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Introduction to Industrial Hygiene
MODULE 12
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What is Industrial Hygiene?
Industrial hygiene is the science of
anticipating, recognizing, evaluating,
and controlling workplace conditionsthat may cause workers' injury or illness.
Key factors: Employee eposure to hazards !ontrol for hazards to protect workers
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Steps to Protect Employees
Anticipate potential hazards
Recognizepotential hazards
Evaluateeposure and risk
Controleposure and risk
"#ot just for health hazards$
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Hierarchy of Controls
%. Engineering controls: &emove hazard rocess change, !hemical su(stitution
)entilation, *hielding, +uarding
&euires little or no employee action
-. dministrative controls: /anage
eposure 0orker rotation, rocedures, 1raining
1rench shoring, !ontrolled access areas
&euires employee action
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Hierarchy of Controls
2. ersonal protective euipment "E$
&espirators, +loves, 3oots, !lothing
4all protection euipment, 5ard hats &euires individual employee action
6ast line of defense, (ehind engineering
and administrative controls ddressed in -7 !4& %7%8 *u(part I
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Chemical exposures in oil and
gas operations
0hat chemicals are used in oil and gas
operations9
5ow can employees (e eposed9 0hat toic effects do these chemicals
have9
5ow can employees (e protected from
these effects9
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Toxic and Hazardous Substances
29 CFR Subpart Z
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! C"# Subpart $
%7%8.%888 ir !ontaminants:
Includes ta(les: worker eposure limits
for specific listed su(stances Employee eposure cannot eceed limits
1a(les ;%, ;-, ;2 each have their own
reuirements E6 < ermissi(le Eposure 6imit
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! C"# Subpart $
%7%8.%88%;%87=:
*pecific regulations for individual
su(stances including: as(estos "%7%8.%88%$>
lead "%7%8.%8-?$>
(lood(orne pathogens "%7%8.%828$, and others
%7%8.%-88 5azard !ommunication
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%!%&'%&&&(a) * Table $*%
@erived from %7=A !+I5 16)s
merican !onference of +overnmental
Industrial 5ygienists 1hreshold 6imit )alues
6evels thought to cause no significant
adverse health effects in the majority of thecommunity!5E!K
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%!%&'%&&&(a) * Table $*%
6ists common workplace chemicals
1wo types of limits:
A;hour 1ime 0eighted verage "10$ or
!eiling "!$ limits
Employee eposure shall at no time
eceed a ceiling "!$ eposure limit
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%!%&'%&&&(a) * Table $*%
A;hour 1ime 0eighted verages "10$
Employee eposure shall not eceed A;
hour 10 in any A;hour work shift of a B8;hour work week
!alculations illustrated in "d$
Cnits: arts per million "ppm$
/illigrams per cu(ic meter "mgDm2$
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Subtitles + Transitions
FOR EXAMPLE
? mgD/3,
&espira(le
fraction
%? mgD/3,
1otal dust
articulates not
otherwise regulated
"#&$
% ppm!hlorine
?8 ppm!ar(on monoide
%888 ppmcetone
!eilingA;hr 10*u(stance
Tale !"1 E#a$ple%
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%!%&'%&&&(b) * Table $*
dopted from #*I standards"merican #ational *tandards Institute$
Epanded standards developed forsome of the su(stances found in ;-,including: 3enzene %7%8.%8-A
!admium %7%8.%8-F
4ormaldehyde %7%8.%8BA
/ethylene chloride %7%8.%8?-
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%!%&'%&&&(b) * Table $*
1a(le ;- epresses eposure limits as:
A;hour 10
!eiling eak
If a su(stance has (oth ceiling and peak
limits: peak < level never to (e eceeded
Eposure levels over the ceiling (ut under the
peak must comply with margin notes in ta(le
10 must still not (e eceeded
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%!%&'%&&&(b) * Table $*
Examples
10 $in500 pp$300 pp$200 pp$Toluene
5 $in inan& 3 'r%600 pp$200 pp$100 pp$(t&rene
10 $in50 pp$20 pp$)&*rogen
%ul+i*e
10 $in50 pp$25 pp$10 pp$,enzene
-ote%.ea/Ceiling8"'r
TA
(u%tance
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%!%&'%&&&(c) * Table $*,
A;hour 10 limits for forms of silica
dopted from !+I5 16)s
*i- :(asic component of sand, granite
Guartz: -ndmost common mineral
Guartz sand "crystalline silica$ used to
fracture rock formations in wells
*ilica in (arite, lignite, and (entonite
mud additives
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%!%&'%&&&(c) * Table $*,
? mgDm3&espira(le dust
%? mgDm3#uisance dust
28mgDm3
H *io-morphous
%8mgDm3
H *io- -
!rystalline *ilica
"&espira(le fraction$
.E(u%tance
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%!%&'%&&&(d) - Computation
formulae
1ime 0eighted verage
E < "!%1% !-1- J$Dtotal time
1otal time used < A hours Eample in %7%8.%888"d$"%$"ii$
0hat a(out different work schedules9
)aries (y chemical /ost chemicals: 0orst A hours of shift
6ead: adjusted (y hours worked
InterpretationL 4oulke letter, %77F
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=22333http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=223338/10/2019 12 Intro Industrial Hygiene
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%!%&'%&&&(e) - To achie.e
compliance
dministrative or engineering controlsfirst wherever feasi(le
0hen those are not feasi(le for fullcompliance: protective euipment orother protective measures
Euipment or technical measures must(e approved (y competent industrialhygienist or ualified person
&espirators: %7%8.%2B
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Chemical*Specific Standards
%7%8.%88% s(estos
%7%8.%8%A Inorganic rsenic
%7%8.%8-? 6ead
%7%8.%8-= !hromium ")I$ "revised -88=$
%7%8.%8-F !admium
%7%8.%8-A 3enzene il and gas drilling, production, servicing eempt
%7%8.%8-7 4ormaldehyde
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%!%&'%&& /ccess to employee
exposure and medical records
Employees, representatives, and *5have right of access
reserved for 28 years, with eceptions
Employee consent for medical records
*5 access order posted if
identifia(le 1rade secrets
Employee information
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%!%&'%&,& 0loodborne
Pathogens
ccupational eposure:
&easona(ly anticipated skin, eye, mucous
mem(rane, or parenteral contact 0ith (lood or other potentially infectious
materials "I/$ e.g. certain (ody fluids,
tissues
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%!%&'%&!1 Ionizing radiation
*5 standards cover #&/ and
1E#&/
Eposures must (e kept within limitseven if sources are natural
i f
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%!%&'%&% #etention of 23T
mar4ings5 placards and labels
&etain markings on packages received
until clean enough to remove hazard
4reight container or vehicle retainsplacards until materials removed
enough
&eadily visi(le #on;(ulk packages not to (e reshipped:
5azard !ommunication la(els K
d h i l
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%!%&'%67& Hazardous chemicals
in laboratories
4or la(oratory use only
*upersedes other standards in *u(part
L ecept: E6s
rohi(ition of eye and skin contact
Eposure monitoring and medicalsurveillance for those over action levels
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Protecti.e 8easures
Other Standards and
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0iological Hazards
otentially infectious material eposure
!ontagious diseases e.g. influenza
)ector;(orne diseases e.g. /alaria,6yme disease
4ungi e.g. mold, spores
1oins e.g. endotoin
llergens D sensitizers e.g. pollen, redcedar
Ph i l d # di l i l
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Physical and #adiological
Hazards
5eat or cold "+eneral @uty !lause$
)i(ration "+eneral @uty !lause$
#oise "%7%8 *u(part +$
#on;ionizing radiation "electromagnetic,
light$ "%7%8 *u(part +$
Ionizing radiation
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3ther Standards
-7 !4& %7-= *u(part @: ccupational
5ealth and Environmental !ontrols
!onstruction operations only
I & ?B
#oise rules allow for %- hour shifts
5andling drilling fluid chemicals andadditives
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Protecti.e 8easures
5ow are eposures to health hazards
evaluated on your site9
5ow are they controlled9