12. Sistem Respirasi

7/25/2019 12. Sistem Respirasi

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SISTEM RESPIRASI

Oleh: Darmedi SPd.


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GasExchange

in

Animals

Describe the 4

functionalprocessesinvolved in

animalrespiration


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Respiratory Organs

Identify each type

of respiratory

adaptation, and

relate to lifestyle.


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Tracheal System in Insects

Each cell has a nearly direct meansof gas exchange via the trachealsystem (2 spiracles on the thorax, 8

on abdomen).What is the advantage of such a

system for a small, fast animal?Do insects have respiratorypigments in their hemolymph? Whyor why not?


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The abdomen in large, active insects like grasshoppers, is used like abellows to force air out of tracheae with contraction of skeletal muscles.

What happens when these muscles relax?

The experiment illustrated (rst performed by the insect physiologistGottfried Fraenkel shows that there is a one-way fowof air throughthe grasshopper. The li!uid seals in the tubing move to the right as airenters the rst four pairs of spiracles in the thorax and is dischargedthrough the last six pairs in the abdomen.

How is this dierent from ventilation in mammals? How does itcompare to ventilation in birds? Explain.

"i!uid seal "i!uid seal

(air (air

#ubber diaphragm


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oo! "#ngs in Spiders


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Di$ersity

in gillsDescribe the

dual function of

gills in bivalvesand polychaetes.

Two of these

animals utilize

structures for

body movement

in gas exchange

as well.


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Pert#!aran gas pada i!an hi#


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Gill %entilation in &ish

Discuss the positive pressure component of gill ventilation.

Discuss the negative pressure component in gill ventilation.


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Gill Str#ct#re in &ish

If sh ills are so e!cient at as

exchane" wh# can$t most sh survive


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'o#nterc#rrent Mechanism (or

Gas Exchange

Draw a similar picture showing blood flow and water flow in the

same direction. ow would oxygen diffusion change?

$early %&' of the )inis removed from the

water as it passes overthe gills.

Is this more or lesse!cient than asexchane at the luns?Wh# ?


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COUNTERCURRENTEXCHANGE

The e((iciency o( (ish gills stems(rom a simple adaptation !no)nas countercurrent exchange.

The *lood in the capillaries (lo)sin the opposite direction (rom the)ater in the ad+acent channels.Dissol$ed gases di((#se (aster*et)een (l#ids )ith a large

di((erence in gas concentration ,ahigh concentration gradient- than*et)een (l#ids )ith only a smalldi((erence.


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Mechanics o(

Respiration:positi$epress#re

*reathing

Do amphibians have

completely separate

pulmonary and systemic

circulatory systems?What other organ may be

used in respiration?


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%entilation in irds

!ompare the size and complexity of the respiratory system in birdsand amphibians "previous slide#, and explain any differences.

!ompare the direction of airflow in birds and mammals. What does

this mean regarding the pressure gradient at the transporte ithelium?


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Mammalian Respiratory System


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Mechanics o( Respiration:

negati$e press#re *reathing

ow do the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of the lungs

and line the thoracic cavity facilitate breathing?


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Gas

Exchange at"#ngs

Four factors affect the rate of

gas diffusion across aselectively permeable

barrier

!. "olubility of the gas in the

membrane2. #hic$ness of the membrane

%. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

'. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&


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The nction o(

emoglo*in

related to *odysi/e

emoglobinis the only respiratory pigment in vertebrates, but itis a common respiratory pigment among invertebrates as ell.

emocyanin, a blue coppercontaining protein, carries oxygen in

crustaceans and most mollus$s, ithin hemolymph.

Would #ou expect insects

%tracheal s#stem& to have arespirator# piment in theirhemol#mph? Explain.


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emoglo*in Dissociation '#r$es

How is the function of Hb similar to that of enzymes?Under what conditions does Hb act as a strong acidas a weaker

acid?


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Transport o(

'ar*on Dioxide

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes

the

chemical reaction in both

directions.Explain how this ispossible

What drives the diffusion of

bicarbonate out of RBCs?

Is there a potential problem

associated with the loss of

HCO3- ?


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Reg#lation o(

reathingHow does

hyperventilation affect

the control centers of

breathing?

Should you

hyperventilate

just before your

underwater swim test?Why or why not?


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Respiration

and

Circulation

are coupled

processes in

most animals

The systems

function

together toexchange gases

with the

environment

and transport

them to the

tissuesFig. !*.8


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I. Types of Respiratory Exchange Organs

!. The "ody #urface $

%. Re&uires no respiratory system

'. !nimal must (e small or thin

). *ust have low oxygen +energy re&uirements

,. -iffusion alone accounts for gas exchange

+xygen

arbon-ioxide Fig. %.'

Fig. %./


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Animals who use their bod sur!ace !or

res"irator exchange include

0 Sponges

0 1elly(ish

0 &lat)orms ,pre$io#s slide-

0 Sea stars


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". ills $

%. Evaginations from

the (ody surface

'. /sed (y

a&uatic

animals

0ill arch

(1n mouth to oral

cavity over gillsand out slit)

uscles in oral cavity

serve as pump for one

ay ater flo, due to

density of ater


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Animals who use gills !or res"irator

exchange include

0 Marine )orms

0 'lams and m#ssels

0 "o*sters and shrimp

0 %erte*rate (ishes

,pre$io#s slide-


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a. True lungs $

locali0ed

exchange

surface where

oxygen is

loaded into the

(loodstream

#rachea ith

cartilaginous

rings

bronchuslung

3ronchial

tree

alveolus

oxygenarbon

dioxide

Fig. !*.!


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1entilation uses tidal flow of air due to density

Fig. !*.4


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(. Trachea 2 system

of air filled tu(es

that (ranches

throughout (ody

#racheole

delivers

oxygen toindividual

cells

5ote uni6ue uncoupling beteen

respiratory and circulatory systems Fig. %.!8


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TE#$ERATURE E%%ECT&

,&rom #rggren et al.2334-


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"H' THE ROOT E%%ECT

,&rom #rggren et al.2334-


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"H' THE (OHR E%%ECT

,&rom #rggren et al.

2334-

)N*ERTE(RATE )NTRACE++U+AR


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)N*ERTE(RATE )NTRACE++U+AR

HE#OG+O()N& ,in Annelids-


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&TRUCTURE O% HE#OG+O()N


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RE&$)RATOR $)G#ENT %UNCT)ON


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Aerobic res"iration

Aerobic res"iration is a series o! en/me0controlled reactions that release the

energ stored u" in carbohdrates and li"ids during "hotosnthesis and ma1eit a2ailable to li2ing organisms

energ

C3H45O3

CO56 H5O

(urning'

single ste"

oxidation

0 releases

all the

energ in

one go

C3H45O3

CO56 H5O

Aerobic

res"iration'

!our ste"

catabolism

0 releases

energ

ste"wise

Re"la Close window
http://f/14aerobic.ppshttp://f/14aerobic.pps


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O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

P O

O

O

P

(rea1down o! !ructose 4730"hos"hate

%ructose 4730bi"hos"hatebrea1s down inthe second stage o! glcolsis to !orm

dihdroxacetone "hos"hateand

glceraldehde 80"hos"hate

!ructose 4730di"hos"hate

O.

OO

O.

O.

O

P

O O.

O

O.

O.

O

P

dihdroxacetone "hos"hate

glceraldehde 80"hos"hate

Re"la Close window
http://f/14breakdown.ppshttp://f/14breakdown.pps


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O

O

OO

O

O

P

O O

O

O

P

glcerate 4780di"hos"hate

9e"hos"horlation o! glcerate 4780di"hos"hate

O

O

OO

O

O

P

O

'4

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

P O

O

O

O

P

glcerate 80"hos"hate

"ru2ate

Glcerate 4780di"hos"hate de"hos"horlates in two stages

&tage 4 &tage 5

5

Re"la Close window
http://f/14dephosphorylation.ppshttp://f/14dephosphorylation.pps


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Energ changes during glcolsis

energ

course o! reaction

glucose

glucose 30

"hos"hate

!ructose 4730di"hos"hate

5 xglcerate 80

"hos"hate

5 x"ru2ate

Re"la Close window

H drol sis o! AT$
http://f/14glycolysis.ppshttp://f/14glycolysis.pps


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AT$

A9$

A#$

The re2erse o!

condensation ishdrolsis

AT$ can brea1down b

hdrolsis

(oth hdrolsis

reactions areexergonic7 in other

words energ is

gi2en out

6

OO

OO

6

66

65

P

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

P

O

O

P

O5

6

OO

OO

6

66

65

O

O

O

O

P

O

O

PP

O

O

O

O

O5

6

OO

OO

6

66

65

O

O

O

PP

O

O

O

O P

O

O

O

O

Hdrolsis o! AT$

Re"la Close window
http://f/14atphydrolysis.ppshttp://f/14atphydrolysis.pps


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&nthesis o! AT$ !rom A9$

O

OO

OO

O

O

O

P

O

O

O

PO

O

O

O

P

$hos"horic acidand

A9$undergo a

condensationreaction

:ateris eliminated

and AT$is !ormed OO

O

OO

O

O

O

P

O

O

O

P

O

O

O

P

O5

Re"la Close window
http://f/14atpfromadp.ppshttp://f/14atpfromadp.pps


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Date post:	25-Feb-2018
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12. Sistem Respirasi

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