or private sector.

Age limit: The age limit for the both category would be 21-55 years.

Location: Sample has been collected from the various rehabilitation centers and hospitals

with psychiatric setup along with de-addiction centre in Mumbai, Thane and Pune.

Socio-Economic Background: Entire sample is selected from Upper Middle Class

Following table showing the short summary of sample:-

Table 4.1: Sample Categories and Sample Size

Sample Substance (S)

Alcoholic (S1) Drug (S2) Total

Cat

egor

y (C

) Addicts (C1) 50 50 100

Non-Addicts (C2) 50 50 100

Total 100 100 200

While the prime focus of the current research is to estimate the significance level of variation in

average score for emotional intelligence and personality between addicts (alcoholics & drug

addicts) and non-addicts (non alcoholics &non drug addicts), the analysis has also covered to

find out whether there is any significant variation between types of substance (alcohol and drugs)

use or not.

The definition of alcohol & drug addiction and substance dependence are given below for

illustrative purpose.

Alcohol addiction: Habitual intoxication, prolonged & excessive intake of alcohol which

may lead to breakdown in psychological & physiological health.

Drug addiction: It is the obsessive use of a drugs or substance in spite its negative or

hazardous psychological effects. It says that the individualrequires drug to normally act

and function if not then it will lead to withdrawal symptoms.

Substance dependence: When personcontinuesto use alcohol or some other drugs in

spite of problem related to use of substance, then substance dependence may be

identified.

Poly-substance: It refers to a type disorder in wherein person uses at least 3multiple

classes of substances in discriminately. It’s not having any preferred drug which is

eligible for dependence on its own

4.6.3] Operational Definition of Sample

1. Addicts

Alcohol: Who was consuming excessive quantity of alcohol since last five years on a

regular basis is considered as “Alcohol Addict” (Alcoholics) .

Drugs: Who was consuming excessive quantity of drugs (ploy-substance) since last five

years on a regular basis is considered as “Drug Addict” .

2. Non-Addicts

Alcohol: Who have taken alcohol for some time in their life and left is considered as

“Non Alcoholics” (Non Alcohol Addicts).

Drugs: Who have taken drugs (ploy-substance) for some time in their life and left is

considered as “Non Drug Addicts ”.

4.6.4] Variables under the Study

Following variables under the study in research

A) Independent Variable:-

1. Alcoholics & drugs addicts

2. Non alcoholics & non-drugs addicts

B) Dependent Variable:-

1. Emotional Intelligence Score

2. Personality Score

4.6.5] Measuring Tools

In the current study, two scales have been used to estimatethe emotional intelligence level and

personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & drug-addicts.

1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII)

2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R)

1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII)

In order to measure and assess the emotional intelligence among drug addicts & alcoholics and

non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts, Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory scale has been

used. It is a hundred questions survey to measure the emotional intelligence level in people.

Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been developed by Dr. S.K. Mangal (M.D.

University, Rohtak) and Mrs. Shubhra Mangal (C.R.S. College of education, NOIDA).

Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been designed for the male and female for the

measurement of their Emotional Intelligence (total as well as separately) in respect of four areas

or aspects of Emotional Intelligence namely, Intra-Personal Awareness (knowing about one’s

own emotion) Inter-Personal Awareness (knowing about others emotion), Intra-Personal

Management (managing one’s own emotion) and Inter-Personal Management (managing others

emotion). Each area/aspect has 25 items each and 100 in total. Reliability of test is 0.92 (Test Re-

test method) and validity of this test are 0.71 from inter-validity formula.

The mode of response to each of the item of the inventory is in the form of a forced choice i.e.

either YES or NO, indicating complete agreement or disagreement with the proposed statement

respectively. In the present Emotional Intelligence Inventory, thus, there are item where the

responses ‘YES’ is indicative of the presence of Emotional Intelligence and ‘NO’ for the lack of

Emotional Intelligence. Similarly, there are items where ‘NO’ responses provides clue for the

presence of Emotional Intelligence and ‘YES’ for its absence.

Table 4.2: Aspects of Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory

Sr. No Aspects No. of Items

1 Intra-Personal Awareness (Knowing about one’s own emotions) - Part 1

25

2 Inter-Personal Awareness (Knowing about others emotions) - Part 2

25

3 Intra-Personal Management (Managing one’s own emotions) - Part 3

25

4 Inter-Personal Management (Managing others emotions) - Part 4

25

5 Total items 100

Table 4.3: Scoring Scheme of Emotional Intelligence Inventory

Sr. No. of Items Mode of Response Score

Where ‘YES’ response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence ‘YES’ 1

6, 18, 19, 20, 23 to 25, 27 to 29, 31, 41 to 44,

51 to 56, 58 to 68, 70, 71, 73 to 76 ‘NO’ 0

79 to 82, 84, 88 to 90, 96, 99

Where ‘NO’ response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence ‘NO’ 1

1 to 5, 7 to 17, 21, 22, 26, 30,

32 to 40, 45 to 50, 57, 69, 72, 77, ‘YES’ 0

78, 83, 85 to 87, 91 to 95, 97, 98, 100

Scoring can be done by hand or with the help of stencil. For scoring one mark is to be provided

for the response indicating presence of Emotional Intelligence and zero for the absence of

Emotional Intelligence.

Subject’s scores denoting his level of emotional intelligence may also be interpreted (area wise as well as total).

Table 4.4: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories

Table 4.5: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories in Four Areas

2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R)

Further, to assess the personality of drug addicts & alcoholics and controlled group, Eysenck

Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) will be used. The EPQ measures the traits of

personality: Psychoticism (P),(Extraversion),Neuroticism (N)and Lie (L). Reliability ranges are

0.80 to 0.90 and validity of test is satisfactory.

Psychoticism: It describes the personality as looking and liking abnormal, odd and unfamiliar

things, aggressive to others sensation, lacking in sensation and responsiveness, cruel,

troublesome and solitary.

Neuroticism: It describes the personality as his or her obligation to neurotic collapse under

stress, his or her emotional over-responsiveness and as a general emotional liabilityof an

individual.

Extraversion: It describes personality as sociable pro-clivition of individual,

uninhibited,outspoken and out-going.

EPQ-R contains 90 items and covers all the four categories above mentioned. Scoring of EPQ-R

can be done manually or with the help of stencils. 1 mark for each response correct responses

according to scoring key of EPQ-R.

Table 4.6 Scoring Key of EPQ-R

Scale Mode of Response Sr. No. of Items Score

PSYCHOTICISM

‘NO’ 2, 6, 9, 11, 18, 53, 57, 61, 71, 90

1

‘YES’ 22, 26, 30, 33, 43, 46, 50, 65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 83, 87

NEUROTICISM

‘NO’ Nil

1

‘YES’

3, 7, 12, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 47, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 88

EXTRAVERSION

‘NO’ 21, 29, 42

1

‘YES’ 1, 5, 10, 14, 17, 25, 32, 36, 40, 45, 49, 52, 56, 60, 64, 70, 82, 86

LIE SCALE

‘NO’ 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 39, 44, 48, 51, 59, 63, 69, 73, 81, 85

1

‘YES’ 13, 20, 35, 55, 78, 89

After calculation of raw scores of P E N L, there is a conversion table to convert raw scores into

Sten Scores.

Table 4.7: Conversion of Raw Scores into Sten Scores

STEN P E N L

1 - 1-4 - -

2 - 5-6 1-2 -

3 - 7-8 3-4 1-2

4 1-2 9-11 5-7 3-4

5 3 12-13 8-9 5-6

6 4-5 14-16 10-12 7-8

7 6-7 17-18 13-14 9-10

8 8 19-20 15-17 11-13

9 9-10 21 18-19 14-15

10 11-25 - 20-23 16-21

The score of 5-6 denotes average strength of the factor (PENL), score above 6 i,e from 7-

10,express gradually the greater strength of the factor and score below 5, i.e from 1-4, indicates

gradual decrease of strength.

4.6.6] Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis

Scores of both scales (Mangal Emotional Intelligence Rating Scale and Eysenck Personality

Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R)) has been calculated for alcoholics & drug addicts and non

alcoholics & non drug addicts, using recommended methods. These results & findings are then

compared with various other findings available in literature. Further, in the current research, 2x2

Factorial ANOVA technique and t-test will be used for data analysis. The statistical analysis has

been done in the SPSS statistical software. The detailed technical explanation of 2x2 Factorial

ANOVA and t-test has been presented in technical appendix.