12 STD Mwhk; tFg;G nra;As; - tho;j;J jpUtUl;ghJul 06, 2013 · N.Soundararajan @ NapooSounthar...

N.Soundararajan @ NapooSounthar 9659966192 napoos.blogspot.com Page 1

இக்குறிப்புகள் அனைத்தும் அறிவுக்கடல் பதிப்பகத்தின் தயாரிப்பு ஆகும்.

ததாடர்புக்கு : 0452-6463666 தமிழ் 6 STD – 12 STD

Mwhk; tFg;G

nra;As; - tho;j;J jpUtUl;gh 1. “fz;zpy; fye;jhd; fUj;jpy; fye;jhd;” vd;Dk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH

,uhkypq;fmbfshH 2. jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 3. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:- CH flY}H khtl;lk; kUJ}u;. ngw;NwhH ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ikahH. 4. E}y; [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;lthrfk;> ghly; jpUtUl;gh 5. .,uhkypq;f mbfshH grpj;JaH Nghf;fp kf;fSf;F cztspf;f mwr;rhiyia mikj;jhH 6. mwpTnewp tpsq;f ,uhkypq;f mbfshH epWtpa rig Qhdrig fhyk; 5.10.1823 to; 30.1.1874 7. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpUts;StH 8. jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;? fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH 9. jpUts;Stupd; NtW rpy ngaHfs; ahit? nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH> ehadhH 10. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mit ahit? %d;W gpupTfs;. mit 1. mwj;Jg;ghy; 2. nghUl;ghy; 3. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; 11. jpUf;Fwspy; xt;NthH mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; 10 Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fs; cs;sd?1330 12. jpUf;Fwspy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd? 133 13. jpUf;Fws; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 14. jpUf;Fwspd; NtW rpy ngaHfs; ahit? Kg;ghy;> nghJkiw> jkpo;kiw 15. cyf kf;fshy; jpUf;Fws; vt;thW Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ? cyfg; nghJkiw jpUts;StH Mz;L fzf;fpLk; Kiw fpwpj;J Mz;L (fp.gp.) +31 = jpUts;StH Mz;L (vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2010 + 31 (fp.gp.2010 = jpUts;StH Mz;L 2041 vd;W $WNthk;. 16. nrhw;nghUs; : 1. MHtyH - md;GilatH 2. Gd;fzPH - Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk; fz;zPH 3. g+ry;jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk; 4. vd;G - vYk;G (,q;F cly;>nghUs;>Mtpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ) 5. <Dk; - jUk; 6. MHtk; - tpUg;gk ; cz;lhf;Fk; vd;gJ nghUs; 7. ez;G - el;G 9. itafk; - cyfk; 10. vd;g - vd;ghHfs; 11. kwk; - tPuk; 12. vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ(GO) 13. md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj capHfs; 14. md;G + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;G cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj 15. td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz; - ghiyepyj;jpy; 16. jspHj;jw;W - jspHj;jJ Nghy 17. tw;wy;kuk; - thba kuk; 18. Gwj;JWg;G - cly; cWg;Gfs; 19. vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;? 20. mfj;JWg;G - kdj;jpd; cWg;G

உனைநனட - jkpo;j;jhj;jh c.Nt.rh 17. jkpo;j;jhj;jh vd;W ahiu miof;fpd;Nwhk;? c.Nt.rh 18. c.Nt.rhkpehjH Xiyr; Rtbia ve;j Cupy; vLj;jhH? <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhLKb 19. goq;fhyj;jpy; gidXiyapy; vij itj;J vOJthHfs;? vOj;jhzp 20. goq;fhyj;jpy; nra;As;>,yf;fzk; ve;jr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;ld? Xiyr;Rtbapy; 21. Xiyr;Rtb vOj;Jf;fspy; Vj ,Uf;fhJ? Gs;sp> xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G NtWghL ,Uf;fhJ napoos.blogspot.com 22. vOj;jhzp nfhz;L vOJk; Xiyf;F vd;d ngaH? Xiyr;Rtb 23. ekf;fhfj; jhspy; vOjp> mr;rpl;Lg; Gj;jfj;ij toq;fpatH ahH? c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH 24. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; Rtbapy; vj;jid tifahd g+f;fspd; ngaHfs; ,Ue;jd? 99 25. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypd; MrpupaH-fgpyH


26. Xiyr;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpy ,lq;fs; ahit? 1. fPo;j;jpirf; Rtbfs; E}yfk;>nrd;id 2. muR Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> nrd;id 3. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id 4. ruRtjp kfhy;> jQ;rht+H 27. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH? jpUth&H khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jkjhdGuk; 28. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Ntq;fluj;jpdk; 29. c.Nt.rh.tpd; MrpupaH ngaH ? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is 30. MrpupaH c.Nt.rhkpehja;aUf;F itj;j ngaH vJ? rhkpehjd; 31. c.Nt.rh tpupj;Jf; $Wf? cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;fl Rg;igaHkfdhd rhkpehjd;. 32. c.Nt.rh.ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH.19.2.1855 33. c.Nt.rh ve;j Mz;L ,aw;if va;jpdhH? 28.4.1942 34. jkpo;j;jhj;jhtpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpd;E}ypd; ngaH ahJ? vd;rupjk; 35. c.Nt.rh tho;f;if tuyhw;iw ve;j ,jopy; njhluhf vOjpdhH? Mde;j tpfld; c.Nt.rh. gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; vl;Lj;njhif8 gj;Jg;ghl;L 10 rPtfrpe;jhkzp 1 rpyg;gjpfhuk; 1 kzpNkfiy 1, Guhzq;fs; 12 cyh 9 Nfhit 6 J}J 6 ntz;gh E}y;fs; 13 me;jhjp 3 guzp 2 Kk;kzpf;Nfhit 2 ,ul;il kzpkhiy 2 jugpuge;jq;fs; 4 36. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ? 1942 37. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j efupy; njhlHe;J nray;gl;L tUfpwJ? nrd;idapy; cs;s ngrd;l;efH 38. c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; jkpo;g; gzpfisg; ghuhl;ba ntspehl;L mwpQHfs; ahH? [p.A.Nghg;> #ypa]; tpd;Nrhd; 39. eLtz; muR>c.Nt.rh.mtHfspd; jkpo;j;njhz;bidg; ngUikg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 2006 Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry; jiy ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;J cs;sJ. Jizg;ghlk; - filrptiu ek;gpf;if 40. [g;ghdpy; ve;j ve;j ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; mnkupf;fh Fz;L tPrpaJ? 1. `pNuhrpkh 2. ehfrhfp 41. rlNfh ve;j ehl;Lr; rpWkp? [g;ghd; 42. [g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit vJ? nfhf;F 43. mutpe;j Fg;jh vOjpa E}y;. nld; ypl;by; gpq;fH]; fhfpjj;jpy; cUtq;fs; nra;Ak; fiyia [g;ghdpaH xupfhkp vd;W $WtH ,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk; 44. ,yf;fzk; vjw;Fj; Njitg; gLfpwJ? ehk; NgRk; nkhopia> vOJk; nkhopiar; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F napoos.blogspot.com 45. jkpopd; Kjy; vOj;J vJ? m 46. ‘m’ vd;Dk; vOj;J vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;? kdpjd; 47. ‘q;’ vd;w vOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk; ,d vOj;J vJ? f 48. kQ;rs;> mQ;rhNj vd;Dk; ,t;tpuz;L nrhw;fspy; vit el;G vOj;Jf;fs;? Q; r 49. ‘e;’ kw;Wk; ‘d;’ ,t;tpuz;Lk; vd;d vOj;Jfs;? nka; 50. ‘r;’ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J ‘v’ vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJ khWtJ? Fwpy; 51. ‘r;’ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J ‘V’ vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJ khWtJ? neby; 52. gpupj;J mwpjy; 1.jkf;FupaH - jkf;F + cupaH 2. md;gPDk; - md;G + <Dk; 3. epoyUik - epoy; + mUik 53. c.Nt.rh.tpd; ek;gpf;iff;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? mtUila MHtk; 54. “Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;” vdf;$wpatH. jpUts;StH ,ay;-2 nra;As; - ehybahH 55. “eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy; Nghy;” vd;Dk; ehybahH ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? rkzKdptH 56. nrhw;nghUs; 1. eha;f;fhy; - ehapd;fhy;2. <f;fhy; - <apd;fhy; 3. ed;fzpaH - ed;F +mzpaH 4. mzpaH - neUq;fp ,Ug;gtH 5. vd;dhk; - vd;dad; 6. Nra; - J}uk; 7. nra; - tay; 57. ehybahH ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W . gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 58. ehybahupy; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? 400 59. ehybahupd; kw;nwhU rpwg;Gg;ngaH vJ? ehyb ehD}W 60. ehybahiu ,aw;wpatH ahH? rkz KdptH 61. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F - tpsf;fk; rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLgit gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk;. gj;Jg; ghl;by; gj;J E}y;fSk;> vl;Lj; njhifapy; vl;L E}y;fSk; cs;sd. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs;. ,tw;iw Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W $Wk; tof;fKk; cz;L. rq;f E}y;fSf;Fg;gpd;


Njhd;wpa E}y;fspd; njhFg;G gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhFg;gpYk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs; cs;sd. gjpndz; vd;why; gjpndl;L vd;W nghUs;. ,e;E}y;fisf; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit mwE}y;fNs. ghuj Njrk; 62. “MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk;” vd;w ghujNjrk; ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH 63. nrhw;nghUs; 1. jiyrhAjy; - Xa;e;J gLj;jy; 2. tz;ik – nfhil 3. cOgil- tptrhak; nra;ag; gad;gLk; fUtpfs; 4. Nfhzp - rhf;F 5. eil - rhiyapy; nry;Yk; tz;bfs; 6. gwg;G - gwf;Fk; tpkhdk; Nghd;wit 7. Qhyk; - cyfk; 8. cte;J nra;Nthk; - tpUk;gpr; nra;Nthk; 9. jkpo;kfs; - xsitahH 10. NkytH – NkNyhH 11. fPotH – fPNohH 12. kw;NwhH - gpwHf;F cjTk; NeHik mw;NwhH 13. newpapdpd;W - mwnewpapy; epd;W 64. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w ftpQH ahH? ghujpahH 65. ghujpahH vt;thW nfhz;lhlg; gl;ltH? ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp 66. Rje;jug; Nghuhl;l tPuH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH 67. kfhftp ghujpahH tho;e;j fhyk;? 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.9.1921 tiu உனைநனட - gwitfs; gytpjk; 68. ve;j Cupy; gl;lhNr ntbg;gjpy;iy? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;srpwpa fpuhkk; $e;jd;Fsk; 69. gwitfs; Vd; ehL tpl;L ehL gwe;J tUfpd;wd? gUtepiy khWk; NghJ 70. gUtepiy vd;why; vd;d?ntapy; kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; 71. gUtepiy ve;j khjj;jpy; Vw;gLk;? Nk khjk; 72. gUtepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ? ntapYk;> kioAk;> gdpAk; khwp khwp tUtJ 73. gwitfs; ntapy; kw;Wk; gdp $Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NtW ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F vd;d ngaH? tyir Nghjy; napoos.blogspot.com 74. gioafhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,d;iwf;F kio tUk; vd;W vg;gbf; $WtH? gwitfs; ,lk; khWtij itj;J. cyfk; KOtJk; ,Ue;J gy ehl;Lg; gwitfs; te;J jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; ngaH jhd; gwitfs; ruzhyak;. 75. ek; ehl;by; vj;jid gwitfs; cs;sd? Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuj;J ehD}W 76. gwitfis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;? mit ahit? Ie;J tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk; 1.Njidf; Fbj;J thOk; gwitfs; 2.goj;ij cz;L thOk; gwitfs; 3.g+r;rpiaj; jpd;W thOk; gwitfs; 4.Ntl;ilahb cz;Zk; gwitfs; 5.,we;j cly;fis cz;L thOk; gwitfs; 77. rkntsp kuq;fspy; thOk; rpy gwitfs; ahit? kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;> Rliyf; Fapy;> gdq;fhil> J}f;fzhq; FUtp. 78. ePHepiyfspy; thOk; gwitfs; ahit? nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop> gtsf;fhyp> Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;> ehiu> mupths; %f;fd;> fuz;bthad;> Crpthy;thj;J. 79. kiyfspy; thOk; rpy gwitfs; ahit? ,Uthr;rp> nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp> kpd;rpl;L> fUQ;rpd;dhd;> ePyfpup nel;ilf;fhyp> nghd;KJF kuq;nfhj;jp> rpd;df;FWthd; nfhz;il cothud;> ,uhrhspg; gUe;J> g+kd; Me;ij 80. $e;jd; Fsk; fpuhkj;J kf;fs; Vd; gl;lhR ntbf;fhkYk; Nksk; mbf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. gwitfs; gae;Jtplhky; ,Uf;f jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs; (Gfyplq;fs;): 1. Ntle;jhq;fy; 2. fupf;fpsp (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;) 3. fQ;rpuq;Fsk; 4. rpj;jpuq;Fb 5. Nky;nry;tD}H (,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;) 6. goNtw;fhL (jpUts;@H khtl;lk;) 7. cjakhHj;jhz;lk; (jpUth&H khtl;lk;) 8. tLt+H (jQ;rht+H khtl;lk;) 9. fiuntl;b (nguk;gY}H khtl;lk;) 10. Ntl;lq;Fb (rptfq;if khtl;lk;) 11. nts;NshL (<NuhL khtl;lk;) 12. $e;jd; Fsk; (jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;) 13. Nfhbaf;fiu (ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;) Jizg;ghlk; - ghk;Gfs; 81. ghk;Gg; gz;iz vq;F cs;sJ? nrd;id fpz;b 82. ghk;Gfs; ve;j tifiar; rhHe;jit? CHtd tifia napoos.blogspot.com 83. cyfj;jpy; vj;jid tif ghk;Gfs; cs;sd? ,uz;lhapuj;J vOE}w;W Ik;gJ 84. ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid tifahd ghk;Gfs; cs;sd? ,UE}w;W ehw;gj;J ehd;F 85. ghk;Gtiffspy; vj;jid ghk;GfSf;F kl;Lk; er;Rj;jd;ik cz;L? Ik;gj;jpuz;L 86. ghk;G tpOq;Ffpw vyp> jtisfs clk;gpy; cs;s ePHr;rj;Nj mjw;Fg; NghJk;. ghk;gpdk;> cyfpy; kdpj ,dk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fg; g j ; J f ; N f h b Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,uh[ehfk; jhd; cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd eQ;Rs;s ghk;G. 15mb ePsKilaJ $Lfl;b thOk; xNu tifg; ghk;G ,J ,uh[ ehfk;> kw;w ghk;GfisNa $l czthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;. ghk;Gfspd; gw;fs; cs;Nehf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk; ,iuiag; gpbj;jhy; jg;gtplhJ. ghk;Gfs; ,iuia nkd;W jpd;gjpy;iy. mg;gbNa tpOq;fptpLfpd;wd.


87. ghk;G vjw;fhf vr;rpypy; eQ;R itj;jpUf;fpwJ? ,iuiaf; nfhy;yTk;> nrupkhdj; jpw;fhfTk;> 88. ghk;G jiuapd; mjpHTfis czHe;J Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;fpwJ. 89. ghk;G ahUf;F ez;gd;? tptrhapfSf;F xU ghk;igf; nfhd;why;> mjd; ,izg;ghk;G gop thq;Fk; vd;W nrhy;tJz;L. ,J cz;ikad;W. nfhy;yg;gl;l ghk;gpd; clk;gpypUe;J ntspNaWk; xUtif thridj; jputpak; kw;wg; ghk;GfisAk; me;j ,lk; Nehf;fp tutiof;fpwJ. gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs; tUtjpy;iy ghk;G jd; ehf;if mbf;fb ntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; thridia mwpe;J nfhs;sj;jhd; ghk;G mt;thW nra;fpwJ. ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R Nfhg;uhf;rpd; (Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;J jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa muR tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 ,d; gb> NjhYf;fhfg; ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;frl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ. ,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk; 90. capH vOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs. 91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? Mit ahit? gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;. 92. jkpopYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid? Kg;gJ 93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;> ve;j vOj;Jfs; gad;gLfpd;wd? fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp. capnuOj;J 12 nka;naOj;J 18 capH nka; vOj;J 216 Ma;j vOj;J 1 nkhj;jk; 247 94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mit ahit? Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x 95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf;fNshL NrUk; NghJ capH nka;f;Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. 96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? Mit ahit? M> <> C> V> I> X> xs 97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ capHnka;neby vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. 98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;Lthf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;. 1. fy; - rpw;gq;fs; fy;ypy;nrJf;fg;gLk; 2. fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy; fhiy mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;f Ntz;Lk; 3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioapypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ> Fil 4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs; Kilag;gLfpd;wd 99. NrHj;J vOJf 1. kzk; + cz;L = kzKz;L 2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH 3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; = Gfopoe;Njd; 100. gpupj;J vOJf 1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G + Mzpfs; 2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH + ciy 3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW + ,y;iy 101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk; 1. tha;f;fhy; - Mw;wpd; xU rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk; 2. nra; - ed;nra; epyq;fspy; ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; kpFjpaha; tpisAk; 3. tz;ik - nghUs; ,y;yhjtHf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fzk; vy;yhUf;Fk; Ntz;Lk; 4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy; cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu 102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J vOJf 1. kdpjHfs; ahidia Ntl;il ahlf; fhuzk; - je;jk; 2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk; - thfdg;Gif 3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; - njhopw;rhiyf; fopT 4. kio Fiwaf; fhuzk; - fhLfs; mopg;G vOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk; 103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk; NrUk; vOj;Jfs; cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk; v.fh gf;fk;> mr;rk; 104. jd; vOj;Jld; NruhJ gpw vOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk; vOj;Jfs;. Ntw;W epiy nka;k;kaf;fk; v.fh. rhHG> tho;f;if napoos.blogspot.com ,ay; 3 - nra;As; - ehd;kzpf;fbif 105. “kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;” vd;Dk; ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliy ghbatH ahH?tpsk;gpehfdhH 106. nrhw;nghUs; 1. klths; - ngz; 2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j 3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa 4. fhjy; Gjy;tH - md;Gkf;fs; 5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ 6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk; 7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk; 107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F 108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH? ngz; 109. fbif vd;gJ mzpfyd; ( eif) 110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd; nghUs;. ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd; 111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH? tpsk;gpehfdhH 112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhH vd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH


உனைநனட - MuhNuh MupuNuh 113. vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghb tha;topahfg; guTfpw ghl;L vJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L 114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg; ghLk; ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d? jhyhl;Lg;ghly; 115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fis vt;thW $wp te;jhHfs;? fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; 116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU efuq;fspy; kf;fs; ghLk; _____ $l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;. fhdhg;ghly; 117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W kPd;gpbf;Fk; kPdtHfs; vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; 118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf; fPo;f;fhZk; tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;: 1) jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; 2) tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs; 3) njhopy; ghly;fs; 4) rlq;Fg; ghly;fs; 5) nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs; 6) topghl;Lg;ghly;fs; 7) xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; 119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk; ghly; vJ? jhyhl;Lg; ghly; 120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk; ghly; vJ? tpisahl;Lg;ghly; 121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthH ghLtJ vJ? njhopy; ghly; 122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy; ghLtJ vJ? rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs; 123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ? topghl;Lg;ghly; 124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ? xg;ghupg;ghly;fs;

Jizg;ghlk; - tPur;rpWtd; ([hdfpkzhsd; vd;ghUila mwpit tsHf;Fk; mw;Gjf; fijfs;

vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J ,r;rpWfij vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.] 125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ? nfhy;fj;jh vOj;jhsH 126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l mk;igg; Nghyg; gha;e;J rhiyf;F te;jtH ahH? tpNtfhde;jH. 127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;j Rthkp ahH? tpNtfhde;jH 128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d? eNue;jpuehj; ,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk; 129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...? Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fok;G 130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy njupAkh? ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jhdpaq;fismsf;Fk; gb 131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jhdpa tpiy 132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy; vJf;F? jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? rhtp 133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ? nka;naOj;J 134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J vOJf

ghliy+nrhd;Ndd; = ghliyr;nrhd;Ndd; flTis+fz;Nld; = flTisf;fz;Nld; goj;ij+jpd;Nwd; = goj;ijj;jpd;Nwd; fz;zDf;F+nfhLj;Njd; = fz;zDf;Ff; nfhLj;Njd; kJiuf;F+nry;Nthk; = kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk; 135. rupahd nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jr; nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;. 1. ky;ypif ______ tPrpaJ 2. g+kpia ______ tUNtd; 3. ______gJq;fpg;ghAk; 4. Kfj;jpy;______KWty; Ntz;Lk; 5. eha; ______ epkpuhJ 1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp> 4. Gd;> 5.thy; 136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; 1. ngaHr;nrhy; 2. tpidr;nrhy; 3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy; 137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlupy; ngaHr;nrhy; vJ? tpidr;nrhy; vJ? nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy; te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy; napoos.blogspot.com 138. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy; cs;s ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr; nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf. ngaHr; nrhy; tpidr; nrhy; 1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ 2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH 3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk; 4. Fkud; tUfpwhd; Fkud; tUfpwhd; 139. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspd; nghUj;jkhd ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;L epug;Gf. 1. ______ J}q;fpdhd; 2. ______ g+j;jJ 3. ______ fpupf;nfl;by; ntw;wp ngw;wJ 4. ______ mOjhs; tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2) ky;ypif> 3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy 140. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy; nghUj;jkhd tpidr;nrhy;iy ,l;L epug;Gf. 1. $l;lk; ______ 2. Me;ij _____ 3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk; ______ 4. KfkJ jz;zPH ______ tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ 3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;. 141. tha;nkhopahf tpil $Wf.(Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy) eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry; kpf;ftd; (Mk;> ,y;iy) Mk;


,ay; - 4 - nra;As; - ,iraKJ 142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w ,iraKJ vd;wghliy vOjpatH ahH? Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd; 143. nrhw;nghUs; 1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH 2. Gdy; - ePH 3. itaj;J mKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk; 4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp 5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg;gl;l ge;jy; 6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb 7. jio – nrb 8. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk; 9. jioahntg;gk; - ngUFk; ntg;gk; Fiwahj ntg;gk; vd;Wk;nghUs; nfhs;syhk; 144. “Gul;rpf; ftpQH” vd;Wk; ghNte;jH vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH? fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; 146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ nfhz;l fhjyhy; jk;Kila ngaiu khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;?

1. ghz;bad; gupR 2. mofpd;rpupg;G 3. FLk;gtpsf;F 148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;jfhyk;. 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu gonkhop ehD}W 149. “Mw;wTk; fw;whH mwpTilahH”vd;w gonkhopehD}W ghliy ghbatH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH 150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wtH ahH? mwpTilahH 151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j jpirfspy; guTk;? ehd;F jpirfspYk; 152. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Mw;wTk; - epiwthf 2. ehw;wpir - ehd;F+jpir 3. jkNtahk; - jk;Kila ehNl MFk ;4. Mw;Wzh - MW+czh MW – top czh - czT (topeilczT ,jidf; “fl;Lr;NrhW”vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;) 153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; 154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; vJ? gonkhop ehD}W 155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy; tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fw;wtDf;Ff; fl;Lr;NrhW Ntz;lhk; napoos.blogspot.com 156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH 157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d? CHg;ngaH 158. miuad; vd;w nrhy; ___ Fwpf;Fk; = muridf; 159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czh உனைநனட - kfs; ,e;jpuhTf;F NeU vOjpa fbjk; 160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;l jiytHfspy; xUtH? [tfHyhy; NeU 161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Kjy; gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtH ahH? [tfHyhy; NeU 162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH? ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 163. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff; fbjq;fis vj;jid Mz;Lfs; NeU vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH? 1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964 Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs; fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH. 164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w nghOJk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk; ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH? kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F 165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy; NrUk; NghJ NeU fbjk; vOjpdhH? jh$upd; tpRtghujp fy;Y}up 166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ? Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; 167. NeU ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapd;whH? Nfk;gpupl;[; 168. mw;Gjkhd Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs; ahH? Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld; 169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU> ,e;jpuhfhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ? gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritahdit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit 170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j ehtiy thrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr; nrhd;dhH? lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk; mikjpAk;” 171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk; mikjpAk;” 172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;? mwpT ngWtjw;fhf> kfpo;r;rp miltjw;fhf. 173. Nfk;gpupl;[; - ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s gy;fiyf;fofk; 174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH 175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH 176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH 177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH 178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH


179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH 180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; - rpe;jidahsH: fy;tpahsH 181. my;Nkhuh rpiw - cj;juhQ;ry; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ 182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy; gzpGupe;j xU NguhrpupaH ,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk; 183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy; jio vd;gJ ______ Fwpj;jJ = nrbnfhbiaf; 184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd; vj;jid nghUs;fs;?

MW - XH vz;(6) MW – ejp MW - top 185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d? ,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;L, fpstp vd;why; nrhy; 186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh jUf? jz jz> fz fz 187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G fPNo fhz;Nghk; xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy; r; + v + nr = nrb ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby; t; + V + Nt = Nty; xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy; g; + x + ngh = nghUs; ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J neby; j; + X + Njh = Njhy;tp 188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d? fkyh NeU 189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH. NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F> my;Nkhuh khtl;lr; rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;J vOjpdhH. 190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ? ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ. 191. NeU ,e;jpaj; jpUehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf> ve;j Mz;by; gy;NtW tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;lhH? 1921 Mk; Mz;L napoos.blogspot.com 192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy; NeU ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jPtpukha;g; gq;Nfw;whH? mwg;Nghuhl;lk; 193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd; ez;gdha; ,Ue;jJ vJ? Gj;jfk; ,ay;-5 nra;As; - rpj;jH ghly; 194. “itNjhiu $l itahNj” vd;w rpj;jH ghly; ghbatH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH 195. nrhw;nghUs; 1.nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray; 2 Ntk;G - frg;ghdnrhw;fs;@ 3. tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G 4. gyupy; - gyH + ,y;> gyUilatPLfs; 5. Gfy; xz;zhNj - nry;yhNj 6. rhw;Wk; - Gfo;r;rpahfg; NgRtJ@ 7. flk; - clk;G 196. rpj;jHfs; vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpd; fhL kiyfspy; tho;e;jtHfs;. RkhH ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 197. rpj;jHfspd; fhuzg;ngaHfs; ahJ? ghk;ghl;br;rpj;jH> Fjk;igr;rpj;jH> mOFzpr;rpj;jH. 198. cUt topghL nra;ahky; ntl;l ntspiaNa flTshf topgl;ltH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH 199. vspa nrhw;fspd; mwpTiufisr; nrhd;dtH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH உனைநனட ,sikapy; ngupahH Nfl;l Nfs;tp 200. ,uhkrhkpapd; ngw;Nwhu; ngaH vd;d? ntq;flg;gUf;Fk;- rpd;dj; jhak;khs; 201. nrhe;jkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; Gupe;J nfhs;s epidf;fpwtH ahH? ,uhkrhkp 202. ,uhkrhkpapd; CH vJ? <NuhL 203. jkpofj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa rpe;jidahsH ahH? ,uhkrhkp 204. ,uhkrhkp vd;w ngaiu vt;thW miog;ghH? ngupahH <.nt.uh 205. ngupahH <.nt.uh. tho;e;j fhyk; KOtJk; ______ f;Nf Kjyplk; nfhLj;jhH. mwpTf;Nf 206. mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp vJ rup> vJ jtW vd;W rpe;jpj;Nj KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH? ngupahH 207. rhjp Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk; kj khWghl;ilAk; mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;wtH ahH? ngupahH 208. ngupahH xU rq;fKk; mikj;jhH mjd; ngaH vd;d? gFj;jwpthsH rq;fk; 209. ,sk; tajpNyNa ngupahH ahUld; njhz;L Gupe;jtH? kfhj;kh fhe;jp 210. ngupahH ve;jf; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhH? fhq;fpu];fl;rp 211. fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; <Lgl;ltH ahH? ngupahH 212. fs; ,wf;fhky; jLg;gjw;fhfj; jdJ Njhg;gpypUe;j midj;Jj; njd;id kuq;fisAk; ntl;br; rha;j;jtH ahH? ngupahH 213. ngupahH gpwg;gpdhy; tUk; ve;j rhjp NtWghLfis mfw;wpdhH. fPo;r;rhjp- Nky;rhjp 214. kf;fs; midtUk; vd;Dk; Xupdkhf vz;zNtz;Lnkd;whH. kdpjrhjp 215. fjH mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;jJld;> jdJ Njhspy; fjHj; Jzpfisr; Rke;J tpw;wtH ahH? ngupahH


216. Nfushtpy; ve;j Cupy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; Nfhtpy; Rw;Wj;njUtpy; elg;gjw;Fj; jil ,Ue;jJ. itf;fk; 217. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf itf;fk; vd;Dk; Cupy; ngupahH Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; kf;fs; vt;thW mioj;jdH? itf;fk; tPuH 218. ngupahH vy;yhUf;Fk; vJ mtrpak; vd;whH? fy;tp 219. ngz;fSf;F vd;d Kf;fpak; vd;W ngupahH $wpdhH? mwpTk;> RakupahijAk; 220. jha;khHfs; ,uhkrhkpf;F vd;d gl;lk; toq;fpdhHfs;? ngupahH 221. “ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;fNtz;Lk;” vd;W typAWj;jpatH ahH? ngupahH 222. ngupahH ngz;fis ve;j tpisahl;Lf;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whH? ky;Aj;jk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il 223. ngupahH ve;j murhq;fg;gzpapy; ngz;fSk; NruNtz;Lk; vd;whH. ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiw 224. ngupahH ve;j tajpYk; $lg; Gjpa rpe;jidfis vLj;Jf;$wpdhH? njhz;Z}w;iwe;J taJ 225. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH? 17.09.1879 ,y; gpwe;jhH. 226. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L kiwe;jhH? 24.12.1973 227. ngupahH jk; tho;ehspy; 8600 ehs;fs;> 13>12>000 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uk; gazk; nra;J> 10>700 $l;lq;fspy; 21>400 kzp Neuk; kf;fSf;fhf ciuahw;wpr; r%fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhH. 228. 1970 Mk; Mz;L r%fr;rPHjpUj;jr; nray;ghLfSf;fhf If;fpaehLfs; mitapy; ve;j tpUJ ngupahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. “And];Nfh tpUJ” 229. ve;j Mz;L eLtz; muR ngupahupd; cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,yf;fzk; 230. gpiofs; 1) xw;Wg;gpiofs; flikia nra;@ gyidNfs; kurhkhd;fs; thliff;F fpilf;Fk; 2) Fwpy; neby; gpiofs; rhg;ghL jhahH gs;spf;Flk; mUfpy; cs;sJ 3) JiznaOj;Jg; gpiofs; (n> N> d;) kUj;Jtkd ghFk; thop ,q;F gl;L rhy;ypj; jug;ghLk; 4) kaq;nfhypg; gpio ,Urf;fu thfdk; gYJ ghHf;fg;gLk; jpdrup gfs; fhl;rp cz;L. 231. kWj;jy;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G 1. kWj;jy; vd;gJ mfk;ghtk; ,y;iy 2. kWj;jy; vd;gJ gzpahik md;W 3. jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis kWj;jhy; jhd; ehk; tsu KbAk; 4. Jzpr;rypd; milahsk; jtwhdtw;iw kWg;gJ 5. %lek;gpf;iffis kWg;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk; 6. kWg;gJ ngz;Zf;Fg; ghJfhg;G napoos.blogspot.com 7. kWj;jy; miu Fiwahf ,Ue;J gad; ,y;iy@ cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ay;-6 nra;As; - GwehD}W 232. “ehlhF xd;Nwh@ fhlhF xd;Nwh” vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? xsitahH 233. nrhw;nghUs; 1. xd;Nwh - njhlUk; nrhy; 2. ehlhF xd;Nwh - ehlhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d my;yJ.... vdj; njhlUk; 3. mty; - gs;sk; 4. kpir – NkL 5. ey;iy - ed;whf ,Ug;gha;@ 6. MltH - Mz;fs; (,q;F kdpjHfisg; nghJthff; Fwpj;jJ) 234. GwehD}W- ,ijg; gpupj;J vOJf Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W 235. GwehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W? vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; 236. E}y;Fwpg;G ,e;E}y; GytH gyH ,aw;wpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. vl;Lj;njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f E}y;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioik cilaJ. jkpoHfspd; tuyhW> gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}yhfg; GwehD}W jpfo;fpwJ. 237. xsitahH ahH? rq;fg;GytH 238. xsitahupd; ez;gd; ahH? mjpakhd; 239. xsitahH mupaney;ypf;fdpia ahuplk; ngw;wtH? mjpakhdplk; 240. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:- rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz; ftpQH gyH ,Ue;jdH mtHfSs; kpFjpahd ghly;fs; ghbatH xsitahH. rq;fg;ghly; ghba xsitahUk;> Mj;jp#b ghba xsitahUk; xUtH my;yH@ NtW NtwhdtH. GJf;ftpij jpz;izia ,bj;Jj; njUthf;F! 241. cl;fhH ez;gh> eye;jhdh? eP xJq;fp tho;tJ rupjhdh? vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? jhuhghujp 242. ve;jf; ftpQH vOr;rpkpf;f ftpijfs; vOJtjpy; ty;ytH? ftpQH jhuhghujp 243. jkpof murpd; ey;yhrpupaH tpUJ ngw;wtH ahH? jhuhghujp


244. jhuhghujp ftpijfs; ______Kjypad ,tHjk; E}y;fSs; rpy. Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F 245. jhuhghujp tho;e;j fhyk; 26.02.1947 Kjy; 13.05.2000 tiu உனைநனட Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; 246. mbikj;jis ePq;ff; fz;zPUk; nre;ePUk; rpe;jpNahH ahH? jkpofj;jpy; Rg;gpukzpa rpth> t>Nt.R. IaH> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.crp.> thQ;rpehjd;> jpUg;g+H Fkud;> KjypNahH gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH 247. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH? ,uhkehjGuk; 248. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; CH? gRk;nghd; 249. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j Mz;L> ehspy; gpwe;jhH? 1908 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgHj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; 250. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;Njtupd; ngw;NwhH ahH? jpU. cf;fpughz;bj;NjtH> jpUkjp.,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahH. 251. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; MrpupaH ahH? Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is 252. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH njhlf;ff; fy;tpia _____ fKjpapYs;s njhlf;fg; gs;spapy; ngw;whH. fpwpj;Jtg; ghjpupahHfsplk; 253. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j ve;jg; gs;spfspy; gbj;jhH? 1. caHepiyg;gs;sp gRkiyapy; gapd;whH. 2. If;fpaf; fpwpj;Jtg; gs;spapy; 3. ,uhkehjGuk; muR caHepiyg; gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;jhH. 254. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ ve;j Neha; gutp Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH fy;tp epd;wJ. gpNsf; Neha; 255. ,uhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;jg; gl;lwpit kpFjpahfg; ngw;whH? gs;spg;gbg;G epd;whYk; Nfs;tpawpitAk; gl;lwpitAk; 256. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j ,U nkhopfspy; ty;yik ngw;wtH? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; 257. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; nkhopfspy; _____jpwd; ngw;wtH. nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; jpwd; 258. ,uhkypq;fj; NjtH vjid fw;wwpe;jhH? rpyk;gk;> FjpiuVw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fpr;RLjy;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;. 259. ,sikapNyNa ................. MHtq;nfhz;lhH. murpaypy; 260. ,sik Kjw;nfhz;Nl nghJj; njhz;by; <LghL cilatH ahH? Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH

Vohk; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W - nra;As; - tho;j;J 1) gz;zpid ,aw;if itj;j vdg; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? jpU.tp.f 2) nrhw;nghUs;:- m) gz; - ,ir M) tz;ik - nfhilj;jd;ik ,) Nghw;wp - tho;j;JfpNwd; <) ,Uf;if - Mrdk; 3) jpU.tp.f vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; vd;d? jpUth&h; tpUj;jhrydhh; kfdhh; fypahzRe;judhh;. 4) jpU.tp.f tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d? tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ikahh; 5) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Js;sk;. 6) Js;sk; jw;nghOJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? jz;lyk; (,t;t+h; nrd;idia mLj;Js;s Ngh&Uf;F Nkw;Nf cs;sJ.) 7) jpU.tp.f tpd; rpwg;G: ,th; njhopyhsh; eyDf;Fk; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;. Nkilj; jkpOf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhh;. ,thpd; jkpo; eiliag; Nghw;wpj; “jkpo;j;njd;wy;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 8) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gilg;Gfs; ahit? 1). kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> 2). ngz;zpd;ngUik> 3). jkpo;j;njd;wy;> 4).chpik Ntl;if> 5). KUfd; my;yJ moF> 6).rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> 7). nghJik Ntl;ly;. 9) jpU.tp.f mth;fs; tho;e;j fhyk; vd;d? 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953 10) jpU.tp.f ,aw;wpa tho;j;Jg; ghly; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? nghJik Ntl;ly; 11) nghJik Ntl;ly; vd;Dk; E}y; ve;jj; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? Nghw;wp 12) nghJik Ntl;ly; vjidf; fle;J cyfj;ij xU FLk;gkhff; fUJfpwJ? ehL> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> epwk; 13) nja;tepr;rak; Kjyhfg; Nghw;wp <whf vj;jid jiyg;Gfspy; cs;sJ? ehw;gj;J ehd;F 14) nghJik Ntl;ly; vj;jid ghf;fshy; MdJ? ehD}w;W Kg;gJ 15) nrd;idapy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhf jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; gzpahw;wpdhh;? ,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy; 16) ,iwtd; caphpy; itj;jJ vjid? ,iwtd; nfhilj;jd;ikia caphpy; itj;jhh;. 17) ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if ahJ? ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if cz;ik.


jpUf;Fws; 18) jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ahh;? jpUts;Sth; 19) jpUts;Sthpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? jhapd; ngah; - Mjp, je;ijapd; ngah; - gftd; 20) jpUts;Sth; ve;j Chpy; gpwe;jhh;? kapyhg;g+h; (kJiu vd;Wk; $Wth;) 21) jpUts;Sth; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;? ts;Std; xUtdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. 22) ts;Sth; vd;why; nghUs; ahJ? murUf;F me;juq;f MNyhrid $Wk; Xh; cah;e;j mYtyh; 23) jpUts;Sthpd; kidtpapd; ngah; vd;d? thRfp 24) thRfp ahUila kfs;? khh;f;frfhah; vd;Dk; Ntshshpd; kfs; 25) jpUts;Sth; nra;j njhopy; vd;d? nerTj; njhopy; napoos.blogspot.com 26) jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd;Kfd;> khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; vd;gd 27) jpUts;Sth; fhyk; vJ? fp.K. 31 28) kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho> kdpjd; kdpjDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiujhd; ------------- MFk;. jpUf;Fws; 29) -------------- vd;Dk; milnkhopiag; ngw;Wj; jpUf;Fws; vd toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. jpU 30) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ? mit ahit? %d;W gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit:- m. mwj;Jg;ghy; M. nghUl;ghy; ,. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; 31) ,e;E}y; jpUf;Fws; vd;W vjdhy; ngah; ngw;wJ? jpU + Fws;. Nkd;ikahd Fws; ntz;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. 32) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fis cilaJ. 133 mjpfhuq;fs; 33) jpUf;Fws; xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; vj;jid ghly;fis nfhz;lJ? 10 34) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fshy; MdJ? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ 35) jpUf;Fws; -------------- E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPof;fzf;F 36) jpUf;Fws; Vd; “cyfg; nghJkiw” vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpwJ? cyfk; Vw;Fk; fUj;Jfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,t;thW toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. 37) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ? E}w;NwO nkhopfspy; (107) 38) jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? Kg;ghy;> cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> jpUts;Sth;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw vd;gd. 39) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. Giu - Fw;wk; 2. gaf;Fk; - jUk; 3. RLk; - tUj;Jk; 4. md;d - mit Nghy; td 5. va;ahik - tUe;jhky; 6. mfk; - cs;sk; 7. mikAk; - cz;lhFk; 40) jpUf;Fws; E}ypd; gad; ahJ? jpUf;Fws; fw;gjdhy; kdpj tho;f;if nrk;ikAWk;. gz;Gfs; tsUk;. cynfyhk; xd;nwDk; cah;Fzk; Njhd;Wk;> kdpjh;fspilNa NtWghLfs; kiwAk;> vy;yh caphplj;Jk; md;G jiof;Fk;. 41) cliy ePH J}a;ik nra;Ak;: -------------- cs;sj; J}a;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk;. tha;ik 42) tha;ik vd;why; vd;d? kw;wth;fSf;Fj; jPq;F juhj nrhw;fisg; NgRjy;. 43) gphpj;J vOJf:- 1. ahnjdpd; - ahJ + vdpd; 2. ngha;ahnjhOfpd; - ngha;ahJ + xOfpd; 44) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f 1: ,aw;if Fw;whyj;jpy; cs;s ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; cs;sj;ijf; fth;fpd;wd. 2: ngz;ik ghujpahh; ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shh; 3: tha;ik tha;ikNa nty;Yk; vd;w njhlh; jkpof murpd; rpd;dj;jpy; cs;sJ. 4. cs;sk; Foe;ijapd; cs;sk; fs;sk; Gfh ,lkhFk;. nrk;nkhopj; jkpo; 45) cyfj;jpy; Mwhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd. 46) ts;syhh; ve;j nkhopia vspjpy; NgrTk;> vspjpy; ghly; ,aw;wTk; ,aw;ifahf mike;J cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;? njd;nkhopahfpa jkpo; xd;Nw 47) mwpQh;fs; vjid cyf nkhopfspy; rpwe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;? jkpo; nkhopNa 48) jpUe;jpa nrt;tpay;Gfள் nghUe;jpa nkhopfs; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gLk;.; 49) nkhopapay; mwpQh; r.mfj;jpaypq;fk; vtw;iw vy;yhk; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gl;baypLfpwhh;? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk;> rPdk;> vgpNuak;> muG> <g;U 50) ,d;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,y;yhj nkhopfs; vit? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk; 51) cyfpy; ,d;W toq;Fk; nkhopfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghfNt jkpo;nkhop vz;zw;w ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ. 52) jkpior; nrk;nkhop vd epiyehl;Ltjw;F chpa rhd;Wfshf vit jpfo;fpd;wd? njhy;fhg;gpak;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> Kj;njhs;shapuk;> ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; Mfpa nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. 53) gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;fpy; xd;whd jpUf;FwSf;F ,izahd NtW E}y; cyfpy; ,y;iy.


54) jkpo;nkhop mofhd rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghlike;j nts;spj;jl;L: jpUf;Fws; mjpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jq;f Mg;gps;: jkpo; vd;id <h;j;jJ: FwNsh vd;id ,Oj;jJ vd;W $wpath; ahh;? lhf;lh; fpnusy; 55) cyfpd; kpfg;goikahd epyg;gFjp Fkhpf;fz;lம் MFk;.; 56) Fkhpf;fz;lk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ahJ ,e;epyg;gFjp fly;Nfhshy; %o;fptpl;lJ. me;jnjhd;dpyj;jpy; jhd; jkpo; Njhd;wpanjdj; jz;bayq;fhu Nkw;Nfhs; nra;As; $WfpwJ. 57) cyf Kjd; nkhopaha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> ,d;Wk; ,sik khwhky; fd;dpj;jkpoha; jkpo; nkhop ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. 58) ngw;Nwhiuf; Fwpf;Fk; mk;ik> mg;gன் vd;Wk; nrhy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ.; 59) jkpo;r; nrhy; ,y;yhj cyfg; ngUnkhop ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy 60) fhy;Lnty; jkpo; nkhopia “jkpo; gpwnkhopj; Jizapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,aq;FtJ kl;Lkd;wpj; jioj;Njhq;fTk; nra;Ak;” vd;W $wpdhh;. 61) nkhopf;F ,yf;fz tuk;Gk;> nrhw;fSf;Fj jpUe;jpa tbTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. 62) jkpopy; cs;sJ Nghy;> NtW vk;nkhopapYk; fhz ,ayhJ.Mjyhy; jkpo; nre;jkpo; vdg;gl;lJ.

63) njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh vd;gJ vd;d? vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt 64) jkpopy; ,LFwpப் ngah;fs; kpfTk; FiwT.; 65) jkpo; kw;Wk; tlnkhopapy; vj;jid vz;fs; cs;sd? mit ahit? jkpopy; ,uz;L tif vz; cz;L. mit:- xUik>gd;ik 66) tl nkhopapy; %tif vz; cs;sd. mit: xUik> ,Uik> gd;ik 67) jkpopy; vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL cz;L? vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL,y;iy? caph;fSf;Fg; ghy;NtWghL

cz;L. nghUs;fSf;Fg; ghy;NtWghL ,y;iy 68) jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s gFg;G Kiw gpw gpwnkhopfspy; ,y;iy. 69) vy;yh nkhopfSk; vjw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk;? vOj;Jf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;Fk; 70) tho;tpaYf;fhd ,yf;fzkhf vijj; jkpo; nkhop $WfpwJ? nghUspyf;fzj;ij 71) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. mfk; 2. Gwk; 72) fypg;gh nra;As; tiffs; NtW vk;nkhopapYk; ,y;iy. 73) Gyth;fs; nra;ASf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; Nrh;f;f ctik> cUtfk; Kjypa E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. CUk; NgUk; (Jizg;ghlk;) 74) jkpo; kf;fs; jk; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfis Ch; vd;w ngauhy; Fwpj;jdh;. 75) ghgpNyhd; mUNf Cர் vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU efUk;> Cu;ek;K vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sjhk;;. 76) kf;fs; ehsiltpy; gy;NtW Ch;fs; cUthf epytiff;Nfw;g vt;thW ngahpl;ldh;? kiya+h;> fhl;^u;> kUJ}u;> flY}h; vd kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;. fhd;g+h;> Nfhyhyk;g+h;> rpq;fg;g+h;> kzpg;g+h;> [df;g+h;> n[a;g;g+h;> N[hj;g+h; 77) kiyapd; mUNf cs;s Ch;fSf;F vt;thW kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;? Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUtz;zhkiy> ehfkiy> ts;spkiy> tpuhypkiy vdg; ngahpl;ldh;. 78) Xq;fpAah;e;j epyg;gFjpia kiy vdf; $wpdh;. 79) kiyapd; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf; Fd;W vdf; $wpdh;. 80) Fd;wpYk; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf; fuL vdTk;> ghiw vdTk; ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;. 81) Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ld? Fd;W}h;> Fd;wj;J}h;> Fd;wf;Fb 82) ghiwfs; vd;W $Wk; Ch;g;ngah;fs; ahit? Fl;lg;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw> g+k;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw> thy;ghiw Mfpait. 83) tlnrhy;ypy;> kiyia fphp vd;W $Wth;. 84) kiyianahl;b vOe;j Ch;g;ngah;fs; ahit? fpU\;zfphp> Nfhj;jfphp> rptfphp> ePyfphp 85) FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; kiyapypUe;J gpw ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fpa NghJk; jq;fs; epyg;ngaiu kwthJ vt;thW ngah; itj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp> fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp> Fwpr;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf;Fwpr;rp vd;W ngah; itj;jdh;. 86) kuq;fs; ngahpy; cUthd Ch;fs;:-mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs; #o;e;j Ch; Mh;fhL vd mioj;jdh;. 87) My kuq;fs; epiwe;j Ch; Myq;fhL vd mioj;jdh;. 88) fshr; nrbfs; epiwe;j gFjpia fshf;fhL mioj;jdh; 89) khkuq;fs; nropj;jpUe;j ,lj;ij khq;fhL vd mioj;jdh;. 90) gidkuq;fs; epiwe;jpUe;j Ch; gidaGuk; vdg; ngah;ngw;wJ. 91) gl;b> ghb vd;w ,g;ngah; Ch;fSf;F vt;thW te;jd? fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mq;Fj; jphpAk; tpyq;Ffshy; jkf;Fk;> jk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk; CW Neuhtz;zk; Ntyp fl;bg; ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t+h;fs; gl;b> ghb vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd. ML khLfs; milf;fg;gLk; ,lk; gl;b vdg;gLk;.


92) jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpy gl;bfs; Ch;fisf; $Wf? Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg;gl;b> Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b> rpd;dnfhy;yg;gl;b> nghpa nfhy;yg;gl;b Kjypa E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd gl;bfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sd. 93) epytsKk;> ePh;tsKk; gaph;tsKk; nrwpe;j kUjepyf; FbapUg;Gk; Ch; vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. 94) MWfs; ghAk; ,lq;fspy; Mw;W}u; vd toq;Fk; Ch;fs; jtwhky; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 95) Mw;W}u; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; Mj;J}h; vd kUtp toq;FfpwJ. 96) flk;gkuk; #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW mioj;jdh;. flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}u; 97) njd;id #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW $wpdh;? njq;$h; 98) Gspakuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpia vt;thW ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;? Gspaq;Fb> GspaQ;Nrhiy> Gspak;gl;b vd mioj;jdh;. 99) Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa ePHepiy fis cUthf;fp mtw;NwhL Ch;g; ngah;fis vt;thW

,izj;jdh;? rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nguht+uzp> khq;Fsk;> Ntg;Nghp 100) goq;fhyj;jpy; flw;fiuapy; cUthd Ng&u;fs; gl;bdk; vd miof;fg;gl;ld. 101) rpw;W}h;fs; ghf;fk;- vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jd. 102) gujth; tho;e;j Ch;fs; vt;thW ngah; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu> ePyhq;fiu 103) kPdth; thOkplq;fspd; ngah;fs; Fg;gk; vd;Dk; ngaiur; Nrh;j;Jg; gy;fpg; ngUfp tUfpd;wd. 104) ngUNte;jUk; FWepy kd;dUk; vij mikj;J kf;fisf; fhj;jdh;? muz;fs; 105) muz;fSs; Nfhl;ilAk; xd;W MFk;. 106) Nfhl;il #otpUe;j Ch;fs; vt;thW toq;fyhapd? fe;ju;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il> Njtf;Nfhl;il> ehl;lurd; Nfhl;il> epyf;Nfhl;il> gl;Lf; Nfhl;il> GJf;Nfhl;il vd toq;fyhapd. 107) ehw;wpirg; ngah;fSk; Cu;fSld; Fwpg;gpLf? fpof;Nf vOe;j Ch;g;gFjpiaf; fPOu; vdTk;> Nkw;Nf mike;j Cu;g;gFjpia NkY}u; vdTk;> njw;Nf cs;sJ njd;goQ;rpahfTk;> tlf;Nf cs;sJ tlgoQ;rpahfTk; ngah; ngw;wd. 108) ehaf;fkd;du;fs; jkpofj;ij vj;jid ghisaq;fshfg;gphpj;jdh;? 72ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. 109) ehaf;f kd;du;fs; Cu;g; ngau;fSld; ghisaj;ijr; Nrh;j;J vt;thW toq;fpdhh;fs;? Mug;ghisak;> ,uhrghisak;> fzf;fk;ghisak;> Fkhughisak;> Nfhgpr;nrl;bg;ghisak;> Nfhhpg;ghisak;> Nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdg; gythFk;. 110) fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; kjpiu kUijahfp ,d;W மதுனைahf khwpAs;sJ. 111) Nfhtd;Gj;J}h; vd;Dk; ngah; NfhaKj;J}h; Mfp> ,d;W Nfhitahf kUtpAs;sJ. ,yf;fzk; - rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs; 112) vtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;? caph; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk;> nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; jdpj;J ,aq;fp Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;Ftjhy; mtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;. 113) KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;JtUk; vOj;Jfisr; rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;. 114) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? 10 tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. caph;nka;> 2. Ma;jk;> 3. capusngil> 4. xw;wsngil> 5. Fw;wpaypfuk;> 6. Fw;wpaYfuk;> 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> 8. Xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> 9. kfuf;FWf;fk;> 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; 115) Ma;jk; rhh;ngOj;J vOj;J tifiar; rhh;e;jJ. 116) KjnyOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if 30 117) ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; vit? f;> r;> j;> g; 118) m>,>c vd;gd vd;d vOj;Jfs;? Rl;nlOj;Jfs; 119) vjid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;? vOj;Jfspd; Kd; ty;ypd vOj;Jfis Kjyhf cila nrhy; te;J Nrh;e;jhy; ,ilapy; mt;ntOj;jpd; nka;naOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;. ,jid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;. 120) c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;jhdJ jw;nghOJ tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy. 121) “v” vd;Dk; tpdh vOj;Jf;FKd; ty;ypd vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; te;jhYk; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) v + Flk; = vf;Flk;> v + rl;il = vr;rl;il 122) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis KjnyOj;ijf; nfhz;L mfuthpirapy; mikf;f. Vzp> <ry;> vyp> xd;W> xsit> Cl;b> mz;zd;> ,y;yk;> ML> Xlk;> Ie;J> cil.

tpil: mz;zd;> ML> ,y;yk;> <ry;> cil> Cl;b> vyp> Vzp> Ie;J> xd;W> Xlk;> xsit. 123) ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fj; njd;dfj;jpypUe;J me;epaiu vjpu;j;j rpwe;j tPud; ahh;? Gypj;Njtd; ,ay; ,uz;L - nra;As; - GwehD}W 124) ney;Yk; capud;Nw: ePUk; capud;Nw: vd njhlq;Fk; GwehD}W ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? NkhrpfPudhh; 125) NkhrpfPudhu; tho;e;j Ch; vJ? njd;ghz;b ehl;bYs;s Nkhrp 126) fPud; vd;gJ Fbg;ngauhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. 127) muRf;Fhpa KuRf; fl;bypy; cwq;fpa NghJ ve;j kd;duhy; fthptPrg; ngw;w ngUikf;Fhpath;? Nrukhd; ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw 128) nrhw; nghUs;:- 1. mwpif - mwpjy; Ntz;Lk; 2. jhid - gil


3. flNd – flik 4. kyh;jiy cyfk; - gue;j ,lkfd;w cyfk; 129) GwehD}W vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. 130) GwehD}W Gwk;gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. jkpo; vz;fis mwpNthk; vspjhf Qhgfk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s rpwpa Nahrid fliy cUz;il vq;qdk; Ritj;J Urpj;J rhg;gpl;lhd; vd;W mtd; $wpdhd;. 131) NkhrpfPudhh; ghba ghly;fs; NtW ve;j E}y;fspy; cs;sJ? mfehD}W> FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz Mfpatw;Ws; cs;sd. 132) gz;ila jkpof kd;dh;fspd; mwczh;T> tPuk;> nfhil> Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> fy;tpg; ngUik Kjypatw;iw vtw;wpd; %yk; mwpayhk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; %yk; 133) GwehD}W ghly;fs; %yk; Gyth;fspd; ngUkpjk;> kf;fSila ehfupfk;> gz;ghL Kjypatw;iwAk; mwpayhk;. > kf;fSila > 134) muridf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit? Nfh> kd;dd;> Nte;jd;. 135) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;fTk;:- 1. ney; jQ;ir> jkpofj;jpd; ney; fsQ;rpakha;j; jpfo;fpwJ. 2. caph;.Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;J caph; ePj;jhh;. 3. ePu; fly; ePh; Nkfkhfp kioaha;g; nga;fpwJ. 4. Nte;jd;. Nte;jd; eLepiy jtwhJ Ml;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp 136) rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLk; gj;Jg; nghUisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwe;j gj;J MFk;. 137) “KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp” vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh; 138) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. Mu;fyp - epiwe;j XirAila fly; 2. fhjy; - md;G> tpUg;gk; 3. Nkij - mwpT El;gk; 4. tz;ik - <if> nfhil 5. gpzp - Neha; 6. nka; - clk;G 7. ehzk; - nra;af; $lhjjidr; nra;a mr;rg;gLjy; 8. rpwe;jd;W - rpwe;jJ 9. topgLjy; - Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy; 10. jw;nra;if - jd;idr; nry;tk; Kjypatw;wpy; Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;. 139) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-

ngah; : kJiuf; $lY}h; fpohh; gpwe;j Cu; : $lY}u; rpwg;G : ,th;jk; ghly;fis er;rpdhh;f;fpdpau; Kjypa ey;Yiu ahrpupah;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshff; ifahz;Ls;shh;fs;. fhyk; : rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tho;e;jth;. 140) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vd;gJ fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; JiwfSs; xd;W. 141) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp mwTiuf; Nfhit vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 142) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd? 10 143) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp E}W ghly;fshy; MdJ. 144) ,sikiaf; fhl;bYk; Nehaw;w tho;Nt rpwe;jJ. 145) fw;wiytplTk; rpwe;jJ xOf;fKilik 146) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f 1. kf;fs;: kf;fs; midtUk; fy;tp ngw;wtuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. xOf;fk;: xOf;fk; caphpDk; NkyhdJ. 3. topgLjy;: ,iwtid kdk;> nkhop> nka;> Mfpatw;why; topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; (உனைநனட) 147) ahh; fhg;ghu; vd;W jkpod;id Vq;fpa NghJ ehd; fhg;Ngd; vd;W vOe;jth; ahh;? c.Nt.rhkpehjh; 148) gpd;dhspy; c.Nt.rhkpehjh; midtuhYk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jkpo;j; jhj;jh 149) c.Nt. rhkpehjh; mth;fspd; Mrphpah; ngah; vd;d? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; 150) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;? 1815 Mk; Mz;L vg;uy; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehsd;W gpwe;jhh;. 151) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? jpUr;rp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j vz;nza;f; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. 152) kPdhl;rpRe;judhhpd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah; vd;d? rpjk;guk; -- md;dj;jhr;rpahh; 153) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,sikapy; ahhplk; jkpo; fw;whh;? jkJ je;ijahhplk; 154) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; rpWtajpNyNa nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; iftug; ngw;whh;. 155) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;L FLk;gj;Jld; ve;j Chpy; tho;e;J te;jhh;? jphprpuGuj;jpy; (jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp) 156) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jphprpuGuj;jpy; tho;e;jjhy; mth; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jphprpuGuk; kPdhl;rpRe;judhh;


157) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jkpopy; ve;j E}y;fspy; Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;? irt rka E}y;fs; 158) kPdhl;rp Re;judhhpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khzth;fs; ahh;? Fyhk;fhjh; ehtyh;> rtupuhaY> jpahfuhru;> rhkpehjh; MfpNahh; Mth;. 159) kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; ve;j Chpy; tho;e;j NghJ c.Nt. rhkpehjUf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhu;? jpUthtLJiwapy; 160) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;? vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; 161) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; gy;NtW Nfhtpy;fSf;F eilg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L mf;Nfhtpy;fisg; gw;wp jyGuhzq;fs; gy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 162) Fk;gNfhzj;jpYs;s Rz;zhk;Gf;fuhd; njUit vt;thW toq;Fth;? ePw;Wf;fhuj; njU 163) ePw;Wf;fhuj; njUit ,g;gbAk; miof;fyhk; vd;W kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; $wpdhh;? %d;whtJ njU 164) %d;whtJ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk; xU nrhy;? Rz;zhk;G 165) Neha;f;F vJ kUe;J vd;W kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; $Wfpwhh;? ,yf;fpak; 166) kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 01.02.1876 167) “ehis vd; jha;nkhop rhFkhdhy;” ,d;Nw ehd; ,we;J tpLNtd; vd;W $wpa ftpQd; ahh;? U\;af; ftpQd; u#y; fk;rNjt; 168) “njhg;Gs; nfhb cwTfs;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ve;j E}ypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ. nrhy;yj; Jbf;FJ kdR Nfht+h; fpohu; (Jizg;ghlk;)

169) Nfht+h;fpohu; vq;F gpwe;jhu;? ciwa+Uf;F mUfpYs;s Nfht+hpy; gpwe;jhh; 170) ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> GwehD}W> jpUts;St khiy Mfpatw;wpy; Nfht+h;fpohupd; gjpndl;Lg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 171) Nfht+h;fpohiu mitf;fsj; jiytu; Mf;fpf; nfhz;l kd;dd; ahh;? eyq;fps;sp 172) eyq;fps;spf;Fk;> neLq;fps;spf;Fk; ,Ue;j gifia ePf;fpath; ahu;? Nfht+h;fpohu; 173) gdk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;? Nrud; 174) Ntg;gk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;? ghz;bad; 175) Mj;jpg+ khiy ahUf;F cilaJ? NrhoUf;FhpaJ 176) filNaO ts;sy;fSs; xUth; ahh;? kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp 177) ve;jg; Gytiuf; Nfht+u;fpohu; neLq;fps;sp rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;jhh;? ,se;jj;jdhh; 178) tpiue;J njhopy; Nfl;Fk; vdj;njhlq;Fk; jpUf;Fws; 648 tJ Fwsps; mike;Js;sJ capu;nka;> Ma;jk; 179) f>fh>fp Mfpait ve;j vOj;Jfs;? caph;nka; vOj;Jfs; 180) ve;nje;j vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;jhy; caph;nka; vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;? capnuOj;Jk;> nka;naOj;Jk; 181) caph;nka; vOj;J capiuAk; nka;iaAk; rhh;e;jpUg;gjhy; rhh;ngOj;J vd;fpNwhk;. 182) / vd;why; vd;d? m/Nfdk; m/Nfdj;jpy; / vDk; ,t;ntOj;J %d;W Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,jid vt;thW Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;. Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw; Gs;sp 183) / vDk; vOj;J capNuhLk; nka;NahLk; Nruhky; jdpj;Nj ,Ug;gjhy; ,jid vt;thW $Wth;? jdp epiy 184) jw;fhg;G MAjj;jpy; (Nflak;) fhzg;gLk; %d;W Fkpo;g; Gs;spfs; Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhy; / vDk; vOj;ij Ma;jk; vdTk; $Wth;. 185) fiug;ghu; fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;. 186) capu;nka; vOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;J tifapy; mlq;Fk;. 187) md;G> mlf;fk; v/F - ,r;nrhw;fspYs;s rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; mbapy; NfhbLf:- md;G 188) Nghh; nra;ag; Gwg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf murd;> jd; muz;kidapy; tPuu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; ngUtpUe;jpd; ngah; vd;d? ngUQ;NrhW mspj;jy; ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs; 189) tpidr; nrhw;fs; Kd; f;>r;>j;>g; nka;naOj;Jfspd; tUf;f vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; tUkhapd; chpa ty;nyOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wk;. Mfu <w;W tpidnar;rq;fSf;F (v.L) Xl + fhj;jpUf;fpwhd; = Xlf;fhj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ghl + Nfl;Nld; = ghlf; Nfl;Nld; 190) <w;W tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypd capu;nka; vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; ( tpidr;nrhw;fs;) te;jhy; --------- kpFk;. ty;nyhw;W (v.fh) ehb + nrd;whd; = ehbr; nrd;whd;, Ngrp + gofpdhd; = Ngrpg; gofpdhd; ,ay; %d;W - nra;As; - jdpg;ghly; - ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; 191) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fhsNkfg; Gyth; 192) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. Rop --- cly; kPJ cs;s Rop> ePu;r;Rop 2. Jd;dyh; -- gifth;> mofpa kyh; 3. guptha; -- md;gha; 4. rhLk; -- jhf;Fk;> ,Of;Fk;


5. MLghp - MLfpd;w Fjpiu 193) fhs Nkfg;Gyth; vq;Fg; gpwe;jhh;? Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F mUfpy; ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdTk;> tpOg;Guk;

khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk; vdTk; $Wth; 194) fhsNkfg;Gythpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? tujd; 195) ve;jf; Nfhtpy; kilg;gs;spapy; fhsNkfg; Gyth; gzpGhpe;jhh;? jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy; 196) itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ve;j rkaj;jpw;Ff; fhsNkfg;Gyth; khwpdhu;? irt rkaj;jpw;F 197) fhsNkfg;Gyth; vijg; Nghd;W ftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;jhh; fhh;Nkfk; Nghy; fy;tpf;F vy;iy ,y;iy 198) fw;wJifk; kz;zsT fy;yhJ cyfsntd;(W) $wpath; ahh;? xsitahh; 199) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. ifk;kz;zsT - xU rhz; vdTk; nghUs; nfhs;Sth; 2. nkj;j - kpFjpahf 3. ge;jak; - Nghl;b 4. GytPu; - Gytu;fNs 5. fiykle;ij - fiykfs; 200) fk;gh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;> GfNoe;jpg;Gyth; Kjypa Gyth;fs; ahUila fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhu;fs;? Xsitahu; 201) Gyth; gyh;> gy;NtW #o;epiyf;F Vw;g mt;tg; NghJ ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng jdpg;ghly; jpul;L vdg;gLk;. உனைநனட - fzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k; 202) fzpjNkij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; ,uhkhD[k; vq;F tho;e;J te;jhu;? <Nuhl;by; 203) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;? rPdthrd; --- Nfhksk; 204) fzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k; gpwe;j Mz;L vJ? 22.12.1887 205) ,uhkhD[k; vj;jid Mz;Ltiu NgRk; jpwd; mw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhh;? 3 Mz;Lfs; 206) fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy; ,uhkhD[k; gbj;jhh;? jpz;izg; gs;spapy; 207) ,uhkhD[k; jkJ rpWtaJ KjNy fzpjk; ghlj;jpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. 208) vjw;F kjpg;G cz;L vd ,uhkhD[k; jdJ Mrpupahplk; $wpdhh;? Ropaj;jpw;F (0) 209) Ma;yuhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,uhkhD[d; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU INfhgp vd;W $wpath;-ypl;by; Tl; 210) Ma;th; ve;j ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;? Rtpl;rh;yhe;ijr; 211) Ma;th; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w fzpjNkij Mthh; 212) IhNfhgp ve;j ehl;by; tho;e;jhu;? n[h;kdpapy; 213) IhNfhgp ve;j E}w;whz;bd; fzpjNkij 19 Mk; 214) fzpjj; jpwikahy; tpQ;Qhd cyfpidg; gpukpf;fr; nra;J tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xh; ,lj;ijg; ngw;w gpwtpf; fzpj Nkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;? ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 215) 1880 Mk; Mz;L ,yz;ldpypUe;j fhu; vd;gth; gjpide;jhk; tajpNyNa fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;J

tpsq;fpdhh; 216) ,uhkhD[k; jdJ je;ij rPdthrdpd; Kaw;rpahy; nrd;idj; JiwKfj;jpy; vg;gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;? vOj;jh; 217) ,uhkhD[k; jhd; fz;Lgpbj;j Njw;wq;fisAk; vLNfhs;fisAk; Nfs;tpfshfj; njhFj;J ve;j

gj;jpupiff;F mDg;gpdhh;? ,e;jpaf; fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupif 218) jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ,e;jpaf;fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupiff;F ,uhkhD[k; ahh; %yk; mDg;gpdhu;? / gpuhd;rp]; ];gphpq; 219) ngu;ndsyp]; vz;fs;vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd ,uhkhD[j;jpd; fl;Liu fzpj ty;Yeh;fspilNa kpFe;j tuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ. 220) ,uhkhD[k; ve;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rp khztuhfr; Nrh;e;jhh;? nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 221) ,uhkhD[k; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Muha;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tptukhf vOjp ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpau; Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpah; `hh;b vd;gtUf;F fbjkhf mDg;gpdhu;. 222) ,yz;ld; Nfk;gpupl;]; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;Js;s fy;Y}hpd; ngah;? jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp 223) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hpapd; Nguhrphpah; ahh; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jpw;Fr; nrhw;nghopthw;w te;jhh;? <.vr;. netpy; 224) ,uhkhD[k; ve;j Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lh;? 1914 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 17 Mk; ehs; 225) jphpdpl;b fy;Y}upapy; Muha;r;rp khztuhf ve;j Mz;L ,uhkhD[k; Nrh;e;jhh;? 18.04.1914 226) fpq;]; fy;Y}hpapd; fzpjg; Nguhrphpah; ahh;? Mu;jh; ngu;rp 227) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfis E}yhf ntspapl;L mtUf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;e;jth; ahh;? `hu;b 228) `hu;b Nuhru;]; ,uhkhD[d; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfis E}yhf ntspapl;lhh;? 229) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf ,uhkhD[k; ve;j Mz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhu;? 1918 230) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,uhkhD[j;jpw;F v/g;.Mu;.v]; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.


231) v/g;.Mu;.v]; gl;lk; ngw;w ,uhkhD[j;ij; ve;jf; fy;Y}up ghuhl;br; rpwg;gpj;jJ? jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp 232) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}upapd; fy;tpf; FOtpd; rpwg;G cWg;gpduhfTk; ,uhkhD[j;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;J Mz;LNjhWk; vj;jid gTz;Lj; njhifia MW Mz;LfSf;F toq;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ? 233) ahUila ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; 250 gTz;Lj; njhifia Ie;J Mz;Lf;Fk; nfhLf;f Kd;te;jJ. `hu;bapd; 234) ,uhkhD[k; 50 gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; 200 gTz;il Vio vspa khzth;fSf;Fk; toq;fp tUkhW fbjk; vOjpdhh;. 235) ,uhkhD[j;ijg; ghh;f;f te;j `hu;b 1729 vd;w vz; nfhz;l thlif kfpOe;jpy; te;Njd; vdf; $wpdhh; 236) ,e;jpahtpw;F ,uhkhD[k; vg;NghJ jpUk;gp te;jhh;? 1919 khu;r; 27 237) ,uhkhD[k; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1920 Vg;uy; 26 238) ,uhkhD[k; rhjhuz kdpjuy;yh; mth; ,iwtd; je;j ghpR vd;W $wpath; - Nguh <.b ngy; 239) ,uhkhD[d; Kjy;jukhd fzpj Nkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;? Nguhrphpah; #ypad; ff;Ryp 240) 1962 jprk;gh; 22 Mk; ehsd;W ,uhkhD[j;jpd; 75 MtJ gpwe;j ehs; MFk;. 241) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; 75 MtJ gpwe;j ehis Kd;dpl;L eLtzuR gjpide;J fhR mQ;ry;jiy ,Ugj;ije;J ,yl;rk; ntspapl;lJ. 242) Nguhrphpah; ,uhkhD[k; midj;Jyf epidTf;FO 1971 Mz;L nrd;idapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 243) nrd;idapy; 1972 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 3 Mk; ehs; md;iwa Kjyikr;ruhy ,uhkhD[k; fzpj mwptpay; epWtdk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. 244) nrd;idj; JiwKfk; rhh;gpy; Gjpjhf thq;fpa FbePu;f;fg;gYf;F> -------------- vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ. rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k; 245) upr;ru;l;Lk; M];NfAk; ,ize;J ----------- Mz;by; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; khu;gsT ntz;fyr; rpiyia

,e;jpahtpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J toq;fpdu;? 1984 Mk; 246) fzpjf; Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fpa vj;jid Fwpg;NgLfisAk; Muha;r;rpf; fl;LiufisAk; ,uhkhD[k; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;. 3 247) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Fwpg;NgLfspy; --------- Kjy; ------------ Njw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd. 3000 Kjy; 4000 248) 1957 Mk; Mz;L ------------ mbg;gil Muha;r;rp epiyak; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Njw;wq;fis xspg;glk; vLj;J E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;sJ. lhlh ed;wpg;ghpR (Jizg;ghlk;) 249) grp ----------- mwpahJ. Urp 250) kUJ ghz;bf;Fr; rhg;gpl fpotp vd;d nfhLj;jhs;? gioa NrhW 251) gioa Nrhw;Wf;fhff; fpotpf;F kUJghz;b vd;d ghpR toq;fpdhu;? mts; trpj;j Cu; 252) fpotpf;Fg; ghprhff; fpilj;j me;j Chpd; ngah; vd;d? goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy; 253) goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy; vd;Dk; Cu; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? rptfq;if ehy;tifr; nrhw;fs; - ,yf;fzk; 254) ngaiuf; Fwpj;J te;jhy; ---------- vd;W ngah;. ngau;r; nrhw;fs; 255) xUnghUspd; nraiy (,af;fj;ijf;) Fwpg;gjhy; ,r;nrhy; ---------------- MFk;. tpidr;nrhy; 256) jk;gp + ck; ,jpYs;s ‘ck;’ vd;gJ ,izg;Gr; nrhy;yhf tUfpwJ. ,jid --------- vd;gh;. ,ilr;nrhy; 257) ,ilr;nrhy; vjidr; rhh;e;J tUk;? ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs; 258) gytifg;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fis tpl;L ePq;fhJ nra;ASf;Nf chpik ngw;W tUtd -------- MFk;. chpr;nrhw;fs; 259) nghUj;Jf:-

1. ngau;r;nrhy; --- m. te;jhd; 2. tpidr;nrhy; -- M. Ie;Jk; MWk; 3. ,ilr;nrhy; -- ,. jtr;rpwpJ 4. chpr;nrhy; -- <. Ntyd;

tpil:- 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-, 260) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;: vl;L> gj;J Mfpa vz;Zg; ngau;fspy; gpd; kl;Lk; ty;ypd tUf;fr; nrhw;fs; te;jhy; --------- kpFk;. ty;nyhw;W

(v.fh) vl;L + fhy; = vl;Lf;fhy; gj;J + Ngu; = gj;Jg;Ngu; gj;J + rl;il = gj;Jr;rl;il gj;J + Njhg;G = gj;Jj;Njhg;G vl;L + $il = vl;Lf;$il vl;L + Njh; = vl;Lj;Njh;

261) ghlhj> Nfshj> Mlhj> nra;ahj> nrhy;yhj vd;gd vjpu;kiwg; nghUspy; tUtjhy; -------------- MFk;. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 262) nrhw;fspYs;s <w;nwOj;jhdJ nfl;Lg; ghlh> Nfsh> Mlh> nra;ah> nrhy;yh vd;W tUtjid -------- nganur;rk; vd;gh;. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpy; kpFk; ty;ypdk;


(v.fh) ghlh + Fapy; = ghlhf;Fapy; Nfsh + nrtp = Nfshr;nrtp 263) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;:- tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kw;Wg; ngWk;. ,r;nrhw;fisg; --------- vd;gu;. nganur;rk; (v.fh) te;j + Foe;ij = te;j Foe;ij cile;j + gyif = cile;j gyif

nra;j + jr;rd; = nra;j jr;rd; 264) ngaur;rr; nrhw;fs;Kd; ---------- kpfhJ. ty;nyhw;W 265) Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhNd ------------- tiua KbAk;. rpj;jpuk; ,ay; ehd;F nra;As; - jphpfLfk; 266) jphpfLfk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? ey;yhjdhu; 267) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. cz;nghOJ - cz;Zk;nghOJ 2. ngwpDk; -- ngw;whYk; 3. ghy;gw;wp - xUgf;fr; rhu;G 4. Njhy;tw;wp - Njhy; RUq;fp 5. rhapDk; -- mopapDk; 6. rhd;whz;ik – mwpT xOf;fq;fspy; epiyj;J epw;wy;

7. Fd;whik - FiwahJ ,Ue;jy; 8. J} cak; -- J}a;ik cilNahu; mwTzh;T cilahuplj;J cs;sit 268) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. <Ak; - mspf;Fk; 2. epy;yhik - epiyahik

3. newp – top 4. J}a;ik - J}a jd;ik 5. khe;jh; -- kf;fs; Gjupy; tpijj;j tpij 269) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. epiw xOf;fk; -- Nkyhd xOf;fk; 2. Njw;whjhd; -- filg;gpbf;fhjtd; 3. tdg;G – moF 4. J}W -- Gjh; 5. tpj;J - tpij

270) ey;yhjdhu; ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jpUj;J vd;Dk; Cu; 271) nrU mLNjhs; ey;yhjd; vd ghapuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahh;? ey;yhjdhu; 272) jphpfLfk; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W 273) jphpfLfk; vj;jid ntz;ghf;fis cilaJ? E}W 274) jphpfLfg; ghlypYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s %d;W mwf;fUj;Jfs; fw;ghupd; kdj;jpYs;s mwpahik Nehiag; Nghf;FfpwJ? 275) cupa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:- m) ghy;gw;wpr; nrhy;yh tpLjYk; -- ,t;tbapy; ghy;gw;wp vd;gjd;

nghUs;. xUgf;fr; rhh;Ggw;wp M) “epy;yhik As;Sk; newpg;ghLk;” ,t;tbapy; top vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; nrhy; newp ,) tdg;G vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; moF fhe;jpabfs; fbjk; - உனைநனட 276) fhe;jpabfs; ------------ khepyj;jpy; Mw;wpa ciuiaf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; $wpdhu;. F[uhj; 277) xUnkhopapd; jd;ik --------- jd;ikiag; nghUj;Nj mikAk;. kf;fspd; 278) Ntiy njhpahj njhopyhsp jd; fUtpapd; kPJ ---------- nfhz;lhdhk;. rPw;wk; 279) 1917 Mk; Mz;L ---------- efupy; eilngw;w ,uz;lhtJ fy;tp khehl;by; fhe;jpbfs; epfo;j;jpa jiyik ciu> khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; fbj tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? GNuhr; chpaJ (Jizg;ghlk;) 280) Kdpth; mjpfkhf ahiu ntWg;gtu;? ngha; nrhy;thiu 281) Kdptu; ngha; nrhy;thu; kidapy; ---------------- khl;lhu;? czT cz;z 282) nghpatupd; ------------- ew;Fzq;fisf; fz;L Kdptu; Kfk; kyu;e;J. md;G> mlf;fk;> gzpT 283) kf;fs; Kdptuplk; me;jg; nghpatUf;F vj;jid kfd;fs; cz;L vd;W $wpdhh;? ehd;F 284) nghpatupd; ehd;F kfd;fspd; ngah;fs; vd;d? eluh[h> Nty;rhkp> rptrhkp> fe;jrhkp 285) fe;jrhkp xbte;J je;ijiaAk; KdptiuAk; njhOJ rhkpf;F vd;d nfhz;L tul;Lk; vdf; Nfl;ldhd;? ghy;> gok; 286) ----------- nra;j gzk; vdf;F chpaJ. jUkk;. 287) vd; fUj;ij Vw;W elf;fpd;wtNd --------- kfd;. vdf;F chpa 288) ------------- nra;j NeuNk vdf;F chpaJ vd;W nghpath; $wpdhh;. ,iwj;njhz;L 289) njhd;ik kpf;f cyf nkhopfs; vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?

NjtNeag; ghthzu; ,LFwpg; ngaUk; fhuzg; ngaUk; 290) xU nghUSf;Ff; FwpaPlhf ,l;l ngaNu ------- MFk;. ,LFwpg;ngau;


291) fhuzk; fUjp ,lg;gl;l ngau;fs; ------------- vdg;gLk;. fhuzg;ngau;fs; (v.fh) gwit> tisay>; 292) jkpopy; ------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd. fhuzg;ngah;fNs 293) gpwnkhopfspy; ---------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd. ,LFwpg;ngau;fNs 294) kiy> fhL> khL ,itnay;yhk; ------------- ngau;fs; MFk;. ,LFwpg; 295) midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthf tUk; ,LFwpg;ngau;fis -------- vdf; $Wtu;. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau; 296) “njd;id” vd;Dk; nrhy; xU fhuzKk;> ,d;wp ,LFwpg; ngauha; epd;W> xU nghUSf;Nf (njd;idkuk;) rpwg;gha; tUtjhy; ------------- ngauhapw;W. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; 297) fhfk;> Fapy;> Gwh> fpsp Mfpa midj;ijAk; gwit vd;Dk; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; miof;fpNwhk;. mjdhy;> ,jidf; ------------------ vd;fpNwhk;. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; 298) tisay;NghyNt rpynghUs; tise;J tl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mitnay;yhk; tisay; vd miof;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,r;nrhy; ifapy; mzpAk; tisaiy kl;LNk Fwpg;gjhy; -------------- Mapw;W. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngau; 299) 1. ngl;b vd;gJ --------------- MFk;. ,LFwpg;ngah;

2. rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; -------------- vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. rpj;jpiuahd; 3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngah; ------------- MFk;. mzp

300) nghUj;Jf:- 1. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah; -- m. kuq;nfhj;jp 2. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; --- M. gwit 3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; ---,. fhL 4. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; -- <.gid

tpil: 1.,> 2.<> 3.M> 4.m 301) rpyg;gjpfhuk; je;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs; --------- vd kioiag; Ngw;wp tzq;fpj; jk; fhg;gpaj;ij njhlq;fpdhu;. khkio Nghw;WJk; khkio Nghw;WJk; 302) --------- vd;gd Nghd;w KJnkhopfSk; rpwg;Gfis ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd. khhpay;yJ fhupak; ,y;iy. 303) xU nrhw;nwhlupYs;s vOtha; mjd; gadpiyNahL --------------- ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhf mika Ntz;Lk;. jpiz> ghy;> vz; (v.fh) jpizg; nghUj;jk;: Nfhykapy; xapyhf MbaJ. (Nfhykapy; -- m/wpiz vOtha;: MbaJ - m/wpizg; gadpiy) ghy; nghUj;jk;: tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbj;jd (tz;Lfs; -- gytpd;ghy; vOtha; Fbj;jd - gytpd;ghy; gadpiy) vz;nghUj;jk;: tpz;fyq;fs; tpz;zpy; gwe;jd (tpz;fyq;fs; -- vOtha;g; gd;ik gwe;jd - gd;ikg; gadpiy) ,lg; nghUj;jk;: mtd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; (mtd; -- glu;f;if vOtha;> gbj;jhd; -- glu;f;ifg; gadpiy) rpwg;Gg; nghUj;jk;:- ghNte;ju;> ghujpiag; Gfo;e;J ghbdhu;. ghNte;ju; vd;Dk; ngau; ghujpjhridNa Fwpf;Fk; vd;gjdhy;> mJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhapw;W. rpwg;Gg; nghUj;jk cau;Tkl;Lky;yhJ ,opT fUjpAk; tUk;. (v.fh) KjiyAk; %u;f;fDk; nfhz;lJ tplh. ,ay; Ie;J - nra;As; - jpUth&u; ehd;kzpkhiy 304) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyia ,aw;wpath; ahh;? FkuFUguu; 305) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. vd;gzpe;j (vd;G + mzpe;j) - vYk;ig khiyahf mzpe;j 2. njd;fkiy - njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&u; 3. g+q;Nfhapy; -- jpUth&h;f;Nfhapypd; ngah; 4. Gz;zpadhu; - ,iwtu; 5. kz; Rke;jhu; -- te;jpf;fhf ,iwtd; kz;Rke;jhu;. 6. cUFthu; -- tUe;Jthu;

306) FkuFUghupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah; vd;d? rz;Kfrpfhkzpf; ftpuhau; -- rptfhkRe;jup mk;ikahu;. 307) FkuFUguu; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? jpUitFz;lk; 308) ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;> fe;ju;fyp ntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf;fyk;gfk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpath; ahh;? FkuFUguu; 309) FkuFUguu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L 310) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy gphpj;J vOJf? jpUth&u; + ehd;F + kzpkhiy 311) -------- vOe;jUspAs;s jpahfuhrh;kPJ ghlg;ngw;w ehd;kzpkhiy vdg; nghUs;gLk; jpUth&hpy; 312) ehd;kzpkhiy vd;gJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; --------------- rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. njhz;Z}w;whW 313) ehy;tifahd ghly;fshy; vjdhy; Md ehw;gJ nra;As;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ntz;gh> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> Mrphpa tpUj;jk;> Mrphpag;gh.


314) jpUth&h; jpahfuhrg; ngUkhidg; gw;wpa ngUikfis ve;j E}ypd; %yk; mwpe;J ,d;Gwyhk;. jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy 315) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. vd;gzpe;j njd;fkiy -- ,t;tbapy; njd;fkiy czh;j;Jk; nghUs;: njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&h; 2. kz;Rke;jhu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; rptngUkhd; 3. ------------- vd;Dk; ngaUila fpotpf;fhf kz; Rke;J ghz;badplk; ,iwtd; (rptngUkhd;) mbg;gl;lhu;. te;jp 316) gphpj;J vOJf:-

m. g+q;Nfhtpy; -- g+ + Nfhtpy; M. Gilj;njd;dhu; -- Gilj;J + vd;dhh; ,. vd;WUFthu; - vd;W + cUFthh; <) vd;gzpe;j - vd;G + mzpe;j

317) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf:- 1. gzpT: nghpNahhplk; ehk; gzpTld; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2. Nfhtpy;: jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpy; ,uhruhrdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 3. md;G: ghpR ngw;w kfidj; jha; md;Gld; mize;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. 4. kz;: Fatd; fspkz; nfhz;l kl;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;

nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp 318) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? thzpjhrd; 319) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. gJik - cUtk; 2. nka;g;nghUs; - epiyahd nghUs; 3. fzf;fhau; - Mrphpah;. 320) thzpjhrd; vd;gthpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp 321) thzpjhrd; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}u; 322) thzpjhrdpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;? muq;f jpUf;fhK - Jsrpak;khs; 323) thzpjhrd; ---------> -------------- vd;Dk; gl;lq;fs; ngw;Ws;shu;. ftpQNuW> ghtyu;kzp 324) jkpofj;jpd; ---------- vd thzp jhridj; jkpOyfk; Gfo;fpwJ. Ntu;l;]; nthu;j; 325) --------->----------- Kjypa nkhopfspy; ,th; ghly;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cUrpak;> Mq;fpyk; 326) thzpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? 22.07.1915 Kjy; 07.08.1974 tiu 327) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; ghly; ftpQh; thzpjhrd; jkpo; cyfpw;Fg; Gide;J mspj;Js;s ----- vd;Dk; ghly; njhFg;gpypUe;J ghlg;gFjpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; 328) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:- m.jq;fg; gJikahk; Njhou;fNshL - ,t;tbapy; gJik vd;Dk; nrhy; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;. cUtk; 329) gphpj;J vOJf:- 1. mOf;fpy;yh - mOf;F + ,y;yh 2. mzptjhyy;yNth - mzptjhy; + my;yNth 3. nrt;tpjo; -- nrk;ik + ,jo; 4. mwpTz;lhk; -- mwpT + cz;lhk; 5. clw;Fz;lhk; - clw;F + cz;lhk; 330)gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf:- 1. gs;sp: vk; gs;spapy; Mapuk; khzth;fs; gapy;fpd;wdh;. 2. gJik: ghlk; Nfl;Fk; khzth; Xtpaj;jpy; cs;s gJikNghy; mirtpd;wp mkh;e;J ghlj;ijf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. Njhoh;: xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ mijj; jPh;g;gtNu rpwe;j Njhoh; Mthh;. 4. fy;tp: fy;tp fw;wth;fis vy;yhUk; Nghw;Wth;. J}q;fh efu; 331) jkpofj;jpYs;s “J}q;fh efh;” vJ? kJiu 332) Mz;bd; vy;yh ehspYk; tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhba gb ,Ug;gjhy; ---------------- vd;Dk; ngUik ngw;w efh; kJiu. jpUtpoh efu; 333) ehw;wpirapYk; fiyaoF nghUj;jpa khngUq; NfhGuq;fNshL vl;Lr; rpwpa NfhGuq;fisAk; nfhz;L vopy;kpF rpw;gf;fiyf; $lkhf tpsf;Fk; Cu; vJ? Nfhtpy; khefu; (kJiu) 334) gok; ngUk; jkpou;jk; ehfupfj; njhl;byhfj; jpfo;e;j kJiu ----------- vdg; Gfo;g;ngw;w efu; MFk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;]; 335) ghz;b ehl;bd; gioikahd jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ? kJiu 336) kJiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ------ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,dpik 337) -------------- vdg; GwehD}W Nghw;wpaJ jkpo;nfO $ly; 338) neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Xq;FrPu; kJiu> kJiu %J}u; khefh; njd; jkpo; ed;dhl;Lj; jPJjPu; kJiu> khz;Gil kugpd; kJiu> thdth; ciwAk; kJiu> gjpnaOtwpaha; gz;G Nkk;gl;l kJiu %J}u; vdg; gw;gy mil nkhopfshy; kJiuf;Fg; Gfo;khiy #l;b kfpo;e;jth; ahh;? ,sq;Nfhtbfs; 339) Nru ehL NtoKilj;J> NrhoehL NrhWilj;J> ghz;baehL Kj;Jilj;J> njhz;ilehL ---------- cilj;J vd;gd jkpofj;jpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. rhd;Nwhu;.


340) kJiuf;Ff; ------ vdTk; ------ vdTk; NtW ngah;fs; cs;sd. $ly;> Mytha; 341) ---------- >----------->--------->-------- Mfpa ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; Nrh;e;jike;jjhy; ehd;khlf; $ly; vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W. jpUthytha;> jpUes;shW> jpUKlq;if> jpUeLt+u; 342) ve;j ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; kJiuf;Ff; fhtyhf mike;Js;sJ? fd;dpNfhtpy;> fhpakhy; Nfhtpy;> fhspNfhtpy;> Mytha;f; Nfhtpy; Mfpait MFk;. 343) tUzd; kJiuia mopf;f vj;jid Nkfq;fis mDg;gpdhd;? VO 344) ,iwtdplk; ghz;bad; Kiwapl ,iwtd; 4 Nkfq;fis kJiuiaf; fhf;f mDg;gpdhh;. 345) ehd;F khlq;fshff; $b kJiuiaf; fhj;jikahy; ehd;khlf;$ly; vd;dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhff; $wpaJ ahh;? guQ;Nrhjpahu; 346) rq;fk; itj;Jr; nre;jkpio tsh;f;f> Gyth; vy;yhUk; $bajhy; ------------- vd;Dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhfTk; mwpQh; $Wth;? $ly; 347) kJiuapy; vOe;jUspa <rd; Myku epoypy; tPw;wpUe;jjhy; ------------- vd;Dk; ngah; vw;gl;ljhfTk; $Wth;. Mytha; 348) kUj kuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpahf ,Ue;jikahy; ------ vd toq;fpa ,lk; fhyNghf;fpy; kJiu vd;whfpajhk;. kUij 349) fy;ntl;by; --------- vd;w ngah; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kjpiu Fwpg;G:- rq;fg;Gytu;fSs; fzf;fhadhu; kfdhu; ef;fPudhu;> Fkudhu;> ey;ye;Jtdhu;> kUjdps ehfdhu;> ,se;jpUkhwd;> rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;> ngUq;nfhy;ydhu;> fz;zfdhu;> fjq;fz;zhfdhu;> Nre;jk;g+jdhu; KjypNahu; md;iwa kJiuapy; tho;e;Njhuhth;. 350) kJiuapy; Milfs; tpw;Fk; filg;gFjpf;Fg; ngah; vd;d? mWit tPjp 351) kJiu tPjpfspd; ngah;:-

1. $ytPjp - jhdpaf;fil 2. nghd;tPjp - nghw;filfs; 3. kd;dth; tPjp - kd;du;thOk; gFjp 4. kiwath; tPjp - me;jzu; tPjp

352) mupkh;j;jd ghz;baDf;F mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jth; ahu;? khzpf;fthrfh; 353) $d;ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; kJiuapy; kq;ifau;f;furp> Fyr;rpiwahu; cjtpAld; irtj;ijf; fhj;jtu; ahh;? jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; 354) jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Mz;lhh;.? kJiuia 355) Nfhil tpLjpahd jKf;fKk;> Fsph;g+e;jlhfkhfpa nghpa njg;gf; FsKk;> fiy eaj;jpy; jh[;kfhiy nahj;j ------------ mikj;J kJiuia moFgLj;jpdhu;. jpUkiy ehf;fu; kfhiyAk; 356) kJiuiaj; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ------ efukhf tpsf;fKwr; nra;jhu;. tpoh ky;F 357) -------------- mikj;j rj;jpuq;fSk; rhiyfSk; kJiuf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;g;gdthf ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 358) guQ;Nrhjpahupd; jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; jUkpf;F ,iwtd; ---------- ghly; je;jik gw;wpf; $WfpwJ? jz;lkpo;g; 359) kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s kiyfspy; tho;e;j rkz Kdptu;fshy; ehybahu;,aw;wg; ngw;wJ. 360) kPdhl;rpak;ikNa rpWkpahf te;J Kj;Jkzp khiyia ahUf;Fg; ghprspj;jJ? FkuFUguUf;F 361) rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd; Nfhtyd; nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l ,lk; ---- vd;Dk; ngaUld; ,d;Wk; mg;gFjp kf;fsplk; toq;fg;gLfpwj. Nfhtyd; nghl;ly; 362) goq;fhy kjpypd; vQ;rpa xU rpWgFjp --------- tPjpapy; khefuhl;rpj; njd;kz;ly mYtykhf ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. Nkyntsp 363) fPothry; Nkythry; njw;Fthry; tlf;Fthry; vd toq;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs; Nfhl;ilapd; kjpy; thapy;fs; ,Ue;j ,lq;fhsf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. 364) ifapw; rpyk;Gld; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk; cUtr;rpiy mike;j Nfhtpy; --------- Nfhtpyhf ,d;Wk; kf;fshy; topglg;gLfpwJ. nry;yj;jk;kd; 365) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; ehd;F NfhGuq;fSs; gioikahdJ vJ? fpof;Ff; NfhGuk; 366) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; caukhd NfhGuk; vJ? njw;Ff; NfhGuk; Fwpg;G:- njw;Ff; NfhGuk; 160.9 mb cauKk;> 1511 Rij cUtq;fSk; cilaJ. 367) fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; kJiu ---------- vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. %J}u; 368) kuk; gad;gLj;jhky; fl;lg;gl;lJ vJ? ehaf;fu; kfhy; Fwpg;G:- ehaf;fu; kfhypy; cs;s xt;nthU J}Zk; 82 mb cauKk; 19 Rw;wsTk; nfhz;lJ. 369) ghz;ba ehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ. Kj;J 370) NrhoehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ? NrhW 371) kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpio ,aw;wpatu; ahh;? FkuFUguu; 372) ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;wptpj;jth; ahh;? ghz;bj;Jiuahu; mwpT El;gk; (Jizg; ghlk;) - mWtifg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;

373) Mly;> ghly;> tl;lk;> moF MfpadTk; ---------- MFk;. ngau;r;nrhw;fs; 374) ngau;r;nrhw;fis ,yf;fz E}yhh; vj;jid tifg;gLj;Jth;? Mit ahit? MW tifg;gLk; 1. nghUl;ngau;> 2. ,lg;ngau;> 3. fhyg;ngau;> 4. rpidg;ngau;> 5. Fzg;ngau;> 6. njhopw;ngau;> 375) nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; MFk;. nghUl; ngah; 376) nghUl; ngau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nghUl;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk; mit:- capUs;s nghUs;> capuw;w nghUs;


377) Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb> njd;id> nrk;gUj;jp> nts;shL> Xzhd; Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs; MFk;. capUs;s nghUs;fs; 378) ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L> vz;nza;> kz;> ePu;> fhw;W Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs; MFk;. capuw;w nghUs;fs; 379) tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> kf;fs; thoplk;> Njhl;lk; vd ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpdnty;yhk; ------ ngah;fs; MFk;. ,lg; ngah;fs; 380) nehb> tpehb> kzp> nghOJ> fpoik> thuk;> jpq;fs;> Mz;L vd vy;yhNk ------ MFk;. fhyg; ngah;fs; 381) rpid vd;gJ xd;wpd; ---------- Fwpg;gJ MFk;. cWg;igf; 382) kdpj cWg;Gfs;> tpyq;F cWg;Gfs;> jhtug; gFjpfs;> nghUs;fspy; gFjpfs; OOikahd xd;wpd; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; ----------- vdg;gLk;. rpidg; ngah;fs; 383) Fzg; ngaiug; --------- vdTk; $Wth;. gz;Gg; ngah; 384) gbj;jy;> fw;gpj;jy; ---------- vdg;gLk;. njhopy; ngau;fs; ngau; tif - ngau;

1. nghUl; ngau; - fz;zd;> ehw;fhyp 2. ,lg; ngah; -- NtY}h;> ehkf;fy; 3. fhyg; ngah; -- ijj;jpq;fs;> ez;gfy; 4. rpidg;ngah; - Kfk;> if 5. Fzg; ngah; -- tl;lk;> moF 6. njhopw; ngau; - Mly;> ghly;

385) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:- 1. kJiu vd;gJ ---------- ngah;.

m) fhyg; ngah;> M) Fzg; ngah;> ,) ,lg; ngah; tpil: ,lg;ngah; 2. g+q;nfhb g+g; gwpf;fpwhs; . ,j;njhlhpYs;s g+ vd;gJ --------- ngah;. m) nghUl;ngah;> M) rpidg;ngah;> ,) njhopw;ngah; tpil: rpidg;ngah;

3. rJuk; ,J --------- ngah; m) nghUl;ngah; M) fhyg;ngah; ,) Fzg;ngah; tpil: Fzg;ngah;

386) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; Vw;w ngah;r;nrhw;fis vOJf:- 1. ---------- g+ir elf;fpwJ. 2. ----------- mirfpwJ. 3. ---------- gs;spf;F tpLKiw. 4. ---------- cile;J tpl;lJ. 5. ---------- %d;W Nfhzq;fis cilaJ. 6. --------- ty;ytd; ,uhkd;.

tpil: 1. Nfhtpypy;> 2. nfhb> 3. ehis> 4. ghid> 5. Kf;Nfhzk;> 6. tpy;tpj;ijapy;. 387) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; vq;F vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;? rpW$ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; 1927 388) fz;zjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? Kj;ijah 389) fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;> tzq;fhKb> ghh;tjpehjd;> MNuhf;fpehjd;> fkfg;gphpah vdg; gy Gidg;ngah;fs; ahUf;F cz;L? fz;zjhrd; 390) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ---------- Nkw;gl;l jpiug;glg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Iahapuj;jpw;Fk; 391) fz;zjhrd; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1981 392) ehk; nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk; gpwhplk; $Wk;nghOJ Ritglf; $Wtjw;fhf xNu nghUs;jUk; ,Unrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;. Neh; ,izr; nrhw;fs; (v.fh) 1. fhNthp fz;Zq;fUj;Jkhfg; gbg;ghs;. 2. tstdpd; je;ij NgUk;GfOk; kpf;fth;. 393) vjpuhd fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJ vjph;g;nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; ----------- vdg;gLk;. vjph; ,izr; nrhw;fs;

(v.fh) 1. Nfhghyd; cau;Tjho;tpd;wp midthplKk; goFk; gz;ghsu;. 2. kyu;f;nfhbapd; je;ij my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jtu;. 394) chpa ,izr;nrhw;fis vLj;Jf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; epug;Gf: (,uTgfy;> Vw;wj;jho;T> fw;NwhUk; kw;NwhUk;> mbj;Jg;gpbj;J> gj;jpgj;jpahf) 1. mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ------------- fisf; fisag; ghLgl;lhu;. Vw;wj;jho;T 2. fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ ------------- vOj Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpgj;jpahf 3. cyfk;> #hpaidr; Rw;Wtjhy;-------------- Njhd;WfpwJ. ,uTgfy; 4. NgUe;jpy; ,lk; gpbf;f -----------VwpNdd;. mbj;Jg;gpbj;J 5. NeUtpd; mwpthw;wiyf; ---------- Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdh;. fw;NwhUk;> kw;NwhUk; 395) f;>q;>r;>Q; ------- Mfpa gjpndl;L nka;naOj;JfSk; caph; vOj;ijNah> capu;nka;naOj;ijNah njhlh;e;J ----------- thpirahf tUk;. nka;naOj;J 396) n[h;kdp ehl;bd; nfhLq;Nfhyuhff; fUjg;gl;lth; ahh;? `pl;yu; 397) `pl;yUf;F vjpuhfj; jpwikahf thjhb> vOj;J %yk; `pl;yiu kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fr; nra;jth; ahh;? nrz;gfuhkd; ,ay; MW - nra;As; - Vu;Kid 398) Vu;Kid vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? kUjfhrp 399) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. khup – kio 2. Nrkk; - eyk; 3. Njrk; - ehL 4. Kl;L - Ftpay; 5. nej;jp - new;wp 400) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ngah; : m. kUjfhrp gpwe;j Cu; : jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nkyf;FbfhL


ngw;Nwhu; : ma;ak;ngUkhs;> kpsfhap mk;khs; rpwg;G : jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; fhyk; : 13.02.1920 - 29.11.1989 401) ---- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jpiuf;fijfSf;F vOjpa ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; m.kUjfhrp ghly;fs; 402) ---------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;> ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. r%fk; 403) Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:- 1. epfuw;w njhopy; -------- tpil: coTj; njhopy; 2. coth;fs; nry;tkhff; fUJtJ ------ tpil: ney;kzpfis 3. ney;iy ----------- Ftpg;gh;. tpil: Kl;LKl;lha; 4. coth;fs; tpah;itia ----------- rpe;jpdh;. tpil: Kj;JKj;jha; 404) gphpj;J vOJf:- 1. Neupq;Nf - Neh; + ,q;Nf 2. NrkKw - Nrkk; + cw 3. Njrnky;yhk; - Njrk; + vy;yhk; 4. gUtg;ngz; - gUtk; + ngz; nghq;fy; topghL 405) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. jpU - nry;tk; 2. fdfk; - nghd; 3. Nfh - murd; 4. epNtjdk; - gilayKJ 5. Gutp – Fjpiu 6. fLfp - tpiue;J

406) nghq;fy; topghL vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? e.gpr;r%u;j;jp 407) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk; 408) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? jQ;rht+u; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Fk;gNfhzk; 409) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp nra;J te;j njhopy; vd;d? 1924 - 1938 tiu tof;FiuQh; 1938 - 1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthf mYtyh; 410) e. gpr;r%u;j;jp vOjpa E}y;fs: fijfs;> kuGf;ftpijfs;> GJf;ftpijfs;> Xuq;f ehlfq;fs; 411) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? 15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976 412) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ftpij E}y;fs; --------- E}w;whz;bd; jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj; Jiwf;Fk; Gjpa rpwg;Gfisr; Nrh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,Ugjhk; 413) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ----------- ftpijfspy; xd;W ,g;nghq;fy; topghL vd;Dk; ftpij. vz;gj;J %d;W 414) gphpj;J vOJf:- 1. new;fjpu; --- ney; + fjpH 2. epyTKz;Nlh - epyTk; + cz;Nlh 3. kz;Zz;Nlh - kz; + cz;Nlh 4. epd;db - epd; + mb 5. xspAz;Nlh - xsp + cz;Nlh 415) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhupy; mikj;J vOJf: 1. fdp -

2. fjpu; -- 3. fjputd; --- 4. fUk;G - 5. capu; -- jhq;fNs Kaw;rp nra;f. nerT (ciuahly;) - உனைநனட 416) Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; ----------- cjthJ. fwpf;F 417) mr;Rkuk;> gilkuk;> tpOJfk;G> Fj;Jf;fk;gp> Xlk;> CilFoy;> ghT ,itnay;yhk; ---------- gad;gLk; fUtpfs;. jwp nea;ag; 418) jpU.tp.f tpw;Fg; gpbj;j g+ vJ? gUj;jpg; g+ 419) E}y; vz; 10> vz; 20> vz; 60> vz; 80> vz; 100> vz; 120 vd mjd; nkd;ikj; jd;ikf;F Vw;g vjidg; ngahpl;L miof;fpd;Nwhk;. gQ;rpypUe;J E}w;fg;gLk; E}iy 420) fhQ;rp> Muzp> kJiu> Nfhit> gukf;Fb> rpd;dhsg;gl;b> <NuhL> nrd;dpkiy> ciwa+u;> jpUg;Gtdk; Kjypa Cu;fspy; ------- ,d;Dk; eilngWfpwJ. ifj;jwp nerT 421) efh;g;Gwq;fspy; ----------- nerT eilngWfpwJ. ,ae;jpu 422) jpUg;g+u; ------- Milf;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ. gpd;dyhil 423) Rq;Fbg;Glitfs; ve;j Cupy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? kJiuapy; 424) ciwa+u; ngau; ngw;w Nriyfs; vJ? fz;lhq;fpr; 425) gl;lhilfs; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; 426) gl;lhilfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ? gl;Lg;GO 427) mz;zy; fhe;jpabfs; ngUe;jiytu; fhkuhru;> je;ij nghpahu;> NguwpQu; mz;zh KjypNahu; - ------- Milfis mzpe;jdu;. ifj;jwp 428) Fsphpy; thba kapYf;Fg; Nghh;it Nghh;j;jpaJ ahh;? ts;sy; Ngfd; 429) Milapy;yh kdpjd; ----------- kdpjd;. miu 430) Ms; ghjp: ------- ghjp vd;Dk; gonkhopfs; Milapd; rpwg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mil


431) nra;Ak; njhopypy; rPu; J}f;fpd; ------ njhopYf;F epfhpy;iy vd;Dk; tof;fhWk; cz;L. nea;Ak; 432) cyfpNyNa ifj;jwp nertpd; Kd;Ndhb ------ MFk;. jkpofk; 433) kq;if jd; gpwe;j ehs; ghprhfj; je;ijaplk; Nfl;l Mil vJ? ifj;jwp Mil 434) nghUj;Jf:- 1. fhQ;rp - m. Rq;Fbg; Glitfs; 2. jpUg;g+u; - M. fz;lhq;fpr; Nriyfs; 3. kJiu - ,. Nghu;itfs; 4. ciwa+u; - <. gpd;dhilfs; 5. nrd;dpkiy - c. gl;lhilfs; tpilfs;:- 1 - c> 2 - <> 3 - m> 4- M> 5 - , jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; - (Jizg;ghlk;) 435) fz;Zf;Fk; fhJf;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk; ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; fiy vJ? ehlf;fiy 436) Ma fiyfs; ----- cz;L. mWgj;J ehd;F 437) rq;f fhyj;jpy; fpilj;j ehlf ,yf;fzE}y;fs; vj;jid? mit ahit? ehd;F E}y;fs; fpilj;jd. mit: rae;jk;> KWty;> kjpthzd;> ehlfj;jkpo;> nrapw;wpak; 438) kf;fspilNa eilngw;w ehlfq;fs; vit? gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b ehlfq;fs;> fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; MFk;. 439) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfj; jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japu; Cl;l Xu; vOr;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs; ahu;? gupjpkhw; fiyQu;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; MfpNahu; Mtu;. 440) ----------- vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; J}a jkpopy; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd; vd khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. #hpa ehuhaz rh];jpup 441) ---------- gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ehlfj; njhz;lhw;wpath; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd;. jkpo;g;Nguhrphpauha;g; 442) ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; ---------- eilapy; ehlfq;fis ,aw;wp muq;Nfw;wpdhu;. nrk;khe;j rPhpanre;jkpo; 443) jkpofj;jpy; ahiug; Nghd;W ehlfhrpupah;fs; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghpJk; tpioe;jth; ghpjpkhw;fiyQu;? Nkiy ehl;L ehlf Mrphpau;fshd Nrf;];gpau;> vg;rd;> Nkhypau; 444) ghpjpkhw; fiyQupd; ehlfq;fs; vit? &ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; 445) tlnkhop> Nkdhl;L kuGfisj; jkpo;ehlf kuNghL ,izj;J -------- vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; gilj;jhu;. ehlftpay; 446) --------- ehlfk;> fstop ehw;gJ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

khdtp[ak; 447) ehlfj;jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiy vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLth; ahh;? rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 448) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ts;sp jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhrdh> ,ytFrh> gf;jpg; gpufyhjh> ey;yjq;fhs;> rjp mDRah> tPu mgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb Kjypa ------- ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ehw;gJ 449) Jbg;gpUf;Fk; rq;fujhR vOj;jpy; vy;yhk; Ritnrhl;Lk; re;jeak; Njha;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;W ahu; rq;fujhR Rthkpfisg; Gfo;fpd;whu;? Gj;jNdup Rg;ukzpak; 450) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ,aw;wpa ---------- ehlfk; kJiuapy; muq;NfwpaJ. Nfhty rhpj;jpuk; 451) khghtpNahu; $b thOk; khefUf;F kd;dh NghfhjPu; ,e;jg; ghlypy; kh> gh> tp Mfpa

,t;ntOj;J vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;W Rthkpfs; $wpdhu;? kh vd;gJ miyfs; gh vd;gJ fiykfs; tp vd;gJ kiykfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.

452) vkd;> ,uhtzd;> ,uzpad; Kjypa Ntlq;fs; Gide;jJ ahu;? Rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 453) Rthkpfs; vOj;Jj; jpwikNahL ------- jpwikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ebg;Gj; 454) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? 1867 - 1920 455) 1891 Mk; Mz;L jdJ gjpndl;lhk; tajpy; RFztpyhr rigiaj; njhlq;fpj; jkpo; kf;fspd; rpe;jidia ehlff;fiy Nehf;fpj; jpir jpUg;gpath; ahh;? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 456) ebfu;fshy; -------- vd kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 457) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; vq;Fg; gzpahw;wpath;? ePjpkd;wj;jpy; 458) rk;ge;jdhu; ---------- ehlfq;fisj; jkpod;idf;Fg; gilj;jspj;jhu;. njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F 459) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; jkp;od;idf;Fg; gilj;jspj;j njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F ehlfq;fspy; rpytw;iwf; $Wf. kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWj;njhz;ld;> fu;zd;> rghgjp> nghd;tpyq;F vd;gd MFk;. 460) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; Nrf;];gpaupd; ehlfq;fisj; jOtp ------> ----------->---------> Kjypa jkpo; ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jhu;. thzpGuj;J tzpfd;> tpUk;gpa tpjNk> mkyhjpj;jpad;. 461) rpwe;j ehlf ,af;FeuhfTk; jpwikahd ebfuhfTk; mwpTkpf;f MrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahu;? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 462) ------- vd;w tifapidAk; ehlf ieahz;bapidAk; jkpo; ehlf cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;. Nfspf;if ehlfk; 463) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhupd; gilg;ghd ----- ehlfg; ghj;jpuk; ,d;wsTk; kwf;f Kbahj eifr;Ritg; ghj;jpukhFk;. rghgjp 464) rghgjp jkpopy; ----- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOjpdhu;. ,dpa gazk;


465) ------> -----> -----> Mfpa %d;W fiyQu;fSk; jk; vOj;Jj; jpwikahYk; ebg;ghw;whYk; ehlfj; jkpo;tsh;r;rpf;fhf cioj;j rhd;Nwhu; Mtu;. ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 466) gupjpkhw; fiyQiuj; ------- vd;W Nghw;Wth;? jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah; 467) rq;fujhR Rthkpfisj; ------- vd;Wk; Nghw;Wth;? jkpo ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpau; 468) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuj; ----- vd;W ehlf cyfk; Nghw;wp tzq;FfpwJ. jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij tpidKw;W> nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk; 469) tUfpd;whd;> tUthd; vd nray; Kbe;jijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;Ny ----- MFk;. tpidKw;W 470) gOj;j vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ vdg;gLk;. Kw;Wg;ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; 471) xU ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr;nrhy;Ny --------- MFk;. nganur;rk; (v.fh) 1. gok; vd;Dk; ngau;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L KbT ngWfpwJ. 472) “vLj;J” vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ tpidr;nrhy; MFk;. KbTngwhj 473) tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; ------- vdg;gLk;. tpidnar;rk; 474) tpidnar;rk; ---------- fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;. %d;W 475) “vLj;J te;jhd;” - ,/J --------- tpidnar;rk; MFk;. ,we;jfhy 476) “vLj;J tUfpd;whd;” vd;gJ ---------- tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk; 477) “vLj;J tUthd;” ve;j tpidnar;rk; MFk;. vjph;fhy 479) ek; Kd;Ndhh; vg;nghUis vr;nrhy;yhy; Fwpj;J toq;fpdhu;fNsh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy;

Fwpg;gNj -------- vdg;gLk;. kuG 480) kuGr; nrhw;fisg; gad;glj;jhky; NtW nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ----- vdg;gLk;. kuGg;gpio 481) kuGr; nrhy;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ahidf;fd;W 482) kuGg;gpiof;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ahidf;Fl;b 483) capu;fisg; gypapl Ntz;lhk; vd;W kd;du; gpk;gprhuu;f;F mwpTiu $wpath; ahu;? Gj;ju;

,ay; VO - nra;As; - jpUf;Fws ; 484) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. frL -- Fw;wk; 2. epw;f --- fw;wthW elf;f 3. vz; -- vz;fs;> fzpjk; 4. vOj;J -- ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; 5. ctg;g – kfpo 6. jiyf;$b - xd;W Nrh;e;J 7. cilahu; -- nry;tk; cilahu; 8. ,y;yhu; -- nry;tk; ,y;yhjtu; 9. Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L 10. filau; -- jho;e;jtu; 11. njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk; msT 12. khe;jh; --- kf;fs; 13. rhe;JizAk; -- rhFk; tiuapYk; 14. Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G 15. fhKWth; -- tpUk;Gth; 16. tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk; 17. khL - nry;tk; 485) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. ctg;gj; jiyf;$b -------- gphpjy; midj;Nj Gyth; njhopy;. Tpil: cs;sg; 2. xUikf;fhz; jhd;fw;w ------ xUtw;F vOikAk; Vkhg;G cilj;J. tpil: fy;tp 3. Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ------- tpil: ahit 486) gphpj;J vOJf:

1. frlw - frL + mb 2. vOj;njd;g - vOe;J + vd;g 3. kzw;Nfzp - kzy; + Nfzp 4. fw;wwpe;jhu; - fw;W + mwpe;jhH 5. khly;y - khL + my;y 487) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f: m) vOj;J - M) Kfk; --- ,) Gyth; -- <) mwpT - ,tw;wpw;F tpilfhz Kaw;rp nra;f Kf;$lw; gs;S 488) Ckj;jk; g+it tpUk;gpr; #Lk; ,iwtd; ahu;? rptngUkhd; 489) kUJ}hpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd; ahh;? rptngUkhd; 490) kUJ}hpy; cs;s kf;fs; nra;Ak; njhopy; vJ? cNyhfj; njhopy; 491)nrhw;nghUs; jUf: 1.jj;Jk; Gdy; -- miynawpAk; ePUk; 2. Kj;jk; milf;Fk; - Kj;Jfs; kpf;Fg; ngUfp ,ilNa milj;Jf; nfhz;L fplf;Fk; 3. fypg;G Ntiy - fUkhu;> nfhy;yu;> jl;lhu; KjypNahu; nra;Ak; njhopy;fs; 4. rpj;uk; -- rpwg;ghd fhl;rpfs; 5. kNjhd; kj;jh; -- ngUk;gpj;jdhfpa rptngUkhd; 492) Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;Dk; E}iy ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mikj;J ,aw;wpath; ahh;? vd;dapdhg; Gyth; 493) Kf;$lw;gs;S ---------- mike;j ghf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; MFk;. re;jeak; 494) ePh; epiwe;j gs;skhd Nrw;W epyj;jpy; coTj; njhopy; nra;J thOk; ghku kf;fshfpa gs;su;fspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jhpj;Jf; $Wtjhf mike;j E}y; vJ? gs;S 495) tha;f;fhy; ePiu milj;jJ vJ? Kj;Jfs; 496) jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rw;W tlfpof;fpy; ---------> ----------> ---------> vd %d;W MWfs; $Lfpd;wd? jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW


497) %d;W MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F ------- vd;W ngah;? Kf;$ly; 498) Kf;$lYf;F ------ vd;Dk; ngaUKz;L. M#h; tlfiu ehL 499) Kf;$lYf;Fj; njd;ghy; cs;s gFjp------- vd toq;fg; ngWfpd;wJ. rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiuehL 500) ,U kidtpfs; kze;J jpz;lhLk; gs;sdpd; tho;f;if tsj;ij tbj;Jiug;gJ Nghyg; ghlg;gl;l E}y; vJ? Kf;$lw;gs;S 501) mf;fhy kf;fspd; coTj;njhopy;> fhisfspd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;> tpijfspd; ngah;fs;> kPd; tiffs; vd kUj epytsk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y; vJ? Kf;$lw;gs;S 502). xd;gJ kzpfs; Kj;J> gtsk;> kufjk;> khzpf;fk;> Gl;guhfk;> ,uj;jpdk;> ituk;> it^hpak;> NfhNkjk; ,aw;if Ntshz;ik - (உனைநனட) 503) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;F cs;sJ? Nfhit 504) Nfhitapy; eilngWk; Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fof fz;fhl;rpf;Fr; nry;y KFe;jDld; ahh; tUtjhff; $wpAs;shh;? fay;tpop 505) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; ahUila khkh neLkhwd; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;? Ntyd; 506) KFe;jd;> Ntyd;> fay;tpop Mfpa %tUk; ---- nrd;W Ntshz; fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;j;J kfpo;fpd;wdh;? Nfhitf;Fr; 507) Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; nraw;if cuq;fs; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;------> ---------> --------- Kjypa tho;thjhuq;fs; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W> Mfhak; 508) ----- vd;Dk; KJnkhopia ek; Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. tUKd; fhg;Nghk; 509) ,aw;if Ntshz;ik rhd;wspg;Gf; Fwpj;J ahh; Ntyd;> KFe;jd;> fay;tpop ,k;%tUf;Fk; Gjpa fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhh;? Ntshz; mYtyh; rpth 510) cOjy;> tpijj;jy;> njhO cukpLjy;> ePh; gha;r;Rjy;> fis vLj;jy;> fhj;jy; Kjypait ------ $Wfs; MFk;. ,aw;if Ntshz;ikf; 511) ts;Sth; epyj;ij vg;gb co Ntz;Lk; vd;W jkJ Fwspy; $Wfpwhh;? mfy cOtijtpl Mo cOjy; ed;W 512) epyj;jpd; ,Utiffs; vd;d? ed;nra;> Gd;nra; 513) ed;nra; epyk; ------- tskpf;fJ. ePu; 514) ePu;tsk; Fiwe;j gFjp vJ? Gd;nra; 515) Gd;nra; epyj;ij ------ vd ek; Ntshz; kf;fs; $Wth;? thdk; ghh;j;j g+kp 516) ney;> fUk;G> thio Kjyhd gaph;fs; ----------- epyj;jpy; tpisAk;? ed;nra; 517) Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; tpisAk; gaph;fs; vJ? fk;G> Nfo;tuF> jpid> tuF> rhik> Jtiu> nfhs;S> fhuhkzp 518) gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;> Mbg;gl;lk; Njb ------ vd;gJ gonkhop. tpij 519) ve;nje;jg; gapu;f;F vt;tsT ,ilntsp Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wf: gaph;fs; ,ilntsp ney;Yf;F ez;Nlhl fUk;Gf;F VNuhl thiof;F tz;bNahl njd;idf;Fj; NjNuhl 520) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; --------- cuq;fisNa gad;gLj;jpj; jukhd tpisr;riyf; fz;ldh;. njhO 521) ,iy jiofs;> Ml;LvU> khl;L vU> fliyg; gpz;zhf;F> Ntg;gk; gpz;zhf;F> ,Yg;gk; gpz;zhf;F vdg; gy -------- cuq;fs; MFk;. ,aw;if 522) nraw;if cuk;> g+r;rp - g+Q;rhzf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gapu;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhky; czT cw;gj;jp nra;tJ -------------- MFk;. mq;ff Ntshz;ik 523) gQ;r ft;tpak; vjdplk; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Ie;J nghUs;fs; MFk;? mit ahit? gRtplkpUe;J mit: Nfhkak;> rhzk;> ghy;> japu;> nea; 524) rzg;G> mThp> nfhSQ;rp> jf;ifg; g+z;L Kjypad ------ cuk; MFk;. jio 525) gaphpYk; Ntz;lhj Gy; g+z;Lfs; tsUk;. mij coth;fs; fise;J tpLth;. mjw;Ff; -------- vd;W ngah;. fisnaLj;jy; 526) fhg;G vd;why; vd;d? fhj;jy; 527) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Nfl;fhj flDk; ghh;f;fhj gapUk; ------ vd;gh;. gho; 528) ----------- kUe;J: ----------- czT vd;gJ KJnkhopahFk;. czNt> kUe;Nj 529) Ntshz;njhopypy; cs;s $Wfs; vj;jid? 6 530) nghUj;Jf:-

1. ney; -- m. tz;bNahl 2. fUk;G - M. ez;Nlhl 3. thio -- ,. NjNuhl 4. njd;id -- <. VNuhl tpil: 1.M> 2.<> 3.m> 4.,

epiyj;j nry;tk; fy;tpr; nry;tk; - (Jizg;ghlk;) 531) eif tzpfh; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh;? jq;fk;> ituk; 532) Gyth; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh; fy;tpr; nry;tk; 533) fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij ahuhYk; ---- nra;a KbahJ vdg; Gyth; $wpdhh;? fsthl


534) jpUlh;fs; eiffis ahUf;Fg; ghprhfj; je;jdh;? Gyth;f;F 535) jpUlh;fis vt;thW rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Gyth; $wpdhh;? cioj;J 536) tzpfh; ve;jr; nry;tk; epiyj;j nry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh;? fy;tpr; nry;tk; Ntw;Wik> milnkhop 537) ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ> -------- vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik 538) ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;J nghUs; NtWghl;ilr; nra;Ak; cUGfis ------- vd;gh;. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; 539) ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; cUGfs; ------ vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik

(v.fh) 1. ,uhkd; fz;lhd; 2. ,uhkidf; fz;lhd; 540) Fwpg;G: Kjy; Ntw;Wik> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> %d;whk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> Vohk; Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd vz; tifg;gLk;. 541) ,ay;ghd ngah; (vOtha;) gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ ---------- vdTk;> ----------- vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;. Kjy; Ntw;Wik> vOtha; Ntw;Wik 542) vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;F vdj; -------- ,y;iy. jdp cUG 543) ---------- cUG I vd;gjhFk;. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 544) ngah;r;nrhy;ypdJ nghUisr; nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ ---------- MFk;. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. tstd; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhd;. 545) My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld; Mfpad ---------- cUGfs; MFk;. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ 2. J}q;Fifahd; Xq;Feil 546) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG -------- MFk;. F (v.fh) ee;jpdpf;Fg; ghpR toq;fpdhh;. 547) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ---------- ---------> vd;gd MFk;. ,y;> ,d;

(v.fh) nfhilapy; rpwe;jth; ghup 548) nrhw;fSld; ,y;> ,d; vd;Dk; cUGfs; Nrh;e;J nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ ---------- vdg;gLk;. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik 549) Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ----------- MFk;. mJ (v.fh) ,uhkdJ tPL 550) ngah;r;nrhw;fSld; mJ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG Nrh;e;J nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ ---------- vdg;gLk;. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik 551) Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; -----------> -------------> --------- ---------> vd;gd cUGfshk;.fz;> cs;> Nky;> fPo; (v.fh) 1. ngl;bf;Fs; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ. 2. $iuapd; Nky; Nrty; cs;sJ. 552) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F ----------- ,y;iy. cUG 553) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikia NtW vt;thW miog;gh;? tpsp Ntw;Wik 554) fe;jd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,Wjp (d;) vOj;jhdJ nfl;L> mjd; may; vOj;J (j - jh - vd) ePz;L mioj;jw; nghUisj; jUfpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r;nrhy; rpy khw;wq;fSld; mioj;jw; nghUspy; tUtij --------------- vd;gh;. tpsp Ntw;Wik 555) jpq;fs; vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? epyT> khjk; 556) epyit ------ vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;? ntz;zpyT 557) ntz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; epyTf;f ------------- ahf te;Js;sJ. Milahf 558) nghUs;fis ,dk;gphpj;jwpa cjTk; milnkhopfs; --------------- vdg;gLk;. ,dKs;s milnkhop 559) ntz;zpyT> fUq;fhf;if> nrq;fjpNuhd; ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ,dkhff; $w Ntz;Lkhdhy; fUepyT> ntz;fhf;if> fUq;fjpNuhd; vdf; $wNtz;Lk;. mt;thW xd;W ,y;yhjjhy; ,it Nghd;wtw;iw----------- vdf; $Wth;. ,dkpy;yh milnkhopfs; 560) gpw nkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy; mDkjp ,irT Mjtd; flTs; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; M];jp nrhj;J ,k;ir Jd;gk; ,Ujak; neQ;rfk; <rd; ,iwtd; cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; cgak; jpUg;gzpahsu; nfhil c\hh; vr;rupf;if vjhh;j;jk; ,ay;G Ijpfk; cyf tof;F fhfpjk; jhs; fphPlk; kzpKb FNgud; ngUQ;nry;tk; 562) Vio khztu;f;F ez;gfy; ,yta czT toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jpj; njhlq;fpath; ahh;? Nt%u; eurpk;ku; 563) Nt%u; eurpk;ku; nghUSjtp ngw ahiuia mZfpdhh;. kUj;Jt khNkij FUrhkp 564) FUrhkp vq;F tUkhW Mrphpah; Nt%u; eurpk;kiuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. rhh;gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpw;F 565) FUrhkp vOk;g+u;f; nfd;dj;Jr; rhiyapy; jkf;F chpikahf ,Ue;j ---------- xd;iwg; gs;spf;Fg;gj;jpuk; vOjpg; gjpT nra;J nfhLj;jhu;. khspif ,ay; vl;L nra;As; - jdpg;ghly; 566) nghUs; jUf: 1. fsgk; -- re;jdk; 2. khjq;fk; -- nghd; 3. Ntok; -- fUk;G 4. gfL - vUJ 5. fk;gkh - fk;g khT 567) fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL> fk;gkh> ifk;kh Kjypad ---------- NtW ngah;fs; MFk;.ahid 568) jdpg; ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;


569) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s g+J}h; 570) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j Cu; vJ? nghd;tpise;jfsj;J}h; 571) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d? je;ijapd; nagh; - tLfehju; 572) rPl;Lf;ftp ghLtjpYk; eifr;Rit jJk;gg; ghly; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;ytu; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; 573) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+u; KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo;> Nra+u;f;fyk;gfk;> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk; 574) jdpg;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L 575) jdpg;ghly; vj;jid Gyth;fshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ? E}w;Wg;gj;J 576) jdpg;ghlypy; vj;jid ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W 577) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjp. 578) gphpj;J vOJf: 1. fsgnkd;Nwd; - fsgk; + vd;Nwd; 2. Ntonkd;Nwd; - NtOk; + vd;Nwd; 3. c%nkd;whs; - cOk; + vd;whs; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;

579) ---------- vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,e;ehl;Lg; ghly; njhFf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;) 580) kiyaUtp vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,Ue;J ,g;ghliyj; njhFj;jspj;jth; ahu;? fp.th. [fe;ehjd; 581) kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;) vd;Dk; E}ypy; njk;khq;F> jq;f uj;jpdNk> uhrhj;jp> Mz; ngz; jh;f;fk;> njhopyhsh; ghl;L> fs;sd; ghl;L> FLk;gk;> jhyhl;L> rpWth; cyfk;> Gyk;gy;> Fk;kp>gy fjk;gk; vdg; ---------------jiyg;Gfspy; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpd; %d;W 582) jhyhl;L ghly; ----------- vd;Dk; gFjpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhyhl;L 583) kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghL> FLk;gk;> njhopy;fs;> nja;t topghL> jpUtpohf;fs; Kjypatw;iw ve;j E}iyg; gbj;jyd; thapyhf mwpayhk;. kiyaUtp 584) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;gf: m) nfhl;b itj;j ------------- Kj;Nj M) fz;Nz eP fz;nlj;j ----------- fhl;Lf; Fapy; ,) Gs;isf; ---------- jPu;f;f te;j fz;Nz. Fiw jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; 585) ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf;f ahTs vd;w ts;Sth; $w;Wf;F xg;ghf gy rhjidfs; Ghpe;jth; ahh;? %tY}u; ,uhkhkp;jk; mk;ikahh;. 586) mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; ---------- vdg; Gfog;gl;lhu;? jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; 587) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ---------- Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. fp.gp 1883 Mk; 588) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahu; ve;j kugpy; gpwe;jth;? Njtjhrp 589) ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahhpd; je;ijapd; ngah; vd;d? fpU\;zrhkp 590) Njtjhrpf; Fbapy; gpwe;j ngz;fSf;F -----------> ----------------> chpadthFk;. MlYk;> ghlYk; 591) Ie;J taJ kfshd ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahiu mtuJ jha; vj;jid &gha;f;Fj; Njtjhrp xUj;jpaplk; tpw;whh;? gj;J 592) tsh;g;Gj;jha; ----------- taJila KjpatUf;F md;dpngrz;l mk;ikahiuj; jpUkzk; Kbf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhh;. mWgJ 593) md;dpngrz;l mk;ikahhpd; fzth; ahh;? mk;ikahUf;F ,irAk;> ehl;baKk; fw;Wj; fe;j Rak;G vd;gtiu kze;jhh;. 594) 1917 Mk; Mz;L vq;Fj; jkJ Kjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; njhlq;fpdhh;?

kapyhLJiwapy; 595) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;j Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;? Njtjhrp 596) fhe;jpabfs; ---------- khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;. ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir 597) fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy; rpdk; nfhz;l mk;ikahh; --------Milahf mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;. %tz;zf; nfhbia 598) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;j Milia Cu; Cuhff; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;whu;. fjh; 599) fhe;jpabfspd; fl;lisia Vw;W md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; jhk; ,Ue;j Xl;LtPl;il tpLj;Jf; ----------------mikj;J tho;e;jhh;. Fby; (Fbir) 600) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; Fbypd; ntspapy; tpag;g+l;Lk; tpsk;gug; gyifapy; ----------- vd vOjg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. fjh; mzpe;jth;fs;> cs;Ns tuTk; 601) %tY}h; mk;ikahNuhL ,ize;J Njtjhrp Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhf ghLgl;lth;fs; ahh;? nghpahu;> jpU.tp.f> tujuhRY> jUkhk;ghs;> ePyhk;gpif> kyh;Kfj;jk;ikahu;> jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; 602) %tY}h; mk;ikahh; -------- jpUkzq;fis Mjhpj;jhh;. Rakhpahijj; 603) 1938 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nkhopg; Nghh; Nguzpapy; ---------- Kjy; ------------- tiu eilg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id 604) ciwa+h; Kjy; nrd;id tiu -------------- ehs;> -------------- iky; eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ehw;gj;jpuz;L> Ie;E}w;W vOgj;NjO


605) nkhopg;Nghu; Nguzpapy; ciwa+u; Kjy; nrd;id tiu eilg; gazj;jpd; NghJ vj;jidf; nghJf; $l;lq;fspy; ciuahw;wpdhu;. vz;gj;NjO 606) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ----------- ghLgl;l tpbnts;spahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;? ngz; chpikf;Fg; 607) nghJ tho;tpy; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;? 50 608) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahhpd; kiwT vg;NghJ? vz;gjhk; tajpy; 27.06.1962 609) %tY}h; mk;ikahhpd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; mtuJ ngauhy; Viog; ngz;fSf;fhd jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpid --------------- Mz;L Kjy; jkpof muR toq;fp tUfpwJ. 1989 Mk; 610) mk;ikahh; Kjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpa Mz;l vJ? 1917 %tifg; Nghypfs; 611) “mfk;” Kfk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mfd; Kfd; vd vOjpdhYk; nghUs; khWghlJ. ,t;thW xU nrhy;ypd; vOj;J NtWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gijg; ----------- vd;gh;. Nghyp 612) xU nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s vOj;Njh ,ilapy; cs;s vOj;Njh khWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gpd; mJ ------- vdg;gLk;. Nghyp 613) Nghyp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W

mit: 1. Kjw;Nghyp 2. ,ilg; Nghyp 3. ,Wjpg; Nghyp 614) ,Wjpg; Nghypiaf; -------- vdTk; $Wth;. filg;Nghyp 615) xU nrhy;ypd; KjnyOj;J khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ tUtJ --------- vdg;gLk;. Kjw;Nghyp (v.fh) 1. kQ;R - ikQ;R 2. kay; -- ikay; 616) xU nrhy;ypd; ,ilnaOj;J khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ,Ug;gJ-------- vdg;gLk;. ,ilg;Nghyp (v.fh) 1. KuR – KiuR 2. murpay; -- miurpay; 617) xU nrhy;ypy; <w;nwOj;J khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ ------------- vd;gh;. ,Wjpg;Nghyp (v.fh) 1. mwk; --- mwd; 2. ge;jy; -- ge;ju; 618) mQ;R &gha; ,jpy; mQ;R vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; cs;s midj;J vOj;JfSk; khwpAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; nghUs; khwtpy;iy. vdNt ,J -------------- vdg;gLk;. Kw;Wg; Nghyp 619) Fwpg;G: ek; khh;f;fj;jpd; khR Jilj;jpl te;j kfdhh;. mth; tpLjiy tPuh;. ek; ehl;L mbikj; jisfis cilj;njwpe;j mQ;rh neQ;rpdh;. mth; Ntjhe;jp: gioa jj;Jtq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fg;

Gjpa tpsf;fk; je;jth;. mth; fhyj;jpd; rpd;dk; Xh; vOr;rpapd; milahsk;. kfhj;kh kWkyh;r;rpapd; cUtk;.

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 620) Kf;fdp vd;Dk; njhifr; nrhy; vij Fwpf;Fk;? kh> gyh> thio Mfpa %d;iwAk;. ,ay; xd;gJ - nra;As; - mk;khid 621) tPud;neL nts;Nty; tpay;nre;jpy; vk;ngUkhd; vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahu;? Rthkpehj Njrpfh; 622) mk;khid vd;d tpisahl;L? xUtiff; fha; tpisahl;L 623) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; <rhd Njrpfh; vd;Dk; Rthkp ehj Njrpfh; Mthh;. <rhd NjrpfH vd;gJ mtuJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. jhz;lt%h;j;jp vd;ghh;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; kapNyWk; ngUkhs; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp fw;whh;. ,th; jpUthtLJiw QhdNjrpfuhfpa mk;gythz Njrpf%h;j;jpf;Fj; njhz;luha; ,Ue;jhh;. Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tho;e;jth;. 624) E}y; Fwpg;G:-

jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. fyk;gfk; = fyk; + gfk; vdg;gphpAk;. fyk; - gd;dpuz;L: gfk; -- MW. Mfg; gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; gy;tifahd gh tiffSk; fye;jpUj;jyhy; ,e;E}y; fyk;gfk; vdTk; ngah; ngw;wJ. gjpndz; cWg;Gfspy; xd;whfpa mk;khid vd;Dk; gFjp <z;Lg; ghlg;gFjpahf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

625) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f: 1. mk;khid vd;gJ ----------- tpisahLk; tpisahl;L. ngz;fs; 2. mk;khidg; ghlypy; Nghw;wg;gLk; nja;tk;. KUfd; 3. KUfdhy; rpiwapyplg;gl;lth; ehd;Kfd; rPtfrpe;jhkzp 626) tPo;e;J ntz;kio jtOk; tpz;ZW ---- rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd;w ghliyg; ghbath;. jpUj;jf;f Njth; 627) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,aw;wpa rPtfrpe;jhkzp ghly; ve;jf; fhl;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ehlfk; elg;gJ Nghy; 628) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. tpz; -- thdk; 2. tiu – kiy 3. KoT - kj;jsk; 4. kJfuk; -- Njd; cz;Zk; tz;L


629) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: jpUj;jf;f Njth; Nrhoh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; ghba kw;nwhU E}y; ehptpUj;jk; MFk;. 630) E}y; Fwpg;G: Ik;ngU fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W rPtfrpe;jhkzp. ,e;E}y; fijf; jiytd; rPtfd;. mtd; ngaiu ,izj;Jr; rPtfrpe;jhkzp vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ vd;gh;. ,e;E}Yf;F kzE}y; vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. jkpof tpisahl;Lfs;(உனைநனட) 631) Xb tpisahL ghg;gh vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;? ghujpahH 632) kfsph; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ? mf tpisahl;Lfs; 633) Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ? Gw tpisahl;Lfs; 634) tpisahl;L ve;j mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW tifapdthf mikfpd;wd? ghy; mbg;gilapYk;> jd;ik mbg;gilapYk; 635) rpWth; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L? gk;guk;> fpspj;jl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L> fs;sd; fhtyd;> Nfhyp> fpl;bg;Gs;> fhw;whb> ge;J tpisahl;L> xw;iwah ,ul;ilah> ePr;ry;. 636) rpWkpah; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L? G+g;gwpj;jy;> fufutz;b> jl;lhq;fy;>gy;yhq;Fop> CQ;ry;> jhak; 637) Nghl;b Ml;lq;fshf tpisahLgit? rLFL (fgb)> kl;ilg;ge;J> fhy;ge;J> ifg;ge;J> vwpge;J> ,wFg;ge;J> Xl;lk;> jiljhz;b Xl;lk;. 638) tPutpisahl;Lfspy; ngUtpUg;gKilath; ahh;? goe;jkpoh; 639) gioik tha;e;j Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs;: kw;Nghhply;> VWjOTjy;> Ntl;ilahLjy;> %o;fp kzy; vLj;jy;. 640) gz;ila ehspy; ngz;fs; ve;j tpisahl;Lfspy; ,dpNj nghOJ Nghf;fpdhh;fs;. tl;lhLjy;> foq;F> mk;khid> ge;jhLjy;> CQ;ry;> XiuahLjy;. 641) kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fl;ba kz;lgk; vd;gJ? jKf;fk; kz;lgk; 642) Nrho ehl;bd; gioa jiyefukhd cwe;ija+hpy; tPuf;Nfhopfs; rpwe;jpUe;jikahy; ----------- vd;Dk; ngaUk; mjw;fike;jJ. Nfhopa+h; 643) jkpohpd; jw;fhg;Gf; fiy tpisahl;Lfspy; xd;whf tsh;e;J tUtJ vJ? rpyk;ghl;lk; 644) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ---------- vd;Dk; tPu tpisahl;L eilngw;wJ. VWjOTjy; 645) tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;Fg; muR Kd;Dhpik vij mspf;fpd;wJ. ghpRfSk;> rhd;wpjo;fSk;> fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G ez;gd; (Jizg;ghlk;) 646) Fwpg;G: Xtpah; uhk;fp> khpahij uhkd; fijfs; fijj;njhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fzk; nrhy; --- gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; 647) XNuOj;Jj; jdpj;J epd;Wk;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J epd;Wk; nghUs; je;jhy; mJ---------- vdg;gLk;. nrhy; 648) vz;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;:- gF vz;> gfh vz; 649) gjk; vd;whYk; --------- vd;whYk; xd;Nw. nrhy; 650) Fwpg;G:- nkhop> fpstp vd;gd mjd; NtW ngah;fs;. 651) XnuOj;jhdJ jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy; m/J ------------- vdg;gLk;. XnuOj;J xU nkhop 652) vOj;Jfs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy;. vOj;Jj; njhlh; nkhop 653) gFj;jy; vd;gjpd; nghUs; gphpj;jy; 654) gfh vd;gjpd; nghUs; --- gphpf;f ,ayhjJ. 655) ngah;g;gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh) kz;> fy;> nghd;. 656) tpidg; gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh) el> th> Ngh> nra;> epy;. 657) gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg; -------- vd;gh;. gFgjk; 658) gFf;f ,aYk; cWg;Gfspd; ngah;fs;? gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk;. 659) kdpjd; ehfhpfk; miltjw;F Kjw;fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? nkhopNa 660) nrhw;nwhlh; tiffs;: nra;jpj;njhlh;> tpdhj;njhlh;> fl;lisj; njhlh;> czh;r;rpj; njhlh;. 661) cyfj;jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? Nfhit 662) tyf;if jUtJ ,lf;iff;Fj; njhpaf; $lhJ vd;W (v.fh) tho;e;jth; ahh;? K.tujuhrdhh;. 663) ,ay;tJ fuNty; <tJ tpyf;Nfy; vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? xsitahh;. 664) nrhw;nwhlh; njhlh;:

1. fl;lisj; njhlh; --- ehs; NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra; 2. nra;jpj; njhlh; -- ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 3. tpdhj; njhlh; -- cd; ,Ug;gplk; vq;Fs;sJ? 4. vd;Nd> ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; moF czh;r;rpj; njhlh; ,ay; gj;J - nra;As; - vq;fs; jkpo; 665) ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop ----- vdj; njhlq;Fk; vq;fs; jkpo; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? ghujpjhrd; 666) nrhw;nghUs;:


1. fjp – Jiz 2. NgW - nry;tk; 3. edp - kpFjp (kpf;f) 4. juk; - jFjp 5. Gtp - cyfk; 667) ,dpik> ,d;gk;> mKJ> fdpr; rhnwdj; jpfl;Lk; Ritkpf;fJ vJ? jkpo; 668) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,aw;ngah; - fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; (ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vd khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.)' ngw;Nwhh; -- fdfrig - ,yf;Fkpak;khs; fy;tp - jkpo;> gpnuQ;rp> Mq;fpyk; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;. ,aw;wpait-FLk;g tpsf;F> ghz;bad; ghpR> Nru jhz;ltk;> ,Uz;ltPL> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> gprpuhe;ijahh;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L> mofpd; rphpg;G> jkpopaf;fk; Kjypad. fhyk; -- 29.04.1891 --- 21.04.1964 669) E}y; Fwpg;G: ,g;ghly; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; ftpijj; njhFjpapy; vq;fs; jkpo; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 670) epug;Gf: 1. jkpo; vq;fs; ------------- capnud;gjhNy. 2. ,d;gj; jkpOf;F ehSk; nra;Nthk; ey;y --------- njhz;L nra;Nthk; cotpd; rpwg;G - fk;gu; 671) Nkop gpbf;Fk; if --- vdj; njhlq;Fk; cotpd; rpwg;G vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? fk;gh; 672) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. Nkop --- fyg;ig> Vu; 2. Nte;jh; -- kd;dh; 3. Mop - Nkhjpuk; 4. #o;tpid - cz;lhFk; tWikj; Jd;gk; 5. fhuhsh; -- Nkfj;ij MSfpd;wth;fshfpa coth;. 673) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,aw;ngah; -- fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; -- NjuOe;J}h;> kapyhLJiwf;F mz;ikapy; cs;sJ. je;ij ngah; -- Mjpj;jd; Nghw;wpath; -- rilag;g ts;sy; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; -- fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; rpwg;G -- fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh;>fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk; fhyk; -- gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L Xtpaf;fiy (உனைநனட) 674) fhz;gtiuf; fth;e;jpOj;J cs;sq;fisj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; cah;e;jfiy vJ? Xtpaf;fiy 675) jkpoh; tsh;j;j Ez;fiyfspd; thpirapy; -------------- Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ. Xtpaf;fiy 676) ve;j Mz;L Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; ,df; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdh;. fp.K 2000 677) jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid ,lq;fspy; Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? ,Ugj;ije;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fs; (khd;> Nghh; nra;jy;> tpyq;F Ntl;il) 678) jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ------------- tiuag;gl;ld. Xtpaq;fs; 679) Xtpaq;fis Kjypy; vt;thW toq;fpAs;sdh;? fz;nzOj;J 680) jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ---------------- vd;gjw;F Xtpak; vdg;gLk;. vOj;J 681) ve;j nkhopapy; vOj;Jfs; cUtq;fshf cs;sd? rPd nkhopapy; 682) Xtpak; tiujw;F vJ mbg;gilahFk;? Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL. 683) Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL vd;W tiuag;gLgit ----------- vdg;gLk;. Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs; 684) mt;tiuNfhLfs; Nky; vd;d tz;zq;fs; g+r> mofpa xtpaq;fs; cUntLf;Fk;? rptg;G> fWg;G> kQ;rs;> ePyk; 685) njhy;fhg;gpak; ---------- gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. eLfy; tzf;fk; 686) Xtpaf;fiy vd;d ngah;fshy; toq;fg; ngw;wJ? XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp. 687) Xtpaf;fiyQh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;jpufhuh;> tpj;jftpidQd;> tpj;jfh;> fpstp ty;Nyhd;. 688) Xtpah; vz;zq;fspd; vOr;rpiag; gy tz;zq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L vOJNthuhjypd; ------- vdg; Gfo;g;ngw;whh;. fz;Zs; tpidQh; 689) Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij ed;F fw;Wg; Gyik ngw;w Mrphpah; ---------- vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. Xtpag;Gytd; 690) Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit vt;thW mioj;jdh;. Xtpa khf;fs; 691) Mz; Xtpah; ---------------- vdTk;> ngz; Xtpah; ----------- vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. rpj;jpuhq;fjd;> rpj;jpuNrdh. 692) Xtpaf; fiyf;nfd ve;j E}y;fs; ,Ue;jd? jdp ,yf;fz E}y;fs; 693) gy;tiff; fUtpfis vjw;F gad;gLj;jpdh;? gy;tiff; fhl;rpfs;> cUtq;fs; tiua 694) tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F ------------- vdg; ngahpl;LUe;jdh;. tl;bifg; gyif 695) mf;fhyj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw;nfd;W jdp ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mit ahit? rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> vOJ epiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyk;. 696) ,iw eldk; Ghptjw;Nf vd;w rig xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vJ? rpj;jpu rig 697) GwehD}w;wpy; ftpQh; Xtpaj;ij vt;thW Nghw;Wfpwhh;? Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vd tPl;bd; moif Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g itj;Jf; ftpQh; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. 698) Fwpg;G: Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; rpj;jpuk; tiua KbAk;. 699) tz;zq;fythky; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutijg;-------vd;wioj;jdh;.Gidah Xtpak;


700) Xtpaj;jpw;Ff; fUg;nghUs;fs; ahit? ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs;> rKjha tho;f;if Kiwik> ,jpfhr Guhzf;fijfs; 701) rq;f fhyj;jpy; nropj;jpUe;j --------------- ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; rpije;J kiwe;J Nghfj; njhlq;fpaJ? Xtpaf;fiy 702) ve;j E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;ij Mz;l Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;> fiyahh;tk; kpf;fth;? fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;L 703) kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd; vt;thW Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jhd;? Xtpadhf 704) fy;ntl;Lfs; kNfe;jputh;kd;id vt;thW Gfo;fpd;wd? rpj;jpufhug;Gyp 705) ve;j Xtpa E}Yf;F kNfe;jpth;kd; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; 706) jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; ve;jf; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd? Nruh; fhy 707) ve;j E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;> kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk; nfsjkd; ,t;Nthtpaq;fis tiue;jhh; vd;W fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp mwptpf;fpd;wJ. fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L 708) Nrhoh;fhy tdg;Gkpf;f Xtpaq;fisj; --------- nghpaNfhtpypy; fz;L kfpoyhk;. jQ;irg; 709) tpra efu> ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; Xtpaq;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy> jpUth&h;> Fle;ij> kJiu> fhQ;rp 710) fp.gp gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ahUila fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf;fiy ed;F tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ? jQ;iria Mz;l kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; 711) <uhapuk; Mz;Lfshfg; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tsh;e;J tUk; fiyahf ---------------- cs;sJ. Xtpaf;fiy nfhilf;Fzk; - Jizg;ghlk; 712) fh;z kfhuhrhtpd; nfhilj; jpwidg;gw;wpg; gy------------- cs;sd. tha;nkhopg; Guhz kuGf;fijfs; 713) fh;z kfhuhrh ahh;? rpw;wurd; 714) mq;fNjrk; vd;w rpwpa ehl;il MSfpwth; ahh;? fh;zd; mzpapyf;fzk; (,yf;fzk;) 715) mzp vd;why; vd;d? moF 716) Gyth;fs; nra;Ais moFgLj;Jtij --------------- vd;Nw toq;fpdh;. mzp 717) mzpfs; vd;gJ ,ay;G etpw;rp cah;T etpw;rp 718) ,ay;G etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ cs;sthW $WtJ ,ay;G etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;. 719) cah;T etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ cah;T etpw;rpazp. nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 720) Kw;Wg;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf: Kw;Wg;Gs;sp(.) xU njhlh; Kw;Wg; ngw;wijf; Fwpf;f Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) Nfhitapy; nrk;nkhop khehL eilngw;wJ. 721) fhw;Gs;sp (>) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf gy nghUs;fisj; njhlh;e;J nrhy;Yk; NghJ xt;nthd;wpd; gpd;Dk; fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. (v.fh) kh> gyh> thio Kf;fdpfs; 723) miug;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf. Xh; vOtha;> gy gadpiyfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; nghOJ> xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fg; gpd;dUk; miug;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. (v.fh) rpe;jidr; nry;td; ed;whfg; gbj;jhd;@ Kjy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;whd;@ ghpR ngw;whd;. 724) tpdhf;Fwp (?) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf xU tpdhj; njhlhpd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhf;Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;. (v.fh) nghw;nfhb ghlk; gbj;J tpl;lhah? 725) czh;r;rpf;Fwp(!) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf xU nra;jpia czh;r;rpahff; $Wk; NghJ czh;r;rpf; Fwpapl Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) vd;Nd> ,g;g+tpd; kzk;! 726) xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘ ’) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUf Xh; vOj;J my;yJ nrhy; my;yJ nrhw;nwhliuj; jdpNa Fwpf;Fk; ,lj;jpYk; xU nrhw;nwhlhpy; E}ypd; ngah;> gonkhop Kjypadtw;iw Fwpf;Fk; NghJk; xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;. ‘vopy;’ vd;why; ‘moF’ vd;gJ nghUs; (v.fh) 'ghQ;rhyp rgjk;' 727) ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (“---- ") xUth; $wpaij Neh;f;$w;whff; $Wk; NghJk;> xU njhliu Nkw;Nfhshff; $Wk; NghJk; ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpapl Ntz;lk;. “mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;" vd;whh; xsiahh;.

vl;lhk; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W - nra;As; - tho;j;J 1. Kj;Nj gtsNk nkha;j;jgRk; nghw;RlNu- vdj; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH ahH?


jhAkhdtH 2. jhAkhdtupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Nfbypag;gH nfrty;yp mk;ikahH 3. jhAkhdtH gpwe;j CH vJ? ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;) 4. jhAkhdtupd; gzp vd;d? jpUr;rpia Mz;l tpra uFehj nrhf;fypq;fuplk; fUt+y mYtyH 5. tho;j;jhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; ______ vd;Dk; E}y; MFk; jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L 6. “jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L” vd;Dk; E}y; nja;tj; jkpopd; ,dpikAk; vspikAk; nghUe;jpa nra;As; eilahy; Mfpatw;iw Cl;Lk; tifapy; cs;sJ kdj;J}a;ik> gf;jpr;Rit 7. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kiykPJ vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtdhd jhAkhdtH jpUtUshy; gpwe;jikahy; ,tUf;Fj; vd;W ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. jhAkhdtH 8. jhAkhdtupd; kidtp ngaH vd;d? kl;LthH Foyp 9. jhAkhdtupd; fhyk; vJ? fp.gp.gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L 10. jhAkhdtH epidT ,y;yk; ______ ,y; cs;sJ. ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s ,yl;RkpGuk; 11. nrhw;nghUs; 1.RlH - xsp 2. Mde;jk; - kfpo;r;rp 3. guhguk; - Nkyhd nghUs; ,iwtd; jpUf;Fws; 12. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpUts;StH 13. jpUts;Stupd; NtWngaHfs; vd;d? Kjw;ghtyH> ngha;apy;GytH> ngUehtyH> nre;ehg;NghjhH 14. jpUts;Stupd; fhyk; vJ ntd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ? fp.K. 31 15. jpUf;Fws; E}y;fSs; xd;W.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 16. ehL> nkhop>,dk;>rkak; fle;J vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhf mike;jikahy; ______ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. cyfg;nghJkiw 17. kf;fs;> tho;tpy; milaj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;j cWjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit? mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; 18. mwk;>nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;ljhy; ,e;E}y; ______ vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ Kg;ghy; 19. jpUf;Fws; _____mjpfhuq;fisAk;> Fwl;ghf;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. E}w;WKg;gj;J %d;W mjpfhuk;> Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ Fwlghf;fs; 20. jpUf;FwSf;F %d;W tifahd rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; cs;sJ mit thAiw tho;j;J> nghJkiw ngha;ahnkhop. 21. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia czHe;j tPukhKdptH ______ vDk; nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH.

,yj;jPd; 22. ______ vd;gtH Mq;fpyj;jpy; Fws;fis nkhop ngaHj;jhH. [p.A.Nghg; 23. cUrpa ehl;by; _____ khspifapy; cs;s Ruq;fg; ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfj;jpy; jpUf;FwSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mZ Jisf;fhj fpnuk;spd; khspif 24. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lf; fhl;rpr;rhiyapy; ______ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;Jld; 25. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tpid - nray; 2. fhg;G - fhty; 3. ePutH - mwpTilahH 4. Nfz;ik - el;G 5. NgijahH - mwptpyhH 6. etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f 7. eak; - ,d;gk; 8. eFjy; - rpupj;jy; 9. ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy; 10. fpoik - cupik 11. Kfef - Kfk; kyu

12. mfk; - cs;sk; 13. MW - ey;top 14. ca;j;J - nrYj;jp 15. my;yy; - Jd;gk; 16. cLf;if - Mil 17. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; 18. fistJ - ePf;FtJ 19. nfhl;gpd;wp - NtWghL ,y;yhky; 20. Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk; 21. Gidjy; - Gfo;jy;

,ay; - 1 jkpo; tsHj;j rhd;NwhHfs; 22. tPukhKdptH ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? ,j;jhyp 23. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp 24. jkpo;nkhopapd; gw;wpdhy; ijupaehjd; vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; jdpj; jkpohf;fp ______ vdr; #l;bf; nfhz;lhH. tPukhKdptH 25. tPukhKdptH jd;Dila vj;jidahtJ mfitapy; rkaj; jpUg;gzpahw;w jkpofj;jpw;F te;jhH? Kg;gjhk; mfit 26. tPukhKdptH jkpo;nkhop gapd;wNjhL ve;j nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jhH? njYq;F> tlnkhop 27. tPukhKdptH jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhf ______ vd;Dk; mfu Kjypia ntspapl;lhH? rJufuhjp 28. tPukhKdptH Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; ______ fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpdhH? fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpak;


29. tPukhKdptH “Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;” vd;Dk; ve;j E}ypd; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhH? njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; 30. tPukhKdptH ve;nje;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhH? fyk;gfk;> mk;khid 31. Njk;ghtzp ______ fjk;g khiyahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ? fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk; 32. tPukhKdptH jkpo; KdptHfSs; xUtuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whH vdf; $wp ahH tPukhKdptUf;Fg; Gfohuk; #l;bdhH? nry;tH ,uh.gp> NrJg;gps;is 33. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ? 1680-1747 34. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? 1788 Mk; Mz;L 35. “khjtQ;NrH NkNyhH tOj;Jk;” Fzq;Fbahd; vd;W GytH ngUkf;fshy; Gfog;gl;ltH ahH? Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG 36. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ,tupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjpW 37. ve;nje;j kiyg;gFjpfSf;Fr;nrd;W> jdpj;jpUe;J Qhdk; ngw;whH? rJufpup Gwhkiy>ehfkiy 38. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhFG ahUila ghly;fshy; <Hf;fg;gl;lhH? jhAkhdtH ghly; 39. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ghba fz;zpfs; ahit? guhguf;fz;zp> vf;fhyf;fz;zp> kNdhd;kzpf; fz;zp> ee;jPRtuf;fz;zp 40. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG vt;tifapy; nghUs; jUk; ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wpj; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhH? FUepiy> jtepiy> JwTepiy epak epiy> fhl;rpepiy> jpahdepiy> rkhjpepiy 41. jpUj;jzpr; rutzg; ngUkhs;> ,tH kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; ______ xd;iwg; ghbAs;shH? ehd;kzpkhiy 42. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ,t;Tyif tpl;L vg;NghJ ePj;jhH? 1835 Mk; Mz;L 43. MWKf ehtyH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1822 Mk; Mz;L 44. MWKf ehtyH vq;Fg; gpwe;jhH? aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}H 45. MWKf ehtyupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? MWKfdhH 46. MWKfehtyH ,sikapNyNa ve;j E}y;fisj; njspthff; fw;whH? irt rpj;jhe;j E}y;fisAk;> jpUKiwfisAk;. 47. MWKfehtyH jk; nkhopj;jpwikiaAk; thf;Ftd;ikiaAk; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk; fz;L ahH kfpo;e;jdH jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jhH 48. MWKf ehtyhupd; gy jpwikfisf; fz;l jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jhH kfpo;Tw;W ,tUf;F ______ vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijr; #l;br; rpwg;gpj;jdH? ehtyH 49. MWKfehtyupd; gzpfs; ahit? gjpg;ghrpupaH> உனைநனடahrpupaH 50. MWKf ehtyiu “trd eilifte;j ty;yhsH” vd ahH ghuhl;bdhH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH 51. MWKf ehtyH nrd;idapy; ______ mikj;jhH? mr;Rf;$lk; 52. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf;$lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhH? ghujk;> ngupaGuhzk;> fe;jGuhzk;> jpUf;Fws;. 53. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf; $lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhH? ,yf;fz tpdh-tpil> ,yf;fzr; RUf;fk;> ed;D}y; tpUj;jpAiu> ed;D}y; fhz;bifAiu> ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J> ,yf;fzr; #whtsp 54. Fwpg;G jkpowpQH rp.it.jhNkhjudhH> MWKf ehtyiug; gpd;tUkhW Gfo;e;J ciuf;fpd;whH “ey;iyefH MWKf ehtyH gpwe;jpyNuw; nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf fUjpnaq;Nfvy; ytUk; vj;JGuh zhfkq;fs; vq;Nfgpu rq;fnkq;Fk; mj;jdwp ntq;Nf miw” vdg; Gfo;e;jhH 55. GJf;ftpijf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? ghujpahH 56. rKjhag;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? ghujpjhrdhH 57. nghJTlikf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? jpUtp.fypahzRe;judhH 58. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? kiwkiyabfs; 59. Ngr;Rf;fiyf;F> rpWfijf;F tpj;jpl;l ftpQH ahH? mwpQH mz;zhJiu. GJikg;gpj;jd; [p.A.Nghg; 60. [p.A.Nghg; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltH ahH? [pahH[; Af;Nsh Nghg; 61. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? fp.gp. 1820 Mk; Mz;L 62. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? gpuhd;R ehl;bd; vl;tHL jPtpy; gpwe;jhH 63. [p. A.Nghg;gpd; ngw;NwhH ahH? [hd; Nghg;Gf;Fk;> nfjupd; AshGf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhH. 64. [hd; Nghg;Gk;> nfjupd; Ashg;Gk; jd; kfDf;F ______I Cl;b tsHj;jdH. fy;tp> rkak;> ey;nyhOf;fk; 65. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH ngaH vd;d? n`d;wp 66. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH “n`d;wp” vd;gtH jkpofj;jpy; ______ Ig; gug;Gk; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wp te;jhH. fpwpj;Jtkjj;ij 67. [p.A.Nghg; mtUila vj;jidahtJ tajpy; jkpofj;jpy; rkag; gzpahw;wj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH? 19-MtJ tajpy;


68. [p.A.Nghg; gha;kuf; fg;gypy; nrd;id te;JNru vj;jid jpq;fshapd? vl;Lj;jpq;fshapd 69. jkpo;nkhopahy; <Hf;fg;gl;Lj; jkpoha; kyHe;J> kzk; gug;gp> vd;Wk; jkpOyfpy; mopahg;Gfo; ngw;wtH ahH? rhd;NwhH jtj;jpU [p.A.Nghg; 70. [p.A.Nghg; ______ gFjpapy; rkag; gzp Mw;wpdhH. nrd;idr; rhe;Njhk; gFjpapy; 71. [p.A.Nghg; rkag;gzp Mw;wpag; gFjpfspy; vq;Fg; gs;spfis epWtpdhH? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; (rhaHGuj;jpy;) 72. rkaf;fy;Y}upapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; ----------> ----------> Kjypa nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj;ju [p.A.Nghg; Vw;ghL nra;jhH. fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak; 73. [p.A.Nghg; --------------> Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; fy;Y}up Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. fzpjk;> mwptha;T (jUf;fk;)> nka;awpT (jj;Jtk;) 74. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; rhaHGuj;jpy; ______ Kjy; ______ Mk; Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpAk; rkag; gzpAk; Mw;wpdhH. 1842 Kjy; 1849 75. 1849 Mk; Mz;by; ______ ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;whH. ,q;fpyhe;J 76. [p.A.Nghg; vj;jidahtJ tajpy; ve;j Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH? taJ 30> 1850 Mk; Mz;by; 77. [p.A.Nghg; jQ;irapy; gzpahw;wpa vl;lhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ______ Kjyhd rq;f E}y;fisAk; ______ Kjyhd ,yf;fzq;fisAk; gapd;whH. GwehD}W> ed;D}y; 78. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j VLfspy; jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpdhH. ,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T 79. [p.A.Nghg; fp.gp.1850- Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF vq;Fr; rkag; gzpahw;wj; njhlq;fpdhH? jQ;rht+H 80. [p.A.Nghg; mtHfs; Muha;r;rp nra;j ,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T Nghd;w jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa fl;Liufspy; -------> -------> ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fSk;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyj; jpiz tpsf;fq;fSk;> jkpo;g; GytH tuyhWk;. 81. [p.A.Nghg; caHe;j gz;ghl;Lf;Fupa nghWik> rpdkpd;ik el;G Kjyhdtw;iw tpsf;Fk; mWE}W nra;As;fis ePjpE}y;fspypUe;J Ma;e;njLj;Jj; ______ vd;Dk; E}yhfj; njhFj;jhH. jkpo;r;nra;Al; fyk;gfk; 82. Nkiyehl;lhH jkpio vspjpy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ______ xd;iwAk;> Nghg; ntspapl;lhH. jkpo;- Mq;fpy mfuhjp Mq;fpyk;- jkpo; mfuhjp 83. cjf kz;lyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gs;sp xd;iwj; njhlq;fp MrpupauhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhH? 1858 Mk; Mz;by; 84. jhafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w Nghg; vj;jid tUlk; ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH. 23 tUlk; (1885 Kjy; 1908 tiu) 85. ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;> ______> ______ fw;gpf;Fk; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH. jkpo;> njYq;F 86. [p.A.Nghg; jpUf;Fwis vj;jid Mz;L gbj;Jr; Ritj;jhH? ehw;gjhz;Lfs; 87. jpUf;Fwis ehw;gjhz;Lfs; gbj;Jr;Ritj;j Nghg;> mjid Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaHj;J ve;j Mz;by; ntspapl;lhH? 1886 Mk; Mz;L 88. [p.A.Nghg; jkJ vz;gj;jhwhk; mfitapy; 1900-Mk; Mz;L ______ Mq;fpy nkhopngaHg;gpid ntspapl;lhH? jpUthrfj;jpd; 89. [p.A.Nghg; mtupd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; ______ Kjypa E}y;fisAk; gjpg;gpj;jhH? Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy> GwehD}W> jpUtUl;gad;. 90. jkpopd; ngUikiaj; juzp KOtJk; gug;gpa Nghg; mtHfs; ______Mk; Mz;L______Mk; ehs; jk; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhH. 1908 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utupj; jpq;fs; 11 91. Mq;fpy nkhopapid md;id nkhopahff; nfhz;l Nghg; mtHfs; ______ vd;W jk;ik mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH? jkpo; khztd; 92. [p.ANghg; mtH jk; fy;yiwapy; vd;d vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W jkJ ,WjpKwpapy; vOjp itj;jhH? “,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;” Fw;wpaYfuk; 93. Fw;wpaYfuk; gpupj;J vOJf? FWik + ,ay; + cfuk; 94. “FWik” vd;why; ______vd;W nghUs; FWfpa 95. “,ay;” vd;why; _____ vd;W nghUs;. Xir 96. “cfuk;” vd;why; ______ vd;Dk; vOj;J MFk; c 97. Fwpy; vOj;Jf;F vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu 98. “neby;” vOj;Jf;F vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? ,uz;L khj;jpiu 99. “nka;” vOj;Jfs; vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? miu khj;jpiu 100. cfuk; Fwpyhdhy; vj;jid khj;jpiuf; fhy msNt xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu


101. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa MW ty;ypd nka; vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J tUk; NghJ cfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;? miu khj;jpiu 102. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;gd ty;ypd nka;fspd; Nky; ______ CHe;J tUk; vOj;Jfs; MFk;? cfuk; 103. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;? miu khj;jpiu 104. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;Dk; MW ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; jdpnebiyr; rhHe;J tUk;NghJ> gy vOj;Jf;fisr; rhHe;J nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; NghJ mit vj;jid khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;? xU khj;jpiu mstpy; 105. v/F> f/R> m/J ,e;jr; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J F>R>J vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;fs; Nky; CHe;j cfukhdJ Ma;j vOj;ijj; njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,it ______ MFk;. Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 106. Rf;F> fr;R> gl;L ,r;nrhw;fspy; F>R.L Mfpa vOj;JfSf;F Kd;> ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; te;jhy; mit ______ MFk;. ty;ypdj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 107. rq;F> kQ;R> ez;L> re;J ,r;nrhw;fs; ______ Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 108. nfha;J> rhHG> %o;F ,r;nrhw;fs; ______ vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,ilj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 109. capHneby;> capHnka; ______ nel;nlOj;J fis mLj;J tUk; cfuNkwpa ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;? neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 110. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa vOj;JfSf;F Kd; ,uz;L Kjyhfg; gy vOj;Jfisg; ngw;W> <w;way; vOj;J (muR> ghyhW) capHnka;f; FwpyhfNth> nebyhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mit ______vdg;gLk; capHj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 111. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW 112. neby;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W tUk;? ,uz;L 113. neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuj;ijj; jtpu Vida Itiff; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs; vj;jid vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W tUk;? ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l Fw;wpaypfuk; 114. Fw;wpaypfuk; gpupj;J vOJf? FWik + ,ay; + ,fuk; 115. ,fuk; vd;why; ______ vd;Dk; vOj;jhFk;. , 116. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpy; tUk; ,fuk;> jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J ______ khj;jpiu msT Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J miu khj;jpiu msT 117. epiynkhop Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J> tUnkhop afuk; tupd;> epiynkhop cfuk;> ,fukhfj; jpupe;J jd; khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J xypg;gJ ______ vdg;gLk;. Fw;wpaypfuk; 118. “Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah” Mfpatw;wpy; tUk; “kpah” vd;Dk; mirr; nrhy;ypy; cs;s ______ jd; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,fuk; 119. ,fuk; jd; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; ed;D}iy vOJf? afuk; tuf; Fws; cj;jpup ,fuKk; mirr;nrhy; kpahtpd; ,fuKk; Fwpa. - ed;D}y; 93 Kw;wpaYfuk; 120. jdf;Fupa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwahj cfuk; ______ vdg;gLk;. Kw;wpaYfuk; 121. jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfuk; ______ vdg;gLk;? ty;ypd cfuk; 122. fhZ> cz;Z> cUK ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s nky;ypd (Z> K) cfuq;fs; ahit?Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; 123. vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s cfuq;fs; (O>S>T) Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;. ,ilapd cfuq;fs; Fwpg;G vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd cfuq;fs; (O>S>T) Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;. ,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;Jr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypd nka;apd; Nky; CHe;J tUk; cfuKk;> nghJthfr; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; nky;ypd nka;apd; Nky; CHe;J tUk; cfuKk;>,ilapd nka;apd; Nky; CHe;J tUk; cfuKk; Mfpa %d;Wk; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. 124. “FwpQ;rpf;fyp fgpyuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ” ,t; thf;fpak; vt;tpidiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ? nrag;ghl;L tpid 125. “Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; vd;gJ Md;NwhH nkhop” ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? nra;jpj; njhlH 126. “vd;Nd> mUtpapd; moF!” ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? czHr;rpj; njhlH 127. ghlk; gbj;jhah? ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? tpdhj;njhlH 128. “fz;zd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;” ,t;thf;fpak; vj;njhliuf; Fwpf;fpwJ? cld;ghl;Lj;njhlH (nra;jp) 129. “,uhkd; ghlk; gbj;jpyd;” ,t;thf;fpak; vj;njhliuf; Fwpf;fpwJ? vjpHkiwj;njhlH (nra;jp) 130. “epidthw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs;” ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? fl;lisj;njhlH


ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQH 131. Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH? 29.04.1891 Mk; Mz;L 132. ghujpjhrdpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d? fdfrig 133. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Rg;Guj;jpdk; 134. ahH Nky; nfhz;l gw;why; jk;ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH? ghujpahH 135. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa gpwE}y;fs; vit? ,iraKJ> FLk;g tpsf;F> kzpNkfiyntz;gh> fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> gbj;jngz;fs;> ,isQH ,yf;fpak;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L Nghd;wit. ,ay; 2 - nra;As; gFjp - ,dpait ehw;gJ 136. “Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ,dpait ehw;gJ ghliy vOjpatH ahH? g+jQ;Nre;jdhH 137. “g+jQ;Nre;jdhH” mtHfs; vt;t+upy; gpwe;jhH? kJiu 138. g+jQ;Nre;jdhH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L 139. ,dpait ehw;gJ _____ E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 140. ,dpait ehw;gJ ghly;fs; vj;jid ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ? ehw;gJ 141. _____ fUj;Jfis ehw;gJ ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiug;gjhy; “,dpait ehw;gJ” vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ. ed;ik jUk; ,dpa 142. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}ypd; xt;nthU ghlYk; vj;jid ew;fUj;Jfis ,dpikahff; $wpAs;sJ? %d;W my;yJ ehd;F 143. _____Mk; ghly;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 12> 20 144. Foe;ij _____,d;wp tho;jy; ,dpaJ vd g+jQ;Nre;jdhH $wpAs;shH. Neha; 145. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Fotp - Foe;ij 2. gpzp - Neha; 3. kaup - kaf;fk; 4. foWk; - NgRk; 5. rytH - tQ;rfH 6. kd;DapH - epiy ngw;w capH jkpo;g;grp 146. nghd;dpd; Fitnadf;F Ntz;bajpy;iy- vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd; 147. “jkpo;g;grp” vDk; ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd; 148. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; gzpfs; ahit? MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upapy; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. 149. f. rr;rpjhde;jd; Gyik ahJ? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspy; Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhH. 150. f.rr;rpjhde;jd; gilg;Gfs; ahit? Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpijj;njhFjp) 1954)@ md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;)@ aho;g;ghzf;fhtpak;. 151. “vd;Wk; ,sik Fiwahj jkpOk;@ jkpOf;F capuhf tpsq;Fk; fk;gd; ftpijfSk; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpatH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd; 152. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Fit - Ftpay; 2. khud; - kd;kjd; 153. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; rpwg;G: kfhtpj;Jthd; etePj fpUl;bd ghujpahupd; khztH> ,tHjk; ghly;fspy; fk;gdpd; kpLf;ifAk; ghujpapd; rpdg;Nghf;ifAk; xUkpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. mfuKjyp tuyhW 154. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; ve;j ,Ur;nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if MFk;? mfuk;> Mjp 155. xU nkhopapYs;s vy;yhr; nrhw;fisAk; mfutupirapy; mikAk; gb xU Nruj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fk; E}iy _____ vd;gH. mfuhjp 156. mfuhjpj; jw;Nghija tof;fpy; vd;dntd;W miof;fpwhHfs;? mfuKjyp 157. jkpo; mfuKjyp tuyhw;wpy;> nrk;ghjp ,lj;ijg; ngWk; ve;E}y;fs; epfz;Lfs; MFk;? nrhw;nghUs; Jiw E}y;fs; 158. “epfz;Lfspy;” gioikahdJ____ Nre;jd; jpthfuk; 159. “Nre;jd; jpthfuk;” - E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? jpthfuH 160. epfz;Lfisj; njhlHe;J vj;jid epfz;Lfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd? ,Ugj;ije;J epfz;Lfs; 161. “#lhkzp epfz;L” vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? kz;ly GUlH 162. ,Ugj;ije;J epfz;Lfspy; rpwg;Gkpf;f epfz;L vJ? kz;ly GUlH ,aw;wpa #lhkzp epfz;L 163. jpU%yupd; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; vr;nrhy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,lk; ngw;wJ? mfuhjp 164. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; epfz;LfSs; xd;whd_____ ,y; milnkhopahf mike;Js;sJ? mfuhjp epfz;Lr; nrhy; 165. mfu Kjypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F xU jpUg;G Kidahf mike;j E}y; vJ? mfuhjp epfz;L 166. mfuKjyp E}ypy; nrhw;fspd; ve;j vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk mfutupirapy; tUk;? KjnyOj;Jfs; 167. tPukhKdptH njhFj;j_____jkpopy; Njhd;wpa_____MFk;. rJufuhjpa> Kjy; mfuKjyp


168. “rJH” vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; vd;d? ehd;F 169. “rJH” vd;Dk; E}ypd; vj;jid tifapy; jdpj;jdpahfg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? ngaH> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vd;Dk; ehd;F 170. NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 171. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjp> ,yj;jPd;- jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo;-gpnuQ;R mfuhjp> gpnuQ;R-jkpo; mfuhjp> NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo; mfuhjp Mfpa mfu Kjypfis cUthf;fpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 172. jkpo;- jkpo; mfuhjp xd;iw ntspapl;ltH ahH? nytp ];ghy;b]; 173. “jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp” vd;w E}y; ahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ? aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhH. 173. jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjpf;F kw;nwhU ngaH vd;d? rq;f mfuhjp 174. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp vd;Dk; xd;iw ntspapl;ltH ahH? Fg;Grhkp 175. rq;f mfuhjpapy; nrhy;ypd; %yk; ve;j kuigg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ? jUjy;> Nkw;Nfhs; mikj;jy; 176. glq;fSld; $ba XH mfu Kjypia ntspapl;ltH ahH? ,uhkehjd; 177. mfuKjyp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; _____ vDk; ngaUld; ntspte;jJ? jkpo; mfuhjp 178. jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjpiaj; njhFj;jtH ahH? tpd;RNyh 179. gthde;jj;jpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp ve;j Mz;by; ntspte;jd? 1925 Mk; Mz;L 180. 1937- Mk; Mz;by; _____ vDk; mfuhjp ntspte;jd? kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp 181. jkpo;- jkpo; mfuKjypia njhFj;jtH ahH? K.rz;Kfk; 182. K.rz;Kfk; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l jkpo;- jkpo; mfuKjyp ve;j Mz;by; jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghlE}y; epWtdj;jhy; ntspapl;lJ? 1985 Mk; Mz;L 183. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j kpfg;ngupa mfuKjyp ahJ? nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp 184. nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp vd;Dk; ngaupy; _____ ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; nyf;rpfd; 185. “jkpo; nyf;rpfd;” vd;Dk; ,t;tfuKjyp vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;ld? MWnjhFjp 186. ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; Ngufu Kjypapd; Kjy; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1985 Mk; Mz;L 187. ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;g;gpay; Ngufu Kjypapd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1993 Mk; Mz;L 188. KOikahff; fzpdp cjtpAld; cUthf;fg;gl;L ntspte;j Kjy; jkpo; mfuKjyp vJ? fpupahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp 189. vr;rpe;jidapd; tpisthff; fiyf; fsQ;rpak; Njhd;wpaJ ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s ngaHfs;> fijfs; tuyhWfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; 190. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb vJ? mgpjhd Nfhrk; 191. vr;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaf; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ?,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr;nra;jp 192. ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfs; ve;j Mz;by; ntspahdJ? 1902 Mk; Mz;L 193. “mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp” E}iyj; njhFj;J ntspapl;ltH ahH? rpq;fhu NtydhH 194. “mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp” E}y; ve;j Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ? 1934 Mk; Mz;L 195. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; Kiwahd Ij; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;sJ? Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij 196. Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspapl;ldH? gj;Jj; njhFjp 197. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; vj;jid tifahd fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ? %d;W (1.Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 2. ehlff; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 3. ,Ryhkpa fiyf;fsQ;rpak; 198. ve;j epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpahy; nghJmwpT> cstpay;> Gtpapay;> Gs;spapay;> tuyhW> thdtpay;> JiwfSf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy; mfu Kjypfs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? ve;j Mz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? fiyf;fjpH (1960 Mk; Mz;L) 199. mwptpay; rhHe;j Jiwthupahd fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypia ahH njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH? kzit K];jgh 200. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpak; ve;j Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ? 1991 Mk; Mz;L 201. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpaj;ij jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhy;Yld; tpsf;f _____ jug;gl;Ls;sd. nrhw;nghUs;fs; 202. ,d;iwa kf;fSk; gz;ila ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fspd; nrhy;tsk; nghUshok; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njs;spjpd; mwpe;J Ritj;J kfpoj; Jiz nra;tJ vJ? mfuKjyp 203. fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gLk; nrhw;nghUs; khw;wq;fis mfuKjypfs; gjpT nra;tjd; %yk; cjTfpd;wd? rPHikahd nkhop tsHr;rp 204. Fwpg;G mfu Kjyp xd;iw ehSk; gbj;J tUtha; epfupyhj nrhw;fs; epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha; - ghujpjhrd; ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs; 205. ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; ,it ve;j tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;? ,yf;fz tif 206. ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ehd;F 207. ehd;F ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fis vOJf? ,aw;nrhy;> jpupr;nrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy;


208. vy;yhUf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tifapy; ,ay;gha; mike;j jkpo;r;nrhy; _____ vdg;gLk;? ,aw;nrhy; 209. ,aw;nrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 210. ,U tifahd ,aw;nrhw;fs; vd;ndd;d? 1. ngaH ,aw;nrhw;fs; 2. tpid ,aw;nrhw;fs; 211. fw;wtHfSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;ff; $badtha; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; vJ? jpupnrhy; 212. jpupnrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 213. ,Utifahd jpupnrhy;fs; vd;ndd;d? ngaHj; jpupnrhy;> tpidj;jpupnrhy; 214. jkpo;ehl;ilr; #o;e;Js;s gpwgFjpfspypUe;J jkpopy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs; _____ MFk;. jpirr;nrhw;fs; 215. jpirr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; jpirr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. gz;bif – jpUtpoh 2. nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F 3. tpahghuk; - tzpfk; 4. [kf;fhsk; - tpupg;G 5. Ntbf;if - fhl;rp 216. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jpupe;Jk; jpupahkYk; jkpo; nkhopapy; te;J toq;Fkhdhy; mit _____ vdg;gLk;. tlnrhy; 217. tlnrhw;fSf;Fj; jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;: tlnrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. fkyk; - jhkiu 2. tp\k;(tplk;) - eQ;R 3. G\;gk; (Gl;gk;) - kyH 218. nghUj;Jf 1. epyk;> eha; - tpidj;jpupnrhy; 2. te;jJ> gbj;jhd; - ngaH ,aw;nrhy; 3. fspW> Gutp - tpid ,aw;nrhy; 4. tpdtpdhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; - ngaHj;jpupnrhy; tpil: 1. ngaH ,aw;nrhy; 2. tpidj; jpupnrhy; 3. ngaHj;jpupnrhy; 4. tpid ,aw;nrhy; 219. “mkH” vd;gjd; nghUs; NghH 220. njhz;Z}w;whW gpupf;Fk; Kiw njhz;Z}W MW 221. fhw;W> epyT> QhapW> gyif ,it vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs; vd;gjhy; ,it _____ MFk;. ngaHr; nrhw;fs; 222. NeH$w;W> maH$w;Wj; njhlHfs; Nty;tpop ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ik ngW vd;W MrpupaH mwpTiu $wpdhH. (NeH$w;W) ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ik ngWkhW MrpupaH Nty; tpopf;Ff; $wpdhH. (maw;$w;W) 223. NeH$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;Wk; NghJ khWk; nrhw;fs; NeH$w;W maw;$w;W ,d;W - md;W New;W - Kd;dhs; ,J – mJ ,jdhy; - mjdhy; ehq;fs; - jhk;> jhq;fs; ePq;fs; - mtHfs; ehis - kWehs; ,g;nghOJ - mg;nghOJ ,it – mit ehd; - jhd; eP - mtd;> mts; ,ay; %d;W nra;As; gFjp - jpUts;Stkhiy 224. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? fgpyH 225. fgpyH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jtnud;Wk;> rq;ff;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; tho;e;jtnud;Wk; Fwpg;gH. 226. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid czHj;j ve;E}y; vOe;jJ? jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; jdpE}y; 227. jpUts;Stkhiy E}ypy; vj;jid ghly;fs; cs;sd? Ik;gj;ije;J 228. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy vj;jid GytHfs; ghbAs;shHfs;? Ik;gj;J %d;W 229. jpUts;Stkhiy _____ mZF Kiwiar; rhHe;jJ? mwptpay; 230. Fwpg;G ctik rpWGy;ypd; jiyapy; jpidastpDk; rpWgdpePH nebJaHe;j gidkuj;jpd; cUtj;ijj; jd;Ds; njspthff; fhl;Lk;. ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; ts;Stupd; Fws;ntz;ghf;fs; mUk;ngUk; fUj;Jfisj; jk;kfj;Nj mlf;fpf; fhl;Lk; 231. xspiaj; Nfhl;lk; milar; nra;tjdhy; njhiytpYs;s nghUspd; cUtj;ij mz;ikapy; Njhd;Wk; gb nra;ayhk; vd;W ahH $wpdhH? fyPypNah fypyp 232. nrhw;nghUs; 1. ts;is - ney;Fj;Jk; NghJ ngz;fshy; ghlg;gLk; xUtifg; ghl;L 2. msF - Nfhop esntz;gh 233. esntz;ghtpd; MrpupaH ahH GfNoe;jpg;GytH 234. GfNoe;jpg;GytH gpwe;j CH vJ? njhz;ilehl;bd; nghd;tpise;jfsj;J}H (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ngUq;fsj;J}H) 235. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; rpwg;G ahJ? tuFz ghz;badpd; mitg;GytH 236. GfNoe;jpg;Gytiu Mjupj;j ts;sy; ahH? re;jpud; RtHf;fp 237. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; fhyk; vd;d? fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L 238. GfNoe;jpg;GytH fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ,U GytHfs; ahH? fk;gH> xl;lf;$j;jH 239. ntz;gh ahg;gpy; fhg;gpag; nghUisj; njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fsha;g; ghba rpwg;gpdhy; ,tH vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH? ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp


240. esntz;gh vd;gJ __ $Wk; E}nyd tpupe;J nghUs; jUk;. esdJ tuyhw;iw ntz;ghf;fshy; 241. “esntz;gh” vj;jid fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ? %d;W 242.esntz;ghtpy; fhz;lq;fisf; $Wf? Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlH fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;. 243. esntz;ghtpd; vj;jid ntz;ghf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ? ehD}w;W Kg;gj;njhU ntz;ghf;fs; 244. epljehl;L kd;dd; esd;> tpjHg;g ehl;L kd;dd; kfs; jkae;jp Mfpa ,UtUk; ve;jg; gwitfs; cjtpapd; xUtiug; gw;wp xUtH mwpe;J md;G nfhz;ldH? md;dg;gwit 245. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Mop - fly; 2. tb mk;G - tbf;fg;gl;l mk;G 3. tpRk;G - thdk; 4. nrhw;whd; - ntd;whd; 5. muT - ghk;G 6. gps;isf;FUF - ehiuf;FQ;R 7. ts;is - xUtif ePHf;nfhb 8. flh - vUik 9. ntstp - ft;tp 10. rq;fpd; gps;is - rq;Ff;FQ;Rfs; 11. nfhb - gtsf;nfhb 12. NfhL - nfhk;G 13. fop - cg;gq;fop 14. jpiu - miy 15. Nkjp - vUik 16. fs; - Njd; 17. Gs; - md;dk; 18. Nrb - Njhop

19. <upUtH - ehy;tH 20. CryhLw;whs; - kdk; jLkhwpdhs; 21. nrk;ik NrH - Gfo;kpF 22. fbkhiy - kzkhiy 23. #o;tpjp - ey;tpid 24. jhH - khiy 25. fhrpdp - epyk; 26. ed;Djy; - ey;y new;wp 27. nts;fp - ehzp 28. fsp$u - kfpo;r;rp nghq;f 29. taNte;J - typikkpF murd; (esd;) 30. xz;jhiu - xspkpf;f kyHkhiy 31. ky;yy; - tsk; 32. klehL - ,isagR 33. kotpil - ,sq;fhis 34. nrk;khe;J - ngUkpjj;Jld; 35. kWF - murtPjp

cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; 246. fzpdpia Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? rhHy]; ghg;Ng[; 247. rhHy[; ghg;Ng[; ve;j Mz;by; ve;ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? fp.gp. 1833 Mk; Mz;L> ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; 248. fzpdp cUthf vJ Kjy; gbtkhf mike;jJ? kzpr;rl;lk; 249. rpynehbfspy; kpy;ypad; fzf;Ffisr; nra;J fhl;Lk; fzpdpia ve;j Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L 250. fzf;fpLk; fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? gpNs]; gh];fy; 251. gpNs];gh];fy; vd;Dk; mwpQH ve;efiur; NrHe;jtH? ghupR efiu 252. Kjy; nray;jpl;l tiuthsH vdg;Nghw;wg;gl;ltH ahH? Mq;fpyf; ftpQH igudpd; kfs; “Nyb yt;Ny];” 253. `hHthHL gy;fiyf;foff; fzpjg;NguhrpupaH “N`hthHL [f;fd;” vd;ghiu _____ JizAld; vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdpiaf; fz;lwpaj; J}z;baJ? I. gp.vk;. nghwpahsH 254. fzpjg; NguhrpupaH N`hthHL [f;fd; fz;lwpe;j vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdpapd; ngaH vd;d? `hHthHL khHf; -1 255. jw;NghJ mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDk; ve;jf; fzpdpia cUthf;fg; Nghl;bapLfpwhHfs;? kPj;jpwd; fzpdp 256. fzpdpapd; tiffs; ahit? 1. gy;Y}lf trjpnfhz;l fzpdp 2. kbf;fzpdp 3. ifalf;ff; fzpdp 257. “,izak;” vd;Dk; tbtj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? [hd; lh];ly; vd;Dk; mnkupf;fuhthH 258. vjd; thapyhf ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> thdpay; tuyhW> Gtpapay;> fzpjk;> jpiug;glk; vd vz;zw;w Jiwfspd; nra;jpfis mwpa KbAk;? ,izak; 259. ve;j Mz;by; xU fzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhU fzpdpf;Fr; nra;jpia khw;w kpd;fhe;j ehlhitg; gad;gLj;jpdH? 1960 Mk; Mz;L 260. xU fl;lj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fzpdpfis vy;yhk; fk;gpr; RUSld; ,izf;f ____ vd;Dk; rpWgyifiag; nghUj;jp gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;? <jHnel; ml;il 261. <jHnel; ml;il vd;Dk; ,izg;G _____ vdg;gl;lJ. FWk;gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; 262. xU tl;lhuj;Jf;Fs; cs;s fzpdpfis ,izg;gjw;F ve;j tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; gad;gLfpwJ? mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; 263. Rtpl;rHyhe;J ehl;ilr; rhHe;j _____ vd;Dk; ,aw;gpay; ty;YeH> 1989 Mk; Mz;L cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;dy; vdg; ngaupl;lhH. gpk;ngHdH yP 264. cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;diy _____ vdTk; miof;fpwhHfs;. itaf tpupT tiy 265. ,izaj;jsr; Nritiag; gad;gLj;jj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; ahit 1. fzpdp 2. njhiyNgrp 3.,izar;Nrit 4.khw;wp 5.njhlHG nkd;nghUs;


266.njhiyNgrp topahff; fzpdpiaAk; khw;wpiaAk; ,izj;Jg;gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa NritahFk;. njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gr; 267. vjd; nray;gLtijf; nfhz;L ,iza ,izg;G ehd;F tiffshff; fpilf;fpd;wJ itaf gpupT tiy 268. ehd;F tifahd ,iza ,izg;Gfisf; $Wf 1.cWg;gpdH vz;zpyf;f ,izg;G 2.fk;gp tlkhw;wp 3.nraw;iff;Nfhs; Nrit 4.fz;ziwr; Nrit 269. fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;Fk; fy;tpNa _____ MFk;. fzpdp topf;fy;tp 270. fzpdp topahf _____ Ig; ngw KbAk;. nkhopf;fy;tp 271. _____ vd;Dk; ,izaj;jsk; jkpo; vOj;Jfis vOjTk; xypf;fTk; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ. jkpok; 272. njhiyj;njhlHGj; Jiwapy; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tpl ve;j Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Kd;Ndw;wk; gy E}W klq;fhFk; fle;j 20 Mz;L 273. fle;j ,Ugjhz;Lf; fzpdpg; gazj;jpy; ,izaj;jpd; gq;F kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;Nw nrhy;Ntd; vdf; $wpatH ahH? fzpdp ty;YeH gpy;Nfl;]; ,yf;fzk; tof;F : ,ay;G tof;F - jFjp tof;F 274. ek; Kd;NdhH ve;jr; nrhy;yhy; toq;fp te;jhHfNsh mjid mg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp tUtjw;F ngaH vd;d tof;F 275. tof;fpd; ,Utiffs; ahit 1. ,ay;G tof;F 2. jFjp tof;F 276. ve;jr; nrhy; jdJ ,ay;G nghUs; khwhky; xNu nghUisr; Rl;LfpwNjh mjw;F _____ vd;W ngaH. ,ay;G tof;F 277. ,ay;G tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit ,yf;fzKilaJ> ,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c. 278. ,yf;fzg;gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fp tUtij _____ vd;gH. ,yf;fzKilaJ 279. efHg;Gwk;> fhy;tha;> nfhk;G Edp Nghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg; GwefH> tha;f;fhy; Edpf;nfhk;G vd khw;wp ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,yf;fz KilaJ Nghy toq;fp tUtij _____ vd;fpNwhk;. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp 280. jQ;rhT+H> Nfhak;Gj;JhH> ,it jQ;ir> Nfhit vdr; rpije;J te;Js;sjhy; ,ij ___ vd;fpNwhk;. k&c 281. jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ _____ vd;gH. jFjp tof;F 282. jFjp tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit ,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk;> FOcf;Fwp 283. gyH Kd;Nd $w ,lHg;ghlhfj; Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j nrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; njuptpg;gJ _____ vd;gH. ,lf;fulf;fy; 284. mkyq;fykhd nrhy;iy ePf;fp kq;fykhd nrhy;yhy; mg;nghUis toq;FtJ _____ vd;gH. kq;fyk; 285. xU FOtpdH jkf;F kl;Lk; GupAk; tifapy; xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf toq;Fk; ngaiuf; _____ vd;gH FOcf;Fwp 286. nghUj;Jf: 1. ,yf;fzKilaJ - Nfhit 2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - epyk; 3. k&c - GwefH 4. ,lf;fulf;fy; - gwp 5. kq;fyk; - fhy; fOtp te;jhd; 6. F*cf;Fwp- ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH tpil: 1. epyk; 2. GwefH 3. Nfhit 4. fhy; fOtp te;jhd; 5. ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH 6. gwp 287. “ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;” ,j;njhlH ahJ? ,yf;fzKilaJ. kuGr;nrhw;fs; 288. Kd;NdhH vr;nrhy;iy vg;gb toq;fpdNuh mr;nrhy;iy mg;gbNa Vw;W toq;Fjy; _____ kuG tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngaHfs; 1. mzpw;gps;is 2. Gypg;gwo; 3. eha;f;Fl;b 4. fPupg;gps;is 5. vUikf;fd;W 6. khd;fd;W 7. gd;wpf;Fl;b 8. rpq;ff;FUis 9. fOijf;Fl;b 10. Ml;Lf;Fl;b

11. ahidf;fd;W 12. Fuq;Ff;Fl;b 13. Fjpiuf;Fl;b 14. vypf;FQ;R tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; 1. Ml;Lg;gl;b 2. Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; 3. Nfhopg;gz;iz 4. khl;Lj;njhOtk; 5. ahidf;$lk;


6. thj;Jg;gz;iz tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG 1. Me;ij myWk; 2. fOij fj;Jk; 3. fhf;if fiuAk; 4. fpsp nfhQ;Rk; 5. eup CisapLk; 6. Fjpiu fidf;Fk; 7. Fapy; $Tk; 8. Nfhop nfhf;fupf;Fk; 9. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk; 10. kapy; mfTk; 11. ahid gpspWk; jhtu cWg;Gg;ngaHfs; 1. <r;r Xiy 2. Nrhsj;jl;il 3. khtpiy 4. Ntg;ge;jio 5. gidNahiy 6. gyh ,iy 7. jhio kly; 8. njd;idNahiy 9. %q;fpy; ,iy 10. fKfq;$e;jy; 11. thio ,iy 12. new;whs; fha;fspd; ,sepiy 1. mtiug;gpQ;R 2. njd;d;q;FUk;ig 3. KUq;ifg;gpQ;R 4. khtL 5. thiof;rr;ry; 6. nts;supg;gpQ;R

nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; 1. Myq;fhL 2. fk;gq;nfhy;iy 3. gde;Njhg;G 4. rTf;Fj;Njhg;G 5. Nrhsf; nfhy;iy 6. gyhj; Njhg;G 7. njd;de;Njhg;G 8. Njapiyj;Njhl;lk; 9. G+Q;Nrhiy nghUs;fspd; njhFg;G 1. Ml;L ke;ij 2. jpuhl;irf;Fiy 3. khl;Lke;ij 4. rhtpf;nfhj;J 5. itf;Nfhw;NghH 6. fw;Ftpay; 7. Ntsq;fhL 8. ahidf;$l;lk; 9. gRepiu nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG 1. NrhW cz; 2. gok; jpd; 3. Nfhyk; ,L 4. jP %l;L 5. ghy;gUF 6. ePH Fb 7. ghl;Lg;ghL 8. japH fil 9. glk; tiu 10. ftpij ,aw;W 11. tpsf;if Vw;W 12. $iu Nta;

289. nghUj;Jf 1. kf;fs; - NghH 2. tPuH - fw;iw 3. tpwF - $l;lk; 4. Rs;sp - fl;L 5. itf;Nfhy; - gil Tpil 1. $l;lk; 2. Gil 3. fl;L 4. fw;iw 5. NghH

,ay; ehd;F nra;As; gFjp - tpNtfrpe;jhkzp 290. “jpaq;F” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ kaq;fp 291. “rk;G” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ ehty; 292. “kjpak;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ epyT 293. “rk;Gtpd; fdp” vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ vJ ehtw;gok; 294. “kJ” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ Njd; 295. Fwpg;G tpNtfrpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; GytH gyuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ghf;fspd; njhFg;G. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jtH ahnudj; njupatpy;iy. 296. ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F xg;Gikahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ_____ epyT 297. nghUj;Jf 1. tz;L - jhkiu 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; - ehtw;gok; 3. kyHf;fuk; - thd;epyT tpil: 1. ehtw;gok; 2. thd;epyT 3. jhkiu 298. “Gfd;whs;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ $wpdhs; ghujj;jha;


299. ghujj;jha; vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH 300. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gpwe;j CH vJ jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s ,ul;liz 301. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vJ Mj;jp#b ntz;gh> jpyfH Guhzk; Rthkpfs; rupjk;> fhe;jp Guhzk;> 302. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH xU _____ MthH. rpwe;j Ngr;rhsH 303. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahiu ,f;fhy xsitahH vd;W ahH ghuhl;LthH? jpU.tp.f 304. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gy fhyk; ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhH jpUg;ghjpupg; GypA+upy; (flY}H) 305. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhH tlY}H 306. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ehD}w;W xd;gJ ghly;fisf; nfhz;l _____vd;Dk; nra;As; E}iy ,aw;wpdhH ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; rupjk; 307. fhe;jpGuhzk; vj;jidg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? <uhapuj;J Kg;gj;J ehd;F 308. fhe;jpGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;wJ? fhe;jpabfs; 309. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tha;ik - cz;ik 2. fisAk; - ePf;Fk; 3. tz;ik - ts;sy; jd;ik 4. Jyq;Fjy; - tpsq;Fjy; 5. Nra;ik - njhiyT 310. “jtk;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ ngUk;NgW 311. “fUiz” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ ,uf;fk; 312. “jha;ikad; gpwid” ,jidg; gpupj;J vOJf. jha;ik + md;gpd; + jid ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghupy; jkpofg; ngz;fspd; gq;F 313. NtYehr;rpahupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs; 314. NtYehr;rpahupd; je;ij ____ Mz;l kd;dH MtH. ,uhkehjGuk; 315. NtYehr;rpahH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ fp.gp. 1730 Mk; Mz;L 316. NtYehr;rpahH _____ thupirg; Nghd;Nw MAjg;gapw;rp Kjy; midj;ijAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jhH Mz; 317. NtYehr;rpahupd; fztH ahH rptfq;if kd;dH Kj;JtLfehjH 318. Mq;fpNyaH ve;j Mz;by; rptfq;ifr; rPikapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhH 1772 Mk; Mz;L 319. Kj;JtLfehjH ahUld; NghH nra;J tPukuzkile;jhH Mq;fpNyaH 320. NtYehr;rpahH Mq;fpNyaiu vjpHg;gijf; Fwpj;J ahUld; fye;J NgrpdhH? ik#H kd;dH IjH myp 321. NtYehr;rpahUf;F cjt tpUk;gpa IjH myp vj;jid giltPuHfis mtUld; mDg;gpdhH? Iahapuk; 322. NtYehr;rpahH jd; fztiuf; nfhd;w Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W ve;j Mz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhH 1780 Mk; Mz;L 323. NtYehr;rpahH ____ rNfhjuHfSld; tPuHgilf;Fj; jiyikNaw;Wr; nrd;whH kUJ 324. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH 1890 Mk; Mz;L 325. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; gpwe;j CH vJ flY}upy; cs;s KJefupy; 326. ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpa NghNj mQ;riyak;khs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhH 1921 Mk; Mz;L 327. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L gy Mz;L rpiwapy; thbdhH ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;> cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;> kwpay;Nghuhl;lk;> jdpahs; mwg; Nghuhl;lk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Mfpa Ie;J Nghuhl;lk; 328. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;j rpiwapy; milg;gl;L ,Ue;jhH flY}H> jpUr;rp> NtY}H>ngy;yhup 329. NtY}Hr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j NghJ fUTw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtiu (flY}H mQ;riyak;khs;) ve;j muR ntspapy; mDg;gp tpl;L kfg;Ngw;wpw;Fg; gpd; kPz;Lk; rpiwapy; milj;jJ? Mq;fpNya muR 330. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; kpfr;rpwe;j _____ Mf tpsq;fpdhH Ngr;rhsH 331. FLk;gr; nrhj;JfisAk; FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; tpw;W vjw;fhf nryTnra;jhH? tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; 332. ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jk;Kila vj;jid taJ kfisAk; <LgLj;jpdhH? xd;gJ taJ 333. fhe;jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ug;gtHfisg; ghHf;f te;j NghJ xd;gNj tajhd mk;khfz;Z mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; vd;gijawpe;J> mr;rpWkpiaj; jd;DlDf;F Mrpukj;J mioj;Jr; nrd;W _____ vd;W ngaupl;Lg; gbf;fTk; itj;jhHfs; thHjhtpy; cs;s yPyhtjp 334. mQ;riyak;khs; gHjh Ntlkzpe;J ve;j tz;bapy; fhe;jpabfis Vw;wpr; nrd;whH Fjpiutz;b 335. mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; ngaH vd;d mk;khf;fz;Z 336. fhe;jpabfs; ahiuj; njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd;wioj;jhH? flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; 337. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH 1899 Mk; Mz;L rdtup8


338. mk;G[j;jk;khs; tPl;bypUe;Nj ve;nje;j nkhopfisj; jpwk;gl gapd;whH? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> rkw;fpUjk;. 339. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila vspikahd Njhw;wj;jpdhy; ftug;gl;L vspikahf tho;e;jhH md;id f];J}upgha; 340. mk;G[j;jk;khs; vf;Fzq;fisj; Jwe;jhH? gl;L> gfl;L> Mq;fpyNkhfk;. 341. mk;G[j;jk;khs; gy;NtW fl;Lg;ghLfs; kpFe;j FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L vjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lhH? ehl;L tpLjiy 342. _____ KjypatHfNshL el;Gf; nfhz;L ngz;zbikf;F vjpuhf mk;G[j;jk;khs; Fuy; nfhLj;jhH it. K. Nfhijehafp mk;khs;> Uf;Fkzp yl;Rkpgjp 343. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila ghliyg; ghb tpLjiy czHit Cl;b Mq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;lhH? kfhftp ghujpahupd; ghly; 344. me;epaj;Jzpfs; tpw;Fk; filf;Fk; Kd;ghf kwpay; Nghuhl;lk; epfo;j;jpajhy; mk;G[j;jk;khs; vr;rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH? NtY}Hr; rpiwapy; 345. fhe;jpabfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs; vd;W ahH nry;ykhf miof;fg;gl;lhH? mk;G[j;jk;khs; 346. mk;G[j;jk;khs; epWtpa njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; ngaH vd;d rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; 347. 1964 Mk; Mz;L mk;G[j;jk;khs; ngw;w tpUJ ahJ jhkiuj;jpU (gj;k=) 348. mk;G[j;jk;khs; jk; vOgjhz;L epidthf ve;j mupa E}iy vOjpAs;shH ehd; fz;l ghujk; Jizg;ghlk; - kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs; 349. XH Vf;fH gug;gstpy; tsHe;Js;s kuq;fs; gjpndl;Lg; NgHfSf;F XH Mz;bw;Fj; Njitahd capH fhw;iwf; fpilf;fr; nra;fpd;wd. njhifepiyj; njhlHfs; 350. nrhw;fs; ,uz;L Kjyhfj; njhlHe;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ _____ vdg;gLk;. njhlH 351. nrhw;fs; njhluhFk; NghJ ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Ntw;Wik tpid> ctik Kjypatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W kiwe;J tUk;. ,q;qdk; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk; njhlHfisj; _____ vd;gH. njhifepiyj;njhlHfs; 352. fay;> tpop ,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,jid _____ vdf;$WtH. ctikj; njhif 353. njhifepiyj;njhlH vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW 354. njhifepiyj; njhlupd; tiffisf; $Wf 1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif 2. tpidj;njhif 3. gz;Gj;njhif 4. ctikj;njhif 5. ck;ikj;njhif 6. md;nkhopj;njhif 355. “fz;zid ,uhkd; ghHj;jhd;” vd;Dk; njhlupy; “I” vd;Dk; cUG ahH> ahiug; ghHj;jhd; vdg; ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; cWg;Gf;F vd;Wg; ngaH. Ntw;Wik 356. ngaHg; nghUis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; cUig ____ vd;fpNwhk;. Ntw;Wik cUG 357. Ntw;Wikfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? vl;L 358. Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; _____ ,y;iy cUG 359. vj;jid cUGfs; cs;sd 6> I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;> 360. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG tiu cs;stw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W _____ Mf tUk;. Ntw;Wik cUG 361. ,U nrhw;fSf;fpilNa Ntw;Wik cUG vd;fpNwhk;. kiwe;J tUtij Ntw;Wikj;njhif 362. “ghy; gUfpdhd;” ,jpy; “I” vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij _____ vdf; $WtH ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 363. “jiy tzq;fpdhd;.” ,jpy; My; vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy; ,ij _____ vd;gH. %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 364. “NtYf;F kfd;” ,jpy; “F” vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij _____ vd;gH. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 365. “Cu; ePq;fpdhd;” ,jpy; “,d;” vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij _____ vd;gH. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 366. “nrq;Fl;Ltd; rl;il” ,jpy; “mJ” vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy; ,ij _____ vd;gH. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 367. Fifg;Gyp ,jpy; fz; vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij _____ vd;gH. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 368. fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; nganur;rk; _____ vdg;gLk;. tpidj;njhif 369. nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; njhlH _____ gz;Gj;njhif 370. fay;tpop vd;gJ _____ ctikj;njhif 371. ky;ypif vd;gJ rpwg;Gg; ngaH> G+ vd;gJ nghJg;ngaH ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J _____ vdg;gLk;. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif


372. xU ngaUf;F my;yJ xU nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs; jUtjhy; mJ ____ vdg;gl;lJ. ck;ikj;njhif 373. Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik ck;ik Mfpa njhifepiyj; njhlHfSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy nkhopfs; njhf;F epd;W nghUs; jUtJ _____ MFk; md;nkhopj;njhif 374. “gtstha; Ngrpdhs;” - ,j;njhlupd; njhif vd;d tpidj;njhif 375. MLnfhb> gha;Gyp> miyfly; Mfpa njhlHfs; MFk;. tpidj;njhif gapd;W te;j njhlHfs; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 376. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Nfw;w jkpo;r; nrhw;fis mwpNthk; rk];fpUjk; - jkpo; mfq;fhuk; - nrUf;F mjpH\;lk; - ew;NgW mgpg;gpuhak; - fUj;J mG+Htk; - GJik Muhjid - topghL Mde;jk; - kfpo;r;rp rgjk; - #Siu jpdrup - ehs;NjhWk; ijupak; - JzpT G+i[ - topghL cUJ - jkpo; gQ;rhaj;J - Ik;Nguhak; gjpy; - tpil gNy - ed;W Ngl;b - NeHfhzy; igrh - fhR mry; - Kjy; fr;Nrup - muq;fk; Fkh];jh - vOj;jH ifJ - jis F\p - kfpo;r;rp NghHj;Jf;fprpak; - jkpo; mykhup - neLk;Ngio fpuhk;G - ,ytq;fk; rhtp - jpwTNfhy; rd;dy; - gyfzp Nk];jpup - jiyikj; njhopy;fs; mugp - jkpo; jfty; - nra;jp

tf;fpy; - tof;FiuQH ghf;fp - epYit kf;fH - ,ilQ;ry; kh%y; - gioagb kpl;lha; - jPq;fl;b kuhj;jp - jkpo; fhfpjk; - jhs; fpy;yhb - nfhbNahd; mghz;lk; - tPz;gopf;$w;W ml;ltiz- nghUl;Fwpg;Gg;gl;bay; Ngl;il - GwefH ghurPfk; - jkpo; [khf;fhsk; - tpupg;G [kPd; - epyGyk; khYkp - ehthNahl;b g[hH - filj;njU ikjhdk; - jpwe;jntspj;jply; Mq;fpyk; jkpo; iynrd;]; - cupkk; ,z;lHtpA+ - NeHfhzy; nf];l; `T]; - tpUe;jfk; vyh];bf; - nefpop Gdy; - tbFoyp gPNuh - ,Og;giw ml;y]; - epyg;glj; njhFg;G capy; - ,WjpKwp fTd;rpy; - kd;wk; uapy; - njhlH tz;b Ngdh - J}ty; ug;gH - Nja;g;gk;

,ay; Ie;J nra;As; - fhtbr;rpe;J 377. fhtbr;rpe;J ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH mz;zhkiyahH 378. mz;zhkiyahH gpwe;j CH Vj jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;Jr; nrd;dpFsk; 379. mz;zhkiyahupd; ngw;NwhH ahH nrd;dtH - XTmk;khs; 380. mz;zhkiyahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit fhtbr;rpe;J> tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjp me;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj;jkpo; 381. mz;zhkiyahupd; fhyk; vJ 1861-1890 382. Fwpg;G J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; Nfhtpy;gl;bf;F mUfpYs;s tskhd CH fOFkiy. ,q;Ff; Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;s KUfdpd; rpwg;ig vspa ,dpa ,irg;ghly;fshy; Nghw;wpg;ghlg; ngw;wJ ,e;E}y;. 383. nrhw;nghUs; 1. fyhgk; - Njhif 2. tpNtfd; - Qhdp 3. Nfhy – mofpa 4. ,ire;j - nghUj;jkhd 5. thtp - ngha;if 6. khNj - ngz;Nz tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh 384. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh- vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH xl;lf;$j;jH 385. xl;lf;$j;jupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaH ahJ? ftpr;rf;futHj;jp 386. xl;lf;$j;jH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? %tUyh> jf;fahfg;guzp> FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;.


387. xl;lf;$j;jupd; fhyk; vJ gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L 388. cyh vd;gJ _____ tiffSs; xd;W njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpa 389. ahUila rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; Nehf;fpy; ,t;tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd? ,iwtd;> kd;dd;> kf;fSs; rpwe;NjhH. 390. “cyh” vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; ahJ CHtyk; tUjy; 391. kfspupd; gUtq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? VO 392. kfspupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mupit> njupit> Ngupsk; ngz;. 393. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;F vj;jidahtJ kfd; MthH? ehd;fhtJ kfd; 394. Fwpg;G tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; gpwg;G: tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa %d;W kd;dHfspd; mitapYk; nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpatH MtH. 395. tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; jha; ngaH vd;d? kJuhe;jfp 396. kJuhe;jfp _____ nfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhH. fq;if 397. kyupd; gUtq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? VO 398. kyupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? 1. mUk;G 2. nkhl;L 3. Kif 4. kyH 5. myH 6. tP 7. nrk;ky; 399. FlFkiyia ClWj;J miy NkhJk; fhtpupiaj; je;jtH ahH? fNtud; 400. NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Gypf; nfhb ehl;b nghd;dpahfpa fhtpupapd; ,UfiufisAk; caHj;jpf; fl;batH ahH? Nrhod; fupfhyd; 401. ngha;ifahupd; fstop ehw;gJ ghlYf;Fg; guprhfr; Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwiar; rpiwtPL nra;j Nrhod; ahH? nrq;fzhd; 402. Nghupy; ngUikahf vz;zj;jf;f tpOg;Gz;fs; njhz;Z}w;whWk; ngw;wtd; ahH? Nrhod; tprahyad; 403. rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rp jUk; jpy;iyf;Fg; nghd;Nta;e;j Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; guhe;jfd; 404. gjpndl;Lr; rpw;W}HfisAk; ifg;gw;wp kiyehL ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; ,uhruhrd; 405. tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk; fpof;fpy; flhuKk; ntd;W iff;nfhz;L> NruH fg;gw;gil KOtijAk; mopj;j Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud; 406. rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuhd fy;ahzGuj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kk;Kiw Nghupl;L ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhrhjpuhrd; 407. nfhg;gj;Jg; Nghupy; Mapuk; ahidfis ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud; 408. nrhw;nghUs; 1. FtL – kiy 2. nghd;dp – fhtpup 3. NfhJ - Fw;wk; 4. mutk; - ghk;G nra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW 409. cyfpy; vq;Nfh xU %iyapy; eilngWk; rpwpa epfo;Tk; _____ MfpwJ. nra;jp 410. vjd; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s kpfg; ngupa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthf clDf;Fld; nra;jpfs; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd? mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp 411. “Vd;! vd;d? vg;NghJ? vg;gb? vq;Nf? ahH? vDk; md;Gj; njhz;lH MWNgHfs; mwpar; nra;thH nra;jpapid” vd;W ahH $wpAs;shH? mwpQH fpg;spq; 412. MWtpdhf;fSf;Fk; cupa tpilfSk; ve;jg; gf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;? nra;jpapd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fk; 413. nra;jpia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dH nra;jpahsH vjd; gzpapy; <LgLfpwhHfs;?nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lk; gzp 414. nra;jpiag; ngWjy; vd;gJ vijg; Nghd;wJ? Jg;gwpjy; 415. MW tpdhf;fSf;Fk; cupa tpiliaf; fhz;gnjd;gJ vijg; Nghd;w mupa gzp? flypy; %o;fp Kj;njLg;gJ 416. xt;nthU nra;jpahsUk; jkf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Nfh> mYtyfq;fSf;Nfh ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fg; ngaH vd;d? nra;jpf;fsk; 417. ve;nje;j nra;jpf;fsq;fSf;Fr; nra;jpahsHfs; ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W> cupatuplk; njhlHGnfhz;L nra;jpfisg; ngw;W tUtH? nra;jpfspd; %yq;fshf ,Uf;Fk; mikr;rfq;fs;> fhty;epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;. 418. ,yz;ld; ilk;]; ,jopd; nra;jpahsH ______ Nghupd; NghJ Neubahfg; NghH eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;bdhHfs;. ,e;jpa rPdg;NghH 419. “,z;bad; vf;];gpu];” nra;jpahsH ______ rpiwr;rhiyapd; epiy gw;wp mwpa jhNd rpiwg;gl;Lr; nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj;je;J Gfo; ngw;whH. jpy;ypapYs;s 420. vjidf; fhz nra;jpahsUf;Fj; jdp ,lk; xJf;fpapUg;gH? tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;> Gfo; ngw;w tprhuizfs;> rl;lkd;w eltbf;iffs;> khehLfs;> nghJf;$l;lq;fs; 421. nra;jpahsHfs; vjidg; gbj;Jj;jhd; nra;jpahsH nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lfpd;whHfs;? murpd; mwpf;if> thzpff; FOf;fspd; ntspaPLfs;> epjpaikr;rupd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fs;


422. nra;jpahsHfs; mwptpay; Ma;T KiwfisAk; mtw;iw vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpa cjTtJ vJ? Gs;spapay; 423. nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jfis vjd; thapyhf elj;JthHfs;? $nwLg;G Ma;T 424. nra;jpfis vjd; %yk; ngwyhk;? cs;@Hr; nra;jpahsH ntspA+Hr; nra;jpahsH rpwg;Gr; nra;jpahsH MHtyHfs; muR mwpf;iffs; nra;jp epWtd;q;fs; 425. cynfq;Fk; elf;Fk; nra;jpfis clDf;Fld; vjd; thapyhfg; ngwyhk;? fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp> njhiyNgrp> nry;Ngrp> njhiy mr;R njhiyefy;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp fzpdp. 426. nra;jpapd; gFjpfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? jiyg;Gr; nra;jp Kfg;Gr;nra;jp cly;gFjpr; nra;jp (%d;W) 427. ______> ______ vdg; gjpg;Gfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L tpbaw;fhiyapy; midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs; mr;rbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy; gjpg;G> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 428. Fwpg;G ,jopay; fiyr;nrhw;fs; 1. Bulletin - rpwg;Gr; nra;jp ,jo; 2. Deadline - Fwpj;jfhyk; 3. Editorial - jiyaq;fk; 4. Fake News - ngha;r;nra;jp 5. Flash News - rpwg;Gr;nra;jp 6. Falio No - ,jo; vz; 7. Green Proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;gb 8. Layout - nra;jpj;jhs; tbtikg;G njhfh epiyj; njhlH 429. xU njhlupy; ,Unrhw;fs; mike;J ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czHj;Jkhdhy;> mJ ______ vdg;gLk;. njhfhepiyj;njhlH 430. “fgpyd; te;jhd;” - ,jpy; “fgpyd;” vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlHe;J “te;jhd;” vd;Dk; gadpiy te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ vd;gH. vOtha;j; njhlH. 431. “fjputh! th”. ,J _____ njhluhFk;. tpspj;njhlH 432. fz;Nld; rPijia - tpidKw;W Kjypy; te;J ngaiuj; njhlHtjhy; ,ij> ______ vd;gH.

tpidKw;Wj;njhlH 434. tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk; vr;rtpid kuk; vd;Dk; ngaHr; nrhy;NyhL Kbtjhy; ,J _____ nganur;rj;njhlH 435. te;JNghdhd; - ,jpy; “te;J” vd;Dk; vr;rtpid “Nghdhd;” vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sjhy;> ,J _____ vd;gH. tpidnar;rj; njhlH 436. tPl;ilf;fl;bdhd; - ,j;njhlupy; ‘I’ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gilahf te;Js;sjhy;> ,ij ______ vd;gH. Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH 437. kw;nwhd;W - kw;W + xd;W ‘kw;W’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J ‘xd;W’ vd;Dk; nrhy; njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ____ . ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlH. 438. khKdptH - ,j;njhlupy; ‘kh’ vd;gJ cupr;nrhy;> ,ijj; njhlHe;J ‘KdptH’ vd;Dk; nrhy; te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ . cupr;nrhw;nwhlH. 439. tho;f tho;f tho;f - ,jpy; xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ mLf;Fj;njhlH. 440. njhfhepiy njhlupd; tiffs; vj;jid? xd;gJ ,ul;ilf;fpstp mLf;Fj;njhlH 441. ‘ghk;G ghk;G’ - ,jidg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; jUk;. vdNt ,J ______ MFk;. mLf;Fj;njhlH 442. ‘fyfy’ - ,jidg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ. vdNt ,J ______ MFk;. ,ul;ilf;fpstp 443. cupa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mwpNthk; 1. Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F 1. NfhHj;J - Nfhj;J 2. Rtw;wpy; - Rtupy; 3. ehl;fs; - ehs;fs; 4. kdjpy; - kdj;jpy;

5. gjl;lk; - gjw;wk; 6. rpyT – nryT 7. mUfhikapy; - mUfpy; 2. gpio rup 1. XH khtl;lk; - xU khtl;lk; 2. xU mikr;rH - XH mikr;rH

3. mtuJ kfNdhL – mtUila kfNdhL 4. Nkw;f;nfhz;lhH - Nkw;nfhz;lhH 5. me;j Rw;Wyh - me;jr; Rw;Wyh 6. fz;lij $wNt - fz;lijf;$wNt

7. mtHjhd; - mtHjhk; ,ay; MW nra;As; gFjp - jpUke;jpuk; 444. ‘clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH moptH’ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? jpU%yH 445. jpUke;jpuk; - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpU%yH


446. jpU%yupd; gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp 447. irtj; jpUKiwfspy; vj;jidahtJ jpUKiw ,J? gj;jhtJ jpUKiw 448. jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F ____ vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. jkpo; %thapuk; 449. jpUke;jpuk; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? %thapuk; 450. jpUke;jpug; ghly; %d;whk; je;jpuj;jpy; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? vOE}w;W,Ugj;J ehd;F 451. ____vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo; ngw;w njhluhFk;. xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; 452. nrhw;nghUs; 1. jplk; - cWjp 2. nka;Q;Qhdk; - nka;awpT 3. cghak; - toptif 453. Fwpg;G %yd; vd;Dk; ngaH> “jpU” vd;Dk; ngauil ngw;W> mj;Jld; “mH” vd;Dk; kupahijg; gd;ikAk; ngw;W “jpU%yH” vd Mapw;W. Njk;ghtzp 454. Njk;ghtzp vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 455. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp 456. tPukhKdptupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp vyprngj; 457. eifnra; jd;ikapdk; ngoP ,j;jha; ... vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 458. tPukhKdptH gpwe;j CH vJ ,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpsp Nahd; 459. tPukhKdptH mwpe;j nkhopfs; vit? ,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk; vgpNuak;> jkpo;> njYq;F> rkw;fpUjk; 460. tPukhKdptUf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopia fw;Wf; nfhLj;jtH ahH? kJiur; Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhaH 461. tPukhKdptupd; rpwg;G ahJ? Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpofk; te;J jkpo; gapd;W fhg;gpak; gilj;jik 462. tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhHj;j FUfij rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;. 463. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ? 1680-1747 464. Fwpg;G Njk;ghtzp = Njk;gh+mzp = thlhjkhiy@ Njd;+gh+mzp = Njd; Nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fshyhd khiy. ,e;E}y; ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa #irag;giuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; 3 fhz;lq;fSk; Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fSk; cs;sd@ ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if %thapuj;J mWE}w;Wg; gjpide;J. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,g;ghly; kftUs; glyj;jpy; cs;sJ. 465. nrhw;nghUs; 1. eif - Gd;dif 2. Kif - nkhl;L 3. Nkdp - cly; ehlff;fiy 466. cyfpy; NtW vk;nkhopf;Fk; ,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;G ve;j nkhopf;F cs;sJ? jkpo;nkhop 467. jkpo;nkhop ___ vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; ngUikAilaJ. Kj;jkpo; 468. jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? %d;W 469. %d;W tifahd jkpiof; $Wf? ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo; 470. njhd;W njhl;Lg; gbg;gbNa tsHr;rp mile;Js;s fiy vJ? ehlfk; 471. ehlfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gpupj;njOJf. ehL + mfk; 472. ehl;bd; fle;j fhyj;ijAk;> epfo; fhyj;ijAk;> tUq;fhyj;ijAk;> jd; mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy; ................. vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ vd;gH. ehlfk; 473. fijia> epfo;r;rpia czHit ebj;Jf; fhl;LtJk;> $j;jhf Mbf;fhl;LtJk; ................. vd;W ngaH. $j;Jf;fiy 474. jkpopd; njhd;ikahd fiy tbtk; vJ? ehlfk; 475. ehlf muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp ve;j Fws; topahf mwpa Kbe;jJ? ‘$j;jhl; litf;Fohj; jw;Nw’ 476. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>_____> _____ vd;W ehl;bakhLk; khjtpia Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ehlfNkj;Jk;> ehlff;fzpif 477. ‘ehl;bak;’> ‘ehlfk;’ ,z;bw;Fk; nghJthf ve;j nrhy;Ny tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ? $j;J 478. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lnjdf; fUjg;gLk; jkpo; E}y;fspy; VO ehlf E}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk;> ehlfj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd? KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> kjpthzH ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> tpsf;fj;jhH $j;J> FzE}y;> $j;JE}y;. 479. ahH nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpa jk; ehlftpay; vDk; E}ypy; ehlfk; mjd; tpsf;fk;> tiffs;> vOjg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fupa ,yf;fzk;> ebg;gtHfSf;Fupa ,yf;fzk;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH


480. Rthkp tpGyhde;jH vOjpa ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E}y; vJ? kjq;f #shkzp 481. kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E}y; vJ? rhFe;jyk; 482. ehlfj;jkpo; vd;w jk; E}ypy; njhopy; Kiw ehlf muq;Ffisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOjpatH ahH? ehlfg; NguhrpupaH gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH. 483. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; “kNfe;jputHk gy;ytd;” _____vd;w ehlf E}iy vOjpAs;shH? kj;j tpyhrk; 484. gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;by; ahUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhNrr;Rtu ehlfk; eilngw;wjhff; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?,uhruhr Nrhod; 485. ehaf;f kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ................. Njhd;wpd. FwtQ;rp ehlfq;fs; 486. cotHfspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jupj;Js;sit vit? gs;S ehlftif 487. nehz;b ehlfq;fs; ve;j E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpaJ gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L 488. CHfspy; ____ vd;Dk; ehlftif Guhzf; fijfisNa ikakhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;ld. njUf;$j;J 489. ve;j E}w;whz;by; mUzhryf; ftpuhaupd; ,uhk ehlfk;> Nfhghy fpUl;bd ghujpahupd; ee;jdhH

rupj;jpuk; Mfpad fl;baq;fhud; ciuahly;fNshL KOtJk; ghly;fshf mike;jd gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L

490. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; vjd; njhlHghd ehlfq;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd? rKjhar; rPHjpUj;jk; 491. “lk;ghr;rhup tpyhrk;” - vd;w ehlfj;jpd; MrpupaH ahH? fhrp tpRtehjH 492. NguhrpupaH Re;judhH “kNdhd; kzpak;” vd;Dk; ftpij ehlff; fhg;gpaj;ij ve;j Mz;by; ntspapl;lhH? fp.gp. 1891 Mk; Mz;L 493. “yhHl; ypl;ld;” vOjpa Mq;fpyf; fijapd; ngaH vd;d? kiwtop 494. ................. vd;w ehlfk; jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l Njrpa rKjha ehlfkhFk;?

fjupd; ntw;wp 495. fjupd; ntw;wp ehlfj;ijj; njhlHe;J ve;j ehlfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld? Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp 496. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;L Gupe;jtH ahH? rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 497. “rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;” vj;jid ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH? ehw;gJf;Fk; Nky; 498. ehlf cyfpy; “jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij” vd;W ahiu mioj;jdH? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH 499. “jkpo; ehlf kWkyHr;rpj; je;ij” vd;W ehlf cyfpy; ahiu mioj;jdH? fe;jrhkp 500. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH vj;jid ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH? njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nky; 501. kJiuapy; ve;j Mz;by; Gyikf;flyhd jkpo; %jhl;b xsitahH ehlfk; muq;NfwpaJ? 1942 502. ehlfk; KOtJk; xsitahuhf ebf;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;Wr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ebj;jtH ahH? jp.f. rz;KfdhH 503. jp.f.rz;Kfdhiu ................. vd;W mioj;jdH. xsit rz;KfdhH 504. jd;khd ,af;fk; tYtile;j fhyj;jpy; ahUila ehlfq;fs; gFj;jwpTg; gug;Giu nra;jd? mwpQH mz;zh> fiyQH fUzhepjp MFngaH 505. xd;wd; ,aw;ngaH jd;idf; Fwpf;fhky;> jd;NdhL njhlHGila NtnwhU nghUSf;F Mfp te;jhy; mJ ................. vd;W ngaH. MFngaH 506. “ky;ypif #bdhs;” vdr; nrhd;dhy; mq;F ky;ypif vd;gJ nfhbahfpa Kjw;nghUisf; Fwpf;fhky; G+ vd;Dk; rpidiaf; Fwpj;J> rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) Mfp tUtjhy; ,J ................. vdg;gLk; KjyhF ngaH. 507. “KjyhF ngaUf;F” kw;nwhU ngaH vd;d? nghUshF ngaH 508. G+z;bapy; cs;s gs;spapy; gapd;w khztp Ngrpdhs; - ,j;njhlupy; “gs;sp” vd;Dk; ,lg;ngaH mg;gs;spapy; gapYk; khztpf;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ................. MFk;. ,lthF ngaH 509. ‘jprk;gH G+’ - ,j;njhlupy; jprk;gH vd;Dk; khjg;ngaH mk;khjj;jpy; G+f;Fk; G+tpw;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy; ,J ................. MFk;. fhythF ngaH 510. rpid vd;why; cWg;G> ntw;wpiy el;lhd; ,j;njhlupy; cs;s ntw;wpiy vd;gJ rpidahfpa ,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky; mjd; Kjy; nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ................. MFk;. rpidahFngaH 511. ‘nghq;fYf;F tPl;by; nts;is mbg;Nghk;’ ,j;njhlupy; nts;is vd;gJ epwg;gz;G. Mdhy; mJ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; Rz;zhk;igf; Fwpj;J te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ MFk;. gz;ghFngaH 512. gz;ghF ngaUf;F kw;nwhU ngaH vd;d? FzthFngaH


513. nghq;fy; vd;gJ nghq;Fjyhfpa njhopw;ngaH. ,it njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopyhy; MFk;. czitf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,it .................MFk;. njhopyhFngaH 514. MFngaH vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW 515. MFngaupd; MW tiffis vOJf. 1. KjyhF ngaH 2. ,lthF ngaH 3. fhythFngaH 4. rpidahF ngaH 5. FzthF ngaH 6. njhopyhF ngaH nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 516. nrhw;nwhilfspy; mike;Js;s tOf;fis mwpNthk; murd; te;jJ (jpiztO) - murd; te;jhd; fgpyd; Ngrpdhs;(ghy; tO) - fgpyd; Ngrpdhd; Fapy;fs; $tpaJ (vz; tO) - Fapy;fs; $tpd fkyh rpupj;jha; (,ltO) fkyh rpupj;jhs; tstd; New;W te;jpUf;fpwhs; (fhytO) tstd; New;W te;jhd;. Me;ij fj;jpaJ (kuGtO) Me;ij mywpaJ 517. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlHfspy; mike;Js;s tOf;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. GytH te;jhHfs; - GytH te;jhH 2. kapy; $t Fapy; mftpaJ - kapy; mft Fapy; $tpaJ 3. jhkiu glk; tiue;jhd; - jhkiu glk; tiue;jhs; 4. ahidfs; te;jJ - ahidfs; te;jd 5. ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jJ - ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jd 6. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ - taypy; Ml;Lf;Fl;b Nka;fpwJ 7. gR Fl;b Nghl;lJ - gR fd;W Nghl;lJ 8. khl;il ,yhaj;jpy; fl;L - khl;ilf; nfhl;lifapy; fl;L 9. ntw;wpiyj; Njhg;Gf;Fr; nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th - ntw;wpiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W

ntw;wpiygwpj;J th 10. ahid Koq;Fk; - ahid gpspWk; 518. nghUj;Jf 1. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ - vz;tO 2. fz;zd; gbj;jhs; - fhytO 3. ,d;W tUthd; - jpiztO 4. fgpyd; NgrpaJ - kuG tO 5. gwitfs; gwe;jJ - ghy; tO tpilfs;: 1. kuG tO 2. ghy; tO 3. fhytO 4. jpiz tO 5. vz;tO ,ay; VO - nra;As; gFjp jpUf;Fws; gz;Gilik 519. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tof;F - ed;ndwp 2. Md;w - caHe;j 3. ead; - NeHik 4. ed;wp - cjtp 5. eifAs;Sk; - tpisahl;lhfTk; 6. ghlwpthH - newpAilahH 7. kha;tJ - moptJ

8. muk; - thisf; $Hikahf;Fk; fUtp 9. ez;G - el;G 10. eak; ,y - jPq;F> ,dpikaw;w 11. fil - gOJ 12. efy;ty;yH - rpupj;J kfpo;gtH 13. khapU Qhyk; - kpfg;ngupa cyfk; 14. jpupe;jw;W - jpuptJ Nghd;wJ

jpUtUl;gh 520. ‘jpUtUl;gh’ - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 521. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ngw;NwhH ahH? ,uhikah - rpd;dk;ik 522. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gpwe;j CH vJ? rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s ‘kUJ}H’ 523. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaHfs; vd;d? jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH>ts;syhH 524. thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd; grpapdhy; ... vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUtUl;gh ghliy vOjpatH. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 525. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? jpUtUl;gh> rPtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l thrfk; Kjypad 526. tlY}upy; rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa Qhdrig> rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH ahH? ,uhkypq;fH 527. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; fhyk; vJ? 1823 -1874 528. jpUtUl;gh gpupj;J vOJf. jpU+mUs;+gh 529. ‘,iwtd; jpUtUisg; ngWtjw;fhfg; ghba ghly;’ vd;Wk; ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ghba ghly; vd;Wk; vg;ghliyf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;? jpUtUl;gh 530. jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? Iahapuj;J vz;Z}w;Wg; gjpndl;Lg; ghly; 531. nrhw;nghUs; 1. grpawhJ - grpj;JaH ePq;fhJ 2. maHe;j - fisg;Gw;w 3. ePba - jPuhj


jkpoH thdpay; 532. goe;jkpoHfs; ifahz;l mwptpay; EZf;fq;fis vjd; %yk; mwpayhk;? njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> fk;guhkhazk;> jpUke;jpuk;> jpUthrfk; 534. jkpoupd; mwptpay; rpe;jidapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vijg; gw;wpa mwpthFk;? thdpay; 535. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa gy;NtW mwptpay; fy;tpfspy; kpfj; njhd;ikahdJ> gioikahdJ vJ? thdpay; fy;tp 536. cyfk; Ik;G+jq;fshfpa epyk;> ePH> ntg;gk;> fhw;W> thdk; Mfpa Ie;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ ................. vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ? njhy;fhg;gpak; 537. Fwpg;G epyk; ePH jP tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk; fye;j kaf;fk; Mjypd;.... (njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUs;.635) kz;jpzpe;j epyDk; epyd; Ve;jpa tpRk;Gk; tpRk;G ijtU tspAk; tspj;jiy ,a jPAk; jP Kuzpa ePUk; vd;whq;F Ik;ngUk; G+jj;J ,aw;if Nghy;.... (Gwk;> 2) 538. cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy cUz;ilahdJ vd;W ahH fz;lwpe;jhH? Nghye;J ehl;ilr; rhHe;j ‘epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;];’ 539. epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; - vd;gtH cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy cUz;ilahdJ vd;W ve;j Mz;by; fz;lwpe;jhH? gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;L 540. cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;gij ahH njhiyNehf;fpahy; fz;Lgpbj;Jr; nrhd;d gpwFjhd; kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH? gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j fypypNah 541. Nkiy ehl;bdH cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;W fz;lwptjw;F Kd;Ng jpUts;StH fz;lwpe;J mjw;F FwSk; vOjpAs;shH me;jf; Fws; ahit? ‘Rod;Wk; VHg;gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy; coe;Jk; coNt jiy’ - Fws;> 103 542. thdntspapy; kpfg;ngupa tPz;kPd; ................. MFk;. QhapW 543. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ................. vd;W Qhapw;iwg; Nghw;wpAs;sJ. QhapW Nghw;Wjy; QhapW Nghw;Wjy; 544. Qhapw;iwr; Rw;wpa ghijia _____ vd;W goe;jkpoH $wpAs;shH. QhapW tl;lk; 545. nrQ;Qhapw;Wr; nryTk; mQ;Qhapw;Wg; gupg;Gk; gupg;Gr; #o;e;j kz;byKk; ,it ve;j E}ypd; tupfs;? Gwk;> 30 546. jhNd xsptplf;$ba Qhapw;iw................. vd;W gz;ilj; jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. ehs;kPd; 547. Qhapw;wplkpUe;J xspngw;W xsp tplf;$batw;iw .................vd;W gz;ilj; jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. Nfhs;kPd; 548. khjH Kfk; Nghy; xsptpl

ty;iyNay; fhjiy thop kjp. - Fws; 118 ,f;Fws; vf;fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ? jpq;fs; jhNd xsptpRtjpy;iy vd;W thdpay; cz;ikiaj; jpUf;Fws; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

545. jpq;fisg; ghk;G nfhz;lw;W (Fws; 1146) vd;Dk; Fws; njhlH vijg; gw;wpajhFk; jpq;fs; kiwg;G (re;jpufpufzk;) 546. nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; ve;epwj;ijf; nfhz;lJ nre;epwk; 547. nts;spf;Nfhspy; nts;spj;jhJ ,Ug;gij mwptpay; Ma;T Gyg;gLj;jp> nts;spapd; epwk; ................. vd;W mwptpj;Js;sd. ntz;ik epwk; 548. QhapW cjaj;jpw;F Kd;Ng nts;sp vOe;J tpbaiy czHj;Jtjhy; ,jid ................. vd;wdH. tpbnts;sp 549. Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j Nfhs; ................. vd toq;fg;gl;lJ? Gjd; 550. Gjd;Nfhisg; Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;jjhy; ,jw;F kw;nwhU ngaH cz;L. mJ vd;d? mwptd; 551. ‘tpah’ vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? ngupa> epiwe;j 552. thdpy; ngupa Nfhshf tyk; tUtijNa ................. vd;W miof;fpd;wdH. tpahod; 553. rdpf;Nfhisf; ___ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. fhupf;Nfhs; 554. fhupf;Nfhspy; vJ ,Ug;gjhf ,d;iwa mwptpay; Ma;T $WfpwJ fe;jfk; 555. J}kNfJit ................. vd;Wk; $WtH. thy;el;rj;jpuk; 556. ‘tytd; Vth thdT+Hjp’ - ,J ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;? Gwk;> 27:8 557. thD}Hjp Xl;Lfpwtidj; jkpopy; ................. vd miof;fpwhHfs;. tytd; fyPypNah fypyp 558. ‘fyPypNah’ ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? 1564 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup15 jpq;fs; fpoik 559. fypypNahtpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d tpd;nrd;NrhfyPtp


560. fypypNah jk; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J vjd; kPJ kpFe;j MHtk; cilatuha; tpsq;fpdhH? ,aw;if mwptpay; 561. fbfhuj;jpd; ngz;Lyj;ij. Criy (Cry;tpjp) mikj;J Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? fypypNah fypyp 562. igrh efug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; fypypNahtpd; Kjw; fz;Lgpbg;G ahJ? Cry; tpjp 563. fypypNah jk;Kila ,Ugj;ije;jhk; mfitapNyNa igrhefug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ................. Mfg; gzpakHj;jg;gl;lhH fzpjg; NguhrpupaH 564. ve;j Mz;by; fypypNah fzpj tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH? 1592 Mk; Mz;L 565. ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpj tpupTiuahsuhff; fypypNah gzpahw;wpdhH? gJth gy;fiyf;fofk; 566. fypypNah vjw;F mstpia Kjd; Kjyhf cUthf;fpdhH? fhw;W> ntg;gk; 567. fypypNahtpw;F Kd;G thdpay; gw;wpa nfhs;iffis ntspapl;ltH ahH? mup];lhby; 568. .................vd;w thdpayhsUk; epyk; mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp vd;Wk; m/J mirahjJ epiyahdJ vd;Wk; $wpdhH. jhykp vd;w thdpayhsH 569. #upaidf; Rw;wpa Gtp efHfpwJ vd;gJ ve;j thdpay; mwpQupd; nfhs;ifahFk;? thdpay; mwpQH NfhgHepfrpd; 570. ve;j Mz;by; njhiy Nehf;fpia mikj;J tpz;ntspia Ma;T nra;jhH? 1610 Mk; Mz;L 571. ................. vd;gJ gyNfhb tpz;kPd;fspd; njhFjp vd;W nka;g;gpj;jhH ghy; tPjp 572. epyhtpd; Nkw;gug;G vJ epiwe;Js;sjhf fypypNah njhiyNehf;fp %yk; fz;lwpe;J $wpdhH? fuLKulhdJ> kiyfSk; gs;sj;jhf;FfSk; epiwe;Js;sJ 573. ve;j mwpQH mz;lj;jpd; ikak; G+kpad;W> #upaNd vd;Wk; #upaidg; G+kpAk; gpw Nfhs;fSk; Rw;wp tUfpwJ vd;Wk; $wpatH? mwpQH NfhgHepfR 574. tpahod; Nfhis vj;jid rpW Nfhs;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd? ehd;F 575. fypypNahit ve;j Mz;by; tPl;Lr; rpiw itj;jdH? 1616 Mk; Mz;L 576. fp.gp. 1632 ,y; cyfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd ,U Kiwikfisg; gw;wpa ciuahly; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH? fypypNah 577. Gjpa mwptpaiyr; rhHe;j ,U ciuahly; vd;w E}iyf; fypypNah ve;j Mz;L vOjp ntspapl;lhH? fp.gp.1638 Mk; Mz;L 587. fypypNah E}y;fisf; nfhz;L ahH jk;Kila nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpdhH? Irf; epA+l;ld; 588. fypypNah ve;j Mz;L ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhH? fp.gp.1642 Mk; Mz;L> rdtup jpq;fs; fpoik Ntw;Wik 589. “KUfd; te;jhd;” - ,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? vOtha; 590. “KUfidg; ghHj;jhd;” - ,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? nrag;gLnghUs; 591. “KUfdhy; tiuag;gl;lJ” - ,j; njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? vOthiar; nrag;gLnghUshfTk; fUj;jhthfTk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ 592. ngaHfs; NtWgl;L te;jhy; ................. vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik 593. vOtha; tpidKw;W> ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbe;jhy; mJ ................. my;yJ ................. vdg;gLk;. vOtha;Ntw;Wik> Kjy; Ntw;Wik 594. “KUNfrd; nrbia el;lhd;” ,j;njhlupy; KUNfrd; vd;gJ vOtha; nrb vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;. m/J ‘I’ vd;Dk; cUig Vw;Wr; nrag;gLnghUis czHj;Jtjhy; ,J ................. vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 595. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit My;> Md;> XL> xL 596. My;> Md;> cUGfs; ................. Mfpa ,UnghUs;fspYk; tUk;. fUtp> fUj;jh 597. fUtp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 598. fUtpapd; tiffis $Wf? Kjw;fUtp> Jizf;fUtp 599. “fUj;jh” vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 600. fUj;jhtpd; tiffisf; $Wf? ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh> VTjy; fUj;jh. 601. XH vOthapd; nraYld; gpwpnjhd;wdJ nraYk; cldpfo;tij ................. vd;gH. cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; 602. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ? ‘F’ 603. ‘F’- Tf;Fg; gjpyhf vit nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;? nghUl;L> epkpj;jk; 604. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? ,y;> ,d; 605. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs; ahit? ,Ue;J> epd;W> tpl> fhl;bYk; 606. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? mJ> MJ> m


607. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs; ahit? cila 608. Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUGfs; ahit? fz;> fhy;> Nky;> fPNo> ,lk;> ,y; 609. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ tpspNtw;Wik 610. glHf;ifg; ngaiu Kd;dpiyg; ngauhf;fp miof;f ve;j Ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ? tpspNtw;Wik 611. nghUj;Jf 1. fhl;il mopj;jhd; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG 2. Gtpiag; Nghd;wtd; - nghUl;L 3. $ypapd; nghUl;L Ntiy - mopj;jy; 4. vd;Dila tPL - xj;jy; Tpil 1. mopj;jy; 2. xj;jy; 3. nghUl;L 4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG 612. nghUj;Jf 1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik - fpisapd; fz; fhf;if 2. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH 3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - kuj;jhy; nra;jJ tpil 1. fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH 2. kuj;jhy; nra;jJ 3. jpisapd; fz; fhf;if ,ay; vl;L nra;As;gFjp - tpy;ypghujk; 613. thd; ngw;w ejpfko;jhs; tzq;fg; ngw;Nwd; vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tpy;ypGj;J}uhH 614. tpy;ypghujk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tpy;ypGj;J}uhH 615. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; je;ij ngaH vd;d? tPuuhftH 616. tpy;ypGj;J}uhiu Mjupj;jtH ahH? tf;fghifia Mz;l tugjp Ml;nfhz;lhd; 617. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid gUtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ? gj;Jg;gUtk; 618. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid tpUj;jg; ghlyhy; MdJ ehyhapuj;J Ke;E}w;iwk;gJ 619. tpy;ypghuj;jpy; vl;lhk; gUtk; ve;jg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? fd;dgUtk; 620. ‘thd;ngw;w ejp’ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fq;ifahW 621. ‘,Uepyk;’ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? ngupa cyfk; 622. ‘Cd;’ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jir 623. nrhw;nghUs; $Wf

1. fsgk; - re;jdk; 2. Joha; myq;fy; - Jsrpkhiy 3. Gak; - Njhs; 4. ijte;J - njhl;Lj;jltp 5. gfop - mk;G 6. ehkk; - ngaH

624. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; fhyk; vJ? gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;L ahH ftpQd; 625. ahH ftpQd; ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? Kbaurd; 626. ftpQH Kbaurupd; ,aw;ngaH ahJ? JiuuhR 627. Kbaurupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Rg;guhaY - rPjhnyl;Rkp 628. Kbaurupd; gpwe;j CH vJ? Njdp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ngupaFsk; 629. KbaurH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? G+q;nfhb> fhtpag;ghit> tPufhtpak; Kbaurd; ftpijfs; Kjypad. 630. Kbaurupd; gzp vd;d jkpohrpupaH> kP.R. caHepiyg; gs;sp> fhiuf;Fb. 631. gwk;Gkiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy; ‘ftpauR’ vd;Dk; gl;lk; ve;j mbfshuhy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ? Fd;wf;Fb mbfs; 632. G+q;nfhb vd;Dk; fhtpaj;Jf;fhf ve;j Mz;by; jkpof muR KbaurUf;Fg; gupR toq;fpaJ? 1966 Mk; Mz;L 633. Kbaurupd; fhyk; vJ 1920-1998 634. rpwg;G Kbaurd;> ghujpjhrd; guk;giuj; jiyKiwf; ftpQUs; %j;jtH. je;ij ngupahH NguwpQH mz;zh MfpNahuplk; neUq;fpg; gofpatH MtH. 635. nrhw;nghUs; 1. ifk;khW - gad; 2. khrw;w - Fw;wkw;w 3. Njl;il - jpul;ba nry;tk; 4. kPl;rp - Nkd;ik 5. khs ePq;f NjtNeag; ghthzH 636. kd;dpg;G vd;gJ cUJr; nrhy;@ nghWj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gJ jkpo;r; nrhy; vd;W tpsf;fpatH ahH? NjtNeag;ghthzH 637. jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar; nra;jtH ahH? fhy;Lnty; 638. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH 639. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? QhdKj;J - gupG+uzk; 640. NjtNeag;ghthzH gpwe;j CH vJ? rq;fud;Nfhtpy;


641. NjtNeag;ghthzH thq;fpa gl;lq;fs; vd;d? gz;bjH GytH> tpj;Jthd;> KJ fiyj;jkpo;> gp.X.vy;.> 642. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; fhyk; vd;d? 7.02.1902 - 15.01.1981 643. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; rpwg;Gfs; vd;d? nre;jkpo;r; nry;tH> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g; ngUq;fhtyH vd 174 rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; 644. Nfhtpy;fspy; jkpopy; topghL eilngWNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpwg;G ,wg;Gj; njhlHghd rlq;Ffs; ahTk; jkpopy; eilngwNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ahH typAWj;jpdhH? NjtNeag;ghthzH 645. NjtNeag;ghthzH vj;jid E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shH? ehw;gj;J %d;W 646. NjtNeag;ghthziu ve;j Mz;L nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj;jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg gzpakHj;jpdhHfs;? 08.05.1974 647. ‘kd;dpg;G’ ve;j nkhopr;nrhy;? cUJr;nrhy; 648. murpd; cjtpNahL vj;jid Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shH? ,UE}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l 649. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngaupy; ve;j Cupy; mz;zhrhiyapy; E}yfk; nray;gl;LtUfpwJ? nrd;id 650. vt;T+upy; ghthzH Nfhl;lk; mtHjk; KO cUtr;rpiy> mtH ngaupy; E}yfk; Mfpait mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ? ,uhrghisaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s Kwk;gpy; 651. kJiuapy; 05.01.1981 - md;W eilngw;w cyfj;jkpo; khehl;by; ve;jj; jiyg;gpy; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhH? khe;jd; Njhw;wKk; jkpoH kuGk; GzHr;rp - ,ay;G> tpfhuk; 652. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; NrUk; NghJ vt;tpj khw;wKk; Vw;gl tpy;iynad;why; mJ .................GzHr;rp MFk;. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rp 653. nghd;+tisay;=nghd; tisay; - ,izAk; ,Unrhw;fspy; Kjy; nrhy; ................. vdg;gLk;. epiynkhop 654. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;Jg; Gs;spahf (nka;ahf) ,Ue;jhy; mij ................. vdf; $WtH nka;aPW 655. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;J capH nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mit _____ vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk;. capuPW 656. tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J capH nka;ahf ,Ug;gpd; mij ................. vd miog;gH. nka;Kjy; 657. tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J capuhf ,Ug;gpd; mij ................. vd miog;gH. capHKjy; 658. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; NrUk; NghJ khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLkhdhy; mjid ................. vd;gH. tpfhug;GzHr;rp 659. tpfhug;GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? %d;W 660. tpfhug;GzHr;rpapd; %d;W tiffis vOJf. 1. Njhd;wy; 2. nfLjy; 3. jpupjy; 661. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rpf;F (v.fh) $Wf? thio+kuk; = thiokuk; 662. tpfhug;GzHr;rp (v.fh) jUf? thio + gok; = thiog;gok; 663. Njhd;wy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf? jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; (f;) 664. nfLjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf? kuk; + NtH = kuNtH (k;) 665. jpupjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf? gy; + nghb = gw;nghb (w;) 666. GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit? ,uz;L- 1.,ay;G 2.tpfhuk; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 667. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;:- 1. m , vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk; (v.L) m + fdp = mf;fdp , + Gj;jfk; = ,g;Gj;jfk; 2. v vd;Dk; tpid vOj;jpd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) v+nghUs; = vg;nghUs; 3. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj; jpupGfspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) me;j+igad;=me;jg;igad; ,e;j+gs;sp = ,e;jg;gs;sp 4. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L)mg;gb+Nfs;=mg;gbf;Nfhs; ,g;gb+nra; = ,g;gbr;nra; vg;gb+ gbj;jhd; = vg;gbg;gbj;jhd; 5. mt;tif> ,t;tif> vt;tif vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) mt;tifg;Ngr;R 6. ,dp> jdp> kw;W> kw;w> kw;iw vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk; (v.L) ,dpg;Ngrpdhd; 7. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tpupapd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) glj;ijg; ghHj;jhd; mtDf;Ff; nfhL 8. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.


(v.L) japHf;Flk; 9. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) gl;Lr;Nriy 10. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy; m/wpizg; ngaHfspd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) $ypj;njhopy; 11. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) tpopg;Gdy; 12. Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) ePHg;ghk;G 13. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) Fbg;gpwe;jhH ,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; gFjp - fk;guhkhazk; 668. fk;guhkhazk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? fk;gH 669. fk;gH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH? ehif khtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}H 670. fk;giu Mjupj;jtH ahH? rilag;g ts;sy; 671. rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; ,e;E}y;fis ,aw;wpatH ahH? fk;gH 672. fk;gupd; fhyk; vd;d? fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; $WtH 673. fk;gH tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfp vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpa ve;E}iy ,aw;wpdhH? jkpopy; fhg;gpak; 674. fk;gH ,aw;wpa fhg;gpa E}Yf;F _____vdg; ngaupl;lhH. ,uhkhtjhuk; 675. fij khe;jupd; tlnrhw; ngaHfisj; _____ jkpo;g;gLj;jpa ngUikf;FupatH fk;gH. njhy;fhg;gpa newpg;gb 676. fk;guhkhazk; vj;jid fhz;lq;fisAilaJ? MW 677. MW fhz;lq;fisf; $Wf? 1.ghyfhz;lk;> 2. mNahj;jpahfhz;lk;> 3. Muzpa fhz;lk;> 4. fpl;fpe;jhfhz;lk;> 5.Re;jufhz;lk;> 6. Aj;jfhz;lk; 678. fk;guhkhazg; ghly; ve;j fhz;lj;J Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy; cs;sJ? ghyfhz;lk; 679. ve;j khepyj;jpy; ghAk; ruA ejpapd; tsk; fk;guhkhazj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ? cj;jpugpuNjr khepyk; 680. jhJ- vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? kfue;jk; 681. nrhw;nghUs; 1. NghJ – kyH 2. ngha;if - Fsk; 3. G+fk; - fKfk; (ghf;F kuk;) tpOJk; NtUk; 682. tpOJk; NtUk;- ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 683. ghujpjhrupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; 684. ghujpjhrupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp 685. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j CH vJ? GJr;Nrup 686. ghujpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ 29.04.1891-21.04.1964 687. ghujpjhrupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d? ghNte;jH> Gul;rpf;ftpQH 688. ahUld; nfhz;l neUq;fpa njhlHgpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj; jd; ngaiu mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhH? ghujpahH 689. J}yk; Nghy; tsH fpisf;F tpOJfs; J}d;fs; vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 690. je;ij ngupahupd; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfisg; ghujpjhrd; mtHfs; vt;tbtpy; je;jhH? ftpij 691. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? ghz;bad; gupR> FLk;g tpsf;F ,Uz;ltPL> mofpd; rpupg;G fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> FwpQ;rpj;jpl;Lj; jkpopaf;fk; 692. ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; _____ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ‘tpOJk; NtUk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ? mofpd; rpupg;G 693. jpwy; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ typik 694. kwtH - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ tPuH fhl;Lapupfs; 695. Ik;G+jq;fisf; $Wf? epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W> thdk; 696. Ik;G+jq;fspy; _____, _____ ,Utifahd nghUs;fs; cs;sd. capUs;s> capuw;w 697. nka;apdhy; mwpAk; capH vj;jid mwpTfisf; nfhz;lJ? XuwpT 698. XuwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? Gy; kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; 699. nka;-fz;- <uwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? ej;ij> rq;F 700. nka;> tha;> %f;F> %twpT nfhz;l capupdq;fisf; $Wf? vWk;G> fiuahd;> ml;il 701. IawpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpTfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;? nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp 702. IawpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? tpyq;F> gwit 703. MwwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? kdpjH


704. MwwpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpTfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;? nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp> kdk; 705. capupfspd; Mw;wYf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fgit vit? jhtuq;fs; 706. cyfpNyNa mjpf msT kio ngWk; ,lk; vJ? mrhkpy; kuq;fs; mlHe;Js;s “rpuGQ;rp” 707. mf;NlhgH Kjy; thuj;ij muR vt;thW nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ? tdtpyq;F thuk; 708 tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ? 1972 Mk; Mz;L 709. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; vijj; jLf;fpwJ? tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy; 710. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; cs;sd? gjpNdO 711. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Njrpa tdtpyq;Fg; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;sd? mWgj;jhW 712. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Gfyplq;fs; mike;Js;sd? Ke;E}w;W mWgj;njl;L 713. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd? mf;NlhgH> 4-Mk; ehs; nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk; 714. mUq;fhl;rpafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? nrd;id> vOk;G+upy; 715. nrd;id> vOk;G+H mUq;fhl;rpafk; ve;j Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? fp.gp. 1851 Mk; Mz;L 716. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; vj;jid fhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sd gjpd;%d;W GzHr;rp: capuPW clk;gLnka;> nka;aPW 717. capH <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; te;jhy; mjd; nka;naOj;Jfs; _____. kpFk; 718. ‘gy’ - ,r;nrhy;ypy; (y;+m=y) vdg; gpupj;jhy;> ,jpy; m _____ MFk;. capH <W 719. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capHKd; frjg kpFk;. ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;? ed;D}y;> 165 clk;gLnka; 720. epiynkhop <w;W capUk; tUnkhop Kjy; capUk; ,izAk; NghJ t; my;yJ a; ,ilapy; Njhd;wpdhy; ,jw;F _____ vd;W ngaH clk;gLnka; 721. ghLk; ghly; - ,j;njhlupy; ghly; vd;gJ vd;d? tUnkhop nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 722. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk; 1. fij + nrhd;dhd; = fij nrhd;dhd; 2. mofNdhL + nrd;whd; = mofNdhL nrd;whd; 3. tPl;bapypUe;J + ghHj;jhd; = tPl;bapypUe;J ghHj;jhd; 4. vdJ + Gj;jfk; = vdJ Gj;jfk; 5. RL + NrhW = RL NrhW 6. fy;tp + Nfs;tp = fy;tpNfs;tp 7. gbj;j + ghlk; = gbj;j ghlk; 8. Nfhop + nfhf;fupj;jJ = Nfhop nfhf;fupj;jJ 9. tho;f + nre;jkpo; = tho;f nre;jkpo; 10. mJ> ,J> vJ> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ mJ + jhd; = mJjhd; md;W> ,d;W> vd;W vDk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; kpfhJ (v.L) md;W nfhLj;Njd;. 11. mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.L) vj;jid + nghUs; = vj;jidnghUs; 12. gb vd;W KbAk; tpidnar;rk; cfutPw;W tpidnar;rk; vjpHkiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.L) tUk;gb $wpdhs; 723. gythz;L ,r;nrhy; gpupAk; Kiw _____ gy + Mz;L 724. gid + Xiy - ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy;_____ Njhd;Wk;? a; 725. , < I top at;Tk; Vid capHtop tt;Tk; VKd; ,t;tpUikAk; capHtupd; clk;gL nka;nad;whFk; ,g;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; te;Js;sJ ed;D}y; nka;aPw;Wg;GzHr;rp 726. E}y;+Mil - ,jpy; E}y; vd;gJ epiynkhop Mil vd;gJ tUnkhop vdNt epiynkhopapd; <W nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mij _____ vd miog;gH. nka;aPW 727. cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng. ,t;tup ve;E}ypy; te;Js;sJ? ed;D}y; 204 728. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capHtupd; ,ul;Lk; ,e;j tup ve;E}ypy; te;Js;sJ. ed;D}y; 205 ,ay;gj;J - nra;As;gFjp -Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj; jkpo; - tUifg;gUtk; 729. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpio ,aw;wpatH ahH? FkuFUguH 730. FkuFUguupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? rz;Kf rpfhkzpf; ftpuhaH rptfhk Re;jupak;ik


731. FkuFUguH gpwe;j CH vJ? jpUitFz;lk; 732. FkuFUguH ve;nje;j nkhopfspy; Gyik kpf;ftuha;j; jpfo;e;jhH? jkpo;> tlnkhop> ,e;J];jhdp 733. jpUg;gze;jhspYk;> fhrpapYk FkuFUguH jk; ngauhy; vd;d epWtp cs;shH? klk; 734. gps;isj;jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 735. ,Utifahd gps;isj;jkpio vOJf 1. Mz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; 2. ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; 736. gps;isj;jkpopy; vj;jid gUtq;fs; cs;sd? gj;Jg;gUtk; 737. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; vj;jid gUtq;fs; ,Ughw; gps;isj;jkpOf;Fk; nghJthdit MFk;? VO gUtq;fs; 738. VOtifahd gUtq;fisf; $Wf? fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy; rg;ghzp Kj;jk; tUif> mk;Gyp 739. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; Mz;ghYf;Fupa ,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjH 740. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; ngz;ghYf;Fupa ,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? mk;khid> foq;F (ePuhly;)> 741. Gs;spUf;F NtSupy; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;) vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg; ngUkhdpd; ngaH vd;d? Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp 742. FkuFUguH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? fe;jH fypntz;gh> kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf; fyk;gfk;> rfyfyhty;yp khiy> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;. 743. FkuFUguH vt;T+upy; ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH? fhrp 744. FkuFUguupd; fhyk; vd;d? gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L 745. Fwpg;G ekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s ghly; tUifg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J E}ypd; MwhtJ gUtkhFk;. Foe;ijapd; gjpd;%d;whk; jpq;fspy; epfo;tJ@ jsHeilapl;L tUk; Foe;ijapd; jpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf; $wp mUfpy; tUf tUf vd tha;Fspu kdq;Fspu miof;Fk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljha; ,g;gUtk; mike;Js;sJ. 746. ,iwtidNah ey;yhiuNah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L mtiuf; Foe;ijahff; fUjpg; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpa tif _____ gps;isj;jkpo; 747. nrhw;nghUs; 1. kjp - mwpT 2. mKj fpuzk; - FspHr;rpahd xsp 3. cjak; - fjputd; 4. kJuk; - ,dpik 5. ewtk; - Njd;

6. fOtpa JfsH - Fw;wkw;wtH 7. ryjp - fly; 8. myF ,y; - mstpy;yhj 9. Gtdk; - cyfk; 10. kjiy - Foe;ij

11. gUjpGup - fjputd; topgl;l ,lk; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eifr;Rit 748. eifr;Rit Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;dntd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ? vs;sy;> ,dpik> mwpahik> klik 749. efy;ty;yH my;yhHf;F khapU Qhyk; gfYk;ghw;gl;ld; wpUs; ,J ve;E}ypd; tupfs;? Fws; 999 750. ek; clypy; _____, _____ Vw;gL tjw;Fk; ey;y eifr;Rit Jiz Gupfpd;wJ. FUjpXl;lk; $Ltjw;Fk;> %isapy; Gj;JzHr;rp 751. ,t;Tyfpy; eiff;fj; njupahjtHfis vd;d ntd;W fUjg;gLthHfs;? miukdpjHfs; 752. mQ;riy muf;f! ghHtpl; le;ju kile;jh dd;Nw ntQ;rpd thyp> kPshd;> thYk; Ngha; tPo;e;jjd;Nw.... ,t;tupfs; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd? fk;guhkhazk; 753. nraq;nfhz;lhH _____ ,UnghUs; jUkhW nrhw;fisg; ghl;by; mikj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytH MtH ftpfhsNkfk; 754. ftp vd;gjw;F _____ vd;Dk; nghUs;. Fuq;F ehq;fs; ftpuhrHfs; vd;W nrUf;Fld; $wpa GytHfspd; nrUf;if mlf;Fk; gb> ftp vd;gjw;Ff; Fuq;F vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;WkhW. thnyq;Nf? ePz;L vOe;j ty;Yfpnuq;Nf ehY fhnyq;Nf Cd;tbj;j fz;nzq;Nf? rhyg; GtpuhaH Nghw;Wk; GytHfhs;! ePq;fs; ftpuhaH vd;wpUe;jf; fhy;. vDk; ghliy nraq;nfhz;lhH ghbdhH. 755. ,f;fhyf; ftpQHfs; jhq;fs; ifahSfpd;w vjidf;nfhz;L eifr;Ritia mOFw mikj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;? fw;gidfspYk;> ctikfspYk; 756. ftpQH ghujpjhrd; vjDila Njhif ePz;L ,Ug;gij eifr;Ritahf $wpdhH? kapy; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; kapypd; fOj;J ePz;L ,Ug;gij eifr;Ritahf tpsf;FfpwhH. mayhd; tPl;by; miwapy; elg;gij vl;bg; ghHf;fh jpUg;g jw;Nf ,aw;if ad;id ,g;ngz; fl;nfy;yhk; Fl;ilf; fOj;ijf; nfhLj;jhd;: fiwnahd; wpy;yhf; fyhg kapNy! cdf;Nfh epkHe;J epw;f ePs; fOj;J mspj;jhd;. 757. ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf tpehafdhupd; _____ xU eifr; Ritf; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH. kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; gbf;fr; nrd;wtd; vijnay;yhk; gzak; itf;fpwhd; vd;gij ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf tpehafdhH ghbAs;shH. Mik tilf;fha; miuQhz; gzak;

Nghspf; fhfg; Gj;jfk; gzak; rPilf; fhfr; rpNyl;L gzak; KWf;Ff; fhf Nkhjpuk; gzak;


fhg;gpf; fhff; fLf;fd; gzak; $j;Jf; fhff; FilAk; gzak;

758. ‘Ks;S KidapNy %Z Fsk; ntl;bNdd;’ - vdj; njhlq;Fk; eifr;Rit czHT kpf;f ghly; vjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; 759. eifr;RitAzHT ,y;yhjtUf;Fg; gfYk; _____ Njhd;Wk; ,Usha; ahg;G mzp 760. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk; Itifg;gLk; 761. Ie;J tifahd jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf? vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; 762. ‘ahg;G’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fl;Ljy; 763. vYk;G jir euk;G Kjypatw;why; cly; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Nghyr; nra;ASf;F cupa cWg;Gfisr; nfhz;L ghliy cUthf;Ftij _____ vd;fpNwhk;. ahg;G 764. nra;As; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW 765. MW tifahd nra;As; cWg;Gfis vOJf? vOj;J> mir> rPH> jis> mb> njhil 766. vOj;J mir rPH jis mb njhil ,e;j MWk; vjd; cWg;Gfs; MFk;? ahg;G 767. XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njh xypj;jhy; mJ _____ vdg;gLk;. mir 768. mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 769. ,U tifahd mirapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff. Neuir> epiuair 770. mirfs; gy NrHe;J mike;jhy; mJ _____ vdg;gLk;. rPH 771. rPHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;j miktJ _____ vdg;gLk;. jis 772. ,uz;L my;yJ gy rPHfs; NrHe;J miktJ _____ vdg;gLk;. mb 773. mbfs; ,uz;L Kjypadthfj; njhlHe;J mLf;fpg; ghLtJ _____ vdg;gLk;. gh 774. gh-tpd; tiffs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ehd;F 775. ehd;F tifahd gh tiffisf; $Wf? ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> fypg;gh 776. vjid NtWgLj;jp mwptjw;fhf ehy;tifg; ghf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? Xireak; 777. Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ jpUf;FwSk; ntz;gh MFk;. Mdhy; ,uz;lbfs; kl;Lk; tUtjhy; ,ijf; _____ vd miog;gH. Fws; ntz;gh 778. Fws;ntz;ghtpw;F v.fh jUf?

Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait

779. Fwpg;G fz; ,ikj;j yhybfs; fhrpdpapy; Njha;jyhy; tz;z kyHkhiy thLjyhy; vz;zp eWe;jh kiu tpUk;Gk; ed;DjNy md;dhs; mwpe;jhs; esd; jd;id Mq;F. -,g;ghly; Neupir ntz;gh MFk; ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh vt;top ey;ytH MltH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd - ,g;ghly; fypg;gh MFk;. tisahL kyHr;Rid ePupdpil tisahbif kq;ifa ud;d nkd tpisahLt NuhLtH $LtHgpd; tpisahLtH igq;fpsp NkTwNt! - ,g;ghly; tQ;rpg;gh MFk;. mzpapyf;fzk; 780. mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? moF 781. GytHfs>; nghUsoFk; nrhy;yoFk; Njhd;wf; ftpijfis ,aw;wpf;fw;Nghiu kdq;Fspur; nra;Ak; ,yf;fzj;ij _____ vd;gH. mzpapyf;fzk; 782. mzpapyf;fzk; Fwpj;j jkpo; E}y;fs; ahJ? jz;bayq;fhuk; khwdyq;fhuk; 783. ctik ctNkak; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;b ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwAkhW mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ _____ mzp MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp 784. ctkhdk; NtW ctNkak; NtW vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy; ctkhdj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis ctNkaj;jpd; Nky; Vw;wpf; $WtJ _____ mzpahFk;. cUtf mzp 785. kjpKfk; - cUtfkhf khWk;NghJ _____ vdtUk;. Kfkjp


9 Mk; tFg;G ,ay; - xd;W - nra;As; - tho;j;J 1) cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs thf;fYk; - vd;w tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fk;gh; 2) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. csthf;fy; - cz;lhf;Fjy;> (gilj;jy;) 2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy; 4. ePq;fyh - ,iltplhJ

5. myfpyh - mstw;w 6. md;dth; - mj;jifa ,iwth; 7. jiyth; - ,iwth; 8. ruz; - milf;fyk;

3) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1 ahitAk; - ck; - Kw;Wk;ik: Mf;fy;> ePf;fy;> 2. tpisahl;L - njhopw; ngah;fs; 3. myfpyh tpisahl;L - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 4) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:- cilah - cil + a; + Mh; cil – gFjp a; - re;jp Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 5) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-

ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk; kapyhL Jiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}hpy; fk;gh; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; fk;guhkhazk;> Vu; vOgJ> rpiy vOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd; mitg;Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;g ts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg; ngw;whh;. ,th; ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vdTk; fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh; vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $Wth;.

6) E}w;Fwpg;G:- tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp Kdpth; vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijr; jOtpj; jkpopy; fk;gh; vOjpaNj fk;guhkhazk;. fk;gh;> ,e;E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd;Nw ngahpl;lhh;. ,J ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpafhz;lk;> fplfpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;jfhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. fk;guhkhazg; ghyfhz;lj;jpYs;s Kjw;ghly; tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 7) nghUj;Jf:- 1. csthf;fy; - gilj;jy; 2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy; 4. jiyth; - ,iwth; 8) epug;Gf:- 1. fy;tpapw; nghpah; _____ vd miof;fg; ngWgth;. fk;gh; 2. fk;guhkhazk; ______ fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. MW 3. fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; ______ NjuOe;J}h; jpUf;Fws; - nghiwAilik 9) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mfo;thh; = mfo; + t; + Mh; mfo; - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. kwj;jy; = kw + j;+ jy; kw – gFjp j; - re;jp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 3. itg;gh; = it + g; + g; + mh; it – gFjp g; - re;jp g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 4. xWj;jhh; = xW + j; + j; + Mh; xW – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 5. ,we;jhh; = ,w + j;(e;) + j; + Mh; ,w – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy 10) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. mfo;thiu - Njhz;Lgtiu 2. ,fo;thh; - ,opTgLj;JNthh; 3. jiy - rpwe;j gz;G 4. nghWj;jy; - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; 5. ,wg;gpid - gpwh; nra;j Jd;gj;ij 6. ,d;ik - tWik 7. tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; Gjpatuha; te;jth; 8. xuhy; - jtph;j;jy; 9. klthh; - mwptpypfs; 10 epiw - rhy;G

11. xWj;jhiu - jz;bj;jtiu 12. xd;whf - xU nghUl;lhf 13. nghjpe;J itg;gh; - (kdj;Js;) itj;Jf; nfhs;th; 14. nghd;Wk; JizAk; - cyfk; cs;stiu 15. jpwdy;y - nra;aj;jfhj 16. Nehnehe;J - Jd;gj;jpw;F tUe;jp 17. kpFjpahd; - kdr;nrUf;fhy; 18. kpf;fit - jPik 19. jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;


20 Jwe;jhh; - gw;wpid tpl;lth; 21. ,we;jhh; - tuk;G fle;jth; 22. ,d;dh - jPa

23. Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth; 24. Nehw;ghh; - Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth; 25. ,d;dhr; nrhy; - jPa nrhy;

11) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. cz;zhJ - tpidnar;rk; 2. nghWj;jy; - njhopw; ngah; 3. mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; 4. kwj;jy;> nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; 5. ed;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 6. tpUe;J - gz;ghF ngah; 7. xuhy;> nghiw - njhopw;ngah;fs; 8. ePq;fhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; 9. Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rk; 10. nghjpe;J – tpidnar;rk; 11. xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh; tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; 12. jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 13. nra;apDk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik 14. nehe;J - tpidnar;rk; 15. mwd;> jpwd; - <w;Wg; Nghypfs; 16. nra;jhiu - tpidahyizAk;ngah; 17. tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 18. ,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;> Nehw;fpw;gth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; 19. ,d;dhr;nrhy; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 12) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: jpUts;Sth;> jpUf;Fwspy; midj;J ehl;bdUk; ,dj;jpdUk; jkf;Nf chpanjdf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy; nghJikf; fUj;Jfisg; gilj;jth;. ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd; Kfdhh;> khjhD gq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.K. 31 Mk; Mz;L vd mwpQh; $Wth;. 13) E}w; Fwpg;G:- jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;. jpU – nry;tk;> rpwg;G> moF> Nkd;ik> nja;tj;jd;ik vdg; gy nghUs; nfhz;l xU nrhy;. Fws; - FWfpa mb cilaJ. VO rPh;fisf; nfhz;l <ub ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;. ,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd Kg;ngUk; gphpTfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mwk; 38 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> nghUs; 70 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> ,d;gk; 25 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}iyg; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;ba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G jpUts;St khiy. jpUf;FwSf;F me;ehspNyNa gjpd;kh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. mt;TiuAs;> ghpNkyofh; ciuNa rpwe;jJ vd;gh;. 14) tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahh; fz; tpopj;jJk; Kjypy; gbj;j E}y; jpUf;Fws; 15) jpUf;FwSf;F ciunra;j gjpd;kh;: 1. jUkh;> 2. jhkj;jh;> 3. ghpjp> 4. jpUkiyah;> 5. ghpg;ngUkhs;> 6. kzf;Flth;> 7. er;rh;> 8. ghpNkyofh;> 9. ky;yh;> 10. fhspq;fh;. 16) nghUe;Jf:- 1. mwk; - Kg;gj;njl;L 2. nghUs; - vOgJ 3. ,d;gk; - ,Ugj;ije;J 17) vJifr; nrhw;fis vLj;njOjp mbf; NfhbLf:-

1. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit nra;jhiuj; jhk;jk; jFjpahd; ntd;W tply;. vJif: kpFjp> jFjp 2. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy. vJif: mfo;> ,fo;

18) nghUs; NtWghL mwpf: 1. nghWj;jy; / nghUj;jy; nghWikaha; ,Uj;jy;> nghUe;jr; nra;jy; 2. ,wj;jy; / ,uj;jy; caph; tpLjy;> ahrpj;jy; 3. epiw / epiu rhy;G> thpir 4. tz;ik / td;ik ts;sy; jd;ik> typik

19) ,UnghUs; jUf:- 1. epiw _____> _____> rhy;G> vil 2. jiy _____> _____> rpuk>; Kjd;ik jpuhtpl nkhopfs; (உனைநனட) 20) jk; vz;zq;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk; gpwUf;F mwptpf;Fk; fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? nkhop 21) jdf;nfd jdpr;rpwg;Gk; gynkhopfs; Njhd;wp tsu mbg;gilahfTk; cs;s nkhop ve;j nkhop?

%ynkhop 22) ,e;jpa nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;:- ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfs;> nkhopapay; mwpQh; vj;jid nkhopf; FLk;gq;fSs; mlf;Fth;? mit ahit? ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;

1. ,e;Njh - Mrpa nkhopfs; 2. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; 3. M];jpNuh - Mrpa nkhopfs; 4. rPd - jpngj;jpa nkhopfs;

23) ek; ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk; mjd; fpis nkhopfSk;. 24) ,e;jpa ehl;il> _____ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;? “nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy” (Museum of

Languages) 25) nkhopapay; Nguhrphpah; ahh;? r.mfj;jpaypq;fk; 26) jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vj;jid cs;sd? ,d;W ,Ugj;J %d;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l


27) nkhopfs; vj;jid tifahfg; gphpg;gh;? njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; %tifahfg; gphpg;gh;. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;L nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws;> Ke;E}w;W ,Ugj;ije;J nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLtjhf ,e;jpa khdpltpay; fzf;nfLg;Gj; njhptpf;fpd;wJ. 28) njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF> JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> nfhufh> ,Ush. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap> $tp> Nfhyhkp> gh;[p>fjgh> Nfhz;lh>ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh> [jG. tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; F&f;> khy;Njh>gpuhFa;. 29) jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; _____ nkhopfs;. jpuhtplg; ngUnkhopfs; 30) cyfehLfspd; gioikahd ehfhpfq;fs; vJ? ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; 31) ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vd;gJ _____ gpwF epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? nkhfQ;rjhNuh – mug;gh mfo;tha;f;Fg; 32) _____ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu gue;J tphpe;jpUe;j ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; cyf ehfhpfq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; jhahfTk; topfhl;bahfTk; tpsq;fpapUf;fpwJ. fp.K. 3000 Mz;Lfs; 33) ,e;jpah KOtJk; gue;J tphpe;jpUe;j gok; ngUk; ehfhpfj;ij mwpQh; vt;thW fUJfpd;wdh;? jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; 34) jpuhtplh; Ngrpa nkhop vd;d nkhopahFk;? jpuhtpl nkhopahFk; 35) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy; _____ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtJ. jpuhtpl ehL 36) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf; fhy;Lnty; _____ vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; 37) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath; ahh;? Fkhhpygl;lh; 38) jpuhtpl nkhopia gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; ahh;? fhy;Lnty; 39) nkhopapay; mwpQh;> njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; jkpioAk; mjd; fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfisAk; _____ my;yJ _____ vd;W toq;fpdh;. jkpspad; my;yJ jKypf; 40) jpuhtpl vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny _____ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypUe;J cUthdjhFk;. jkpo; 41) jkpo; > jpukps > jputpl > jpuhtpl – cUthapw;W vd ve;j nkhopapay; mwpQh; $wpfpwhh;? <uh]; ghjphpahh;. 42) njhd;ikr; rpwg;Gk; jiyikr; rpwg;Gk; jkpio ,d;W vt;thW cah;e;J epw;fr; nra;Js;sJ? cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop 43) jkpo; nkhopapYs;s kpfg; gioikahd E}y; vJ? njhy;fhg;gpak;. 44) njhy;fhg;gpak; ve;j E}yhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ? ,yf;fz E}yhf 45) _____ tpOf;fhL mstpw;Fj; jpuhtpl nkhopf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;s xNu jpuhtpl nkhop> jkpo;. vz;gJ tpOf;fhL 46) nrt;tpay; nkhopahf xsph;tJ vJ? ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpNo 47) epug;Gf:

1. nkhopfs; gy Njhd;wp tsu mbg;gilahd nkhopia _____ vd;gh; %ynkhop 2. ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lth; _____ mfj;jpaypq;fk; 3. xU %y nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wp tsUk; nkhopia _____ vd;gh;. fpisnkhop

vOj;J (,yf;fzk;) 48) nkhopiag; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk; Nfl;fTk;> fw;fTk; vOjTk; Jiz nra;tJ vJ? ,yf;fzk; 49) ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? jkpopyf;fzk;> vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; vd Itifg;gLk;. 50) vOj;Jfspd; tif:- vOj;J KjnyOj;J> rhh;ngOj;J vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 51) KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? m Kjy; xs tiu capu; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; . f; Kjy; d; tiu cs;s nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; Mfpa Kg;gJ vOj;JfSk; Kjy; vOj;JfshFk;. 52) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? Kjy; vOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;J ,aq;Fk; vOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;Jfs;

vdg;gLk;. 53) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? caph;nka;> Ma;jk;> capusngil> xw;wsngil> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> kfuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vdg; gj;J tifg;gLk;. msngil 54) msngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ xU nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L xypf;Fk;. 55) msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:- 1. capusngil> 2. xw;wsngil 56) capusngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ me;j Xiria epiwT nra;a caph;neby; vOj;Jfs; VOk; msngLf;Fk;. ,/J capusngil vdg;gLk;. 57) capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W tifg;gLk; mit – 1. nra;Aspir msngil> 2. ,d;dpir msngil> 3. nrhy;ypir msngil.


58) nra;Aspir msngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; ,iria epiwf;ftUk; msngiliar; nra;Aspir msngil vd;gh;. 59) ,d;dpir msngil vd;why; vd;d? Xir Fiwahtpl;lhYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLj;jiy

,d;dpir msngil vd;gh;. 60) nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why; vd;d? xU nrhy; kw;nwhU nrhy;yhfg; nghUs; gltUk; msngil nrhy;ypir msngil vd;gh;. 61) xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwe;jhy; nka;naOj;JfSk; msngLf;Fk;. ,/J xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;. 62) Fwpg;G 1. nra;Aspir msngil ( ,irepiw msngil) nra;Aspd; Xiria epiwT nra;a <uir nfhz;l rPh;fshf kl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) coh mh;> glh mh;> 2. ,d;dpir msngil - ,dpa ,irf;fhf %tir nfhz;l rPu;fshf kl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) nfLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;. 3. nrhy;ypir msngil – ngah;r nrhy; msngLj;J> tpidnar;rg; nghUspy; tUk;. , vd;Dk; vOj;jpy; KbT ngw;wpUf;Fk;. (v.fh) eir ,> epwP ,. 4. xw;wsngil – ty;ypdj;J f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;> vd;Dk; MWk;> ,ilapdj;jpy; h;> o; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; Mf ,e;j vl;L nka;naOj;Jfs; jtpug;gpw nka;naOj;Jfs; msngLf;Fk;. 63) vOj;Jtif _____ khj;jpiu 1. caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f; Fwpy; - xd;W 2. capu;neby;>caph; nka; neby; - ,uz;L 3. nka;> Ma;jk; - miu 4. capusngil - %d;W 5. xw;wsngil - xd;W 64) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf: 1. cwh mh;f; FWNeha; ciug;gha; - ,j;njhlhpy; _____ te;Js;sJ. nra;Aspir 2. cLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh;f;F - ,f;Fwl;ghj; njhlhpy;_____msngil te;Js;sJ. ,d;dpir 3. nrhy;ypir msngiliaj; njhpT nra;f: tudir, ,d;Dk; cs;Nsd;. 65) nghUj;Jf: m. xw;wsngil – muq;q;fk; M. nra;Aspir msngil – cohmh; ,. ,d;dpir msngil – cLg;gJ}ck; <. nrhy;ypir msngil – FbjoP, 66) epug;Gf – 1. msngil vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F _____ vd;gJ nghUs; msG - khj;jpiu vil - vLj;jy; vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G 67) vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. ,lg;gpwg;G 2. Kaw;rpg; gpwg;G 68) ,lg;gpwg;G vd;why; vd;d? vOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wfpd;w khh;G Kjyhdtw;iw ,lg;gpwg;G vd;gH. 69) Kaw;rpg;gpwg;G vd;why; vd;d? cjL Kjyhd cWg;Gfspd; njhopy; NtWghl;bdhy; xypg;gjid Kaw;rpg;gpwg;G vd;gH. 70) nka;naOj;Jfis xypf;Fk; NghJ NtWgl;l %d;W xypfs; ahit? 1. ty;ypd xyp 2. nky;ypd xyp 3. ,ilapd xyp 71) KjnyOj;Jfspd; ,lg;gpwg;G m) ,ilapd vOj;Jfs; MWk; fOj;jpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd. M) nky;ypd vOj;Jfs; MWk; %f;fpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd. ,) ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; MWk; khh;gpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd. 72) Mtp ,ilik ,lkplW MFk; NkTk; nkd;ik %f;F cuk;ngWk; td;ik - ed;D}y;> 75 Mtp - capnuOj;J ,ilik - ,ilapdk; kplW - fOj;J nkd;ik - nky;ypdk; cuk; - khh;G 73) ,uz;L cjLfs; nghUe;Jtjdhy; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs;. g;> k; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 74) jkpo; vz;ZUf;fis mwpNthk; 1. f 2. c 75) jkpo;r; nrhy;ywpNthk;:- 1. Rtpl;r; - nghj;jhd; 2. I];thl;lh; - Fsph; ePh; 3. $y;l;hpq;]; - Fsph;ghdk; 4. fpiuz;lh; - kpd; miuit

5. gphp[; - Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;b 6. B - NjePh; 7. th\pq;nk\pd; - ryit ,ae;jpuk; 8. nlypNghd; - njhiyNgrp

76) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf –


1. Bend the tree while it is young Ie;jpy; tisahjJ> Ik;gjpy; tisAkh? 2. As is the mother, so is her daughter jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is> E}iyg; Nghy Nriy 3. A friend in need is a friend indeed caph;fhg;ghd; Njhod; 4. A man of courage never wants weapons ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;. 5. Blood is thicker than water jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd;jir MLk;. ,ay;,uz;L nra;As; - rpWgQ;r%yk; 77) fz;tdg;Gf; fz;Nzhl;lk;> fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik – vd;w rpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fhhpahrhd; 78) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. fz;Nzhl;lk; - ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy; 2. vz;tdg;G - Muha;r;rpf;F moF 3. tdg;G - moF

4. fpsh;Nte;jd; - GfOf;F chpa murd; 5. thl;lhd; - tUj;jkhl;lhd;

79) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik> ciuj;jy;> vd;wy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; 2. Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; 80) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; - 1. Nfl;lhh; - Nfs; (l;) + l; + Mh; Nfs; - gFjp s; - l; MdJ tpfhuk; l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp mzp - nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp 81) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- fhhpahrhd;> kJiuj; jkpohrphpah; khf;fhadhhpd; khzth; vdr; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; $WfpwJ. ,th;> rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,tUk; fzpNkjhtpahUk; xU rhiy khdhf;fuhth;. ngUk;ghd;ik nghJ mwf;fUj;JfSk; rpWghd;ik rkz mwf;fUj;JfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. 82) E}w; Fwpg;G :- rpWgQ;r%yk; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jd; Mrphpah; fhhpahrhd; ,e;E}ypy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld; njhz;Z}w;NwO ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. fz;lq; fj;jphp> rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp> neUQ;rp Mfpa Ie;J %ypifapd; Nth;fSk; cly; Nehiaj; jPh;g;gd. mJNghy> ,e;E}ypd; xt;nthU ghlypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J fUj;JfSk; kf;fs; kdNehiag; Nghf;Ftd. Mifahy; ,e;E}y; rpWgQ;r%yk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. epug;Gf: 1. gz;Zf;F moF _____ ed;nwd;wy; Nfl;Nlhh;. 2. gpwhplk; ,ue;J nry;yhik _____ moF. fhYf;F ghQ;rhyprgjk; - ghujpahh; 83) ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;jth; ahh;? ghz;lth; 84) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. vk;gp – vd;jk;gp 2. klg;gpb – ghQ;rhyp 3. fspf;f – kfpo 4. Nfhkhd; – murd; ( jpUjuhl;bud;) 5. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij 6. mltp – fhL 7. jle;Njhs; – typaNjhs; 8. kzpefh; – mofpa efuk; 9. kUq;F – gf;fk; 10. NfhyKW – moF kpf;f 11. nrwpe;J – mlh;e;J

12. fh – fhL 13. FyT – tpsq;Fk; 14. Qhyk; – cyfk; 15. gz;zth; – Njth; 16. muk;igah; – Njt kfsph; 17. Qhdk; – mwpT 18. Gd;ik – ,ope;j jd;ik 19. tPW – typik 20. rJuq;fr; Nrid – ehy;tifg; gilfs; 21. kJunkhop – ,dpa nkhop 22. Fryq;fs; Ngrp – eyd; Nfl;ly;

85) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:– 1. khefh; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 2. rhh;e;jth; – tpidahyizAk; ngah; 3. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij vd;gjd; k& c 4. mltp kiyahW – ck;ikj; njhif 5. fle;J – tpidnar;rk; 6. jle;Njhs; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 7. ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk; – vz;Zk;ik 8. ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra; – gz;Gj; njhiffs;


9. gha;e;J> nrwpe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs; 10. Qhynkyhk;> kf;fnsyhk; – vy;yhk; vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;. 11. fhj;jy; – njhopw;ngah; 12. njhy;YyF – gz;Gj; njhif 13. jhsKk; NksKk; – vz;Zk;ik 14. gjkyh; – cUtfk; 86) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. fle;J – fl+ j;(e;)+ j; + c fl – gFjp j; – re;jp j; – e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c – tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. nry;thd; – nry; + t; + Md; nry; – gFjp t; – vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Md; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 87) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jw;Nghija J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;laGuj;jpy 11-12-1882 md;W gpwe;jhh;. ,th;jk; ngw;Nwhh; rpd;drhkp – ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; Mth;. ,thpd; Jiztpahh; nry;yk;khs;. rpwe;j gilg;ghsuhd ghujpahh; Fapy; ghl;L> fz;zd; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; Kjypa E}y;fisg; gilj;jspj;jhh;. ehL> nkhop> ,iw> ngz;ik Kjypa ghLnghUs;fspy; vz;zw;w ghly; ,aw;wpdhh;. Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij>juhR Kjypa உனைநனட ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vOjpdhh;. ,th; 11-09-1921 md;W es;spuT kiwe;jhh;. 88) E}w;Fwpg;G:- ,g;ghlg;gFjp> ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; gilg;GfSs; xd;whfpa ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; #o;r;rpr; rUf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. midtUk; mwpe;j ,jpfhrf; fijia vspa nrhw;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk; Mfpatw;Wld; $ba ngz;Zhpikf; fhg;gpakhfj; jkpopy; ghujp tbj;Jj; je;jNj ghQ;rhyprgjk;. tpahrhpd; ghujj;ijj; jOtp vOjg; ngw;wJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J #o;r;rpr; rUf;fk;> #jhl;lr; rUf;fk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;> JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr; rUf;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; ehD}w;Wg; gd;dpuz;L ghly; fisAk; nfhz;l FWq;fhg;gpak;. 89) rpwg;G: ghujpahh; ghl;lf;nfhU Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh> jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;ngw;whh;. RNjrkpj;jpud;> ,e;jpah Kjypa ,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. 90) epug;Gf- 1. ePL Japy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ______ Mthh;. ghujpahh; 2. JhpNahjdpd; je;ij ______ Mthh;. jpUjuhl;bud; 91) 1. tdg;G – moF 2. gpb – ngz; ahid 3. mltp – fhL 4. kUq;F – gf;fk; 5. tPW – typik 6. kJunkhop – ,dpa nkhop ,f;fhyf; ftpijfs; (உனைநனட) 92) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ______> ______ Kk; tpiuthf tsh;e;jd. mwptpaYk;> ,yf;fpaKk; 93) nra;As;> உனைநனட vd;Dk; ,U tbtpYk; ______ kyh;e;Js;sd. GJtif ,yf;fpaq;fs; 94) உனைநனடf;fhyk; vd;why; vd;d? ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; உனைநனட tsj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyj;ij உனைநனடf; fhyk; vdyhk;. 95) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; ehL> nkhop> ,dk;> rKjhak;> fiy vd ve;j ve;jf; ftpQh; gytw;iwg; ghbdh;? ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzp Njrpfk; tpehafdhh;> ehkf;fy;> ,uhkypq;fdhh;. 96) ghujpapd; ftpijfs; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; vjw;F tpj;jhf mike;jdh;? mUk;gpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F 97) kd;dh;fis kl;LNk kfpo;tpj;J te;j ftpij kuig khw;wp> vspa kf;fis Nehf;fpf; ftpijf; fUtpiaj; jpUg;gp mikj;j ngUik ahiur; rhUk;? ghujpahiur; rhUk; 98) ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; ahit? jkpo;> jkpoh;> jkpOzh;T> rOjha kWkyh;r;rp> ngz; tpLjiy> jpuhtpl ,af;fr; rpe;jid> nghJTilik 99) tpLjiy ,af;ff; ftpQh; ahh;? ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 100) Fwpg;G – ftpijfspy; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfs; kpsph;fpd;wd. ,th; jkpohpd; rpwg;igAk; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,dpikiaAk; Nrh;j;Jg; ghbdhh;? ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 101) tho;f;if rpwf;f xt;nthUtUk; xU njhopiyahtJ fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;? ehkf;fy;yhh;


102) Gyth; Foe;ij> Kbaurd; KjypNahh; ftpijfspy; gFj;jwpT Nehf;Fk; ______ ,yq;ff; fhzyhk;. Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidAk; jkpOzh;Tk; 103) ctikf;ftpQh; vd rpwg;Gg; ngw;wth; ahh;? Rujh 104) Rujh ghly;fspy; ,ilapy; fye;J tUtJ vJ? tuyhw;Wr;nra;jpfSk;> ,yf;fztpsf;fq;fSk;. 105) Rujh ahiu ctikfshy; ghuhl;bAs;shh;? kiwkiyabfshiu 106) ghujpjhridj; njhlh;e;J ,aw;ifapd; moif vopYwg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; ahUila ftpijfs; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd? thzpjhrd; 107) kuGf; ftpijfs; Gide;J jkpod;idf;F NkYk; tsKk; ngUikAk; ahh; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;? Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;> gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf; fy;ahzRe;juk;> ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jkpo;xsp 108) kdpjFy tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;wthW rpe;jid khw;wq;fSk; r%f khw;wjpd; tpisNt______ GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; 109) mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; ‘thy;l;tpl;kdpd;’ rhaypy; trd ftpij vOjpath; ahh;? ghujpahh; 110) ghujpjhrdpd; உனைநனடfs; midj;Jk; ______ nfhz;lit? ftpijeil 111) jkpopy; GjpanjhU tbtk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jit? Nkiy ehl;L ,yf;fpaj; njhlh;Gk;> rKjhar; #o;epiyAk; 112) Gjpa Mq;fpyf; ftpijfisg; gbj;j jkpouJ rpe;jidapy; ve;jf; ftpijfs; kyh;e;J kzk; gug;gpd? GJf;ftpijfs; 113) kzpf;nfhb vd;Dk; ,jopy; GJf;ftpij vOjpath; ahh;? e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g. ,uhrNfhghyhd;> f.eh.Rg;gpukzpad;. 114) vOj;J vd;Dk; GJf;ftpijfisg; gilj;jth; ahh;? v];.itj;jP];tud;> jUK rptuhK> kzp> rp.R nry;yg;gh KjypNahh; Mth;. 115) Nfhitapy; thdk; ghbf; FOtpdh; ve;jf; ftpijiag; gutyhf;fg; ghLgl;ldh;? GJf;ftpij 116) GJf;ftpij ghLtjpy; <Lgl;Lg; ngU ntw;wp ngw;w ftpQh;fs; ahh;? eh.fhkuhrd;> kPuh (kP. ,uhNre;jpud;)> rpw;gpghyRg;gpukzpad;> thyp> ,d;Fyhg;> K.Nkj;jh> ituKj;J> mg;Jy;uFkhd;> <NuhL jkpod;gd; 117) Fwpg;G:- GtpauR> fq;if nfhz;lhd;> rpw;gp> jkpo;ehld;> mf;fpdpg;Gj;jpud;> rf;jpf;fdy;> ,utPe;jpud;> Qhdp> gh. nrag;gpufhrk;> gpugQ;rd;> ghyh> Nfh.uh[huhk; vd tsUk; ngUk; gl;baiyf; nfhz;lJ thdk;ghb ,af;fk;. ,th;fsJ tUiff;Fg; gpd;dh; GJf;ftpij> rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Xh; ,yf;fpa tifahfr; rpwg;Gw;wJ. 118) epug;Gf:- 1. fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth; ______ ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 2. GJf;ftpij tsh;r;rpapy; ______ gq;F Nghw;wj;jf;fJ. ty;ypf;fz;zd; fz;zjhrd; ftpapd;gk; (Jizg;ghlk;) 119) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;f; ftpQh;fspd; thpirapy; jdf;nfd;W jdp Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jth; ahh;? ftpauR fz;zjhrd; 120) vspa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L cs;sj;ij kfpo;tpf;Fk; ghly;fis ,aw;wpa ngUik ahUf;F cz;L? fz;zjhrd; 121) tho;f;ifAk; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa rpe;jidfSNk ______ Fhpa nghUs;fshk;. ftpijf;Fhpa 122) coth; ngUkf;fspd; ,y;yj;NjvOfpd;w gy;NtW xirfs; ______> xj;J xypf;fpd;wd? ,iaGj; njhilAk;> ,ireaKk; 123) fz;zjhrd; - gilg;GfSk;> rpwg;GfSk;. Kj;ijah vd;w ,aw;ngah; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpYs;s rpW $ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; 24.06.1927 vd;W gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; rhj;jg;gd; - tprhyhl;rp Mth;. fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy njhFjpfshf ntsp te;Js;sd. mth;jk; jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd. 124) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp> fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;> ,NaR fhtpak; Kjypad mth; gilj;j neLq; ftpij E}y;fs;. ,uhrjz;lid vd;gJ> fk;gh; mk;gpfhgjp tuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mth;gilj;j ,dpaehlfk;. Mapuk; jPT mq;faw;fz;zp> Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpoh Kjypa gy Gjpdq;fisAk; fz;zjhrd; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mth; vOjpa ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gjpdq;fspy; Nrukhd; fhjyp rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; GjpdkhFk;. mjw;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpapd; ghpR fpilj;Js;sJ. fz;zjhrd; njd;wy;> Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd; jkpo;kyh; Kjypa ,jo;fs; njhlq;fp> mtw;Wf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;J rpwe;j ,jo;g;gzp Mw;wpAs;shh;. ftpijapYk; உனைநனடapYk; nrhw; nghoptpYk; jpiug;glj; JiwapYk; jkf;nfd xU Gjpa topapid tFj;Jf; nfhz;L jiy epkph;e;J epd;wth; fz;zjhrd;. mth; jk; ftpijfshy; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. ehd; epue;jpukhdtd; moptjpy;iy. ve;j epiyapYk; vdf;F kuzkpy;iy. - fz;zjhrd; MFg;ngah; - (,yf;fzk;)


125) MF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; ngah;> jdf;Fhpa nghUisf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;NdhL njhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ MF ngah; vdg;gLk;. 126) MFngah; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MFngah; gjpdhW tifg;gLk; 127) msitf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; ______ vd;gh;. msitg;ngah;fs; 128) msitg; ngah;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit 1. vz;zy; msit> 2. vLj;jy; msit> 3. Kfj;jy; msit> 4. ePl;ly; msit. 129) vz;zy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf xd;W ngw;why; xspkak; 130) vLj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf? Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy? 131) Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf? ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit 132) ePl;ly; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf? %d;W kPl;lh; nfhL 133) nrhy;yhF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? ts;Sth; nrhy; tho;f;iff;F ,dpJ. ,j;njhlhpy; ts;Sth; nrhy; vd;gJ> nrhy;iyf; Fwpf;fhJ nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jjhy;. 134) jhdpahFngah; vd;why; vd;d? ghiy ,wf;F – ghypd; ngah; ghiyf; Fwpf;fhky; ghj;jpuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Xh; ,lj;jpy; cs;s xU nghUspd; ngah; (jhdp) mJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ. 135) fUtpahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? aho; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhs;. ,j; njhlhpy; aho; vd;Dk; fUtp ,irf;F Mfp te;jjhy;. 136) fhhpathF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;. ,q;Fr; rikay; vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;Fg; (fUtpf;F) ngauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF ngah;. 137) fUj;jhthF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? jpUts;Stiug; gbj;Jg;ghh; ,j;njhlhpy; jpUts;Sth; vd;gJ mtuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w E}Yf;F Mfpte;jjhy; fUj;jhthF ngauhapw;W. 138) ctikahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? xUtiug; ghh;j;J > ehjh; tUfpwhh; vdy;. 139) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. ‘ehYkpuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp’ - ,j;njhlh; ______ MFk;. vz;zysit MFngah; 2. japiu ,wf;F. - ,j;njhlh; ______ MFngah; MFk;. jhdpahF ngah; 3. jhdk; jhdpf;F (nghUSf;F) Mfp tUtJ ______ MFngah;. ,lthF ngah; 140) nghUj;Jf:- 1. Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; - ,uz;L ypl;lh; jh. 2. ctikahF ngah; - fhis tUfpwhd; 3. nrhy;yhF ngah; - nghpNahh; nrhy; Nfs; 4. vLj;jy; msit MFngah; - gj;Jf; fpuhk; nfhL nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 141) Nth;r;nrhw;fis tpidKw;whf;Ff. 1. ehd; ehis re;ijf;Fg; ______ (Ngh) tpil: NghNtd; 2. khzth;fs; gs;spapy; fy;tp ______ (fy;) tpil : fw;fpd;wdH 3. ahid Nfhgk; nfhz;L ______ (gpspW) tpil: gpspwpw;W 4. Njrpq;Fuhrh ghuhrhhpf; Fjpiuia ______ (mlf;F) tpil : mlf;fpdhH 5. ,e;jpa mzp New;iwa fhy; ge;Jg; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ______ (ngW) tpil: ngw;wJ 142) milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; cs;s nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlUf;Nfw;g khw;Wf:- 1. mth; ______ (tpiuT) te;Jk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy. 2. khzth;fSf;Fg; ghprspf;FkhW ______ (jiyth;) Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;. 3. Foe;ijfs; ______ (ngw;Nwhh;) khpahij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. 4. mLg;G ed;whf______ (vhp) tpwF fha;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 5. vjpYk; ______ (vspik) filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpilfs;: 1. tpiue;J 2. jiytiuf; 3. ngw;NwhUf;F 4. Vupa 5. vspikiaf; 143) nganur;rj;ij tpidKw;whf khw;wp vOJf: (v.fh) tdg;G kpf;f Nrhiy. = Nrhiy tdg;G kpf;fJ. 1. Js;sp Xba Gs;spkhd; ______ 2. kpfTk; ,dpj;j gok; ______ 3. kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhL ______ 4. ePjp jtwhj kd;dd; ______ 5. New;Wg; nga;j kio ______ 144) tpidKw;iwg; nganur;rkhf khw;Wf (v.fh) New;W kjpaofd; te;jhd;. = New;W te;j kjpaofd;. 1. vopyd; tiue;jhd; ______ 2. mg;gh rpdk; nfhz;lhh; ______


3. vopy; ghk;igf; fz;lhs; ______ 4. Fjpiu tpiuthf XbaJ ______ 5. Fuq;Ffs; jhtpf; Fjpj;jd ____ tpilfs;: (ePq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;aTk;) ,ay; %d;W nra;As; - GwehD}W 148) njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp – vd;w GwehD}W ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;. 149) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. epow;wpa - epoy; nra;j 2. eLehs;ahkk; - es;spuT 3. JQ;rhd; - Japyhd;

4. kh - tpyq;F 5. fy;yh - fy;tpawptpy;yhj 6. ehop - msTg;ngah;

7. <jy; - nfhLj;jy; 8. Ja;g;Ngk; - Efh;Nthk; 9. jg;Ge - ,of;f

150) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G :- 1. ntz;Fil - gz;Gj;njhif 2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 3. ehop - MFngah; 4. <jy; - njhopw; ngah; 5. Ja;g;Ngk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W 151) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. JQ;rhd; - JQ;R+ (M)+ Md; JQ;R – gFjp M – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy M – kiwe;jJ Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. <jy; - < + jy; < - gFjp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 3. Ja;g;Ngk; - Ja; + g; + g; + Vk;> Ja; - gFjp g; - re;jp g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Vk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp 152) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;. ,th; ,iwadhh; vOjpa fstpaYf;F ciu fz;lth;@ gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; jpUKUfhw;Wg; giliaAk; neLey; thiliaAk; ,aw;wpath;. ,g;ghlypy; ,th;> cyfpay; cz;ikiaf; $wpAs;shh;. 153) E}w;Fwpg;G:- GwehD}W – Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljdhy; GwehD}W vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. Gwk; vd;gJ xUthpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp Kjypa rpwg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,/J vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}ypYs;s ghly;fs; gy;NtW Gyth;fshy; ghlg; ngw;wit. ,g;ghly;fs; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpo; kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;G> tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk;. ,e;E}ypd; rpy ghly;fis [p.A.Nghg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;. FWe;njhif (NjtFyj;jhh;) 154) epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W – vd;w FWe;njhif ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? NjtFyj;jhh;. 155) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. ePH - fly; 2. fUq;Nfhy; - fUik epwKila nfhk;G 3. cah;e;jd;W - cah;e;jJ 4. mstpd;W - mstpidAilaJ 156) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; - cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 2. fUq;Nfhy;> ngUe;Njd; - gz;Gj;njhiffs; 157) gphpj;jwpjy; :- 1. MusT = mUik + msT 2. fUq;Nfhy; = fUik + Nfhy; 3. ngUe;Njd; = ngUik + Njd; 158) E}w;Fwpg;G :- FWik + njhif = FWe;njhif. Fiwe;j mbasthy; ghlg; ngw;w ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng FWe;njhif. ,e;E}y;> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jpy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld; ehD}w;nwhU ghly;fs; cs;sd. mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;fs; ghbAs;shh;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Fiwe;j msthf ehd;fbfisAk; mjpf msthf vl;L mbfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth; g+hpf;Nfh. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlyhrphpah; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.,e;E}y; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpohpd;,y;tho;f;if> xOf;fk;> kfsph;khz;G> mwTzh;T Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk; 159) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:- 1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y; ______ FWe;njhif 2. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ______ 401 3. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; mbtiu ______ 4-8


160) Ie;jpiz 1. FwpQ;rp> 2. Ky;iy> 3. kUjk;> 4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; 161) jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jNt ______ Guhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff; nfhs;syhk;. jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; 162) Gyth; jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij mwpa ,iwtid Ntz;br; ______ ngw;wdh;. rq;fg; gyifiag; 163) tq;fpa Nrfu ghz;badpd; kfd; ______ kJiuapy; murhl;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wdh; ahh;? tq;fpa #lhkzpghz;bad; 164) #lhkzpghz;baDf;Fr; ______ vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W. rz;gfg; ghz;bad; 165) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. itia ehltd; - ghz;bad; 2. ca;a - gpiof;f 3. ,ue;J nrg;gpdhd; - gzpe;J Ntz;bdhd; 4. njd;dtd; Fynja;tk; - nrhf;fehjd;(m) Re;jughz;bad; 5. ,d;dy; - Jd;gk; 6. ey;fpdhh; - mspj;jhh; 7. ,iwQ;rp - gzpe;J 8. msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; - mstw;w Nfs;tpawptpdh;. 9. rpuk; Jsf;fp - jiyarj;J 10. kPdtd; - kPd;nfhbia cila ghz;bad; 11. tpGjh; - Gyth; 12. J}q;fpa - njhq;fpa 13. nghw;fpop - nghd; Kbg;G 14) ek;gp – jUkp 15. Gwk;G - ntspapy; 16. igAs; - tUj;jk; 17. gdtd; - me;jzd; 18. fz;lk; - fOj;J 19. tOT ghly; - Fw;wKs;s ghly; 20. Mh;mit - (Gyth;fs;) epiwe;j mit 21. fpsj;jpNdd; - nrhd;Ndd; 22. rPuzp - Gfo;tha;e;j 23. Ntzp - nrQ;ril 24. Xuhd; - czuhd; 25. mw;Fw;w - (my;F + cw;w ) - ,Uisnahj;j 26. ehw;wk; - eWkzk; 27.Foy; - $e;jy; 28. my;F - ,uT 29. Vj;Jk; - tzq;Fk; 30. Qhdg;g+q;Nfhij - cikak;ik 31. fw;iwthh; rilahd; - rptngUkhd; 32. ck;guhh; gjp - Njth; jiytd; (,e;jpud;) 33. Ejy; tpop - new;wpf;fz; 34. nghw;gq;faj;jlk; - nghw;whgpkiuf; Fsk; 35. ehtyd; - Gyth; 36. fue;jhd; - kiwe;jhd;. 166) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. ciuj;J> ,ue;J - tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp - tpidnar;rq;fs; 3. tpsf;fp> rpwe;J - tpidnar;rq;fs; 4. kfpo;e;j - njhopw;ngah; 5. J}q;fpa> Ma;e;j - nganur;rq;fs; 6. Neh;e;J - tpidnar;rk; 7. nfhz;L> itj;J - tpidnar;rq;fs; 8. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk; 9. fpsj;jpNdd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W 10. Njuhf;fPud; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 11. Gidkyh; - tpidj;njhif 12. gw;Wthd;> mQ;rhd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; 13. Fw;wk; - njhopw;ngah; 14. Nja;e;j> gha;e;j> Ma;e;j> fha;e;j - nganur;rq;fs; 15. tpOe;J - tpidnar;rk; 16. nre;jP> ntk;ik - gz;Gj;njhiffs; 167) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. ,ue;J = ,u + j;(e;)+ j; + c ,u – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. ey;fpdhh; - ey;F + ,d; + Mh; ey;F – gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;WtpFjp 3. tpsf;fp - tpsf;F + , tpsf;F – gFjp , - tpidnar;r tpFjp 4. J}q;fpdhd; - J}q;F + ,d; + Md; J}q;F – gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 5. gw;Wthd; - gw;W + t; + Md; gw;W – gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 6. Njuhd; - Njh; + M + Md; Njh; - gFjp M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy (kiwe;jJ) Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 7. Nja;e;j - Nja; + j;(e;) + j; + m Nja; - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m - nganur;r tpFjp 168) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ehif khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;) vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyik ngw;wth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; kPdhl;rp Re;ju Njrpfh; Mthh;. guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; Jwtpahfpr; rpthyaq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;L


te;jhh;. mt;thW kJiu efhpid mile;J kPdhl;rp mk;kidAk; NrhkRe;juf; flTisAk; tzq;fpath;. me;efupNyNa rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. me;efuj;jhh; mtiuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;F ,zq;f jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpdhh;. me;E}iyr; rptngUkhd; jpUf;Nfhtpypd; vjpNu cs;s mWfhy; gPlj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlnkhop> njd; nkhopg;Gyth; ahtUk; Nghw;w muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. ,th; jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wpf;fyp ntz;gh> kJiug;gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp Kjypa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 169) E}w;Fwpg;G:- jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> kJiuf;fhz;lk; (gjpndl;Lg; glyk;)> $lw;fhz;lk; (Kg;gJ glyk;)> jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; ( gjpdhW glyk;) vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; gFjpfisAk; glyk; vd;Dk; mWgj;J ehd;F cl;gphpTfisAk; cilaJ. ,jpy; %thapuj;J Ke;E}w;W mWgj;J %d;W tpUj;jg; ghf;fs; cs;sd. kJiuapy; ,iwtd; epfo;j;jpa mWgj;J ehd;F jpUtpisahly;fis ,g;glyq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;E}y;> ,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly;fis tpsf;fp vOe;j E}y;fSs; tphpthdJk; rpwg;ghdJk; MFk;. njhileak; gj;jpr;Rit kpf;f ,e;E}Yf;F e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ciunaOjpAs;shh;. 170) epug;Gf:- 1.jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; ——— guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; 2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; ______ fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd.

1. kJiuf; fhz;lk;> 2. $ly; fhz;lk;> 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; 3. ,iwtdplk; ghliyg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wth; ______ jUkp 4. nghw;fpop ngwr;nrd;w jUkpiaj; jLj;jth; ______ ef;fPudh; 5. cly; KOtJk; fz;fisAilath; ______ rptngUkhd; 171) 1. kJiuf;fhz;lk; - gjpndl;Lg; glyk; 2. $ly;fhz;lk; - Kg;gJ glyk; 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; - gjpdhW glyk; flw;gazk; (உனைநனட) 172) jkpo; ehl;L thzpf tuyhW kpfTk; ______ tha;e;jJ. njhd;ik 173) goq;fhye; njhl;Nl jkpoh; ve;j thzpfj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdh;. cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L 174) cs;ehl;L thzpfj;ij tpl ve;j ehl;L thzpfk; tUtha; kpFjpahf cs;sJ? may;ehl;L thzpfj;jpNyNa 175) —— vd;Dk; xsit nkhopAk;> —— vd;Dk; fzpad; g+q;Fd;wd; nkhopAk;> jkpoh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;Lj; njhlh;Gf;Fk; rhd;Wfshk;. jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL> ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; 176) goq;fhyj;jpy; jkpoh; gpwehLfSf;Ff; flw;gazk; Nkw; nfhz;l nra;jp —— tof;fk; vdj; njhy; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ke;ePh; tof;fk; 177) goe;jkpoh; vijj; jk; flikahff; fUjpdh;? nghUsPl;Ljiy 178) njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ve;j gphpT tpsf;FfpwJ. nghUs;tapw; gphpT 179) gphpT vj;jid tifg;gLk; ? mit ahit? fhypy; (jiutopg;gphpjy;) gphpT> fyj;jpy; (ePh;topg;gphpjy;) gphpT 180) gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu jkpoh; —— fly;top thzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Nkw;Nf fphPR> cNuhk;> vfpg;J Kjy; fpof;Nf tiuapYk;. 181) ve;j ehLfs; jkpohpd; nghUs;fis tpUk;gpg; ngw;wd? vfpg;J> ghy];jPdk;> nkrgNlhkpah> ghgpNyhdpah> rPdk;. 182) VyKk; ,ytq;fKk; ,Q;rpAk; kpsFk; ve;j ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld. Nkw;fhrpa ehLfs; 183) jkpo;ehl;by;> gpwehl;lhs; cs;sj;ijf; ftUk; gy kpFjpahff; fpilj;jd? mit ahit? Kj;Jk; gtsKk; MuKk; mfpYk; ntz;JfpYk; rq;Fk; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fd. 184) goe;jkpoh;> fpNuf;fiuAk; cNuhkhdpaiuAk; ______ vd mioj;jdh;? atdh; 185) xt;nthU nghpa fg;gYk; vg;gb Njhd;Wk;. kjpy; #o;e;j Nfhl;il Nghy 186) goq;fhyj;jpNyNa jkpofj;jpy; gytifahd ______ fl;lg;gl;ld. fg;gy;fs; 187) Nfhilapd; Njhw;wkhdJ> eLf; flypy; nry;Yk; fg;gYf;F ctikahfg; ——— $wg;gl;L cs;sJ. GWehD}w;wpy; 188) fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ahit? Mop> Mh;fyp> Ke;ePh;> thuzk;> ngstk;> guit> Gzhp. 189) kuf;fyj;Jf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopapy; gy ngah;fs; cs;sd mit? fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> ehtha;> glF> ghprpy;> Giz> Njhzp> njg;gk;> jpkpy;> mk;gp> tq;fk;> kpjit> g/wp> Xlk; vd;gd. 190) flypy; nry;Yk; ngupa fg;gy; — vdg;gLk;. ehtha;


191) Fwpg;G:- Gfhh; efuj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;l ehtha;fs;> miyfshy; miyg;Gz;L fl;Lj;jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahid mirtJ Nghy; mire;jd. mtw;wpd; cr;rpapy; nfhbfs; mire;J Mbd vdg; gl;bdg;ghiy $Wfpd;wJ. 192) jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;W te;j thzpfj;jpd; gadhfg; gy JiwKfq;fs; flw;fiug; gl;bdq;fshfr;rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. mtw;Ws; ——> ——— Mfpait Fwpg;gplj; jf;fd. fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk;> Krpwp> nfhw;if 193) Krpwp ahUila JiwKfk;? Nrukd;dh;f;FhpaJ. 194) ——— vd;Dk; nghpa Mw;wpy; atdh;fspd; kuf;fyq;fs;> Mw;Wj; Jiwfs; fyq;fpg; NghFk;g te;J epd;wd. Rs;sp 195) mf;fyq;fSf;F chpa atdh;fs; nghd;idr; Rke;J te;J> mjw;F <lhf kpsif Vw;wpr; nrd;whh;fs;. vd;w ,r;nra;jpia ______ njhptpf;fpwJ. mfehD}W 196) ghz;ba ehl;bd; tsk; ngUf;fpaJ ve;jj; JiwKfk;. nfhw;if 197) ntdpR ehl;lwpQh; ahh;? khh;f;NfhNghNyh 198) ‘tpise;J Kjph;e;j tpOKj;J’ vd;W Kj;jpid rpwg;ghff; $wpaJ ahh;? kJiuf; fhQ;rp 199) fly; fle;j jkpo; 1. jkpo; - fpNuf;fk; 2. mhprp - xiu]h 3. fUt+h; - fNuhuh

4. fhtphp - fgphpy; 5. Fkhp - nfhkhhp 6. Nrhgl;bdk; - Nrhgl;dh

7. njhz;b - jpz;b]; 8. kJiu - kNjhuh 9. Krpwp - Krphpy;

200) flw;fiuia mLj;J ,Uf;Fk; csh;fs; ______> _____> ,Ue;jd. fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; 201) goe;jkpofj;jpd; thzpfg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; vq;Ff; fhzg;Lfpd;wd. gl;bdg; ghiyapYk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; Vw;wkjpahd nghUs;fSs; fPo; fhz;git? ,uj;jpdk;> Kj;J> ituk;> kpsF> fUq;fhyp> fUkUJ> Njf;F> re;jdk;> ntz; Jfpy;> mhprp> Vyf;fha;> ,ytq;fg;gl;il> ,Q;rp. 202) jkpofj;jpy; vd;d ,wf;Fkjp Mapd. rPdj;Jg; gl;Lk; rUf;fiuAk;. 203) ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; thapyhfg; gl;lk;> gl;laf;fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd? fly;rhh; gy;fiyf;fofk; 204) ______vd;Dk; ghujpapd; fdT ,d;W edthfp cs;sJ? Nkiyf;fly; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;. 205) ehL – JiwKfk; 1. NruehL – Krpwp 2. NrhoehL – fhtphpg;g+k; gl;bdk; 3. ghz;baehL – nfhw;if 206) kuGj;njhlh;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpfspy; mikf;f:- 1. ifte;jfiy : ______ 2. mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy : ______ 3. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp : ____ 207) ,UnghUs; vOJf: 1. jpiu ______> ______> 2. fypq;fk; ______> ______> 3. fiy ______> ______> 4. ftp ______> ______> 208) jpizAk; - epyKk; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk; 2. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk; nfyd; nfy;yh; (Jizg;ghlk;) 209) mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsuhfTk; murpay; <LghL nfhz;ltuhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahh;? nfyd; nfy;yh; 210) “,e;j cyfj;jpy; mikjp kyu Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Ngd;” - vd;wth; ahh;? nfyd; 211) gj;njhd;gJ khjf; Foe;ijahf ,Ue;j NghJ nfyd; nfy;yUf;F Vw;gl;l nfhba Neha; vJ? fz;fs; ghuh> fhJfs; Nfsh> tha;NgrhJ. 212) nfyd; nfy;yUf;F MW tajhd NghJ ahUila cjtpahy; ‘ngh;fpd;]; gs;spapy;’ Nrh;e;jhh;?

mnyf;rhz;lh; fpufhk;ngy; 213) nfydpd; Mrphpah; ahh;? md;dpry;ypthd; 214) gh];ldpy; cs;s ______ fhJ NfshNjhUf;fhd gs;spapYk;> epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s ______ gs;spapYk; Kiwg;gb gapd;whh;. N`hu];khd; iul;`{khrd; 215) nfyd;> ve;j Kiwapy; vOjTk; gbf;fTk; fw;whh;? gpnua;yp 216) Mrphpia md;dp mspj;j gaw;rpapd; gadhf> ve;jf; fy;Y}hp EioTj; Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;W>


,sq;fiyg;gl;l tFg;gpy; Nrh;e;jJ gl;lKk; ngw;whh;? Nfk;gphpl;[; nul;fpsp/g; 217) fz;zpoe;NjhUf;Fk;> fhJNfsh Njhh;f;Fk; my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jth; ahh;? nfyd; 218) ______ epjp vd xd;widj; njhlq;fp> mjpy; Nrh;e;j njhifahd &gha; xd;wiuf; Nfhbia mg;gs;spfSf;F toq;fpdhh;. nfyd; nfy;yh; epjp 219) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;nfd ve;j E}yfk; xd;wid cUthf;fp> cyfk; KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J E}y;fs; te;J Ftpa Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. Njrpa E}yfk;. 220) “tho;f;ifapy; ,og;G vd;gNj ,y;iy@ xd;W Nghdhy; ,d;ndhd;W tUk; me;j ek;gpf;ifapUe;jhy; tho;f;if ntWik MfhJ” vdf; $wpath; ahh;? nfyd; 221) ePq;fs; fz;ghh;it mw;wtuhfTk; fhJ NfshjtuhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l vg;gb cq;fshy; rhjpf;f Kbe;jJ vd nfydplk; Nfl;lJ ahh;? tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp 222) Mrphpah; md;dp ve;j Mz;L ,we;jhh;? 1930 Mk; Mz;L 223) md;dp ,we;j gpwF nfyd; ahH cjtpAld; tho;e;jhh;? ghyp jhk;rd; 224) nfyd; ve;j efhpd; Gfo; ngw;w ngz;kzpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;? th\pq;ld; 225) nfyd; nfy;yh; xU ehs; flTspd; mUshy; vj;jid ehs; kl;LNk jkf;Fg; ghh;it fpl;bajhff; fdT fz;lhh;? %d;W ehs; kl;Lk; 226) Kjy; ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh; ghh;j;jJ ahh;? Mrphpah; 227) ,uz;lhtJ ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh; ______ Njhd;Wtjidf; fz;lhh;. fjputd; 228) nfyd; ahUila Gfo; ngw;w fiyQh;fspd; Xtpaq;fisAk; fiyg; nghUs;fisAk; fz;L kfpo;e;jth; ahH? ypadhh; Nlh lhtpd;rp 229) nfyd; ahUila ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhh;. nrfg;gphpaUila 230) %d;whtJ ehs; ghh;j;jhit? efhpd; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s Mw;Wg;ghyj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpdhh;. epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s fk;gPukhd ,ul;ilf; NfhGuf; fl;llj;ijf; fz;L fspj;jhh;. kf;fspd; Kfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; kfpo;r;rp> Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;J Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 231) Fwpg;G:- 1880 #d; 27 ,y; mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s myghkh khfhzj;jpy; J];Fk;gpahtpy; gpwe;J> rhjidahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j nfyd;> 1968 Mk; Mz;L #d; Kjy; ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;. mtuJ cly; th\pq;ldpy; md;dp> ghyp MfpNahuJ cly;fSf;F mUNf ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 232) cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ahh;? nfyd; nfy;yh; 233) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;fhd vOj;J Kiwia cUthf;fpath; ahh;? gpnua;yp ngah;r;nrhy; (,yf;fzk;) njhopw;ngah; 234) ngah;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs;> njhopw; ngah;fisf; $Wf? khjtp> Nfhtyd; - ngah;r;nrhw;fs; fz;L> kfpo;e;jhd; - tpidr;nrhw;fs; Mly; - vd;gJ njhopw;ngah; 235) Mly; gphpj;njOJf: ML + my; 236) njhopw;ngaiuf; Fwpf;f tUk; tpFjpfs;:- jy;>my;> mk;> I> if> it> F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs;> fhL> ghL> muT> Mid> ik> J vd;gd. 237) ngWjy; = ngW + jy; Ml;lk; = ML + mk; gwit = gw + it Nghf;F = Ngh + F

Njhw;wuT = Njhw;W + muT gha;j;J = gha; + J Nfhly; = NfhL + my; tho;f;if = tho; + if

Gspg;G = Gsp + G tuT = tu + c Nfhl;ghL = Nfhs; + ghL Nfshid = Nfs; + Mid

238) njhopw;ngah; tiffs; ahit? njhopw;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk;

1). Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; 2). Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; 239) Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d? njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfNs ,y;yhky;> gFjp kl;Lk; te;J> njhopiy czh;j;JtJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw; ngah;. 240) Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d? njhopw;ngahpd; Kjdpiyahfpa gFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw; ngauhFk;. 241) tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why; vd;d? tpidKw;W> tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpid nra;jtiuf; Fwpg;gJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;. 242) njhopw;ngah;f;Fk;> tpidahyizAk; ngah;f;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah; njhopYf;Fg; njhopy; nra;gtUf;Fg; ngauha; tUk;. ngauha; tUk;. glHf;if ,lj;jpy; %tplq;fspYk; tUk;. tUk;. fhyq;fhl;lhJ. Kf;fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;. 243) gz;Gg; ngah; vjd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;? gz;ig czh;j;Jk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah;. mWtifg; ngah;fSs; xd;whd gz;Gg; ngah; epwk;> Rit> msT> tbtk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;. 1. nrk;ik> ntz;ik> fUik - epwg;gz;G 2. tl;lk;> rJuk;> $k;G> nrt;tfk; - tbtg;gz;G


3. xd;W> miu> fpNyhkPl;lh; - msTg;gz;G 4. fhuk;> Gspg;G> ,dpg;G - Ritg;gz;G 244) gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs; ik> I> rp> G> c> F> wp> W> mk;> eh;> gk;> J> kd;> ,y; vd;gd gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs;. 245) Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs;? Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;gd. ,tw;iwf; Fwpj;J Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfg; gbj;jpUg;gPh;fs;. mit jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplg; ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ vt;thW jphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. 246) jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ?

ahd; + I = vd;id ahd; + My; = vd;dhy; ahd; + F = vdf;F> ahd;

ahd; +,d; = vd;dpd; ahd; + mJ = vdJ ahd; + fz; = vd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;

247) Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ eP + I = epd;id> cd;id eP + My; = epd;dhy;> cd;dhy; eP + F = epdf;F> cdf;F> eP eP + ,d; = epd;dpd;> cd;dpd;

eP + mJ = epdJ> cdJ eP + fz; = epd;fz;> cd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;

248) glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jhd; + I = jd;id jhd; + My; = jd;dhy; jhd; + F = jdf;F> jhd;

jhd; + ,d; = jd;dpd; jhd; + mJ = jdJ jhd; + fz; = jd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;

249) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. njhopw; ngahpd; gFjp jphpe;J tUk; ngah; _____ Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; 2. fhl;rp vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah; _____ vdg; gphpAk;. fhz; + rp 3. khl;rp vd;gJ _____ MFk;. gz;Gg;ngah; 4. ‘te;jhd;’ vd;Dk; tpidKw;W _____ vd tpidahyizAk; ngauha; tUk;. te;jtd; 250) nghUj;Jf:- 1. njhopw;ngah; - #L 2. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; - tUjy; 3. gz;Gg;ngah; - ed;wp 4. tpidahyizAk; ngah; - mfo;thh; 251) epug;Gf:- 1. gFjp kl;Lk; njhopiyf; Fwpg;gJ _____ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; 2. tuT vd;Dk; njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp _____ vJTkpy;iy. 3. tl;lk; vd;gJ _____ ngah; MFk;. tbtg;gz;G 4. eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; cUNgw;Fk; NghJ _____ vdj; jphpAk;. cd; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 252) Ie;jpizfs; ahit? FwpQ;rpj;jpiz> Ky;iyj;jpiz> kUjj;jpiz> nea;jy; jpiz> ghiyj;jpiz. 1. Kf;fdp – khq;fdp> gyhf;fdp> thiof;fdp 2. ehw;gil - Njh;g;gil> ahidg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> fhyhl;gil. 3. Ie;jpyf;fzk; - vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk;. 4. mWRit - ,dpg;Gr;Rit> frg;Gr; Rit> fhh;g;Gr;Rit> Jth;g;Gr;Rit>ctHg;Gr; Rit> Gspg;Gr; Rit 253) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf: 1. In a fiddler’s house all are dancers fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk; 2. No man can flay a stone fy;ypNy ehh; chpf;f KbAkh? 3. Difficulties give way to diligence fiug;ghh; fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;. 4. Command your man and do it your self ntz;nzia itj;Jf;nfhz;L nea;f;F miythNdd; 5. Charity is a double blessing jUkk; jiy fhf;Fk; ,ay; ehd;F nra;As; - jpUf;Fws; 254) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr; nry;tk; 2. jiy - Kjd;ik


3. Ngho;J - nghOJ 4. <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk; 5. mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk; 6. tzq;fpa - gzpthd 7. xg;gh; - xg;ghth; 8. xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp

9. Cw;W - Cd;W Nfhy; 10. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; 11. mw;Nw - Nghd;wNj 12.; Ezq;fpa - El;gkhfpa 13. <z;ba - Ma;e;jwpe;j 14. Md;w - epiwe;j

15. gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; - jtwhf czh;e;jpUe;jhYk; 16. Ngijik - mwpahikapd; ghw;gl;l jPa nrhw;fs;. 17. ,ioj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J 18. midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mstpw;F 19. jifaNt - jd;ikaNj 20. Njhl;fg;glhj - Jisf;fg;glhJ. 21. vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpNj MapDk 22. Md;Nwhh; - fy;tp> Nfs;tp> gz;G> Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;Njhh;. 23. thapduhjy; - nkhopapid cilath; 24. thAzh;tpd; khf;fs;- czTr; Rit kl;Lk; mwpe;Njhh;. 25. mtp czT - Njth;fSf;F Nts;tpapd;nghOJ nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT. 255) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik 2. mtpAzT - ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif 3. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 4. ,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; - njhopw; ngah;fs; 5. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;W Nfhy; vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk; 6. Md;w ngUik - nganur;rk; 7. Nfshj; jifaNt - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 8. mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik 256) gphpj;jwpjy; - 1. nrtpf;FzT = nrtpf;F + czT 2. RitAzuh = Rit + czuh 3. thAzh;T = tha; + czh;T 257)gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. Nfl;f - Nfs; (l;) + f Nfs; - gFjp s; - l; MdJ tpfhuk; f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. czh;e;J - czh; + j;(e;) + j; + c czh; - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;r tpFjp 258) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. nrtpf;FzthtJ _____ Nfs;tp 2. xOf;fKilahh; tha;r;nrhy; ___ Cw;Wf;Nfhy; 259) cilikfs; gj;J jpUf;Fwspy; gj;J mjpfhug; ngah;fs; cilik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;sd. 1. md;Gilik 2. mlf;fKilik 3. xOf;fKilik 4. nghiwAilik

5. mUSilik 6. mwpTilik 7. Cf;fKilik 8. Ms;tpidAilik

9. gz;Gilik 10. ehZilik

260) FwSk; VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngaUk; jpUf;FwSf;Fk; VO vd;Dk; vz;zpw;Fk; nghpJk; njhlh;Gs;sJ. jpUf;Fws; VO rPh;fshy; mike;j ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vl;Lf; Fwl;ghf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhuq;fs;> 133. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhif VO. nkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs; 1330. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhifAk; VO. rPl;Lf;ftp 261) Vlhapuq; Nfhb vOjhJ - vd; rPl;Lf;ftpg; ghliy ghbath; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;. 262) ghl;birf;fhj fe;jUtk; (,ir)> vwpaKbahj fe;Jfk; (ge;J)> $h;ik kOq;fhj Nfhzk; (thl;gil)> gwf;fhj nfhf;F> mdy; tPrhj Nfhil (Ntdpw;fhyk;)> nfhba gilf;fyk; Nghd;W gpbahj Fe;jk; (#yk;)> mzpahj ghlyk; (ghjphpg; g+)> g+thj kh (khkuk;)> kyh;khiy mzpahj rbyk; (ril)> nrhy;ypaijj; jpUg;gpr; nrhy;yhj fps;is (fpsp) xd;widf; fhz;Nghh; vy;yhk; GfOkhW mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;. 263) fe;jUtk;> fe;Jfk;>Nfhzk;> nfhf;F> Nfhil> Fe;jk;> ghlyk;> rbyk;> fps;is vd;gd vij Fwpf;Fk; gy ngah;fs;. Fjpiu 264) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J 2. Nfhzk; - thl;gil 3. Fe;jk; - #yk;


4. Nfhil - Ntdpw;fhyk; 5. ghlyk; - ghjphpg; g+

6. kh - khkuk; 7. rbyk; - ril

8. fps;is - fpsp

265) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. gbj;j tpufd;> jPHj;j nropad; - nganur;rq;fs; 2. ghlhj> gwthj> #lhj - vjph; kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 3. vjphpyhf; ftp - <Wnfl;l vjph; kiwg; nganur;rk; 4. tply; - njhopw;ngah; 266) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- tPuuhfth; fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;Jg; g+J}hpy; gpwe;J> nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; tho;e;jth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; tLfehjh;. tPuuhfth; gpwtpapNyNa fz;nzhsp ,oe;jth;. vdpDk; Nfs;tpawptpd; thapyhff; fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,th;> VLfs; vOjhky; jk; kdj;jpNyNa vOjpg; gbj;Njd; vdj; jhNk $WtjpypUe;J> mth; fw;gjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Kaw;rpia vz;zp tpaf;fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ts;sy;fs; kPJk; rpw;wurh;fs; kPJk; gy jdpg;ghly;fisg; ghbg; ghpRfs; ngw;whh;. ,yq;if nrd;W guuhr Nrfu kd;didg; ghb xU ahid> nghw;ge;jk;> Xh;Ch; Mfpatw;iwg ghprpyhfg; ngw;W Ch; jpUk;gpdhh;. ,jdhy;> ,th;jk; Gfo; fly; fle;Jk; gutpw;W. ,tuJ ghly;fs; jdpg;ghly; jpul;by; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk;> jpUf; fOf;Fd;w khiy> Nra+h; KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo;> jpUth&h; cyh> re;jpu thzd; Nfhit Mfpa E}y;fis ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 267) E}w; Fwpg;G:- ,g;ghly;> jdpg; ghly; jpul;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; tho;e;j Gyth; gyh; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,e;E}y;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg;gj;Jg; Gyth;fs; ghba Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpa Kg;gj;njhd;gJ ghly;fs; ,jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. tPuuhfth;> Nryj;J Nte;jd; nropa jiuaDf;F Fjpiu Ntz;b vOjp mDg;gpa ghly; ,J. 268) epug;Gf:- 1. tPuuhfth; vOjpa E}y;fSs; xd;W _____ Guhzk;. jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; 2. Xiyr;rPl;by; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gLk; fbjtif _____ MFk;. rPl;Lf;ftp 3. rPl;Lf;ftpf;F _____>_____> vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. Xiyj;J}f;F> Xiyg;ghRuk; 269) 1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J 2. Fe;jk; - #yk; 3. ghlyk; - ghjphpg;g+ 4. rbyk; - ril Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;G (உனைநனட) 270) xU ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ> mf;fhy epfo;Tfis ekf;Fj; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tuyhw;W Mtzkhfj; jpfo;tJ vJ? Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G 271) ehl;Fwpg;G vjw;F gjpT nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gly; Ntz;Lk;? Fwpj;j ehspy; epfo;e;j r%f khw;wq;fs;> murpay; epfo;Tfs;> ,aw;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Nghplh;fs;> cyfpd; rPhpa epfo;Tfs;. 272) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G Xh; ____> _____> MtzkhfTk; kjpf;fg; ngWfpwJ. ,yf;fpakhfTk;> tuyhw;W MtzkhfTk; 273) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j Ch;> Mz;L> ehs; gpwe;jhh;? Mde;juq;fh;> nrd;idg; gpuk;g+hpy; (nguk;g+h;) 1709 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;Rj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;. 274) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j tajpy; jhia ,oe;jhh;. jk; %d;W tajpy; 275) ahhplk; Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp gapd;whh;? vk;ghh; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;. 276) Mde;juq;fh; je;ij> ikj;Jdhpd; ngah;? jpUNtq;flk;> iedpag;ghpd; 277) Mde;juq;fh; muRg; gzpapy; cjtpahsuhfr; Nrh;e;J> ehsiltpy; _____ gjtp cah;T ngw;whh;.

jpthdhfg; 278) Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp fw;w gpd;dh; vd;d elj;jp te;jhh;? ghf;Ff; fplq;F 279) ‘Ja;g;nsf;R’ vd;Dk; MSehpd; nkhop ngah;g;ghsh; (Jghrp) ,we;jjdhy; gd;nkhopawpT ngw;w ahiu mg;gzpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;? Mde;juq;fh; 280) Mde;juq;fh; Jghrpahfg; gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; ve;j Mz;L ehl;Fwpg;G vOjpAs;shh;? 1736 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1761 Mk; Mz;L tiu Vwj;jho ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfs;. 281) ehl;Fwpg;Gf;F Mde;juq;fh; vd;d ngahpl;lhh;? jpdg;gb nra;jpf; Fwpg;G> nrh];jypfpjk; 282) Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;gpd; ngUk; gFjp ve;j nra;jpfisNa tpthpf;fpd;wd. thzpfr; nra;jp 283) JiwKf efuq;fspy; thOk; kf;fspd; tUtha;f;F mbg;gilaha; miktJ mq;F tUk; _____ Nghf;Ftuj;Nj. fg;gy;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J 284) 1. nrh];j - njspe;j my;yJ chpikAila vd;gJ nghUs; 2. ypfpjk; - fbjk; my;yJ Mtzk; 3. tsT – tPL 4. Jghrp - ,Unkhopg; GyikAilath; (nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;)


285) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ> mf;fhyj;jpy; _____ vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. Ngr;Rj;jkpo;> nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzf;$Wfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. 286) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpa kd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghykhf ,Ue;jth; ahh;? Mde;juq;fh; 287) Krgh; rq;> Mde;juq;fUf;F 1749 Mk; Mz;L %thapuk; Fjpiufis toq;fp mtUf;F _____ vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fpdhh;? kd;RNgjhh; 288) nrq;fw;gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf;Fj; jsgjpahfTk; mk;khtl;lk; OOikf;Fk; _____ fTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;? [hfPh;jhuuhfTk; 289) _____ gzpahw;WNthh; jko; kf;fspd; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg;gLth;? Jghrp 290) Mde;juq;fUf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l chpikfs; ahh; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd? Ja;g;Ns 291) Mde;juq;fiu ,e;jpahtpd; _____ vdTk;> _____ vdTk;> mwpQh; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;? ngg;gpR> ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh; 292) il]; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;F ehs; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilhpak; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy; cUthdJ. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F ehl;Fwpg;G vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilhp vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; cUthdJ. 293) Mde;juq;fh; Fwpj;J ntspte;Js;s ,yf;fpaq;fs;:- Mde;juq;ff; Nfhit – jpahfuhr Njrpfh; Mde;juq;fd; jdpg;ghly;fs; fs;td; nehz;br; rpe;J Mde;juq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo; - mhpkjp njd;dfd;Mde;juq;fh; Gjpdq;fs; Mde;juq;f tp[ark;G - rPdpthrf;ftp (tlnkhop) Mde;juq; uhl;re;jK - f];J}hpuq;ff;ftp (njYq;F) ,yf;fzk; nrhy; (gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;) 294) nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? Xh; vOj;J> jdpj;NjDk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;NjDk; xU nghUis czh;j;Jkhdhy;> mJ> nrhy; vdg;gLk;. 295) nrhy; vd;gjd; NtW ngah;fs; ahit? gjk;> nkhop> fpstp 296) gjk; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 297) gfhg;gjk; vd;why; vd;d? gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhj nrhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;. 298) gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mitngah;> tpid> ,il> chp. 299) gFg;gjj;jpd; gphpTfs; - gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy. 300) gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ngah;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 301) ngah;g;gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vDk; Mwd; mbahfj; Njhd;WtJ. 302) tpidg;gFgjk; vd;gJ vd;d? gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjypadthfg; gFf;fg;gLk; tpidKw;W> tpidg;gFgjk; vdg;gLk;. 303) gFgj cWg;Gfs; vj;jid cs;sd? gFgj cWg;Gfs; MW cWg;Gfs; mitgFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk;. 304) gFjp - gFgjj;jpy; Kjypy; epd;W nghUs; jUk; Kjdpiyiag; gFjp 305) tpFjp - gFgjj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; epd;W tpFjp vdg;gLk; ,J jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;. 306) ,ilepiy - gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ ,liepiy vdg;gLk;.

1. epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 2. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs;

3. vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 4. vjph;kiw ,ilepiyfs;

307) re;jp - gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; te;J re;jpf;f itg;gJ re;jp. 308) rhhpia - ngah;r;nrhy;iyAk;> tpidr; nrhy;iyAk; rhh;e;J tUtJ rhhpia vdg;gLk;. 309) tpfhuk; -- gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Nghd;wit NrUk; NghJ ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; khWghL tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 312) nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; ngah;> tpid> ,il> chpr;nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J tifg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khh;fop> ele;jhd;> ck;> rhy> ghbdhd;> kapyk;> cW> vd;W> fb> nfhy;> mk;k. ngah;r;nrhw;fs; - khh;fop> kapyk; tpidr;nrhw;fs; - ele;jhd;> ghbdhd; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; - ck;> vd;W> nfhy;> mk;k chpr;nrhw;fs; - rhy> cW> fb 313) tifg;gLj;Jf:- jhkiu> fhy;> jt> vOjpdhd;> Mdhy;> ntd;whd;> kw;Wk; rhy ngah;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr; nrhy; chpr;nrhy; ngaHnrhy;:- jhkiu> fhy; tpidr; nrhy;:- vOjpdhd;> ntd;whd; ,ilr;nrhy;:- Mdhy;> kw;Wk; cupr; nrhy;:- jt> rhy 314) xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fSf;F (v.fh)

moF - nghypT> vopy;> tdg;G ,uf;fk; - mUs;> ghpT> fUiz fpsp - jj;ij> Rfk;> fps;is kiy - ntw;G> rpyk;G> nghUg;G fjputd; - #hpad;> gfytd;> QhapW.

315) fPo;f;fhZk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fis vOJf:-


tay; -- ----------->----------->----------- fly; -- Mop> MHfsp> Ke;ePH neUg;G -- jP> fdy; 316) jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. rk];jhdk; - muR 2. Kf;fpa];jh; - Kjd;ikahdth; 3. rpdpkhjpNal;lh; - jpiuauq;fk; 4. fhh; - kfpOe;J 5. VNuhg;gpNsd; - thD}h;jp 6. ,yhfh - Jiw 7. mg;ghapz;l; - gzp mkh;j;jy;

8. gpujhdk; - Kjd;ik 9. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay; 10. g]; - NgUe;J 11. ,uapy; - njhlh;tz;b 12. f[hdh - fUt+yk; 13. cj;jpNahf];jh; - mYtyh;

14. bghh;l;nkz;ly; ];Nlhh; - gynghUs; mq;fhb 317) ,u\;a ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsh; ahh;? ypNah lhy;];lha; 318) ,izahd jkpo;g;gonkhopia mwpf: 1. one flower makes no garland jdpkuk; Njhg;ghfhJ 2. little wealth little care kbapy; fdkpy;iynad;why; topapy; gakpy;iy 3. Look before you leap Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj 4. Some thing is better than nothing Miyapy;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg; g+ rh;f;fiu 5. Though he endeavours all he can Gypiag; ghh;j;Jg; g+id #LNghl;Lf; nfhz;lhw; Nghy;

,ay; Ie;J - nra;As; = Kj;njhs;shapuk; 319) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. ca;k;kpd; - gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; 2. ky;yy; - tsik 3. ts; - neUf;fk; 4. tpRk;G - thdk; 5. GwT - Gwh 6. epiw - vil 7. <h;j;J - mWj;J 8. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR) 9. epiw - xOf;fk; 10. td;fz; - tPuj;jd;ik

11. Nkdp - cly; 12. kUg;G - je;jk; 13. Crp - vOj;jhzp 14. kwk; - tPuk; 15. fdy; - neUg;G 16. jpUj;jf;f - nry;tk; epiyj;j 17. itafk; - cyfk; 18. nkha;apiy - neUq;fpaike;j ,iy 19. khwd; - ghz;ba kd;dd; 20. fspW - Mz; ahid

320) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. ky;yy; neLkjpy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 2. neLkjpy; - gz;Gj; njhif 3. thq;Ftpy; - tpidj; njhif 4. cah;Jiy - tpidj; njhif 5. Fiwahtd; fz; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 6. ,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif 7. kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy - cUtfq;fs; 8. khwd; fspW - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 321) gphpj;jwpjy;:-

1. je;Ja;k;kpd; - je;J + ca;k;kpd; 2. tpy;nyOjp - tpy; + vOjp 3. g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd; 4. kUg;g+rp - kUg;G + Crp

5. khh;Nghiy - khh;G + xir 6. vknjd;W - vkJ + vd;W 7. nkha;apiy - nkha; + ,iy

322) mzp:- jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp cUtf mzp 323) E}w; Fwpg;G: %Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W njhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; Kj;njhs;shapuk;. MapDk; ,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y; thapyhf E}w;nwl;L ntz;ghf;fSk;> gioa ciu E}y;fspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf ,Ugj;jpuz;L ntz;ghf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. %Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> gilr;rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd; nfhil Kjypa nra;jpfis ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;gidtsKk; epiwe;j E}yhf Kj;njhs;shapuk; jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpa tpy;iy. 324) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. Nru kd;dhpd; milahsr; rpd;dk;_____ tpy; 2. Nrho kd;dd; _____ tpidf; fhf;f> jd; jiria mspj;jhd;. Gwh 3. khh;Nghiyapy; vOJk; vOj;jhzp _____ je;jk; 325)1. tpRk;G - thdk; 2. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; 3. kUg;G - je;jk; 4.fdy; - neUg;G 5.fspW - ahid fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - raq;nfhz;lhh; 326) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. jPapd;tha; - neUg;gpy; 2. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 3. $u - kpf

4. et;tp - khd; 5. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 6. kjp - epyT


7. cF - nrhhpe;j(nghope;j) 8. Gdy; - ePh; 327) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1) nte;J> cyh;e;J> vdh> $u> - tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. $u - tpidnar;rq;fs; 3. nre;eha; - gz;Gj; njhif 4. fUKfpYk;> ntz;kjpAk; - vz;Zk;ik 5. fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 6. flf;f Xb> ,isj;J - tpidnar;rq;fs; 7. tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh - nganur;rk; 328) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :- 1. cyh;e;J - cyh; + j;(e;) + j; + c cyh; - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;

j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;rtpFjp 329) gphpj;jwpjy; :- 1. thapdPh; - thapd; + ePh; 2. nte;Jyh;e;J - nte;J + cyh;e;J 3. fhbjid - fhL + ,jid

4. fUKfpy; - fUik + Kfpy; 5. ntz;kjp - ntz;ik + kjp

330) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath; raq;nfhz;lhh;. ,th;> jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpYs;s jPgq;Fb vd;Dk; Chpdh;. Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd; muritg; Gytuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. guzpf;Nfhh; raq;nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,irahapuk;> cyhkly; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L. 331) E}w; Fwpg;G:- Mapuf;fzf;fhd ahidfisg; Nghhpy; nfhd;w tPuidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; guzp vd;gJ ngah;. ,J njhz;Z}w;whW tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. guzp ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; E}y; fypq;fj;Jg; guzp. fypq;f kd;dd; mde;j gd;kd; kPJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhod; Nghh;njhLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whd;. mt;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;b vOe;j ,e;E}y; Njhy;tpAw;w fypq;f ehl;bd; ngauhy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;E}y; Ie;E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ jhopirfs; cs;sd. raq;nfhz;lhhpd; rkfhyg; Gytuhd xl;lf; $j;jh; ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j; nja;tg;guzp vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;. 332) guzp ,yf;fpaq;fs; 1. jf;fahfg;guzp> 2. Nkhftijg;guzp>

3. rPdj;Jg;guzp> 4. tq;fj;Jg;guzp>

5. ghrtijg;guzp> 6. jpuhtplj;Jg;guzp.

333) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; guzp ,yf;fpak; ____ fypq;fj;Jg;guzp 2. fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath; _____ raq;nfhz;lhh; 3. et;tp - ,r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; _____ khd; 4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ___ tifg;gLk;. 334) 1. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 2. et;tp - khd; 3. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 4. Gdy; - ePH 5. cUFjy; - nrhhpjy; cyfshtpa jkpoh;(உனைநனட)

335) cyfpy; If;fpa rigapd; cWg;Ghpik ngw;w vj;jid ehLfs; kw;Wk; Ml;rpg;Gyq;fSk; cs;sd? E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;W ,uz;L ehLfSk; ehw;gj;J %d;W Ml;rpg; Gyq;fSk; Mf 235 ehLfs;. 336) Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gj;J ehd;F ehLfspy; _____ ,dk; gutpAs;sJ. jkpopdk; 337) jkpoh;fs; may;ehLfSf;F nry;tjw;fhd fhuzk;? thzpfk;> Ntiytha;g;G 338) jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL vd;wth; ahh;? xsitahh; 339) rhJtd; thzpfk; nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf; fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G vjpy; cs;sJ. kzpNkfiy 340) gug;gstpy; rpwpajhd ve;j jPtpy; tho;gth;fSs; ngUk; ghd;ik kf;fs; jkpoh;?Hpa+dpad; jPtpy; 341) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fshy; GJr;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;> gFjpfspypUe;J xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf ahiu Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lhh;fs;? jkpoh; 342) gpuhd;R ehl;bd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk; mj;jPtpy; thOk; jkpoh;fs; ve;j nkhopapy; NgRfpwhh;fs;? gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; 343) ,yq;ifapy; thOk; jkpoUs; vj;jid tpOf;fhl;bdh; njhlf;fg; gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf; fofk; tiu jkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH? njhz;Z}w;iwe;J tpOf;fhL 344) ve;j ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ? rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyrpah> gp[pj;jPTfs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> gphpl;ld;. 345) ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyrpah Mfpa ehLfspy; _____ nkhopahfj; jkpo; jpfo;fpwJ? Ml;rp nkhopahfj;


346) _____> _____> _____> Clfq;fis cynfq;Fk; jkpoh; elj;jp tUfpd;wd. mr;R> xyp> xsp 347) jkpoh;> ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;w NghJk; -------------- vd;Dk; cah; Nehf;NfhL tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;? ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; 348) jkpoh; ve;j ehLfs; gytw;wpy; cs;shl;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rpg; nghWg;GfisAk; tfpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;. 349) ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky;> rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR Mfpa ehLfspy; _____ahf jkpoh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. FbauRj; jiyth;uhf 350) cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpoh;fs; jq;fsJ gz;ghl;L milahsq;fis kwthky; ,Ug;gJ vJ? jkpod; vd;Nwh ,dKz;L> jdpNa mtw;nfhU FzKz;L. 351) jpU tpohf;fspy; _____ vLg;gJk; _____ ,Og;gJk; ,d;Wk; eilngWfpwJ. fhtb> Njh; jpU.tp.fypahzRe;jdhhpd; jkpo;g;gzp (Jizg;ghlk;) 352) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; jkJ jq;F jilaw;w Nkilg; Ngr;rhYk; ,ay;ghd nkhopeilahYk; jkpiog; gl;bnjhl;bfs; vy;yhk; gug;gpj; _____ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;l ngUe;jifah;. jkpo;j;njd;wy; 353) gpwg;Gk;> fy;tpAk; jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; Ch; - nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s Js;sk; ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ik gpwe;j ehs; - 26.08.1883 gs;sp -- nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapYs;s nt];yp gs;spapy; gbj;jhh;. 354) jpU.fypahzRe;judhh; cly; eyf;Fiwtpdhy; ,ilepd;W _____ Mz;L ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; mNj gs;spapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ehd;F Mz;L 355) ahhplk; jkpo; gapd;W jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf cah;e;jhh;? fjpiu Ntyh; 356) jpU. fypahzRe;judhh; vij fw;gjpy; Nguhh;tq; nfhz;lhh;? ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fis 357) vq;Fk; jkpo;> vjpYk; jkpo; vd;gjid KO %r;rhff; nfhz;L tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fythky; J}a jkpopNyNa NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 358) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhh; jkpio tsh;f;f vij ntWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;? gpwnkhopia 359) fhe;jpabfs; jkpofk; te;j Nghnjy;yhk; mtuJ Nkilg; Ngr;rpid nkhop ngah;j;jth; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 360) _____ eil vd;Nw xU jdp eilia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ,tH NgRtJ NghyNt vOJtJ> vOJtJ NghyNt NgRtJ vd;Dk; Kaw;rpapy; ,th; ntw;wp fz;lth; ahh;? jpU.tp.f.eil 361) jpU.tp.f.> nty;YQ;nrhy; ,d;ikawpe;J czh;r;rpr; nrhw;fisf; Nfhj;Jf; _____ NgRtjpy; ty;yth;. Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f; NfshUk; tpUk;Gk; tz;zk; 362) jpU.tp.f tha;j;j nkhopeil kiy vdj; jkpOyfpy; Xq;fp cah;e;Js;sJ vdf; $wpath; ahh;? nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; 363) உனைநனட E}y;fs; (Fwpg;G) KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj; jpwT> irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; fhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;> ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jpUTs;sk;> jkpo; ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW jkpo; E}y;fspy; ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPHjpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzpnra;J fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk; tpLjiyAk;> jkpo;r; Nrhiy> cs;nshsp vd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa ,d;d gpw உனைநனட E}y;fs;. 364) nra;As; E}y;fs;:- KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs;Ntl;ly;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUNf> chpik Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;rpaKk; fhe;jpaKk; Mfpad ,tuJ nra;As; E}y;fs;. 365) ve;j ,jo;fspd; thapyhfj; njhopyhsh; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngwg; ghLgl;lth;? Njr gf;jd;> etrf;jp 366) jpU.tp.f. vOgJ tajhfp fly; jsh;e;J gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJk; tsh;r;rpAk; tho;Tk; my;yJ gLf;ifg; gpjw;wy; vd;Dk; E}iy ahUila cjtpAld; ntspapl;lhh;? K.tujuhrdhhpd; 367) jpU.tp.ftpd; kidtpapd; ngah; vd;d? fkyhk;gpif mk;ikahiu 368) jpU.tp.f ve;j Mz;L jkpo; %r;Rf;F tpilj;je;jhh;? 1953 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; jkJ vOgj;Njhuk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;. tohepiy> tO> tOtikjp - (,yf;fzk;) 369) tohepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJ NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tohepiy vdg;gLk;. 370) tohepiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tohepiy MW tifg;gLk; mit: 1. jpiz tohepiy> 2. ghy; tohepiy>

3. ,l tohepiy> 4. fhy tohepiy>

5. tpdh tohepiy> 6. tpil tohepiy.

371) tOepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;. 372) tO vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tO VO tifg;gLk; mit: 1. jpiz tO> 2. ghy; tO>

3. ,l tO> 4. fhy tO>

5. tpdh tO> 6. tpil tO>


7. kuG tO. 373) tohepiy MW tiffspd; (v.fh)

1. jpiz tohepiy -nry;tpghbdhs;> khLte;jJ 2. ghy; tohepiy - fz;zd;te;jhd;> eha;XbaJ 3. ,l tohepiy - ehd; te;Njd;> eP tUtha; 4. fhy tohepiy - ehis tUNtd;> New;Wg; gbj;Njd; 5. tpdh tohepiy - jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? 6. tpil tohepiy - jkpo; ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ?vd;w tpdhTf;Fr; nrd;id vd tpilaspj;jy; 374) tOepiy VO tiffspd; (v.fh) jUf? 1. jpiz tO - vd; khkh te;jJ 2. ghy; tO -- fz;zfp te;jhd; 3. ,l tO -- ehq;fs; te;jhh;fs; 4. fhy tO - fhpfhyd; ehis te;jhd;

5. tpdh tO - Kl;ilapl;lJ Nrtyh ngl;ilah? 6. tpil tO - ehis gs;sp jpwf;fg;gLkh? 7. kuG tO - eha; fj;Jk;

375) tOtikjp vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wKilaJ vdpDk;> ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fshy; Fw;wkd;W vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ tOtikjp MFk;. 376) tOtikjpapd; rhd;W:- jpiz tOtikjp fhy tOtikjp 377) tO - gpio> jtW> Fw;wk; toh epiy - gpioapd;ik> jtwpapd;ik tOtikjp - gpio - Mdhy; gpioahff; nfhs;shik. 378) gpioiaj; jpUj;jp vOJf:- 1. jk;gp New;W te;jhs; -- jk;gp New;W te;jhd; 2. vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jd – vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jJ. 3. khzth; Njh;T vOjpdhd; -- khzth; Njh;T vOjpdh;. 4. mtd; khztd; my;y - mtd; khztd; my;yd;. 5. cilfs; fpope;J tpl;lJ - cilfs; fpope;J tpl;ld. 6. vq;f@hpy; xU Gyth; tho;e;jdh; - vq;f@hpy; Gyth; xUth; tho;e;jhh;. 379) ctik vd;why; vd;d? ctik vd;gJ> xU nghUis my;yJ epfo;it kw;nwhU nghUNshL my;yJ epfo;NthL xg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ. 380) cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d? ftpQh;> jhk; fUjpa nghUisAk;xg;Gikg; nghUisAk; (ctikiaAk;) ntt;NtW vdf; $whky;> ,uz;Lk; xd;nwdf; $WtJ cUtfk;. 381) ctik cUtf khw;wk;:- ctik - cUtfk; jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj;jhkiu

Njd;nkhop - nkhopj;Njd; gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk;

Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J

382) mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J nrhw;fis cUthf;Fjy; 1. th - mbr;nrhy; 2. te;jhd; - tpidKw;W 3. te;j - nganur;rk; 4. te;J - tpidnar;rk; 5. tUjy; - njhopw;ngah;

6. gb - mbr;nrhy; 7. gbj;jhd; - tpidKw;W 8. gbj;j - nganur;rk; 9. gbj;J - tpidnar;rk; 10. gbj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 383) gpio ePf;fp vOJjy;:- xUth; NgRk; NghJ vOJk; NghJk; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; my;yJ vOj;jpy; gpioapUg;gpd; nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt> nrhw;fspYk; njhlh;fspYk; gpiotuhky; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 384) tOcr; nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mg;gbNa vOj;jpy; nfhz;L tUtJ jtW. mt;thW vOJtjid tOcr; nrhw;fs; vdf; $Wth;. mtw;Wf; Fhpa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fis vOJtNj Kiw. 385) tOcr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;Jf:- gpio jpUj;jk; 1. mlkio _____ 2. mhpthkiz _____ 3. mtuf;fha; _____

4. jtf;fis _____ 5. rpyT _____ 6. jhthuk; _____


7. RLjz;zp _____ 8. vz;iz _____ 9. xl;liw _____

10. fTW _____ 11. gr;rjz;zp _____ 12. eQ;ir _____

386) jkpo;r; nrhy; mwpNthk;:- gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; - jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; _____ 2. mh;j;jk; _____ 3. myq;fhuk; _____ 4. Muk;gk; _____ 5. tpQ;Qhdk; _____ 6. jPgk; _____

7. Fk;ghgpN\fk; _____ 8. rhtp _____ 9. rhpj;jpuk; _____ 10. rgjk; _____ 11. rhjk; _____ 12. ngsj;jphp _____

387) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf: 1. One doth the act, another hath the blow 1. gop Xhplk; ghtk; Xhplk;. 2. Every fox must at last pay his skin to the flayer 2. gy ehs; jpUld;> xUehs; mfg;gLthd;. 3. Money makes many things 3. gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;. 4. The day has eyes, the night has ears 4. gfypy; gf;fk; ghh;j;Jg; NgR> ,utpy; mJTk; NgrhNj 5. What comes from the cradle goes to the grave 5. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;. ,ay; MW - nra;As; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs; 388) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. gfh;tJ - nrhy;tJ 2. njsptPNu - njspAq;fs; 3. Jt;th – Efuhj 4. mfd;W - tpyfp 5. Mop - fly; 389) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk; 2. Jt;th tplk; - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 390) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhh; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nj&hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; rptjhZ - Mjpyl;Rkp mk;ikahh;. ,th; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;. mg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ‘ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;’ vd;gJ ckh;fa;ahk; gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ghurPff; ftpQh;. ,tuJ KOg;ngah; fpahJjPd; mGy;ghj; ckh;fa;ahk; vd;gJ. ,th; fzpjk;> thdtpay; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; kf;fs; milAk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;> ,iwtdJ gilg;igAk; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;lit. ,th; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;:- kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> Mrpa N[hjp Kjypad ,tuJ fhyk; 1876 Kjy; 1954 Mk; Mz;L tiu. 391) E}w; Fwpg;G:- ,e;E}y; ,k;ik kWik gw;wp &ghaj; vd;Dk; ngahpy; ckh;fa;ahk; vOjpa nra;As;fspd; nkhop ngah;g;G. ,jidNa ftpkzp nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg; gjpide;J ghly;fs; cs;sd. tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. 392) epug;Gf:- 1. md;G nra;apd; mayhUk; mz;b neUq;Fk; _____ cwtpduhk; 2. Jd;g Nehia ePf;fpL Nky; ____ mKjhFk;. Jt;thtplKk; 3. Vioahfp vspathpd; _____ Ntz;Lklh. Vspadhf kzpNkfiy rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; 393) kzpNkfiy vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. 394) NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kfs; ahh;? kzpNkfiy 395) ahUila cjtpahy;> mKj Rugpiag; ngw;Wg; Gfhh; efiu kzpNkfiy milfpwhs;. jPtjpyifapd; 396) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. Mak; - Njhopah; $l;lk; 2. Mrdk; - ,Uf;if 3. ehj;njhiy tpy;iy - nrhy; Nrhh;tpd;ik

4. ahf;if - clk;G 5. gpzpNeha; - ePq;fh Neha; 6. Ngijik - mwpahik


7. nra;if - ,Utpid 8. czh;T - mwptpay; rpe;jid 9. mU - cUtkw;wJ 10. cU - tbtk; 11. thapy; - Ik;nghwpfs; 12. CW - Gyd;fspd; ,ay;G 13. Efh;T - ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp 14. Ntl;if - tpUg;gk; 15. gtk; - gad; Nehf;fpa nray; 16. Njhw;wk; - gpwg;G 17. ngUk;NgW - tPLNgW 18. NfhL - nfhk;G 19. myfpy - mstw;w 20. njhf;f tpyq;F - tpyq;Fj; njhFjp 21. fsT - jpUl;L 22. fhkj;jP - fhknkDk; nfhba tpUg;gk; 23. ciyah clk;G - jsuhj cly;

24. Fwis - Gwk; NgRjy; 25. nt/fy; - tpUk;Gjy; 26. ntFsy; - rpdj;jy; 27. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - khaj;Njhw;wk; 28. jhdk; - nfhil 29. GiujPh; - Fw;wk; jPh;e;j 30. Nfz;kpd; - NfSq;fs; 31. Kj;Njh; eif - Kj;Jr; rphpg;G 32. ca;k;kpd; - Nghw;Wq;fs; ew;fjpailAq;fs; 33. ciwjy; - jq;Fjy; 34. $w;W - vkd; 35. khrpy; - Fw;wkw;w 36. njhOJ - tzq;fp 37. Gf;F - GFe;J 38. ,lh; - ,d;dy; 39. rPyk; - xOf;fk;

397) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik2. mUe;jth;> et;tpid - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. tho;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W 4. nra;jtk;> tPo;fjph; - tpidj; njhifs; 5. ngUk;NgW - gz;Gj; njhif 6. Mo;euF - tpidj; njhif 7. njspjy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; 8. gy;Yaph;> ey;tpid> jPtpid> Nghpd;gk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 9. Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. 10. fhkj;jP - cUtfk; 11. fLQ;nrhy; - gz;Gj; njhif 12. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 13. gad;njhpGyth; -- tpidj; njhif 14. miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp 15. ey;ywk; - gz;Gj; njhif 398) gphpj;jwpjy;:- 1. vOe;njjph; - vOe;J + vjph; 2. mwpTz;lhf - mwpT + cz;lhf 3. ey;ywk; -- ed;ik + mwk; 4. gpzp NehAw;Nwhh; - gpzp + Neha; + cw;Nwhh; 5. ,ay;gPuhW - ,ay;G + ,uz;L + MW 6. ed;nkhop - ed;ik + nkhop

7. vdf;fplh; - vdf;F + ,lh; 8. njhONjj;jp - njhOJ + Vj;jp 9. cz;nld;W - cz;L + vd;W 10. ehf;njhiytpy;iy - eh + njhiyT + ,y;iy

399) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:- 1. gpwe;jhh; -- gpw + j;(e;) + j; + Mh; gpw – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfuhk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. mwpFth; - mwp + F + t; + mh; mwp – gFjp F – rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 3. Njhd;Wth; - Njhd;W + t; + mh; Njhd;W – gFjp t; - vjph; fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 4. glh;Fth; - glh; + F + t; + mh; glh; - gFjp F – rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W 5. cz;Fth; - cz; + F + t; + mh; cz; - gFjp F – rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W 400) Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; = rpyg;gjpfhuk;, kzpNkfiy, rPtf rpe;jhkzp, tisahgjp, Fz;lyNfrp 401) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- $ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ,aw;wpaJ kzpNkfiy. rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;. ,th;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spiar; rhh;e;j rPj;jiy vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;J kJiuapy; tho;e;jth;. $ythzpfk; ($yk; - jhdpak;) nra;jth;. ,f;fhuzq;fspdhy;> ,th; kJiuf; $ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; vd;W toq;fg; ngw;whh;. ,sq;NfhtbfSk; ,tUk; rkfhyj;jtuhth;. ,th; filr;rq;fg; Gyth;fSs; xUth;. jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd; vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. 402) E}w; Fwpg;G:- kzpNkfiy> Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; ntt;NtW E}y;fshapDk; xNu fijj; njhlh;Gilad. vdNt ,it ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs;vd toq;fg;ngWk;. kzpNkfiyapd;JwT tho;f;ifiaf; $Wtjhy;> ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT


vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,e;E}y; nrhw; RitAk; nghUl; RitAk;> ,aw;if tUzidfSk; epiwe;jJ. ngsj;j kjr; rhh;GilaJ@ Kg;gJ fijfisf; nfhz;lJ. Kg;gJ fhijfSs;> ghlg;gFjpahd MGj;jpud; ehL mile;j fhij ,Ugj;J ehd;fhtJ fhij. 403) epug;Gf:- 1. “mUe;jth;f; fike;j Mrdk;." - ,t;tbapy; ‘mUe;jth;’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; mwtzbfs; 2. nrhy;ypy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs; nrhy; 3. kdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; Nguth> fLQ;rpdk;> njsptpyh mwpT 4. kWgpwg;G czh;e;jtshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; kzpNkfiy czNt kUe;J(உனைநனட) 405) kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ vJ? czT 406) jkpoh; kUj;Jtj;jpy; czT vd;gJ midj;J Neha;fisAk; jPh;f;ff; $ba vt;tif kUe;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ? rQ;rPtp 407) grpapd; nfhLikiag; grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ _____ fhg;gpak;. kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; 408) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vdf; $wpaJ ahh;? GwehD}Wk;> kzpNkfiyAk; 409) jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;jth; ahh;? jpUts;Sth; 410) Kd; cz;lJ nrhpj;jJ fz;L cz;ghh;f;F kUe;Jz;Zk; Njit Vw;glhJ vd;gJ ahUila thf;F. ts;Sth; 411) ePhpd;wikahJ cyF vdf; $wpath;. ts;Sth; 412) kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; vd;wth; xsitahh; 413) cliyf; fhj;jypd; Njitia typAWj;jpath; ahh;? jpU%yUk; 414) mWRitapd; gad;fs; 1. ,dpg;G - tsk;> 2. Jth;g;G - Mw;wy; 3. ifg;G - nkd;ik 4. fhh;g;G - czh;T 5. cth;g;G – njspT 6. Gspg;G - ,dpik 415) epug;Gf:- 1. grpg;gpzpf;F czNt kUe;J 2. Neha;f;F Kjy; fhuzk; cg;G Neha; ePf;Fk; %ypiffs; (Jizg;ghlk;) 416) fPo;f;fha; ney;yp vd;W vg;gb Fwpg;gpLth; fPohney;yp> fPo;tha;ney;yp 417) J}Jtisapd; NtW ngah;fs;? rpq;fty;yp> J}Jis 418) Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; Nghw;Wk; ,t;tpiy vij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Fuy; tsj;ij 419) fhpryhq;fz;zpf;F NtW ngah;fs;? fhprhiy> ifahe;jfiu> gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk; 420) Jsrp nrb ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? khh;Gr;rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp 421) fPoh ney;ypr; nrb ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? kQ;rl; fhkhiy 422) J}Jtis ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? Rthrfhrk; mfYk; 423) Fg;igNkdp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? gLf;ifg; Gz;> rpuq;F ePq;Fk; 424) KUq;if fPiu ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? Khpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;> fz;ghh;it xOq;FgLj;Jk;> cliy tYthf;Fk;> $e;jiy tsur; nra;Ak; 425) fhpryhq;fz;zp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? eiuiag; Nghf;Fk;> kQ;rs; fhkhiy 426) kzpj;jf;fhspf;fPiu ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? tha;g;Gz;> Flw;Gz;izf; Fzkhf;Fk;. 427) ty;yhiuf; fPiu ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? epidthw;wy; ngUFk; nghUs;Nfhs; (,yf;fzk;) 428) nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNah mbfisNah nghUs; czh;Tf;F Vw;w tifapy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag; nghUs; Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. 429) nghUs;Nfhs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk;

1. Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; 2. nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; 3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; 4. tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; 7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 8. mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;nfhs;

430) Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? ,ilawhJ nry;Yk; Mw;W ePiug; Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;tJ Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;NfhshFk;. 431) nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? XubAs; cs;s nrhw;fis> mit jUk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf; $Wjy; nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;. 432) epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fis Kiw khwhky; thpirahf mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. 433) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? tpy;ypd; ,UKidfisAk; ,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy; Nghyr;


nra;Aspd; Kjypy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJ tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;. 434) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhspd; NtWngah;? G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs; 435) jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJ Nghyr; nra;Aspd; eLtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;> nra;Aspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. nrhw;fSld; nghUe;jpg; nghUisj; jUtJ. 436) miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; ,WjpapypUe;J nrhw;fis vLj;J Kjypy; itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ. 437) nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;gf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;. 438) mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ. 439) 1. ghl;Lf;F moF nghUs; 2.gfYf;F moF ntspr;rk; 3. tPjpf;F moF _____ J}a;ik 4. ePjpf;F moF _____ Neh;ik 5. tPl;Lf;F moF _____ tpUe;J 6. fhl;Lf;F moF _____ kuq;fs; 440) jkpo; gonkhopia mwpf:- 1. The wise and the fool have their follows ,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; 2. He who has an art has every where a part fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G 3. Being on the sea. Sail being on the land. Settled fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w Nfhyk; nfhs; 4. No rains no grains khhpay;yJ fhhpak; ,y;iy 5. Bad words find bad acceptance EzYk; jd; thahw; nfLk; ,ay; VO - nra;As; jpUf;Fws; 441) nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. fld; - flik 2. rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs; epiwe;jth; 3. ehz; - ehzk; 4. xg;GuT - cjTjy; 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk; 6. tha;ik - cz;ik 7. rhy;G - rhd;whz;ik 8. Mw;Wthh; - nray; nra;gth; 9. Mw;wy; - typik 10. khw;whh; - gifth; 11. Jiyay;yhh; - Mw;wypd; Fiwe;jth;

12. fl;lis - ciufy; 13. ,d;dh - jPq;F 14. ,dpa - ed;ik 15. nra;ahf;fhy; - nra;ahtplj;J 16. ,d;ik - tWik 17. ,sptd;W - ,opthdjd;W 18. jpz;ik - typik 19. Cop - cyfk; 20. Mop - fly; 21. ,Uepyk; - nghpa epyk; 22. nghiw - Rik

442) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidkw;W 2. Nkw;nfhs;gth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; 3. cs;sJ}ck; - ,d;dpirasngil 4. md;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; - njhopw;ngah; 6. nfhy;yh eyj;jJ> nrhy;yheyj;jJ - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;nganur;rk;. 7. gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah; 8. Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; 9. ,d;ik> jpz;ik - gz;Gg; ngah;fs; 10. rhd;wth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; 11. ,Uepyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 12. kd;> X - mirr;nrhw;fs; 443) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c mwp – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; + Mh; Mw;W – gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

3. gzpjy; - gzp + jy; gzp – gFjp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 444) gphpj;jwpjy; m) xUtw;F - xUtd; + F M) ,sptd;W - ,spT + md;W ,) rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G + vd;Dk; 445) epug;Gf:-

1) ew;Fzq;fshy; rpwe;jpUj;jy; _____ ngUikahFk;. rhd;Nwhhpd; 2) jtk; vd;gJ gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;yhikNa 3) Njhy;tpia xg;Gf; nfhs;tNj rhd;whz;ikia mse;jwpAk; ciufy; 4. khw;whh; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; gifth; 5. jPq;fpioj;jth;f;Fk; _____ nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ed;ikNa

446) m) ,d;ik – tWik M) jpz;ik – typik ,) Mop - fly; <) Nehd;ik - jtk;


,d;gk; - Rujh 447) goe;jkpo; fw;wy; ,d;gk; --- ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? Rujh 448) nrhw;nghUs; jUf:-

1. ,ir gl - GfOld; 2. fath; - fPo;f;FzKilNahh;

449) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. fsph;f;if - ctikj;njhif 2. goe;jkpo;> rpw;wpdk;> ngUq;Fzk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. toq;fp - tpidnar;rk; 4. fw;wy;> ngWjy;> tho;jy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;

450) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G ctikf;ftpQh; Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghyd;. ,th; jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpYs;s gioaD}hpy; 23.11.1921 md;W gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; jpUNtq;flk; - nrz;gfk; Mth;. ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;Wf; fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiur; Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. mjd; RUf;fNk Rujh Mapw;W. Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; Kjyhd ftpij E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Njd;kio vd;Dk; ftpij E}y;> jkpof murpd; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiw toq;Fk; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpirg; ngw;Ws;sJ jkpof ,aypir ehlf kd;wj;jpd; fiy khkzpg; gl;lj;ijAk;> jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUijAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. 451) E}w; Fwpg;G:- Njd;kio E}ypy; ,aw;ifnaopy; Kjyhf Muha;r;rp <whfg; gjpdhW gFjpfshff; ftpijfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws;> Njd;Jspfs; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 452) epug;Gf: 1. Foe;ijapd; jsph;f;ifgl;l_____ cz;gJ ,d;gk;. $opid 2. fw;wth; Kd; jhk; fw;w _____ ,d;gk;. fy;tpiaf; $wy; 3. ntw;wpia tho;tpy; Nrh;f;Fk; _____ ,d;gk;. tpidgy Ghpjy; 4. _____ NruhJ tho;jy; ,d;gk;. rpw;wpdf; fatNuhL ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh; (உனைநனட) 453) jd;dykw;w jiyth;@ fh;k tPuh;@ fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;j Kjy;th; ahh; fhkuhrh; 454) fhkuhrh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? tpUJ efhpy; cs;s Fkhurhkp> rptfhkp 455) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs; gpwe;jhh;? 1903 Mk; Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs; gjpide;jhk; ehsd;W 456) jpz;izg; gs;spapy; jkpo; vOj;Jfisf; fw;W> Xh; Mz;L jkpo; ghlk; fw;wth; ahh;? fhkuhrh; 457) fhkuhrh; jdJ VOtajpy; Rtnuhl;bapy; _____ vd;W vOjg;gl;bUg;gijidf; fz;lhh;. te;Nj khjuk; 458) fhkuhrh;> gs;sp nry;y ,ayhj NghJk; ehs;NjhWk; ------------- gbj;Jk; murpay; $l;lq;fspy; jiyth;fspd; nrhw; nghopTfisf; Nfl;Lk;> jk;Kila murpay; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. nra;jpj; jhs;fs; 459) nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfr;rhiy vd;w E}y; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W _____> _____> _____> MfpNahhpd; tho;f;if tuyhWfisg; gbj;Jj; jpwikahfg; NgrTk; thjk; nra;aTk; njhlq;fpdhh; ,nydpd;> fhpghy;b> neg;Nghypah; 460) fhkuhrh; ,sikapy; ve;j fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;jhh;? Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy; 461) fhkuhrh; ve;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F nfhz;L rpiw nrd;whh;? irkd; FO vjph;g;G> cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW. 462) fhkuhriuf; fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhf epakpj;jth; ahh;? jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp 463) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Nje;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1937 464) ve;j Mz;L jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; fhkuhrh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1939 465) fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth; gjtpapy; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fhkuhrh; ,Ue;jhh;? 12 Mz;Lfs; 466) ve;j Mz;L ahUf;F Kjyikr;ruhfg; gjtpNaw;gjw;Ff; fhkuhrh; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;? 1945 Mk; Mz;L gpufhrk;> 1947 Mk; Mz;L Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkp kw;Wk; 1949 Mk; Mz;L Fkhurhkp 467) NeUtpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jpapd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; ahiu Kjd;ikaikr;ruhf Mf;Ftjw;F fhkuhrh; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdhh;. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 468) fhkuhrh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth; 469) 1954 ,y; ,uh[h[p Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJk; ahh; mg;gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? fhkuhrh; 470) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth;ahf ahh; ,Ue;J cWJizahfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;? Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd; njhopyikr;ruhfTk;> rp.Rg;gpukzpak; fy;tpaikr;ruhfTk; 471) fhkuhrh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ve;j Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;ld? ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; 472) nghpa njhopw; Ngl;ilfs; vq;F mikf;fg;gl;ld. fpz;b> mk;gj;J}h;> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il.


473) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ------------- ,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ? $l;LwT ,af;fk; 474) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpapy; ve;j njhopw;rhiyfs; njhlq;fg; ngw;wd? nea;Ntyp> epyf;fhpr; Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWit rpfpr;irf; fUtpj; njhopw;rhiy> rUf;fiu Miy> Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> nguk;g+h;j; njhlh; tz;bg; ngl;bj; njhopw;rhiy> Nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy. 475) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ve;j fy;tp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fl;lhaf; fy;tp 476) gs;sp Ntiy ehs;fis vt;tsthf fhkuhrh; cah;j;jpdhh;? E}w;nwz;gjpypUe;J ,UE}whf 477) njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh; 478) fhkuhrh; vj;jid khehLfs; $l;lj;ij $l;b te;jhh;? <uhz;Lfspy; 133 khehLfs; 479) ahuhy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp ,ytrf; fy;tp nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh; 480) kUj;Jtk; fy;Y}hp Kjyhd njhopw; fy;Y}hpfspy; gapYk; Vio khzth;fSf;F _____ fldspf;f Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. tl;bapy;yhf; fldspf;f 481) jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jpr; rhFgb nra;Ak; njhopyhspf;F vt;tsT tpOf;fhL gq;F fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;. mWgJ tpOf;fhL 482) epy cr;rtuk;G _____ Vf;fh; vdf; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ? Kg;gJ Vf;fh; 483) ve;j Mz;L rPdg;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpd;> fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; nry;thf;Fr; rhpaj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1962 Mk; Mz;L 484) GtNdRth; efhpy; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpuR khehl;by; fhkuhrh; mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj; jiytuhfg; gjtpNaw;whh;? 1963 Mk; Mz;L 485) ,e;jpag; gpujkh; NeU ve;j Mz;L fhykhdhh;? 1964 486) rh];jphp vjph;ghuhj Kiwapy; 1966 Mk; Mz;L vq;F caphpoe;jhh;? jh];fz;by; 487) fhkuhrh;> NeUtpd; kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F ve;j gjtp nghUj;jkhdJ? gpujkh; gjtp 488) fhkuhrUf;F eLtzuR _____ tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp) tpUJ 489) ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fhkuhrh;f;F ____ rpiyia epWtpaJ? MSau ntz;fyr;rpiyia 490) jkpof muR> fhkuhrhpd; fy;tpg; gzpiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy; kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F vd;d ngah; #l;baJ? kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk; 491) fhkuhrh; tho;e;j nrd;id ,y;yk; _____ ,y;ykhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ? epidT ,y;ykhf 492) fhkuhrh; muq;fk; vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ? Njdhk; Ngl;ilapy; 493) fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehshd #iy gjpide;jhk; ehis Mz;LNjhWk; _____ mwptpj;Js;sJ fy;tp tsh;r;rpehs; 494) fhe;jpabfs; kPJ mstw;w md;G nfhz;l fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L fhe;jpabfspd; gpwe;j ehshd mf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk;ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;? 1975 Mk; Mz;L ,yf;fzk; - Gzh;r;rp 495) Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? epiy nkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhopapd; KjYk; NrUtJ Gzh;r;rp MFk;. 496) tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W tifg;gLk;.

mit: Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy; 497) Njhd;wy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf jkpo; + ghlk; = jkpo;g;ghlk; 498) jphpjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf? fy; + rpiy = fw;rpiy 499) nfLjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf? kuk; + Nth; = kuNth; 500) Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? F> R> L> J> G> W Mfpa MWk; nebyLj;Jk; ,uz;L Kjypa gy vOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;Jk; tUk; NghJ> jd; khj;jpiuastpy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jidf; Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. 501) Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? epiy nkhopapd; <W (filrp) Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J> tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J> a fukhf ,Ue;J GzUk; NghJ> cfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk; ,jidf; Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;. 502) Nrh;j;J vOJf: 1. fhL + Nfhop = fhl;Lf;Nfhop 2. MW + ghyk; = Mw;Wg;ghyk; 3. fpzW + jtis = fpzw;Wj;jtis 4. ehF + fbJ = ehFfbJ 5. v/J + rpwpJ = v/FrpwpJ 6. tuF + jPJ = tuFjPJ 7. Fuq;F + nghpJ = Fuq;FnghpJ 8. njs;F + rpwpJ = njs;FrpwpJ

9. njs;F + fhy; = njs;Ffhy; 10. v/F + rpWik = v/FrpWik 11. ehF + jiy = ehFjiy 12. kUe;J + ig = kUj;Jg;ig 13. ,Uk;G + Mzp = ,Ug;ghzp 14. fUk;G + tpy; = fUg;Gtpy; 15. nrk;G + Flk; = nrg;Gf;Flk;.

503) epug;Gf: 1) thio + kuk; = thiokuk; vd;gJ ______ ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp


2) kuk; +Nth; = kuNth;. ,J ______ nfLjy; tpfhuk; 3) fd;W + M vd;gJ ______ vdg;GzUk;. 504) 1. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp - nghd; tisay; 2. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; - thiog;gok; 3. nfLjy; tpfhuk; - kuNty; 4. jphpjy; tpfhuk; - fw;Nfhl;il nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 505) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs; m> ,> c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfis mLj;Jk; ‘v’ vd;Dk; tpdhit mLj;Jk; tUk;. ty;ypdq;fshfpa f> r> j> g> kpFk;. (v.fh) , + nrb = ,r;nrb. 506) me;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mq;F> ,q;F> vq;F> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;w Rl;L> tpdhr; nrhw;fis mLj;J ty;ypdk; kpFk;. v.fh me;j + Nfhtpy; = me;jf;Nfhtpy; 507) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) E}iy + gb = E}iyg;gb 508) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) gzpf;F + nrd;whd; = gzpf;Fr;nrd;whd; 509) ,uz;L> %d;W > ehd;F> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) kuk; + ngl;b = kug;ngl;b 510) gz;Gj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) gr;ir + fpsp = gr;irf;fpsp 511) ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) ky;ypif +g+ = ky;ypifg;g+ 512) ctikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) kyh; + fz; = kyh;f;fz; 513) XnuOj;J xU nkhopapd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) g+ + $il = g+f;$il. 514) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) Xlh+ Fjpiu = Xlhf;Fjpiu 515) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) gj;J + ghl;L = gj;Jg;ghl;L 516) l> w xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk; caph;> neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuq;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) ehL + gw;W = ehl;Lg;gw;W 517) Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; 518) rhy> jt Kjypachpr;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) rhy + Ngrpdhd;=rhyg;Ngrpdhd; 519) Ma;> vd> ,dp> Mf Kjypa ,ilr; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) ,dp + fhz;Nghk; = ,dpf;fhz;Nghk;. 520) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;: mJ> ,J> mit> ,it vDk; Rl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; vJ> vit vDk; tpdhr;nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mJ + gwe;jJ = mJ gwe;jJ. 521) M> V> X vDk; tpdh vOj;Jfspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mtdh+ nrd;whd; = mtdh nrd;whd; 522) vOtha;j; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) kyh; + g+j;jJ = kyh;g+j;jJ 523) mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mj;jid + glq;fs; = mj;jid glq;fs; 524) tpidj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) CW + fha; = CWfha; 525) ck;ikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) fgpyguzh;> ,uTgfy; 526) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) fly; + fle;jhh; =fly;fle;jhh;. 527) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; gpd; (xL> XL) ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) g+nthL + Nrh;e;j = g+nthLNrh;e;j 528) vl;L> gj;J jtpug;gpw vz;fSf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) xd;W nfhL xd;WnfhL ,uz;L + Ngh; = ,uz;LNgh; 529) tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) tho;f + jkpo; = tho;fjkpo; 530) ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlh;fspy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) ry + ry = ryry 531) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; jtpug; gpwnganur;rq;fsod; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) rpwpa + ngz; = rpwpangz; 533) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf:- 1. Take away the full. The boiling will cease vhptijg; gpLq;fpdhy; nfhjpg;gJ mlq;Fk; 2. Practice makes perfect rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gof;fk;> nre;jkpOk; ehg;gof;fk; 3. The law - maker should not be a law – breaker Ntypia gapiu Nka;e;jhw; Nghy 4. Misfortune never comes single gl;l fhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNa nfLk; 5. Look no gift horse in the mouth jhdk; nfhLj;j khl;ilg; gy;iyg; gpbj;Jg; ghh;f;fyhkh? ,ay;vl;L - nra;As; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; 534) nrhw;nghUs;: 1) tphpfly; - gue;jfly; 2) fhAk; utpr;Rlh; - Rl;nlhpf;Fk; #hpaf;fjph; 3. Nahfk; - topghL 535) ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tpsf;fk;. goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;


Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,it toptopahfg; ghlg;gl;LtUk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fNs. gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> fijg; ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs; Kjypad ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js; mlq;Fk;. njk; khq;Fg;ghly;> fisnaLg;Gg; ghly;> fjpuWg;Gg; ghly;> kPdth; ghly;> Kjypad njhopw; ghly;fs;. vspa nrhw;fSk; eilKiw tho;f;ifia xl;ba Mo;e;j fUj;JfSk; mlq;fpait ,g;ghly;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ fisg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg;ghlg;gLtd. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiwapy; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs; eilngw;w tz;zk; cs;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> gbf;fhjth;fSk; XusT fy;tpawpT ngw;wth;fSk; ghLtdthf cs;sd.,g;ghly;fs; nrtp topahfg; guTtd. ,tw;iw ,aw;wpath; ,d;dhnudf; $wtpayhJ. 536) epug;Gf 1. kPdth;fSf;F ,utpy; tpsf;fhf tpsq;FtJ _____ tpbnts;sp 2. kPd;tiy kPdthpd; _____ gbf;Fk; E}y; 3. kPdth; fz;zhbahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ _____ KOepyNt 4. kPdthpd; thOk; tPL fl;L kuk; ngz;ik - nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh; 537) md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -- vd;w ‘ngz;ik’ ghliy ghbath; ahh;? nt.,uhkypq;fdhh; 538) nrhw;nghUs; 1. cWjp – CcWjp 2. rfpg;Gj;jd;ik - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; 3. nrh&gk; - tbtk; 4. juzp - cyfk; 5. jhuk; - kidahs; 6. Nrit - njhz;L 7. mayhh; - cwty;yhNjhh; 539) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -- vz;Zk;ik 2. ,d;gnrh&gk; -- cUtfk; 540) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpYs;s NkhfD}hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th;jk; ngw;Nwhh; ntq;fl;uhkd; -- mk;kzp mk;khs; Mth;. ftpijg; Nghl;bfs; gytw;wpy; gq;Nfw;Wg; ghpRfs; ngw;whh;. jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. ,tUf;F eLtzuR gj;kg+\z; tpUJ toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th;> jkpof kf;fshy; fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; vdg; ngUikAld; toq;fg; ngw;whh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1888 Kjy; 1972 tiuahFk;. 541) E}w;Fwpg;G ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs; vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; nja;tj; jpUkyh;> jkpo;j; Njd;kyh;> fhe;jpkyh;> Njrpa kyh;> rOjha kyh;> nghpNahh; Gfo; kyh;> jpUehs; kyh;> rpWfhg;gpa kyh;> ,irkyh;> mwpTiu kyh;> gy;Rit kyh; Mfpa jiyg;Gfspy; ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;> rOjha kyh; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 542) ehkf;fy;yhhpd; gilg;Gfs; ,ir ehty;fs; - 3 fl;Liufs; - 12 jd;tuyhW - 3 Gjpdq;fs; - 5 ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;Tfs; - 7 ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; - 10 rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; - 5 nkhopngah;g;Gfs; - 4 jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik (உனைநனட) 543) Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiwf; nfhLikf;F vjpuhf chpikf; Fuy; vOg;gpg; Nghuhbathpd; ngz;zpd; ngah;? jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik 544) jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik ngw;Nwhhpd; ngah;> Ch;? GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;j KDrhkp vd;w nerthsp jpy;iyahb vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;j kq;fsk;. 545) KDrhkp nerTj; njhopy; ghjpg;ghy; tWikapy; thb NtiyNjb vq;F FbNawpdh;? njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; 546) tPu kq;if ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;? 1898 Mk; Mz;L 547) ts;spak;ik ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;? njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpy; 548) jhahh; jp;y;iyahbapy; gpwe;jhy; ts;spak;ik ngah; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik 549) ve;j Mz;L njd;dhg; gphpf;f ehl;bd; jpUkzg; gjpTr; rl;lg;gbAk;> fpwpj;J kjr; rl;lg;gbAk; jpUkzq;fs; nry;yhJ vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L 550) fhe;jpabfs; ve;j Nghuhl;lj;jpidf; jiyik Vw;W top elj;jpdhh;? mwg; Nghuhl;lk; 551) mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl;lk; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gh;j; jpq;fs; 23 Mk; ehs; thy;f;];u];l; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. 552) rpiwr; #oyhy; cly; eyk; Fd;wpa ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;L kuzk; mile;jhh;? 1914 gpg;uthp ,Ugj;jpuz;lhk; ehsd;W jkJ gjpdhwhk; mfitapy;. 553) “ek;gpf;ifjhd; mtuJ MAjk;” vd;W jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ve;j ,jopy; fhe;jpabfs; vOjpas;shh;? ,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad; 554) njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; _____ vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. njd;dhg;gphpf;fr; rj;jpahf;fpufk;


555) fhe;jpabfs;> jkpoh; kPJk; jkpo; nkhopapd; kPJk; kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;ljw;F ahh; fhuzk; vd;W $wyhk;? ts;spak;ik 556) ts;spak;ikapd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; ------------------- jkpo;ehL muR mtuJ rpiyia epWtpAs;sJ. jpy;iyahbapy; 557) Nfh - Mg; - nlf;]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; jkpo;ehL nerthsh; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; nrd;idapYs;s jdJ mWE}whtJ tpw;gid ikaj;jpw;Fj; _____ vdg;ngah; #l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jp cs;sJ? jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik khspif ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; (Jizg;ghlk;) 558) fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rp Ghpe;jth; ahh;? ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 559) kJiu Mz;L te;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ahh;? ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 560) nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;> ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ,th;fSf;F gpwe;j kfd; ahh;? fpUl;bd Kj;J tPug;gd; 561) Kj;J tPug;gd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;J ve;j Nehahy; cyf tho;it ePj;jhh;? Vohz;Lf;fhyk;> mk;ikNeha; 562) ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kUkfspd; ngah;? rpd;d Kj;jk;khs; 563) ve;j nghWg;G ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kdj;ijf; fy;yhf;fpapUe;jd? murpay; gl;lwpTk;> Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk; 564) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ngaud; tprauq;fr; nrhf;f ehjd; ngaustpy; ve;j Mz;L mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd;. 1688 Mk; Mz;L 565) jpUtpjhq;$hpd; kd;dh; ahh;? ,utpth;kh 566) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; fhyj;jpy; ik#h; kd;dd; ahh;? rpf;fNjtuhad; 567) xt;nthU tUk; jhk; rpwe;jjhff; fUJk; rkaj;ijf; iff; nfhz;L thotpLtNj jUkk; vd;w nfhs;ifNa gpd;gw;wpath; ahh;? kq;fk;khs; 568) kq;fk;khs; kJiuapy; ------------- fl;bdhh;? nghpanjhU md;dr;rj;jpuj;ijf; 569) fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy> _____ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? kq;fk;khs; rhiy 570) kq;fk;khs; fl;bait vit? kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> cah; epiyg;gs;spf; fl;llk;> ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpd; gioa mYtyfk;. 571) kq;fk;khspd; ngah; kq;fhj GfNohL tpsq;Fk; ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs; (,yf;fzk;) (vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis) 572) nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; MWtifg;gLk;. mit: vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil. 573) vOj;J vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;> nka;> Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;. 574) mir vd;why; vd;d? vOj;J jdpahfNth> gy Nrh;e;Njh Xirg;gl mire;J (gphpe;J) epw;gJ mir vdg;gLk;. 575) mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit 1 Neuir> 2. epiuair 576) Neuir vd;why; vd;d? Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy; xw;wLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk; neby; xw;wLj;Jk; tUtJ Neuir vdg;gLk;. 577) epiwair vd;why; vd;d? Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;Wk; tUtJ epiuair. 578) rPh; vd;why; vd;d? mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; $b mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. m/J Xuirr;rPh;> <uirr;rPh;> %tirr;rPh;> ehyirr;rPh; vd ehy; tifg;gLk;. 579) Xuirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. mtw;iw Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;. 580) Xiur;rPh; ehy;tifg; tha;g;ghL? ehs; (Neh;)> kyh; (epiu)> fhR (Neh;G)> gpwg;G (epiuG). 581) <uirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; MtJ <uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ ,uz;Lk;> epiuapy; KbtJ ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F Mfk;. 582) rPh; tha;g;ghL 1. Neh; Neh; -- Njkh 2. epiu Neh; -- Gspkh 3. epiuepiu -- fUtpsk; 4. Neh; epiu -- $tpsk; khr;rPh; -- 2 (Njkh> Gspkh> vd khtpy; Kbtjdhy; khr;rPh;) tpsr;rPh; -- 2 (fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd tpsj;jpy; Kbtjdhy; tpsr;rPh;) 583) %tirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? %d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xUrPh; MtJ %tirr;rPh;. Neuirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fkhf %tir;rPh; vl;L MFk;. 584) fha;r;rPh; ehd;F: 1. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha;


2. epiu Neh; Neh; -- Gspkhq;fha; 3. epiu epiu Neh; -- fUtpsq;fha; 4. Neh; epiu Neh; -- $tp ntz;ghtpw;F chpad Mjypd; ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;. 585) fdpr;rPh; ehd;F: 1. Neh; Neh; epiu --- Njkhq;fdp 2. epiu Neh; epiu -- Gspkhq;fdp 3. epiu epiu epiu - fUtpsq;fdp 4. Neh; epiu epiu -- $tpsq;fdp (,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F cupajhy; tQ;rpAspr;rPH vdTk; $WtH) 586) ehyirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? %tirr;rPh; vl;Lld; Neuir> epiuairfisj; jdpj;jdpahfr; Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW fpilf;Fk; ,jidg; nghJr;rPh; vdf; $Wth;. 587) jis vd;why; vd;d? epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk; xd;whkYk; tUtJ jis vdg;gLk;. 588) jis vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? VO tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis 589) Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? khKd; Neh; tUtJ Nenuhd;wh rphpaj;jis. v.fh Neh; -- Neh; Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 590) epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? tpsk;Kd; epiu tUtJ epiu nahd;whrphpaj;jis. v.fh epiu - epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis. 591) ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d? khKd; epiuAk;> tpsKd; NeUk;tUtJ ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. 592) ntz;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d? fha;Kd; Neh; tUtJ ntz;rPh; ntz;lis. v.fh. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha; 593) ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs;

1. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; 2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; 594) fypj;jis vd;why; vd;d? fha;Kd; epiu tUtJ fypj;jis 595) xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis vd;why; vd;d? fdpKd; epiu tUtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis. 596) xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis vd;why; vd;d? fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis vdg;gLk;. 567) chpatpilj; Njh;e;njOJf 1. nka;Ak;> Ma;jKk; ahg;gpy; _____ vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. tpil 2. fha;r;rPh; _____ tifg;gLk;. ehd;F 3. Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpa rPh;fs; - _____ MFk;. tpil 4. fha;Kd; Neh;thpd; _____ MFk;. tpil 5. ntz;ghtpy; cah;T vd;Dk; <w;Wr;rPhpy; tUk; Xuirapd; tha;g;ghL _____ tpil 597) flndd;g ey;yit vy;yhk; fldwpe;J rhd;whz;ik Nkw;nfhsgth;f;F 599) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf 1.The servant of the king is also a king vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;ddh; 2. Frest and fraud have foul ends #Jk; thJk; Ntjid nra;Ak; 3. The place where you find your food is your paradise NrhW fz;l ,lk; nrhh;f;fk;. 4. No advice like fathers je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpuk; ,y;iy. 5. When the head is there, the tail shouldnot wag jiyapUf;f thy; Mlyhkh? ,ay; xd;gJ -- nra;As; - tQ;rfkha neQ;rNkhL nkhopjy; 600) khakhd tho;it ek;gpj; ….. tQ;rkha neQ;rNkhL nkhopjy; vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? kJuftp gh];fujh]; 601) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. kdf;Fuq;F -- cUtfk; 2. ehL efh; -- ck;ikj; njhif 3. nrk;nghd; -- gz;Gj; njhif 4. khLk; MLk; -- vz;Zk;ik 602) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: gh];fujh]; kJiu efhpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; ,dpa ,iraikg; ghy; Gjpa gy ,irAUf;fis mikj;jth;. ,irg;GyikAld; ehlfg;GyikAk; ngw;wth;. ehlf Nkilfspy; tpL jiyg;ghly;fis ,irj;jth;. ,thpd; ,irg;ghly;fisf; Nfl;l fhe;jpabfs;> ,tiug; nghpJk; ghuhl;bdhh;. ,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy; kJiuapy; ,th; tho;e;j gFjpf;F kJuftp gh];fujh]; efh; vdg; ngahpg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1892 Kjy; 1952 tiuahFk;. ghlg;gFjpapYs;s ghly; kJiftp gh];fujh]; fPh;j;jidfspd; ,uz;lhk; ghfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. xg;gilg;G: jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; jUkpf;F nghw;fpop mspj;j glyf; fijiag; nghk;kyhl;lkhf tbtikj;J tFg;gpy; elj;jpf; fhl;Lf.


,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; - vr;.V fpUl;bddhh; 603) ,iw kfdhfpa ,NaR ngUkhd; ngj;jyNfkpy; ahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;? khpad;idf;F 604) ,NaR ngUkhd; je;ijapd; ngah;? Nrhrg;Gk; 605) Foe;ij ,NaRit> VNuhJ kd;ddpd; nfhLikapypUe;J fhg;ghw;w je;ij Nrhrg;Gk; jha; khpad;idAk; ve;j ehl;bw;F nrd;wdh;? vfpg;J 606) ,NaRtpd; Njhs;fspd; rpYitapidr; Rkj;jpj; Jd;GWj;jpf; ve;j kiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jdh;? fy;thhp kiyf;Ff; 607) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. <z;L -- ,t;tplk; 2. Gfy;tJ -- nrhy;tJ 3. fhz;lF -- fhzj;jf;f 4. ,Ug;ghzp -- ,Uk;G Mzp 5. flhtpdhh; -- mbj;jhh; 6. fPz;L -- Njhz;b 7. nrw;wk; -- rpdk; 8. FUR -- rpYit 9. nrhw;w -- nrhd;d 10. Jsf;fk; -- tpsf;fk; 11. RUjpKjy; -- kiw Kjy;tuhfpa ,NaR ehjh; 12. rijg;Gz;L -- rpijf;fg;gl;L 13. gd;dhpa -- nrhy;Yjw;fhpa 14. gyghL -- gyJd;gk; 15. ,Uk;nghiw -- ngUk; nghWik 16. tpj;jfd; -- Mz;ltd; 17. njhOk;gh; -- mbahh; 18. ,ir ngWjy; -- Gfo; ngWjy; 19. JQ;rpdth; -- cwq;fpath; 20. fPz;L -- gpse;J 21. ,Ug;G Kis -- Mzpapd; Edp 22. tijg;Gz;L -- Jd;gkile;J 23. khz;LgLk; NghJ -- ,wf;Fk; epiyapy; 24. ,ul;rfh; -- fhg;gth; 25. kd;whLk; -- kpf Ntz;Ljy; 26. Mfbak; -- Vsdk; 608) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 2. ,Ug;G -- typj;jy; tpfhuk; 3. fdptha; -- ctikj; njhif 4. td;kwNthh; -- gz;Gj; njhif 609) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1) jPz;bdhh; -- jPz;L + ,d; + Mh; jPz;L – gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2) flhtpdhh; -- flhT + ,d; + Mh; flhT – gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 610) gphpj;jwpjy;: m) kw;wpuz;L -- kw;W + ,uz;L M) FUNrw;wp -- FUR + Vw;wp ,) jd;dhpa -- jd; + mhpa <) jtpg;nga;jp -- jtpg;G + va;jp c) ,j;jifa -- , + jifa C) kdeyk; -- kdk; + eyk; v) gq;fpl;lhh; -- gq;F + ,l;lhh; V) vOj;jpl;lhh; -- vOj;J + ,l;lhh; I) vd;whfbakhd – v---d;W + Mfbak; + Md 611) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpf E}yhrphpah; vr;.V fpUl;bddhh;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s fiuapUg;G vd;Dk; Chpy;> 1827 Vg;uy; ,Ugj;J %d;whk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;. ,tUila je;ij rq;fu ehuhazh; ngUk; Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. md;idahh; ngah; nja;t ehafp mk;khs;. ,th;fs; nul;bahgl;bapy; tho;e;jth;fs;. gpwF> fiuapUg;G nrd;W tho;e;j fpUl;bddhh;> Kg;gjhtJ mfitapy; jk; ngaiu vr;.V fpUl;bddhh; vd itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. fpUl;bddhh; je;ijaplk; jkpopyf;fpaq;fisAk; khzpf;f thrfj;Njthplk; ,yf;fzq; fisAk;> gpytzr; Nrhjplhplk; tlnkhopiaAk; fw;whh;. rhah;Guk; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpaf; Fws; vd;Dk; E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhh;. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfo;g; ngw;w ngUq; ftpQh; 1900 gpg;uthp %d;whk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;. 612) E}w;Fwpg;G: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gjd; nghUs; (caph;> jd;idf; fhf;f Ntz;b) ,iwtid Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; gazk; vd;gJ. Md;k <Nlw;wj;ij tpUk;Ggth; vd;gJk; nghUe;Jk;. [hd; gd;ad; vd;Dk; Gfo; ngw;w Mq;fpy E}yhrphpah; ,aw;wpa gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; vd;Dk; E}iyj; jOtp> n`d;wp My;gh;l;L fpUl;bddhh; top E}yhfj; jkpopy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;Dk; ngahpy; ,aw;wpdhh;. 613) epug;Gf: 1. fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfog;ngWgth; ______ Vr;.v fpUl;bddhh; 2. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; ______ E}iyj;jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; nghq;fy; jpUtpoh (உனைநனட) 614) jkpoh; jpUehs; vJ? nghq;fy; tpoh> ijj;jpq;fs; ehs; tpoh> jkpopdj;jpd; jdp tpoh> gz;ghl;Lg; ngUtpoh. 615) tsikapd; milahsNk ______! mWtilf; fhyk; 616) tPLk;> ehLk; J}a;ikg;gLfpw> Rw;Wg;gwr; #oiyg; Nghw;Wfpd;w ,dpa jpUehs; vJ? Nghfpj;jpUehs; 617) coTf;F cWJizahd khLfis ed;wpAzh;NthL kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpLk; jpUehs; vJ? khl;Lg; nghq;fy; 618) Mapukhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Xhplj;jpy; epiyj;J coTj; njhopy; nra;J> gz;gl;l ehfhpf tho;it Nkw; nfhz;lth;fs; ahh;? jkpoh;fs;


619) Me;jpuh> fUehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; kfu rq;fuhe;jp vdTk; [g;ghd;>[hth Kjypa ehLfspy; mWtilj; jpUtpoh vdTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. jkpofk; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if> kNyrpah> nkhhPrpaJ> rpq;fg;g+h;> ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w fly; fle;j ehLfspYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. (,yf;fzk;) ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs; (mb> njhif) 620) mb vd;why; vd;d? rPh;fs; gy mLj;J elg;gJ mb vdg;gLk;. 621) mb vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mb Ie;J tifg;glk;. mit - 1. Fwsb> 2. rpe;j mb> 3. mstb> 4. nebyb> 5.fopnebyb. 622) Fwsb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Ur;rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ Fwsb vdg;gLk;. v.fh.. Kf;jp Ntz;LNky; 623) rpe;jb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; %r;rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;. v.fh gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;. 624) mstb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ mstb my;yJ Neub vdg;gLk;. v.fh tha;nkhop jg;gplh tifapy; Mw;Wtd;. 625) nebyb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;. v.fh ePLk; Filiaj; jhpj;j gpuhdpe;j ePs; epyj;jpy; 626) fopnebyb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; MW my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtijf; fopnebyb vdf; $Wth;. 627) njhil vd;why; vd;d? kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ NghyNt rPh;fspYk; mbfspYk; Nkhid Kjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJ njhil vdg;gLk;. 628) njhil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit – 1. Nkhidj; njhil> 2. vJifj; njhil> 3. Kuz; njhil> 4. ,iaGj; njhil> 5. msngilj; njhil> 6. ,ul;ilj; njhil> 7. me;jhjpj; njhil> 8. nre; njhil. 629) Nkhidj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;. 630) vJifj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;. 631) Kuz; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj; njhLg;gJ mbKuz; njhil vdg;gLk;. 632) ,iaGj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mb,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;. 633) msngilj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; Kjy; rPh; msngLj;J tUtJ mbasngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;. Nkhid: 634) ,izNkhid vd;why; vd;d? ,izNkhid (1>2) ehyb nfhz;l rPUs; KjypU rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ ,izNkhid vdg;gLk;. 635) nghopg;G Nkhid (1>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw;rPhpYk;> %d;whk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xj;J tUtJ nghopg;G Nkhid vdg;gLk;. 636) x&cNkhid (1>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ> xUcNkhid vdg;gLk;. 637) $ioNkhid (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ $ioNkhid vdg;gLk;. 638) Nkw;fJtha;Nkhid (1>3>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJ tha;Nkhid. 639) fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vd;why; vd;d? (1>2>4) XubAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vdg;gLk;. 640) Kw;WNkhid (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbapd; ehd;F rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Kw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;. vJifj; njhil: 641) ,iz vJif vd;why; vd;d? (1>2) KjypU rPh;fspd; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f (Xirastpy;) ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ ,iz vJif vdg;gLk;. 642) nghopg;G (1>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> %d;whk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ nghopg;G vJif vdg;gLk;. 643) x&c vJif (1>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy; rPhpYk; ehyhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ x&c vJif vdg;gLk;. 644) $io vJif (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ $io vJif vdg;gLk;.


645) Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. 646) fPo;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. 647) Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; cs;s ehw;rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Kw;nwJif vdg;glk;. 648) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf: 1. njhil ______ tifg;gLk;. vl;L 2. Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Nkhid xj;J tUtJ. Nkw;fJtha; 3. mstbf;F ______ vd;Dk; NtW ngaUz;L.Neub 4. ,iznaJif vd;gJ ................._____> rPh;fspy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ. 1>2 649) nghUj;Jf: m) $io --- 1>2>3 rPh;fspy; tUk; M) Nkw;fJtha; -- 1>3>4 rPh;fspy;tUk; ,) fPo;f;fJtha; -- 1>2>4 rPh;fspy; tUk; <) Kw;W -- 1>2>3>4 rPh;fspy; tUk; 650) jkpo;g; gonkhop:- 1) Anger is sworn enemy Nfhgk; Fyj;ijf; nfLf;Fk;. 2) Break my head and bring a plaster gps;isiaf; fps;sp tpl;Lj; njhl;biyAk; Ml;LtJ. 3) There is danger in mens smiles njhOj ifAs;Sk; gil xLq;Fk;. 4) Like hand and glove efKk; rijAk; Nghy 5) Wealth is best known by want epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;. ,ay; gj;J - nra;As;- Xa;Tk; gaDk; 651) Xa;thf ,Uf;ifapy; jk;gp – eP Xtpak; tiue;J goF! -- ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; 652) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; Jiu> khzpf;fk;. ,tuJ Ch; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; Jiurhkp> FQ;rk;khs; Mth;. 10.03.1933 md;W gpwe;j ,th;> 11.06.1995 Mk; ehs; kiwe;jhh;. fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf;fdp> ghtpaf; nfhj;J> gs;spg; gwitfs;> E}whrphpak; Kjypa gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. njd; nkhop> jkpo;r; rpl;L> jkpo; epyk; Mfpa ,jo;fs; %yk; cyfj; jkpohpilNa jkpOzh;it ,e;E}y; FQ;RfSf;F> gwitfSf;F> kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. 653) epug;Gf: 1. ,irahy; ______ kiwe;J NghFk;. Jd;gk; 2. cyf epfo;Tfis mwpe;jhy; ______ Nkk;gLk;. mwpTj;jpwd; 3. Vl;Lf;fy;tpawpTld; ______ fy;tpawpT? fiyaTk;> njhopw;fy;tp> mwptpaw; rpe;jid 4. gs;spg;gwitfs; E}y; ______gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. %d;W vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F -- kPuh 654) cjph;fhyk; ,dpNkNy - vd;w vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;? kPuh 655) nrhw;nghUs;: Njl;il -- nry;tk; 656) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: kPuh vd;Dk; ngah; kP. ,uhNre;jpud; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;. ,th; 1938 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifapy; gpwe;jhh;. jhk; gbj;j rptfq;iff; fy;Y}hpapy; NguhrphpauhfTk;> Kjy;tuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;> %d;Wk; MWk;> NfhilAk; tre;jKk;> Crpfs;> fdTfs; fw;gidfs; fhfpjq;fs;> Ff;$ Mfpa ftpij E}y;fisAk; th ,e;jg;gf;fk; kPuh fl;Liufs; Mfpa fl;Liu E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf; fofg; ghpR> ghNte;jh; tpUJ> rpw;gp ,yf;fpa tpUJ> jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; Nguit tpUJ Kjypatw;iw toq;fpj; jkpOyfk; ,tiur; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. 657) E}w;Fwpg;G: ,g;ghly; ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth; Nre;jp cilaehjGuk; rPdpthrd;. ,e;E}y;> rpWJsp ngUnts;sk; vd;Dk; ngUe;jiyg;gpDs; mOjj;Jspfs;> Njd;Jspfs;> fz;zPh;j; Jspfs;> gd;dPh;j;Jspfs;> kioj;Jspfs;> FUjpj;Jspfs; vd;Dk; rpWjiyg;Gfspd; fPo; ehw;gj;ije;J ftpijfs; cs;sd. ,f;ftpij> kioj;Jspfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 658) epug;Gf: 1. Vh; gpbj;J ciog;gtUf;Ff; fpilg;gJ -------- ey;y vjph;fhyk; 2. mwr;rhiy ------------ tpijg;ghUf;Nf fpl;Lk;. caph;fspd; ,d;dy; ePf;Fk; mUshsh;f;Ff;


caph;f;Nfhsk; (உனைநனட) 659) caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w caph;f;Nfhskhf mJ khWtjw;Fr;------------------- Mz;Lfs; NkyhdJ. Rkhh; E}w;iwk;gJ Nfhb 660) caph;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; vjpy; Njhd;wpd? ePhpy; 661) ve;j mz;lj;jpy; epyTk; Nfhs;fspy; caphpdq;fs; tho ,ayh? re;jpud;> nrt;tha; 662) epyj;jpy; kl;LNk caph;fs; tho ,aYkhjyhy;> mjid ______ vd toq;FfpNwhk;.caph;f;Nfhsk;. 663) caphpdq;fspd; ,ay;ig ahh; Muha;e;jd? mwpQh; 664) kdpjNd ______ ikak;. caph;f; Nfhsj;jpd; 665) caph;f;Nfhsk; jd;dfj;Nj gy ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfis fPo;f;fhz;Nghk;? gue;j thd;ntspAk;> cah;e;j kiyKfLk;> kiytPo; mUtpAk;> tw;whky; tsk; gug;Gk; MWk;> ftpd;kpF NrhiyAk;> fdpjUk; kuq;fs;> caphpdq;fSk; mjd; epiyfsd;fs; MFk;. 666) caph;fspd; tho;f;if ,aw;ifr; #o;epiyfshfpa ______> ______> nfhz;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fhw;W> ePh; 667) ______ kw;Wk; ______ epyg;gFjpfs; flypy; %o;fptpLtJk;> Gjpa epyj; Njhw;wq;fs; cUthtJk; cz;L. vhpkiyfs;> epyeLf;fq;fs; 668) kdpj tho;iff;Fj; Njitahd ______> ______> Kjypatw;iw toq;Ffpd;wJ. cg;G> jhJg;nghUs; 669) fly; vd;d nghUs;fis mspf;fpd;wJ? Kj;J> gtsk;> fpspQ;ry;> flw;gQ;R> rq;F 670) ePh;g;ghfj;ij ______ vd;Wk;> fhw;W kz;lyj;ij ______ vd;Wk; $Wth;. ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk; 671) fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; fyit ahJ? caph;tsp ( Mf;rprd;) 21% cg;Gtsp (iel;burd;) 78% kw;w tspfs; 1% 672) Rw;W #oy; vd;gJ vd;d? caphpdq;fs; thOk; gFjpapy; cs;s epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W Nghd;wit mlq;fpa epiyfs;. 673) cyf tspf;Nfhsk;> cauj;ijAk; ntg;gepiyiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy gphpTfspy; ,uz;L vJ? mbtsp kz;lyk;> Nky;tsp kz;lyk; 674) mbtsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d? epyj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia xNu rPuhd epiyapy; itj;jpUf;fg;

nghpJk; cjTfpwJ. 675) Nky;tsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d? caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;) caph;fs; nropf;f ,aw;if mspj;jpUf;Fk; ghJfhg;G muzhFk;. 676) fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk; GwCjhff; fjph;fs; epyg;gug;igj; jhf;fhj tifapy; ve;j glyk;

jLf;fpwJ? caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;) 677) Fsph;gjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; -------- ,t;Taph; tspg;glyj;ijr; rpijg;gjpy; ngUk;gq; tfpf;fpwJ. FNshNuh/ GSNuh fhh;gd; 678) jpz;k> ePh;k> thAg;nghUs; fopTfshy; vJ rPh;NfL milfpd;wJ? epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W 679) epyk; khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;? Fg;igfs;> tptrhaf; fopTfs;> njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;. 680) fhw;W khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;? Nghf;Ftuj;J Ch;jpfs;> njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntsptUk; er;Rg;Gif> mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ntspNaw;Wk; fjphpaf;f khR Kjypatw;wpdhy; fhw;W ngUksT khR milfpd;wJ. 681) kuq;fisj; njhlh;e;J mopj;J tUtjdhy; ______ epfo;fpd;wd. epyr;rhpT> kz; mhpg;G> kioapd;ik 682) kiotsk; ngUf ______ tsh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kuk; ,yf;fzk; mzp 683) mzp vd;why; vd;d? jk; fw;gid Mw;wyhYk; nkhopg; GyikahYk; nrhy;ypYk; nghUspYk; moF Nrh;j;Jg; ghly;fs; ,aw;Wth; ,j;jifa nra;Al;fspy; fhzg;gLk; moNf. 684) VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;why; vd;d? ftpQh; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gynghUs;fis cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $Wk;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp> mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ. 685) ,y;nghUS ctikazp vd;why; vd;d? cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis xd;wpw;F ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp vdg;gLk;. 686) gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d? Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa nghUis Neubahfr; nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhL njhlh;G ciladtw;iwr; nrhy;yp tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp MFk;. 687) Ntw;Wikazp vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; ,UnghUs;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wpa gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wik mzpahFk;. 688) epuy;epiw mzp vd;why; vd;d? nrhy;iyAk;> nghUisAk; thpirahf (epuyhf) epWj;jp> NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.


nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 689) 1) xUikr; nrhw;fisg; gd;ikahf khw;Wf (v.fh) ahidapd; fz; rpwpaJ ahidapd; fz;fs; rpwad 2) gz;ikia xUikahf khw;Wf: (v.fh) gRTk; fd;Wk; Nka;e;jd gRTld; fd;W Nka;e;jJ. 690) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopiamwpf 1. a wolf in sheeps clothing gRj;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa Gyp 2. union is strength xw;WikNa typik

3. no smoke with out fire neUg;gpy;yhky; GifahJ. 4. might is right ty;yhd; tFj;jNj tha;f;fhy; 5. many things fall betaeen the cup and the lip iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;ltpy;iy. gj;jhk; tFg;G ,ay; - 1 - nra;As; - tho;j;J 1. “nka;jhd; mUk;gp tpjpHtpjpHj;” vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? khzpf;fthrfH 2. khzpf;fthrfH Fwpg;G? irt rkaf;FutH ehy;tUs; xUtH khzpf;fthrfH. ,tH kJiuf;F mUfpy; jpUthjt+upy; gpwe;jtH. mupkHj;jd ghz;badplk; jiyikaikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpatH. “mKJ mbaile;j md;gH” vd;gH. ,tH mUspa E}y;fs; “jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk; MFk;. ,tH vOg;gpa Nfhtpy; jw;NghJ MTilahh; Nfhtpy; vd toq;fg;gLk; jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; (GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;) cs;sJ. ,tH jk; fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L MFk;. 3. "jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk;" irtj;jpU Kiwfspd; ve;j jpUKiwapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? vl;lhk; jpUKiwapy; 4. jpUthrfj;jpy; vj;jidg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? 658 5. jpUthrfj;jpd; rpwg;ig czHe;j [p.A.Nghg; vk;nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH? Mq;fpyj;jpy; 6. "rjfk;" - vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? E}W ghly;fs; 7. nghUj;Jf nrhy; - nghUs; 1. tpiu - cly; 2. foy; - ngUfp 3. jJk;gp- kzk; 4. nka; - mzpfyd; tpil:(1 2 3 4) jpUf;Fws; - xOf;fKilik rpwg;G$Wfs;: Kjw;ghtyH> nja;tg;GytH> nre;ehg;NghjhH> ngha;apy; GytH> ngUehtyH Kjypa ngaHfshy; Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.K 31,y; gpwe;jtH. jkpof muR ijj; jpq;fs; ,uz;lhk; ehisj; jpUts;StH ehshf mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wJ. jpUf;Fws; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. Mq;fpyk;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd; Kjypa cyfnkhopfs; gytw;wpYk; ,e;E}iy nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; E}y; ,tuJ ngUikfisg; Gfo;fpwJ. 8. jpUf;Fwis ve;j Mz;L ahH gjpg;gpj;jhH? kiyaj;Jtrd; kfd; Qhdg;gpufhrk; 1812,y; jQ;irapy; ntspapl;ltH. 9. ",izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj" vdg; ghbatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 10. cupa nrhy;iyj; NjHe;njOJf:- m) ,Wtiu fhzpd; _____ (fpof;fhk;/fpsf;fhk;jiy) tpil: fpof;fhk; M) kdtypikAilNahH vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; nrhy; _____ (cuNthH/cwNthH) tpil: cwNthH Vyhjp - fzpNkjhtpahH 11. MrpupaH Fwpg;G: rkz rkaj;jtH fhyk; fp.gp.Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L.,tH "jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ" vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. gjpndz; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fSs; Vyhjp xd;W. 81 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,ytq;fk;> rpWehtw;g+> Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpatw;wpdhy; Md kUe;Jg; nghUSf;F Vyhjp vd;gJ ngaH.

உனைநனட - caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop


12. “tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk; Nt&d;wpa ehs;Kjy; capHnkhop" vd;w tup vOjpatH “ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhH" 13. jpUe;jpa gz;Gk;> rPHj;j ehfupfKk; nghUe;jpa J}a;nkhop jkpo;r; nrk;nkhopahk;" vd;W gupjpkhw; fiyQH nrk;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shH. 14. gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop vd;gH mit ahit? 1. njhd;ik 2.Kd;ik 3.Ez;ik 4. jpz;ik 5.vz;ik 6.xz;ik 7. ,dpik 8.jdpik 9.,sik 10.tsik 11.jha;ik 12.J}a;ik 13.Kk;ik 14.nrk;ik 15.,ad;ik 16.tpad;ik 15. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhopfs; rpyNt ,tw;Ws; tof;fpoe;J Nghd nkhop ahit? jkpo;> rPdk;> rk];fpUjk;> ,yj;jPd; <g;U> fpNuf;fk;. ,yj;jPDk;> <g;UTk; tof;fpoe;J Nghapd. 16. "vd;WKs njd;jkpo;" vd;wtH ahH? fk;gH 17. ve;j nkhopfSf;F jkpo;nkhop jha;nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ? fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JStk; 18. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nkhj;j mbfs; vj;jid? 26>350 19. “fkpy;Rtygpy;" ve;j ehl;L nkhopapay; NguwpQuhthH? nrf; ehl;L 20. “khf;RKy;yh;" vd;Dk; nkhop E}ywpQNuh jkpNo kpfTk; gz;gl;l nkhop nad;Wk;> mJ jdf;Nf cupa ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nkhopnad;Wk; ghuhl;bapUf;fpd;whH. 21. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis ,g;gbAk; miog;gH? kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; 22. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbf;fg; gbf;f tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;FtJ vd;ghH ahH? nfy;yl; 23. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; Mrpupauhfpa mfj;jpaH ve;j Ie;J ,yf;fzq; fis vOjpAs;shH? vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp> ,d;E}Yf;F mfj;jpak; vd;gJ ngaH. 24. "ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; NfspH" - GwehD}W "gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;" - jpUf;Fws; 25. kf;fl; gz;gpy;yhjhiu vjw;F xg;gpLfpwhH ts;StH? kuk; 26. "murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwk; $w;whFk;" vd;w mwnewp fUj;ij $Wk; E}y; vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk; 27. ,d;iwa nkhopapay; ty;YeHfs; Ngzpg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f topKiwfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wfpd;wJ vd;wtH ahH? KidtH vkpNdh Jizg;ghlk; ,ay;-1 - gupjpkhw;fiyQH 28) Fwpg;G:- #upaehuhaz rh];jpupahH vd;Dk; jk; ngaiug; "gupjpkhw;fiyQH" vdj; jdpj; jkpohf;fpf; nfhz;ltH. je;ij ngaH: Nfhtpe;jrptdhH jhahH ngaH : ,yl;Rkp mk;khs; %d;whtJ kfdhf 1870Mk; Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; gpwe;jhH. kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;Nrup vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jhH. nrd;idf; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}upapy; gp.V. gapd;whH. 29. jd;dplk; jkpo; fw;w khztHfis gupjpkhw;fiyQH vt;thW mioj;jhH? ,aw;wkpo; khztH 30. ghRfuNrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;bj; Jiu Nkw;ghHitapy; gupjpkhw; fiyQH c.Nt.rhkpehjH ,uhftdhH Mfpa NguhrpupaHfs; JizAld; kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ. 31. jpuhtpl rh];jpup vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;ij gupjpkhw;fiyQUf;F #l;ba aho;g;ghzj;J jkpowpQH ahH? rp.it.jhNkhjudhH 32. "jdpg;ghRuj; njhif" vd;Dk; E}ypid ,aw;wpatH ahH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH 33. "tpLedp fbJ" - vd;w nrhy; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? fk;guhkhazk;-Ffg;glyk; 34. gupjpkhw;fiyQH ,aw;wpa ew;wkpo; ehlfq;fs; ahit? &ghtjp> fyhtjp 35. "rpj;jpuf;ftp" vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatH ahH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH 36. FkuFUguupd; ePjpnewp tpsf;fj;jpd; vj;jid ghly;fSf;F ciunaOjp ciuahrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhH? 51 ghly;fs; 37. K.rp.g+Hzypq;fk; njhlq;fp itj;j QhdNghjpdp vd;Dk; ,jiog; gupjpkhw; fiyQH elj;jpdhH. 38. gupjpkhw;fiyQH(2.11.1903) 33mfitapy; ,aw;if va;jpdhH ,yf;fzk;: vOj;J capH gd;dpuz;Lk;> nka; gjpndl;Lk; Mf Kg;gJ vOj;Jfis KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;gH . I-,uz;L khj;jpiu m. tisak;-,r;nrhy;ypd; Ifhuk; ,ilapy; te;J xU khj;jpiu Fiwe;J xypf;fpwJ. M) <w;wpy; Ifhuk; Fiwe;J te;J nrhy; _____ MFk;. jpz;iz ,) gy; + jPJ vd;gJ; g/wPJ vdg; GzUk <) FWf;fq;fs; Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> kfuf;FWf;fk Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;. ; 39. nghUj;Jf:- 1. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; -m) K/BJ 2. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; -M) jiytd;


3. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; -,) Nghd;k; 4. kfuf;FWf;fk; -<) ntsthy; tpil:- 1-M> 2-<> 3-m> 4-, ,ay;-2 nra;As; rpyg;gjpfhuk; (kJiuf;fhz;lk;) (tof;Fiu fhij) 40. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; NrukugpdH je;ij ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; jha; ew;Nrhiz. ,tHjk; jikad; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;. 41. E}w;Fwpg;G: rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; = rpyg;gjpfhuk; 1. GfhHf;fhz;lk; 2. kJiuf;fhz;lk; 3. tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; vd;Dk; Kg;ngUq; fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. Kg;gJ fhijfisAk; cilaJ. GfhHf;fhz;lk; 10 fhijfisAk;> kJiuf;fhz;lk; 13 fhijfisAk;> tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; 7 fhijfisAk; nfhz;lJ. "ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;nra;As;" vdTk; toq;fg; ngWk;. Kjw;fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak;> ehlff;fhg;gpak; vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijg; Nghw;wpg;Gfo;tH. "neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;NwhH kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL" vdg; ghujpahH Gfo;e;jhH. 42. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;git vit?vit? 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. kzpNkfiy 3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 4. tisahgjp 5. Fz;lyNfrp 43. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vt;tifapy; mike;Js;sJ? ,irehlfkhf 44. rpyg;gjpfhuk; czHj;Jk; %d;W cz;ikfs; ahit? 1. murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwq;$w;whFk;> 2.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia caHe;NjhH Vj;JtH 3. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; 45. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; JiwKfk; - nfhw;if jkpo;tsHr;rp ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; 46. ghNte;jH ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaHRg;Guj;jpdk; gpwg;G : 1891 Vg;uy; 29 GJitapy; gpwe;jhH. jha;: ,yf;Fkp je;ij : fdfrig gilg;Gfs; :FLk;gtpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> jkpopaf;fk;> ghz;bad; gupR> mofpd; rpupg;G

,ay;-2 உனைநனட - nghpahupd; ngz;tpLjiyr; rpe;jidfs; 47. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- 1. jkpoHfsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s ................. xd;W cz;L. (ngUNeha;) 2. ngupahH r%f ................. vjpHj;jtH@ %lf;fUj;Jfis ................. (Kuz;fis> Kl;lWj;jth;) ,ay;-2 - ,yf;fzk; nrhy; 1. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ ................. jdpnkhop 2. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ______ tpidr;nrhy; 3. tpidKw;W .................> ................. vd ,Utifg;gLk;. njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 4. XH vr;r tpid ................. nfhz;L Kbe;jhy;> mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ngaiuf; njhifr;nrhw;fis tpupj;njOJf 48. ,Utpid - 1. ey;tpid 2. jPtpid 49. Kj;jkpo; : 1.,ay; 2.,ir 3.ehlfk; 50. %Nte;jH 1. Nrud; 2.Nrhod; 3.ghz;bad; 51. ehdpyk; 1.FwpQ;rp 2.Ky;iy 3.kUjk; 4.nea;jy; 52. Ie;jpiz 1. FwpQ;rp 2. Ky;iy 3. kUjk; 4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy ,ay;-3 - nra;As; - fk;guhkhazk; - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; Ffg;glyk; 53. MrpupaH Fwpg;G fk;gH gpwg;G - NjuOe;J}H (ehif khtl;lk;) je;ij - Mjpj;jd; fhyk; - ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtH. Mjupj;jtH - jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}Hr; rilag;g ts;sy; fk;guJ fhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L 54. fk;gH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;? fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp> me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;. 55. rkfhyj;Jg; GytHfs;:- raq;nfhz;lhH> xl;lf;$j;jH> GfNoe;jp. 56. "ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;" vd;W ghujpahH Gfo;e;J ghbAs;shH 57. tlnkhopapy; fk;guhkhazj;ij thy;kPfp KdptH vOjpdhH. fk;gH jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vdg; ngaupl;lhH. 58. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhz;lq;fs; 1. ghyfhz;lk; 2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 3. Muz;a fhz;lk; 4. fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk; 5. Re;ju fhz;lk; 6. Aj;j fhz;lk; 59. "jkpOf;Ff; fjp" vd;w rpwg;Gk; fk;guhkhazj;jpw;F cz;L. 60. Ffg;glyj;ij fq;ifg;glyk; vdTk; $Wth;. nghUj;Jf:-


1. ,lH - epyT 2. ehtha; - Jd;gk; 3. ,iw - glF 4. ,e;J - jiytd; tpil: 1.Jd;gk; 2.glF 3.jiytd; 4.epyT

உனைநனட - mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fH 61. mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;ba nfhq;fz; khtl;lj;jpy; jNghyp vd;Dk; mk;gthNl gpwe;jhH. gpwe;j ehs; -14.4.1891 je;ij - ,uhk;[p rf;ghy; jha; - gPkhgha; ,tHfSf;F 14MtJ gps;isahfg; gpwe;jhH. ,aw;ngaH- gPkhuht; uhk;[p 62. fy;tpg;gazk;:- gs;sp- 1908 ,y; vy;gpd;];ld; gs;spapy; caHepiyg;gbg;G 1912 ,y; gk;gha; vy;gpd;];ld; fy;Y}upapy; ,sq; fiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whH. 1915 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk;. 1916 ,y; ,yz;ld; nghUshjhuj;jpy; KidtH gl;lk; ngw;whH. kPz;Lk; ,yz;ld; nrd;W mwptpay; KJfiyg; gl;lKk; ghup];lH gl;lKk; ngw;whH. 63. mk;Ngj;fH Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs;! 1924Mk; Mz;L Nfushtpy; itf;fj;jpy; elj;jpa xLf;fg;gl;NlhH MyaEioT Kaw;rpAk;>1927 Mk; Mz;L khHr;R jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk; ehs; mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;baj;jpy; kfhj;Jf; Fsj;jpy; elj;jpa jz;zPH vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lKk; kdpj cupikf;fhf Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; vdyhk;. 64. tl;lNkir khehL ve;j Mz;L eilngw;wJ? 1930 65. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr;rl;lk; tFf;f vj;jid NgH nfhz;l FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ?vOtH 66. ,e;jpah KOikahd FbauR ehlhfj; jd;id mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;l ehs;? 1950 -1- 26 ehs; 67. kf;fs; fy;tpf;fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? ve;j Mz;L? mk;Ngj;fH 1946 68. Fwpg;G:- rpj;jhHj;jh caHfy;tp epiyaj;jpy; ,d;iwa mwpT tsHr;rpf;F Ntz;ba midj;J ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 69. ",e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gq;FtPjk;" - vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? mk;Ngj;fH 70. mk;Ngj;fH GfOlk;G va;jpa ehs;? 1956 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gH jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; 71. ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpa khkzp) vd;Dk; caupa tpUij mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fUf;F ve;j Mz;L toq;fp ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ? 1990 Jizg;ghlk; - md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lk; 72. murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19(1) MtJ gpuptpd;gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; KOikahd Ngr;Rupik> vOj;Jupik cz;L. 73. jfty; mwpTk; cupikr;rl;lk; ruj; vd;d? 2005 gpupT 6 ,yf;fzk; - nghJ 74. vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypyf;fzk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; $wg;glhj nghJthd nra;jpfs; nrhy;yg;gLtjhy; ,J nghJ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ 75. "xUnkhop xopjd; ,dq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj" vd;w E}l;gh ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? ed;D}y; (359) 76. ,stofd; te;jhd; ,J ................._ njhlH m) Fwpg;G M) ntspg;gil ,) vJTkpy;iy tpil: M 77. "khL" vd;Dk; nrhy; _____ MFk;. m) caHjpizg; nghJg;ngaH M) m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaH ,) tpuTg;ngaH tpil: M 78. khL fd;iw <d;wJ ,j;njhlupy; khL vd;gJ ................. Fwpf;Fk; m) gR M) fhis ,) fd;W tpil: m 78. nghUj;Jf:- 1. ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; - NrhW cz;lhd; 2. Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; -fy;>kz; 3.,dq;Fwpj;jy; - khL ghy; fwe;jJ tpil. 1. fy;>kz; 2. khL ghy; fwe;jJ 3. NrhW cz;lhd; 79. ,sikg; ngaHfisg; ngUj;Jf 1. ML - fd;W 2. khd; - gps;is 3. fPup - Fl;b 4. rpq;fk ; - FQ;R 5. Nfhop - Fuis tpil: 1. Fl;b 2. fd;W 3. gps;is 4. FUis> 5. FQ;R 80. gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fis vOJf:- 1. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpuq;fis topgLf. Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; nrd;W flTs; rpiyfis topgLf. 2. ,k;khu;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs; ,t;topNa Gz;zpag; gazk; nry;Yq;fs;. 3. ,e;j \Hl; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ. ,e;j Nkyhil kpFe;j tpiy kjpg;Gs;sJ.


4. ehis elf;f tpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak; ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah cWjpaha; ntw;wp ngWk;. 5. ehd; ,e;jf; fhNy[pd; Xy;l; ];Llz;l; ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Nkdhs; khztd;. ,ay; - 4 - nra;As; - ew;wpiz 81. kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vOjpa ghly; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. kpis vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jt uhjyhy;> kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vd;Dk; ngaH ngw;whH. 82. "ey;" vd;W milnkhop nfhLj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLtJk; ew;wpizNa! 83. ew;wpizapd; njhFg;gpj;jtH gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp7 84. ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; ehD}W ghbNdhH 275 85. ew;wpiz xd;gjbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk; _____ Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;l E}y;. gd;dpuz;L mbg; 86. "mup" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; _____ new;fjph; GwehD}Wf; fz;zfdhH 87. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpd; mitf;fsg; GytHfSs; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jtH? fz;zfdhH 88. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W GwehD}W

உனைநனட - Ngr;Rf;fiy 89. Ez;zpa E}y; gy fw;wtHf;Nf mike;j mupa fiy _____ m) Xtpaf;fiy M) ,irf;fiy ,) Ngr;Rf;fiy tpil: , 90. Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; kf;fis <Hj;jtH _____ m) NguwpQH mz;zh M) K.tujuhrdhH ,) jpU.tp.f tpil: m ,yf;fzk; - tpdh-tpil tiffs; - xUnghUl; gd;nkhop 91. nghUj;Jf:- 1. mwptpdh - tUthah? vdpy; "thNud;" vd;gJ 2. Vty;tpil - cz;lhah? vdpy;> "tapW typf;Fk;" vd;gJ 3. kiwtpil - ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy; "ePNa nra;" vd;gJ 4.cWtJ $wy; - ",jd; nghUs; ahJ?" vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ tpilfs;: 1. ,jd; nghUs; ahJ? Vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ 2. ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy;> “ePNa nra;” vd;gJ 3. tUthah? vdpy;> “thNud;” vd;gJ 4. cz;lhah? vdpy;> “tapW typf;Fk;” vd;gJ 92. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- m) xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; nrhw;fisNa _____ vd;gH. xUnghUl; gd;nkhop M) xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W _____ Xq;fp cah;e;j ,) ',J nra;th' vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F "tapW typf;Fk;" vdf; $WtJ _____ tpil cWtJ $wy; <) Mlj;njupAkh vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg; ghlj; njupAk; vdf; $WtJ _____ tpil ,dnkhop c) ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh vdf; filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ _____ tpdh nfhsy; 93. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? MWtifg;gLk;. mwptpdh> mwpahtpdh> Iatpdh> nfhsy; tpdh> nfhil tpdh> Vty; tpdh 94. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk; : Rl;L tpil> kiwtpil> NeH tpil> Vty; tpil> tpdh vjpHtpdhjy; tpil> cw;wJiuj;jy; tpil> cWtJ $wy; tpil> ,dnkhop tpil ,ay; -5 - nra;As; - ngupaGuhzk; - mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk; 95. MrpupaH Fwpg;G ngupaGuhzj;ij mUspatH - Nrf;fpohH gpwg;G - Fd;wj;J}upy; gpwe;jtH (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;) ,aw;ngaH - mUz;nkhopj;NjtH gzp - meghar; Nrhodplk; jiyik mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jtH ngw;w gl;lk; - cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytH vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;wtH rpwg;G ngaH - nja;tr; Nrf;fpohH vd;Wk; njhz;lHrPH guTthH fhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L 96. E}w;Fwpg;G : jdpabahH – 63 njhifabahH – 9 nkhj;jk; rptdbahH = 72 97. ngupaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohH ,l;l ngaH "jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk;" 98. "cynfyhk;" vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg; ghlg;ngw;w njdTk; $WgtH? jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhd; 99. "gj;jpr; Ritedp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt" vd;W Gfo;e;Jiuj;jtH ahH? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhH 100. "cyfk;> capH> flTs;" Mfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae;jhd; ngupaGuhzk; vd;wtH ahH? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhH


101. jk; tPl;bYs;s midj;Jg; nghUs;fSf;Fk; jpUehTf;furH vdg; ngaH #l;batH _____ mg;g+jpabfshH 102. nghUj;Jf:- 1. Nkjp - m) rptd; 2. re;jk; - M) vUik 3. Nfhjpy; - ,) moF 4. mq;fzH - <) Fw;wkpy;yhj gR tpil: 1-M> 2-,> 3-<> 4-m உரைநரட - jpiug;glf;fiy cUthd fij 103. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia ve;j Mz;L vl;tHL ikgpupl;R fz;Lgpbj;jhH? 1830 104. glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jtH? <];l;kd; 105. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkupf;fH 1894 ,y; upr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghHf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikj;jhH. 106. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; _____ vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. nry;Yyha;L 107. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- 1. ebg;ghw;wy; kpf;ftiuAk; ebg;igf; fw;Wj; jUgtiuAk; ____ vd miog;gH. ,af;Feh; 2. glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpia _____ nghUj;JtJk; cz;L. efh;j;Jk; tz;bapy; 3. ,aq;FUg; glq;fs; ghHg;gjw;F _____ ,Uf;Fk;. Ntbf;ifaha; 108. nghUj;Jf:- 1. <];l;kd; - m) xUtH kl;Lk; ghHf;Fk; glf;fUtp 2. vbrd; - M) glr;RUs; 3. vl;tHL ikgpupl;R - ,)fUj;Jg;glk; 4. thy;l; b];dp - <),af;fg;glk; tpil: 1-M> 2-m> 3-<> 4-, Jizg;ghlk; - ghujuj;dh - vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud; 109. ghujuj;dh vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud; ,yf;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; 1917Mk; Mz;L rdtupj; jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; gpwe;jhH. 110. je;ij - NfhghyNkdd; jha; - rj;aghkh ,UtUf;Fk; 5 kfdhf gpwe;jhH. 111. Gul;rp ebfH>kf;fs; jpyfk; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhH. 112. mwpQH mz;zh mtHfs; vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpuid ,jaf;fdp vd;W Nghw;wpdhH. 113. 1963 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyr; rl;l kd;w Nkyit cWg;gpduhdhH. 114. 1967 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj; NjHjypd; NghJ guq;fpkiyj; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;whH. 115. 1972 Mk; Mz;L jhkpUe;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpg; Gjpa fl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhH. 116. 1977 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w jkpofr; rl;lkd;wj; NjHjypy; ngU ntw;wp ngw;W Kjy;tuhfg; gjtp Vw;whH. 117. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mtuJ gzpfisg; ghuhl;b> lhf;lH gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. 118. kj;jpa muR mtHjk; gzpiag; ghuhl;b caupa tpUjhd ghujuj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp)tpUJ toq;fpaJ. ,t;tpUJ mtUila kiwTf;Fg; gpd; 1988 Mk; Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fzk; ctk cUGfs; ctk cUG - njhlH 1. Nghy - fpspNghyg; Ngrpdhs; 2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs; 3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; 4. cwo - KoT cwo; jlf;if 5. md;d - kyud;d Nrtb "Nghy Giua xg;g cwo khd fLg;g ,iag Va;g;g Neu epfu md;d ,d;d vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNg." - ed;D}y; 367 ctik cUtfk; mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJ faw;fz; - fz;fay; Njd;jkpo; - jkpo;j;Njd; g+tpuy; - tpuy;g+ kjpKfk; - Kfkjp kyub – mbkyH Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J tpw;GUtk; - GUttpy; kyHg;ghjk; - ghjkyH ,ay; MW - nra;As;: jkpo; tpL J}J E}w;Fwpg;G:- 1. Nghypg;GytHfisj; jiyapy;Fl;Lgth; _____ mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;. 2. ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taYf;F _____ mike;Js;sd. tug;Gfsha; "nrtpia mWg;gjw;F tpy;yp Gj;J}uZk; jiyia ntl;Ltjw;F xl;lf;$j;jDk; ,Ue;jikahy; jkpNo eP fpisj;Jr; nropj;J tsh;e;jha;

,ay; - 6 - உனைநனட - njhd;ikj; jkpofk; 119) "kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by;" vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ? ,nyKhpah


120) ve;j gaph; tiffis jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs;? ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;> Nfo;tuF> jpid> rhik> tuF Kjypa jhdpa tiffisAk;> cSe;J> fliy> mtiu> Jtiu> jl;il> gr;ir> nfhs;S> vs;S Kjypa gaW tiffisAk; jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs;. 121) fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;> cNuhkGhp> vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F vg;nghUs;fis mDg;gg;gl;ld? mhprpAk;> kapy;NjhifAk;> re;jdKk;. 122) fp.K.gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; murd; rhykDf;F ahidj; je;jKk;> kapy;NjhifAk;> thridg; nghUs;fSk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld. 123) kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk; GwehD}W> gupghlypy; ,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fs; ahit? jkpo;nfO $ly;> jkpo; Ntyp 124) "$lypy; Ma;e;j xz;jPe; jkpopd;" - vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? kzpthrfk; 125) ghzd;> ghbdp> $j;jd;> tpwyp vd;W ,aypir ehlff; fiyQh;fs; ,Ue;jikiaAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. 126) "gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;" - vd;wtup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? Njthuk; 127) "cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh;" - vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? jpUf;Fws; 128) "fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff;flNd" vd;Dk; gupghly; 129) jdf;Ftikapy;yh xU --------------- jkpo; ,dk;. jdp,dk; Jizg;ghlk;:- jw;fhyj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; 130) njhy;ypaiy Mq;fpyj;jpy; "Mh;f;fpahy[p" vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. 131) ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; 1963 Mk; Mz;L g+k;Gfhh; mUfpy; cs;s fPohh;ntsp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd; NghJ fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fl;ll ,bghLfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. 132) KJkf;fs; jhopfs; vd;why; vd;d? gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiu mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fSld; xU jhopapypl;Lg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;tifj; jhopfisNa KJkf;fs; jhopfs; vd;fpNwhk;. ,yf;fzk; Gzh;r;rp 133) ,Unrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;> nfLjy;> jphpjy; Mfpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLkhapd; mtw;iw tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;. (v.L) 1. thio + gok; - thiog;gok; - Njhd;wy; 2. kuk; + Nth; - kuNth; - nfLjy; 3. nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk; - jphpjy; 134) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- 1. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk; NghJ_____ m) epiynkhop <W ePq;Fk; M) epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak; ePq;Fk; ,) tUnkhop Kjy; nfLk; tpil: M 2. Nkw;F + ehL vd;gJ _____vdr; NrUk;. m) Nkw;F ehL M) NkehL ,) NkdhL tpil: , 3. fUik + Fop vd;gJ _____vDk; tpjpfspd; gb GzUk;. m) MjpePly;> ,dkpfy;. M) jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;> ,ilAfuk ,) Mjy; ,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; tpil: , 135) nghUj;Jf:- 1. mb mfuk; I mjk; - m) ntw;wpiy 2. MjpePly; -- M) fUk;gyif 3. ,dkpfy; -- ,) igq;$o; 4. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - <) %J}h; tpil: 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4- m ,ay; VO - nra;As; - jpUf;Fws; - nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly; 136) ,y;yhiu ----------- vs;Sth;. vy;yhUk; 137) mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; _____ jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;. jpwdwpe;J 138) jpwdwpe;J Njh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;bath; _____ 1. md;Gs;s ngw;Nwhh;. 2. Mh;tKs;s ez;gh;. 3. %j;j mwpTilahh; tpil: 3 139) mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJ _____Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy; 1. rpwpath; 2. nghpahh; 3. cwtpdh; tpil: 2 140) Kjypyhh;f;F -------------- ,y;iy. 1. Cjpak; 2. el;G 3. Gif tpil: 1 Njthuk; - jpUehTf;furh; 141) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- jpUehTf;furh; jpUth%upy; gpwe;jth;. ngw;Nwhh; Gfodhh;. khjpdpahh; ,tuJ jkf;ifahh; jpyftjpahh;> jpUehTf;furUf;Fg; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;l ngah; kUzPf;fpahh;. ,tUf;Fj; jUkNrdh;> mg;gh;> thrPrh; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. ,tuJ newp njhz;L newp. irt mbahu;fis ehad;khu;fs; vd;W toq;Fth;. ,th;fs; mWgj;J %th;. irt rkaf; Futh; ehy;tUs; xUth; jpUehTf;furh;. ,th;jk; ghly;fs; Njthuk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; jhz;lfk; ghLtjpy;


ty;yth; Mjyhy;> ,th; jhz;lf Nte;jh; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L jpUth%u; flY}h; khtl;lk; gz;ZUl;bia mLj;Js;sJ. 142) E}w;Fwpg;G:- Njthuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyj; Nj +thuk; vdg; gphpj;Jj; nja;tj; jd;ikia cila ,irg; ghly;fs; vd;Wk; Nj + Muk; vdg; gpupj;Jj; nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;bg; ngw;w ghkhiy vd;Wk; $Wth;. irtj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lDs; Kjy; VOk; %tu; Njthuk;> jpUehTf;furh; ghb mUspa ghly;fs; ehd;F> Ie;J> Mwhk; jpUKiwfs; ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s ghly; jpUehTf;furh; mUspa Mwhe;jpU Kiwapy; cs;sJ. 143) "ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;" vd;Dk;ghly; _____ "mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy" vdg; ghlj; J}z;baJ. 1. ghujpjhrid 2. Rujhit 3. ghujpahiu tpil: 3

உனைநனட jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; 144) "mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp" - jpUts;Sth; 145) cyfk; cUz;il vd;gijg; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwNf Nkiy ehl;bdh; cWjp nra;jdh;. 146) cyfk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r;nrhy; _____ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyT 147) cyT vd;gJ Rw;Wjy; vd;w nghUisj; jUk;. 148) Qhyk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; "Qhy;" vd;Dk; nrhy;ybahfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gh;. "Qhy;" vd;gjw;Fj; njhq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghUs;. 149) "twpJ epiy,a fhaKk;" ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? Gwk;(30) 150) "tytd; Vth thD}h;jp" - Gwk;(27) 151) "jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j" vd;wthp ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J 152) "me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;" - ngUq;fij 153) "cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;" - GwehD}w;W thpfs; 154) "gathf; fsuidau; fy;yhjth;" - jpUf;Fws; 155) "Xh; mZtpidr; rj$wpl;l NfhzpDk; - csd;" - ahu; $wpaJ? fk;gh; 156) "clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;" - jpU%yh; 157) kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; - jpUf;Fws; 158) "Gy;yhfpg; g+lha;" - jpUthrfk; thp ,yf;fzk;: nghUs; ,yf;fzk; mfg;nghUs; 159) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vit? FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy 160) Kjw;nghUs; vd;git mfnthOf;fk; epfo;jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; epyKk; nghOJk; MFk;. 161) Itif epyq;fs; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk;> kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk; 2. Ky;iy - fhLk; fhLrhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 5. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 162) nghOJfs; 2 tifg;gLk;:- 1. ngUk;nghOJ 2. rpWnghOJ 1) ngUk;nghOJ:- m) fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp M) Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif ,) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khu;fop> ij <) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp c) ,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp C) KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb 2) rpWnghOJ:- m) fhiy - fhiy 6 kzpKjy; 10 kzptiu M) ez;gfy; - fhiy 10 kzpKjy; 2 kzptiu ,) vw;ghL - gpw;gfy; 2 kzpKjy; 6 kzptiu <) khiy - khiy 6 kzpKjy; ,uT 10 kzptiu c) ahkk; - ,uT 10 kzpKjy; ,uT 2 kzptiu C) itfiw - ,uT 2 kzpKjy; fhiy 6 kzptiu (vw;ghL - vy; + ghL> vy; - QhapW - ghL - kiwAk; Neuk;) 163) 1 64) mfk>; Gwk ; Mfpa ,uzL; k ; nghUs,yf;fzk; MFk;. ; 165) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> Kjypa Ie;Jk; mfd; Ie;jpiz vdg;gLk;. 166) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp flYk; fly;rhh;e;j gFjpahFk;. 167) ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10 kzpKjy; 2 kzp tiu MFk;.


168) kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk; MW ngUk;nghOJfSk; tUk;. 169) jpUkhy; Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;. 170) kzKoh> ney;yupfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk; kUjj; jpizf;Fhpa giwfs;. 171) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy;fs; _____ MFk;. kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;Gtpistpj;jy; 172) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) nghUspyf;fzk; _____ tifg;gLk;. 1.,uz;L 2.%d;W 3.Ie;J tpil:1 M) mfj;jpizfs; _____ tifg;gLk;. 1.%d;W 2.Ie;J 3.VO tpil:3 ,) khh;fop> ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk;_____fhyj;jpw;Fhpad. 1.Kd;gdp 2.gpd;gdp 3.,sNtdpy; tpil:1 <) ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs;_____ 1.fpsp> kapy; 2.ehiu> md;dk; 3.Gwh> gUe;J tpil:3 173) nghUj;Jf:- 1.FwpQ;rp - m) Kay;> khd; 2.Ky;iy - M) Gyp> fub 3.kUjk; - ,) Kjiy> Rwh 4.nea;jy; - <) vUik> ePh;eha; tpilfs;:- 1-M 2-m 3-< 4-, ,ay; vl;L nra;As; rPwhg;Guhzk; - tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; Gyp trdpj;j glyk; 174) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ngah; - ckWg;Gyth; ,th; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;Jg; Gythpd; khzth;. mg;Jy;fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf; fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; tz;zNk ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk; vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. E}y; Kw;Wk; Kd;dNk rPjf;fhjp kiwe;jhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;> mGy;fhrpk; vd;w ts;sy; cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk; epiwTw;wJ. ckWg;Gyth; ts;sy; ngUkf;fis E}ypd; gytplq;fspy; epidT$h;e;J Nghw;Wfpwhh;.,th; vz;gJ ghf;fshy; Mfpa KJnkhop khiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk; gilj;jspj;Js;shh;. ,th; fhyk; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L. 175) ,iwtdpd; jpUj;J}jh; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; rPhpa tuyhw;wpid vLj;jpak;Gk; ,dpa E}y; vJ? rPwhg;Guhzk; 176) rPwh - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? tho;f;if 177) Guhzk; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? tuyhW 178) rPwhg;Guhzk; vj;jid tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; MdJ? Iahapuj;J ,Ugj;NjO 179) rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Kg;ngUk; gphpTfis vKJf? tpyhjj;Jf;fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; 180) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- m) rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; ______ ckWg;Gyth; M) ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; ______ rPjf;fhjp 181) chpa nrhy;iyj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) rPwhg;Guhzk; ______ fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. 1. %d;W 2. Ie;J 3. VO tpil:1 M) 'Nfoy;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ______ 1.vUik 2.Gyp 3.gd;wp tpil:3 182) ahh;> ahhplk; $wpa njhlh; ,J:- m) ntd;wp thsuNr ,J> Gypiag;gw;wpf; $wpatd; Kfk;kJ egpaplk; $wpajhFk;. M) NtnwhU fhl;bdpw; GFf ,J> Kfk;kJ egp> Gypaplk; $wpajhFk;. 183) rPh;Nkhidia vOJf:- kd;w Yd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyub tzq;fp rPh;Nkhid. kd;wy; - kyub 184) mb vJifia vOJf:- ePz;l thy;epyk; Gilj;jplf; fple;Jly; epkph;e;J $z;l fhy;kbj; jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gspg;g mb vJif ePz;l - $z;l 185) nghUj;Jf:- 1. fhd; - m) fub 2. cOit - M) rpq;fk; 3. klq;fy; - ,) Gyp 4. vz;F - <) fhL tpil:- 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m உனைநனட fhe;jpak; 186) fhe;jpabfs; rpWtdhf ,Ue;j NghJ> F[uhj;jpg; ghly; xd;widf; Nfl;lhh;. "jhfj;jpw;F ePh; jUtjpy; xd;Wkpy;iy: jPik nra;jth;f;Fk; ed;ikNa nra;> cz;ikg; nghUz;ik cz;L" vd;w mg;ghly; ,d;dh nra;ahik (mfpk;ir) vd;Dk; fUj;jpid mtUs; tpijj;jJ. 187) cz;ikia kl;LNk NgRk; murd; mhpr;re;jpuid xU ngha; Ngr itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt gy ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shf;fpath; ahh;? Kdpth; tpRthkpj;jpuh; 188) mwtop - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? md;G> mUs; 189) mwtop tpLjiyg;Nghh;:- typa Nghhpy; rhfpd;wth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl> mwtopg; Nghhpy; ,wg;Nghhpd; vz;zpf;if kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;> kw;w cyf ehLfs; ,jid Vw;fhtpbDk; ,e;jpah mjid Vw;W elj;jp> Vida ehLfSf;F xU topfhl;bahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;.


fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kf;fs; MjuT ngUfpaJ: fjh; ,af;fk;> kJtpyf;F> jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpa ,af;fq;fs; gutpd. fhe;jpabfs; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j NghJ Vio coth;fs; tWikahy; miuahil cLj;jpaijf; fz;lhh;. jhKk; md;W Kjy; Nkyhil mzptjid epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. miuahilAld; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ele;j tl;l Nkir khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;w NghJ> mg;Nghija ,q;fpyhe;J Kjd;ikaikr;rh; rh;r;rpy;> 'miu epUthzg;gf;fphp' vd;W Vsdk; nra;jNghJk;> fhe;jpabfspd; Kfj;jpy; Gd;dif jto;e;jJ. 190) njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpah;f;F vjpuhd ve;j epwr; rl;lq;fisf; fhe;jpabfs; nfhSj;jpajhy;> rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;? fWg;G 191) ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;? 1948 Mk; Mz;L> rdthp 30> jpq;fs; 192) ,isQh;fspd; flik:- ehl;by; ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg;gw;W> nja;tg;gw;W> nkhopg; gw;W tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 193) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: m) fhe;jpabfs; ______ vd;Dk; ehlf E}iyg; gbj;jhh;. rputz gpJh;gj;jp M) jpUf;Fwis nkhop ngah;j;j cUrpa mwpQh; _____ jhy;Rjha; 194) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fhe;jpabfs; ______ ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;J cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjp g+z;lhh;. 1.rputzgpJ}h;gj;jp 2.mhpr;re;jpud; 3.gf;jg;gpufyhjd; tpil:2 M) giftdplKk; md;Gfhl;L vdf;$wpa E}y; ______ 1.gftj;fPij 2.ed;D}y; 3.iggps; tpil:3 ,) mwnewpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;bait ______ 1.Mlk;guk;> tPz;nryT 2.vspik> rpf;fdk; 3.md;G> mUs; tpil:2 195) tpdhj;njhlh;fs; mikf;f:- m) fhe;jpabfs;> 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk;” fjh; vd;W fUjpdhh;. 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk;” vd vijf; fhe;jpabfs; fUjpdhh;. M) ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;> nkhopg;gw;Wk;> nja;tg;gw;Wk; tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; vit tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 196) xUik gd;ikg; gpiofis ePf;fp vKJf:- m) Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ,sk;ngz; xUj;jp E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. M) kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;thdjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk;> ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. 197) nghUj;Jf:- 1. rj;jpa Nrhjid - m) jpUts;Sth; 2. gftj; fPij - M) fpwpj;Jt rkaE}y; 3. jpUf;Fws; - ,) fhe;jpabfs; 4. iggps ; - <) ,e;J rkaE}y; tpilfs;: 1-, 2-< 3-m 4-M ,yf;fzk; Gwg;nghUs; 198) Gwg;nghUs; vdg;gLtJ> tho;f;iff;Fj; JizGhpAk; fy;tp> nry;tk;> Gfo;> tPuk;> murpay; Kjypa nghUs;fisg; gw;wp $WtJ. 199) mfg;nghUs; tho;tpay; vdpy;> Gwg;nghUs; cyfpay; MFk;. Gwk; gw;wpa newpfisf; $WtJ Gwj;jpiz MFk;. 200) Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rpapd; tiffs; vj;jid? gd;dpuz;L 201) gd;dpuz;L tifahd Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rp vOJf:- 1. ntl;rpj;jpiz 2. fue;ijj; jpiz 3. tQ;rpj; jpiz 4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz 5. nehr;rpj; jpiz 6. copiQj; jpiz 7. Jk;igj; jpiz 8. thifj; jpiz 9. ghlhz; jpiz 10. nghJtpay; jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz 12. ngUe;jpiz 202) ntl;rpj;jpiz:- gifehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhlq;F Kd;> me;ehl;bYs;s MepiufSf;Fj; jPq;F Neuf; $lhJ vdf; fUJk; kd;dd;> jd; tPuh;fis mDg;gp mtw;iwf; fth;e;J tur; nra;tJ ntl;rpj; jpiz. mt;tPuh;fs; ntl;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;thh;fs;. 203) fue;ijj; jpiz:- ntl;rp tPuh;fshy; fth;e;J nry;yg;gl;l jk; Mepiufisf; fue;ijg; g+itr; #br;nrd;W kPl;gJ> fue;ijj; jpiz MFk;. 204) tQ;rpj; jpiz:- kz;zhir fhuzkhfg; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjp tQ;rpg; g+itr; #bg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ> tQ;rpj;jpiz. 205) fhQ;rpj;jpiz:- jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurNdhL fhQ;rpg;g+itr; #b vjph;j;Jg;Nghhply; fhQ;rpj;jpiz.


206) nehr;rpj;jpiz:- gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiyf; fhj;jy; Ntz;b> cs;spUe;Nj> ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; gifaurNdhL nehr;rpg; g+itr; #bg; Nghhpl;L> mk;kjpiyf; fhg;gJ nehr;rpj;jpiz. 207) copiQj;jpiz:- copiQg; g+itr; #ba jd; tPuh;fSld; khw;wurd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; GFe;J kjpiyr; Rw;wp tisj;jy; copiQj;jpiz. 208) Jk;igj;jpiz:- gifNte;jh; ,UtUk; ntw;wp xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L> jk; tPuh;fSld; NghhpLtJ Jk;igj;jpiz. ,t;tPuh;fs; Jk;igg; g+itr; #bg; NghhpLth;. 209) thifj;jpiz:- ntw;wpngw;w kd;dd; thifg;g+r; #b kfpo;tJ> thifj;jpiz. 210) ghlhz;jpiz:- ghLjw;Fj; jFjpAila Xh; Mz; kfdpd; fy;tp> tPuk;> nry;tk;> Gfo;> fUiz Kjypatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg; ghLtJ> ghlhz;jpiz. 211) nghJtpay; jpiz:- ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz;tiu cs;s Gwj;jpizfspd; nghJthdtw;iwAk;> mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdtw;iwAk; $WtJ> nghJtpay; jpiz. 212) iff;fpisj; jpiz:- iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;. ,/J Mz;ghy; $w;W> ngz;ghy; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 213) ngUe;jpiz:- ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkk; ,JTk; Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 214) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLOJf:- 1. Gwj;jpizfs; ------------- tiffs; vj;jid? m) Ie;J M) VO ,) gd;dpuz;L tpil:, 2. epiufth;jy; vd;gJ ------------- m) fue;ij M) ntl;rp ,) copiQ tpil:M 3. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ ------------- m) tQ;rpj;jpiz M) fhQ;rpj;jpiz ,)thifj;jpiz tpil:m 4. ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ ----------- $WtJ. m)Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs; M)Nghhpd; jd;ikfs; ,)ngz; kfspd; xOfyhWfs; tpil:m 5. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ -------------- m) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz M) iff;fpis ,)ngUe;jpiz tpil:M 6. jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghhpLtJ ----------- MFk;. m) nehr;rp M) Jk;ig ,) fhQ;rp tpil:m ,ay; xd;gJ - nra;As; gFjp fypj;njhif 215) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ey;ye;Jtdhh; rq;f fhyj;jth;. ,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; VJk; fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. ,th;> nea;jy; fypapy; Kg;gj;J %d;W ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. fypj;njhifiaj; njhFj;jtUk; ,tNu vd;gh;. 216) E}w;Fwpg;G:- vl;Lj; njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. vl;Lj; njhifAs; xd;whd fypj;njhif fypg;ghf;fshy; mike;jJ. ,J ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,irNahL ghLtjw;Nfw;wJ. fypj;njhifapy; flTs; tho;j;ijAk; Nrh;e;J E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd. fypj;njhif FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk; Ik;ngUk; gphpTfis cilaJ. fypg;gh Js;sy; Xiriaf; nfhz;lJ. ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s gFjp> new;jw;fypahFk;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;. ,g;ghly;fisg; gbf;Fk;nghOJ> fUj;jhoKk; Xirapd;gKk; ek; cs;sj;jpidf; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;. vdNt ,jidj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; 'fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp” vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;. 217) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fypj;njhif-------- E}y;fspy; xd;W. 1.gj;Jg;ghl;L 2.vl;Lj;njhif 3.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F tpil:2 M) nea;jy; fypiag; ghbath; --------- 1.Xuk;Nghfpahh; 2.fgpyh; 3.ey;ye;Jtdhh; tpil:3 ,) 'Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;” vd;gJ ----------- vdg;gLk;. 1.nghiw 2.Kiw 3.epiw tpil:1 218) nghUj;Jf:- 1. gz;G - m) $wpaJ kwh mik 2. md;G - M) Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy; 3. mwpT - ,) jd;fpis nrwh mik 4. nrwpT - <) ghlwpe;J xOfy; tpilfs;: 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ee;jpkd;dd; tPuk; 219) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-


jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfj;Jf;F ,e;E}iy toq;fpathpd; ngaUk; CUk; mwpag; ngwtpy;iy. 220) E}w; Fwpg;G:- ee;jpth;kdpd; ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk; E}yhfh ,J jpfo;fpwJ. gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;w fyk;gfk; Mjypd;> ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fyk;gf E}y;fspy; ,JNt Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;. fyk;gfk; vd;gJ> njhz;Z}w;whW tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. gytifg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg; gytifg; ghly;fisf; fye;J ,aw;wg;ngWk; E}y; fyk;gfk; vdg;gLk;. fyk; + gfk; = fyk;gfk;. fyk; - gd;dpuz;L: gfk; - MW. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhy; (GatFg;G> mk;khid> fhh;> Cry;> ,uq;fy;> kwk;> jio> jtk;> rpj;J> ghz;> iff;fpis> J}J> tz;L> Fwk;> fhyk;> khjq;fp> fpsp> rk;gpujk;) fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ngah; te;jJ vdTk; $Wth;. 221) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- 1) fyk;gfk; ----------- tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. m) njhz;Z}w;whW M) gjpndl;L ,) gj;J tpil:m 2) giz vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; --------------- m) muR M) My; ,) %q;fpy; tpil:, ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; 222) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- Nfus khepyj;jpYs;s jpUtQ;irf; fsj;jpy; gpwe;jth; FyNrfu Mo;thh;. ,uhkgpuhdplk; gj;jp kpFjpahf tha;f;fg; ngw;w fhuzj;jhy;> ,th; FyNrfug; ngUkhs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSs; xUth;. ,th; mUspa ngUkhs; jpUnkhop> ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; xd;W. ,jpy; E}w;iwe;J ghRuq;fs; cs;sd. ,th; tlnkhop> njd;nkhop ,uz;bYk; ty;yth;. FyNrfuh; jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopiaAk;> tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. FyNrfuh;> jpUtuq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ kjpiyf; fl;bajhy; mjw;Ff; FyNrfud; tPjp vd;Dk; ngah; ,d;Wk; toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk; E}w;whz;L. 223) E}w;Fwpg;G:- jkpofj;jpd; gok;ngUk; rkaq;fSs; xd;W itztk;.itztk; jpUkhiy KO Kjw; flTsha;f; nfhz;L Nghw;Wk; gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs; ghbaUspa NjdpDk; ,dpa jPe;jkpo;g; gDty; ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;. ek; ghlg;gFjp FyNrfu Mo;thh; ghba ngUkhs; jpUnkhopapd; Kjyhapuj;jpy; cs;sJ. 224) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- m) jhh; Nte;jd; Nfhy; Nehf;fp thOk; ------------- Nghd;wpUe;NjNd Fb M) ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; ------------- FyNrfuh; ghbajhFk;. jpUtha;nkhop 225) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) ngUkhs; jpUnkhopfspy; ------------- ghRuq;fs; cs;sd. E}w;iwe;J M) FyNrfuho;thh; ghly; ------------- njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. Nghpa jpUnkhop

உனைநனட jpUtUl; gpufhr ts;syhh; 226) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fg;ghij mikj;j ts;syhh; ahh;? ,uhkypq;f mbfs; 227) ve;j E}w;whz;ilj; jkpopd; kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; vd mwpQh; Nghw;Wth;? gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;il 228) mf;fhyj;Nj Gyth; ngUkf;fshYk; r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jr; nrk;ky;fshYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; ngUQ; rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wth; ahh;? ts;syhh; 229) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j khtl;lk;> ve;j tl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;? flY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s kUJ}hpy; 230) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;? 05.10.1823 231) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ik 232) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jdhtJ kfd;? Ie;jhtJ kfd; 233) Mya me;jzh; ,uhkypq;fiu vt;thW ghuhl;bdhh;? ,iwaUs; ngw;w jpUf;Foe;ij 234) ,uhkypq;fh; je;ij vg;NghJ kiwe;jhh;? ,uhkypq;fh; gpwe;j MwhtJ jpq;fspy; 235) ,uhkypq;fUf;F Ie;J tajpy; fy;tp fw;g;gpj;j Mrphpah; ahh;? rghgjpaplk; 236) xd;gJ tajpNyNa ,uhkypq;fh; vjpy; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhh;? ghly; GidAk; jpwd; 237) jpfk;gu rhkpahh; ,uhkypq;fh; nrd;wNghJ vt;thW $wpdhh;? ',Njh Xh; cj;jk kdpjh; Nghfpwhh;' 238) jUkkpF nrd;idapYs;s fe;j Nfhl;lj;J ,iwtid tzq;fp kd KUfg;ghb kfpo;e;jth; ahh;? ,uhkypq;fh; 239) ,uhkypq;fh; ghlypd; njhFg;Ng? nja;t kzpkhiy 240) ,uhkypq;fh; -------------- vd;Dk; E}iyAk; jpUnthw;wpa+h;r; rptngUkhd; kPJ> -------------- vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ghbdhh;. tbTil khzpf;fkhiy> vOj;jwpAk;ngUkhd; khiy


241) ,uhkypq;fh; ghly;fs; vt;tif ahJ? ,dpaghly;fs;> fy;yhh;f;Fk; vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; fUj;Jepiw ghly;fs; 242) vij tpUk;gpa ts;sw; ngUkhd;. xUik tho;T> xUikauR> xUikAyfk; 243) MZk; ngz;Zk; rknkd;W ciuj;jth; ahh;? ,uhkypq;fh; 244) rq;ffhyj;jpy; xU Ky;iyf; nfhbapd; Jah; ePf;f> ve;j ts;sy; jd; NjiuNa <e;jhh;- ghhp 245) ghhp ts;siyg;Nghy ts;syhh; $wpaJ vd;d?'thba gapiuf; fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;' 246) ts;sw;ngUkhd; tlY}hpy; ----------epWtpr;rhjp> kj NtWghbd;wpg; grpj;Njhh;f;nfy;yhk; cztpl;lhh;. rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy 247) ts;syhh; vt;thW tho Ntz;L nkd;Wk; kd;gijf;F czh;j;jpdhh;. kdpjNeaj;Jld; 248) 'caphpuf;fNk Nghpd;g tPl;bd; jpwTNfhy;' vd;W $wpath; ahh;? ts;syhh; 249) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;jpid ve;j Chpy; epWtpdh;? tlY}hpy; 250) ,uhkypq;fh; mUspa ghly;fs; vt;thW epiwe;jit? mUl;fUiz 251) ,uhkypq;fh; MWnjhFjpfs; nfhz;l ghly;fis vt;thW kf;fs; Nghw;Wfpd;wd?jpUtUl;gh 252) ghujpahh; ,uhkypq;fiu vt;thW Nghw;wpdhh;. 'GJnewpfz;l Gyth;” 253) ts;syhh; ----------- kpf;fth;. nkhopg;gw;W 254) mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; ve;j Mz;L ijg;g+rj; jpUehsd;W ,wthepiy va;jpdhh;? 1874 255) epug;Gf:- m) ,uhkypq;fh; jkpo;nkhopNa------------ jUk; vd;W fUjpdhh;? ,wthjepiy 256) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;J vOJf:- m) “cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw; fhpatd;" vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; - nghpaGuhzk; M) ts;syhhpd; ,aw;ngah; -------- ,uhkypq;fh; 257) ts;syhhpd; gd;Kf Mw;wy;fs;:- 1. rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsh; 2. Nghjfhrphpah; 3. ciuahrphpah; 4. rpj;jkUj;Jth; 5. grpg;gpzp Nghf;fpa mUshsh; 6. gjpg;ghrphpah; 7. E}yhrphpah; 8. ,johrphpah; 9. ,iwad;gh; 10. Qhdhrphpah; 11. mUshrphpah; 258) ts;syhh; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;: 1. rpd;ka jPgpif 2. xoptpnyhLf;fk; 3. njhz;l kz;ly rjfk; 259) ,aw;wpa உனைநனட E}y;fs;: 1. kDKiw fz;l thrfk; 2. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk; jpUtUl;gh (MW jpUKiwfs;) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; (Jizg;ghlk;) 260) E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpy; gpwe;J> khngUk; khw; wq;fs; epfo;tjw;F tpj;jpl;lth; ahh;? fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jp jhrg; gz;bjh; 261) fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jp jhrg; gz;bjh; kf;fs; vy;yhUk; vt;thW Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Js;sdh;? njhd;dpe;jpar; r%fr; rPh;j;jpUj; jj;jpd; je;ij 262) ,tuJ ew;fUj;Jfs; ve;j ehLfspy; gRkuj; jhzpaha;g; gjpe;Js;sd. jkpofk;> ik#h;> Me;jpuk;> jpUtpjhq;$h;> gh;kh> kNyrpah> M];jpNuypah> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh> ,yq;if. 263) nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;fpy; cs;s kf;fpkh efhpy mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; gpwe;jhh;?; 264) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j Mz;L> ehs; gpwe;jhh;? 1845 Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk; ehs;. 265) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; je;ij ngah;. fe;jrhkp 266) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;l ngah; vd;d? fhj;jtuhad; 267) gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W fy;tp fw;Fk; NghJ mth; gpQ;R neQ;rpy; eQ;rha; ve;j nfhLik ,wq;fpaJ? jPz;lhikf; nfhLik 268) tP.mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; vd;gthplk; ahh; fy;tp fw;wth;- fhj;jtuhad; 269) fhj;jtuhad; vij gapd;whh;? rpj;j kUj;Jtk; 270) fhj;jtuhad; gilj;j ftpijiag; gpw;fhyj;jpy;> jhk; njhlq;fpa ve;j ,jopy; ntspapl;lhh;. xU igrhj; jkpod; 271) fhj;jtuhad; ,aw;ngaiu tpLj;J ahUila ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;? Mrphpah; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; 272) fhj;jtuhad; ePyfphp kiyg; gFjpapy; thOk; Njhlh; ,dg; gphptpy; fyg;G jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;; 273) vj;jid Mz;Lfs; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ,uq;$d; nrd;W tho;e;jhh;. gj;J Mz;Lfs; 274) mNahj;jpjhrh; ve;j kjf; fUj;Jfis Mo;e;J fw;wth;? ,e;Jkjk; 275) Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuj;jth; ahh;? mNahj;jpjhrh; 276) mNahj;jpjhrh; gpwe;j kfd; --------- ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;? gl;lhgpuhkd;> khjtuhk;> rhdfpuhkd;> ,uhrhuhk; 277) mNahj;jpjhrhpAla kfSf;F vd;dngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;. mk;gpfhNjtp / khahNjtp 278) rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ifNjh;e;jjhy;> mNahj;jp jhriu kUj;Jth; vd;Wk; gz;bjh; vd;Wk;miof;fg; ngw;whh;


279) jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;f mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l #oypy; ve;j rig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;? gpuk;k Qhdrig 280) nrd;idapy; Kf;fpakhd Ie;J ,lq;fspy; My;fhl; (1832 - 1907) gQ;rkh; gs;spfs vdj; jypj;JfSf;F ,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhh;? 281) xU igrhj;jkpod; vd;w ,jo; ve;j Mz;L Kjy; nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; ,Ue;J Gjd; NjhWk; ehd;F gf;fq;fSld; ntspte;jJ. 19.06.1907 282) kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapd;gb> vs; nrbapd; tpijapypUe;J nea; fz;L gpbj;j jpUehNs jPghtsp vd;W GjpaNjhh; tpsf;fk; je;jth; ahh;? mNahj;jpjhrh; gz;bjh; 283) ve;j ehl;by; ,d;Wk; Efh;nghUs; fz;Lgpbg;Gj; jpUehshfj;jhd; jPghtspiaf; nfhz;lhLfpwhh;fs;? rg;ghd; ehl;by; 284) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j E}iy ,Ugj;njl;Lf; fhijfs; nfhz;l ngU E}yhf vOjpdhh;? Gj;juJ MjpNtjk; 285) Gj;juJ MjpNtjjk; rhd;whf Kjypa E}y;fisj; Jiz E}y;fshff; nfhz;lhh;? ngUq;FwtQ;rp> tPuNrhopak;> ed;D}y; tpsf;fk;> ehadhh; jphpFws;> rpj;jh; ghly;fs;> ituhf;fpa rjfk;> kr;r Kdpth; Qhdk;. 286) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j nkhopfis JizAld; vOjpAs;shh;. MjpNtjj;ijg; ghyp> Mq;fpyk; 287) tPukhKdptiug; Nghy; vOj;Jr; rPh;j;jpUj;jKk; nra;Js;sth; ahh;? mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; 288) ew;rhd;Nwhh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs; nghd;Dly; ePj;Jg; GfOlk;G va;jpdhh;? 1914 Nk khjk; Ie;jhk; ehs; ,yf;fzk; gh tiffs; 289) gh vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit? gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh 290) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;? 1. <w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;. 2. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu tUk;. 291) ntz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. Fws; ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh> g/nwhil ntz;gh> Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vd;gd 292) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; tUtJ (Fws; - ,uz;lb) Fws; ntz;gh 293) Kjy; ,uz;lb> xU tpfw;gkhAk;> filrp ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> ehd;fbfSk; xU tpfw;gkhAk; tUtJ vJ? Nehpir ntz;gh 294) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W Ie;jb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu ngw;W tUtJ? g/nwhil ntz;gh 295) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; %d;wbfsha; tUtJ? Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 296) ntz;ghtpd; %d;wb nfhz;ljha;j; jdpr; nrhy;ypd;wp xU tpfw;gj; jhDk; gy tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ? ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 297) Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;? Mit ahit? Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh> ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh> epiy kz;by Mrphpag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh 298) <w;wayb %r;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ? Nehpir Mrphpag;gh 299) KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh; mbfshfTk;> ,ilapy; cs;s mbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb) mbfshAk; Kr;rPh; (rPe;jb) mbfshAk; tUtJ? ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh 300) vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; mbfsha; tUtJ. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh 301) vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ? mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh 302) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- 1) ntz;ghtpd; xir ------------- MFk;. nrg;gNyhir 2) Mrphpag;ghtpd; NtW ngah; ------------- MFk;. mftw;gh 3) Mrphpag;ghtpd; Xir ------------- MFk;. mftNyhir 303) rPh; mir tha;g;ghL 1 ,y;/yh/iu Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha; 2 vy; /yh/Uk; Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha; 3 vs; /Sth; Neh;epiu $tpsk; 4 nry; /tiu Neh;epiu $tpsk; 5 vy; /yh/UQ; Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha; 6 nra; /th; Neh;Neh; Njkh 7 rpwg; /G epiuNeh; epiuG gpwg;G nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp: 304) kuGr;nrhw;fs;:- xypkuG MLfj;Jk; Me;ij myWk; vUJ vf;fhskpLk; fhfk; fiuAk; eha; Fiuj;jJ fpsp NgRk; Fjpiu fidf;Fk; Fapy; $Tk; Fuq;F myg;Gk; $if FoWk; rpq;fk; Koq;Fk; Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk; ehp CisapLk; Nrty; $Tk; Gyp cWKk; Gwh FDFk; G+id rPWk; kapy; mfTk; ahid gpspWk; tz;L FuYk; vyp fPr;rpLk; 305) tpid kuG:- mk;G va;jhh; jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd; Mil nea;jhh; ghy; gUfpdhs; ckp fUf;fpdhs; g+g; gwpj;jhs; Xtpak; Gide;jhd; kuk; ntl;bdhd; $il Kile;jhh;


khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd; Rth; vOg;gpdhd; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd; nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd; NrhW cz;lhd; 306) gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh; 2. mjpfhhp - mYtyh; 3. mjpgh; - jiyth; 4. me;epah; - mayhh; 5. mgpN\fk; - ePuhl;L 6. mg+h;tk; - GJik 7. myq;fhuk; - xg;gid 8. mDkjp - ,irT 9. Mgj;J - ,lh; 10. Muhjid – topghL 11. MrPh;thjk; - tho;j;J 12. ,yQ;rk; - ifa+l;L 13. ,yhgk; - tUtha; 14. cj;juT – Miz 15. cj;jpNahfk;- gzp 16. cgNahfk; - gad; 17. fpuhkk; - rpw;W}h; 18. Fkhud; - kfd; 19. rhtp - jpwTNfhy; 20. e\;lk; - ,og;G 21. eh\;lh - rpw;Wz;b 22. ghf;fp – epYit 23. f[hdh - fUt+yk; 24. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay; 25. [dq;fs; - kf;fs; 26. epGzh; - ty;Yeh; 27. M];gply; - kUj;Jtkid 28. B ];lhy; - NjePh;f;fil 29. g]; ];lhz;l;- NgUe;J epiyak; 30. Ngh];l; MgP];- mQ;ryfk; 307) Fwpg;G:- rpyp ehl;by; xU Ruq;fk;. mJ g+kpf;fbapy; <uhapuk; mb Mok; cilaJ. jhkpuKk; jq;fKk; vLg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l Ruq;fk;. 308) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis mwpf:- 1. Manners Make the Man xOf;fk; cah;T jUk; 2. All is well that ends well ey;y njhlf;fk; ey;y Kbitj; jUk;. 3. Misfortunes never come single. gl;lfhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNa nfLk;. 4. Do well what you have to do nra;td jpUe;jr;nra;. 5. Every tide has its ebb Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fk; cz;L. ,ay; gj;J - nra;As; epw;f Neukpy;iy 309) rPf;fpuk; nry;Yf Neh;topapy; - vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? rhiy. ,se;jpiuad; 310) nrhw;nghUs;:- m) nrj;ij - Fg;ig $sk; M) ,isg;ghWjy; - Xa;ntLj;jy; 311) gphpj;jwpjy;:- m) fz;zpuz;L - fz; + ,uz;L M) XhpuT - Xh; + ,uT 312) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- rhiy. ,se;jpiuadpd; ngw;Nwhh; ,uhikah> md;dyl;Rkp. ,th; gpwe;j Ch; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s rhiyeapdhh; gs;spthry;. jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j; Jiw jiytuhdhh;. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rpf; fofk;> ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpohrphpah; kd;wk;> jpy;ypj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh; rq;fk;> cyfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L ,af;fk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdth; rhiy.,se;jpiuad;. 1991 ,y; jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;whh;. jk; tho;ehs; KOtJk; jkpopd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw; fhd gilg;Gfis toq;fp vOr;rpa+l;bdhh;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 06.09.1930 - 04.10.1998 313) E}w;Fwpg;G:- ghlg;gFjpapy; te;Js;s ftpij> 'g+j;jJ khDlk;” vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. rhiyahpd; gilg;Gfshd 'Gul;rp Kof;fk;” 'ciutPr;R” Mfpa E}y;fs; jkpof murpd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpRfs; ngw;Ws;sd.

உனைநனட - gy;Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gfs; 314) 'tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph;” vd;gJ? FWe;njhif 315) 'Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^c Nthby;iy” vd;gJ? njhy;fhg;gpak; 316) ngz;fs; ----------- nry;yf; $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdh;. fly; fle;J 317) ehs;NjhWk; ----------- cUthfpd;wd. GJg;GJj; Jiwfs; 318) gzptha;g;Gf;F chpa fy;tpj; jFjpfis gythfg; gFf;fyhk; fPo;fhz;Nghk;. njhopw;fy;tp> njhopy; El;gf;fy;tp> fiy mwptpay; fy;tp> rpWnjhopy; fy;tp 319) njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfs; ahit? kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik> rl;lk; 320) Nkdpiyf;fy;tpapy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fspd; gapw;rp? ,ilepiyahrphpah; gapw;rp> nrtpypah; gapw;rp> $l;LwTg; gapw;rp %yk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;. 321) jkpo; topapy; gapYk; khzth; fSf;F muRg; gzpfspy; vt;tsT tpOf;fhL xJf;fpj; jkpof muR Miz ntspapl;Ls;sJ? ,UgJ tpOf;fhL 322) gl;lk; ngw;wth;fs; ve;j Jiwfs; elj;Jk; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfspy; fye;J nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;Wg; gy;NtW Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;? jkpo;ehL muRj; Njh;thizak;> eLtzuRj; Njh;thizak;> tq;fpj;Jiw> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; Jiw> njhlh; tz;bj;Jiw. 323) muRg;gzpf;fhff; fhj;jpuhky; mtuth; ------------- njhopy; njhlq;fpg; gyUk; Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngUf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ra njhopy; 324) Ranjhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;F vd;d cjtpfs; muR mspf;fpwJ? topfhl;Ljy;> gapw;rpfs;> flDjtpfs; 325) ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiwapy; Nru Kjypy; ----------- Njh;T eilngWk;? clw;$W 326) clk;ig tsh;j;Njd;: caph;tsh;j;Njd - jpU%yh; thf;F 327) ve;j gzpfSf;Fk; clw;$W jFjpAilath;fs; kl;LNk Nru ,aYk;? Xl;Leh;> elj;Jeh; 328) 'tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk;' vd;Dk; ghlypd; Mrphpah; -jhuhghujp


329) ngUk;ghyhd gzpfSf;F mbg;gilj; jFjp vJ? gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G Jizg;ghlk; - E}yfk; 330) goq;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jkJ vz;zq; fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; ntspg; gLj;Jtjw;Ff; ve;j gytifg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;? fw;ghiwfs;> fspkz; gyiffs;> kug;gl;ilfs;> Njhy;fs;> Jzpfs;>gid Xiyfs; 331) gid Xiyfisg; gjg;gLj;jp -------------- Xiyr; Rtbfshf;fpdh;. vOjj;jf;f 332) cyf ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; epfo;e;j xU khngUk; Gul;rp -------- fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fhfpjk; 333) cyfehLfs; midj;jpYk; fle;j rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf --------------> --- ---------- fhfpjq;fisNa gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;? vOjTk;> mr;rplTk; 334) gz;ilaf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpT ngw;Nwhhpd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsthf ,Ue;jJ? FiwthfNt 335) muz;kidfspYk; khspiffspYk; klq;FfspYk; Nfhtpy;fspYk; gbf;Fk; Nehf;fpd;wpg; ngUik Nrh;f;Fk; Nehf;NfhL vij mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd? E}y;fs; 336) fy;tp vjid gfph;e;J nfhs;sj; J}z;baJ? kf;fisj; jj;jk; vz;zq;fisAk;> tpise;j mwpitAk;. 337) E}y; nghJ E}yfj;jpy; itf;fg; gl;lhy; ----------- mJ gyh;f;Fk; gad;gLk;. gad;kuk; cs;Sh;g; gOj;jijg; Nghd;W 338) ,e;jpah cs;gl cyfehLfs; midj;jpYk; kf;fSf;fhd vd;d jpwf;fg;gl;ld? nghJ E}yfq;fs; 339) E}yfj;jpd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;? Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;> Rtbr;rhiy> thrfrhiy> gbg;gfk;> E}y; epiyak;> gz;lhuk;. 340) E}yfk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahf Mq;fpy nrhy; jUf? 'iyg;uhp' 341) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; 'ypg;uh' vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fg; vd;d ngah;? Gj;jfk; 342) m) xU kdpjd; Mz;Lf;F 2000 gf;fq;fshtJ gbj;jhy; jhd; md;whl cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;j kdpjdhff; (Informative Man) fUjg;gLthd; vd 'And]; Nfh” $wpAs;sJ. M) fphP]; efu muRfNs Kjd; Kjyhf kf;fSf;fhd E}y; epiyaq;fis mikj;jd. ,) ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s E}yfq; fspy; fy;fj;jh Njrpa E}yfk; Kjd;ik ahdJ. ,jpy;> gj;J ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; cs;sd. 343) E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F mwpT gho; vd;Dk; GJ nkhopAk; cz;ikia tpsk;GfpwJ vd;gjid mwpQh; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;? 344) ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kiwahfj; jkpof muR jhd; ve;j Mz;L nrd;idg; nghJ E}yfr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ? 1948 345) gs;sp vd;gJ ghlE}y;fisf nfhz;L mwpit tpijf;Fk; fsk;.; 346) E}yfNk mwpit tsh;j;Jr; nrOikg; gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU fskhFk;? 347) gs;spapy; khzth;fs; Xhplk;> E}yfk; Ntwplk; vd;w epiyia khw;w> ek; gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw ve;j tFg;giw E}yfj; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ? 'Gj;jfg; g+q;nfhj;J” 348) NtW rpy tbtq;fspYk; E}y;fs; cUkhw;wk; ngw;W E}yfg; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd? ,izaj;js E}yfk;> FWtl;Lfs;> kpd;dZ xsptl;L> Ez; RUs; 349) E}yfj;jpy; cs;s E}y;fisf; fpopahkYk;> rpijTwhkYk ghJfhj;jy; ekJ flikahFk;.; 350)m) ghgpNyhdpahtpy; cs;s epg;g+h; vd;w Chpy; fp.K.2000 Mz;bw;FKe;ija Rkhh; 2500 fspkz; gyiffspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;j E}y;fspd; njhFg;G fz;nlLf;fg; gl;lJ. M) E}yfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhd tpjpfis cUthf;fpj; je;j rPh;fhop rP.,uh.muq;fehjd; ,e;jpa E}yfj; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhh;. 351) jkpofj;jpYs;s kpfg; goikahd E}yfq;fs;. 1. ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;> jQ;ir. (1820) 2. murpdh; fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfk; nrd;id. 3. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;> nrd;id (1869) 4. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof E}yfk; (1907) 5. mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk;. rpjk;guk;(1929) 6. lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}yfk;> nrd;id (1947) 7. kiwkiy mbfshh; E}yfk;> nrd;id (1958) 8. kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; (1966) 9. cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;> nrd;id (1970) 10. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; (1981) ,yf;fzk; mzp 352) mzp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F vd;d nghUs;? moF 353) xU ghliyr; nrhy;yhYk; nghUshYk; moF ngwr; nra;tJ vJ? mzp 354) ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ> ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ.jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wmzp 355) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpia gphpj;njOJf: jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; + mzp 356) Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp vdg;gLk;. 357) xU nrhy; ,U nghUs;gl mike;J tUtJ ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; 358) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzpia vt;thW toq;Fth;? rpNyil


359) rpNyil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? rpNyil ,Utifg;gLk; nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil gphpnkhopr;rpNyil 360) xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; gphpT glhky; epd;W> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUis jUtJ. nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil 361) xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> mJNt gphpe;J epd;W NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhW mikj;Jg;ghLtJ. gphpnkhopr;rpNyil 362) nghUs;:- m) nra; - tay;> tPL M) gyif - gy tiffs; ,) jhs; - Kaw;rp <) Ja;a - jq;f> mofhd 363) gpd;tU epiyazp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gpd;tUepiyazp %tifg;gLk;. mit:- 1)nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp 2)nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp 3)nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp 364) nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;jnrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ. nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp 365) nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs; jUk; gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ. nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp 366) Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp 367) ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ ----------- MFk;. gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp 368) B.A.,- Bachelor of Arts - ,sq;fiy M.A.,- Master of Arts - KJfiy B.SC., - Bachelor of science -,sk; mwptpay; M.SC., - Master of science - KJ mwptpay; B.COM., - Bachelor of commerce- ,sk; tzpftpay; M.COM., - Master of commerce -KJ tzpftpay; B.Lit., - Bachelor of literature - ,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; B.Ed., - Bachelor of Education- ,sk; fy;tpapay; M.Ed., - Master of Education -KJ fy;tpapay; Ph.D., - Doctor of philosophy - Kidth; I.A.S.,- Indian Administrative service - ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp I.P.S. - Indian police service - ,e;jpaf; fhty;gzp I.F.S., - Indian forest service -,e;jpa tdg;gzp I.R.S., - Indian Revenue service - ,e;jpa tUtha;g;gzp B.E.,- Bachelor of Enginering -,sk; nghwpapay; M.E.,- Master of Enginering -KJ nghwpapay; B.Tech - Bachelor of Techology - ,sk; njhopy; El;gtpay; M.Tech - Master of Technology - KJ njhopy; El;gtpay; M.Phil., - Master of Philosophy - Ma;tpay; epiwQh; C.A.,- Chartered Accountant - fzf;fhah; nkhopahf;fk; 369) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis vOJf:- 1. small rudders guide great ships rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;. 2. you must walk before run rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gL

3. Distance lends enchantment to the view ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir

4. Measure is a treasure msTf;F kPwpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R 5. Make hay while the sun shines fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;

11 Mk; tFg;G (jkpo;) உரைநரடg; gFjp 1. fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; - kiwkiyabfs; tpsf;fk;:- nts;sj;jhy; mopahjjha; nte;joyhy; Ntfhjjha; murHfshYq; ifg;gw;wg;glh jjha;f; nfhLf;f nfhLf;f Fiwahjjha;f; fs;tHfSf;F mQ;r Ntz;LtJ ,y;yhjjha; ekJ mwptpDs;Ns ,Uj;jyhw; fy;tpg; nghUisg; ngWtjw;F kpfTk; Kaw;rpAilatHfsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpNa mopah nry;tk; vd;gjid kiwkiy mbfshh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte; joyhy; NtfhJ Nte;j uhYq; nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahJ nfhLj;jhYk; 2. nja;tr; rpjk;guj; Njth cd; rpj;je; jpUk;gp tpl;lhw; ngha; itj;j nrhg;gdkhk; kd;dH tho;Tk; GtpA nkq;Nf nka; itj;j nry;tnkq;Nf kz;l yPfHjk; Nkil naq;Nf if itj;j ehlf rhiy naq;NfapJ fz; kaf;Nf - ,e;jg; ghliy mUspr; nra;jtH gl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahh; 3) fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig vLj;J ciuj;jtHfs;? xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;> jpUts;StH


4) 'Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tpnahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait' vd;W $wpatH ahh;? jpUts;StH 5) “kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;ndhDQ; rPHJhf;fpd; kd;ddpw; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilad; - kd;dDf;Fj; jd;Nwr ky;yhw; rpwg;gpy;iy fw;NwhHf;Fr; nrd;wtpl nky;yhQ; rpwg;G" vd;W ghbatH ahh;? xsitg; gpuhl;bahh; 6) 'tpyf;nfhL kf;fs; midaH ,yq;F Ehy; fw;whNuh Nlid atH” fz;Zila nud;gH fw;Nwhh; Kfj;jpuz;L Gz;ZilaH fy;yh jtH vd;W jpUtha; kyh;e;jUspath; ahh;? jpUts;St ehadhh; 7) Kw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;kzpfs; ahtH? xsitahh;> g+jg; ghz;bad; kidtp> ngUe; Njtpahh;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikaH> kq;ifah;f; furpahh; 8) ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;shh;fs; vd;gJ ahh; $w;W %yk; njhpa te;Js;sJ?fk;gH 9) ngUj;j lq;fl; gpiwWjyhh;f; nfyhk; nghUe;J nry;tKq; fy;tpAk; g+j;jyhy; tUe;jp te;jtHf; fPjYk; itfYk; tpUe;J kd;wp tpistd ahitNa vd;W $wpath;? fk;gH 10) mopah nry;tk; vJ ---fy;tp 11) mopahr; nry;tkhfpa fy;tpia ehk; vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ KiwahFk; vd;gij vjd; %yk;mwpayhk;. “fw;wwpthh; fz;lJ mlf;fk; mlq;fhjhh; nghr;rhe;Je; jk;ik Gfo;e;Jiug; ghh;" 2. tPur;Rit:- e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; 12) Rit vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;Yk;> u]k; vd;Dk; tlnrhy;Yk; xNu nghUs; cilad. 13) ehtpdhy; czug;gLk; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW tifg;gLk; 14) nrtpahy; Efug;gLgit vit? Fz> myq;fhuq;fshfpa nrhw; Ritfs; 15) nghUl; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;? xd;gJ tifg;gLk; 16) vJ mg;nghONj mfd;W tpLk;? ehthw; Ritj;J cz;lit 17) vg;nghOJ epiyngw;W ,d;gk; gag;gJ vJ? nrtpahw; Ritj;jJ 18) xd;gJ tifahd nghUl;Ritia $W: eif>mtyk;>,opg;G>tpag;G> mr;rk;>tPuk;> ntFsp>ctif> rkdpiy vd;gd 19) tpopahYk;> RitahYk; Efug; gLitfs; vit? nghUl; Ritfs; 20) xd;gJ RitAs; rkdpiyahtJ vJ? rhe;jk; 21) rhe;jk; vd;gJ ahJ? Ik;nghwpAk; mlq;fg; ngw;Wg; gpwH itapDk;> tho;j;jpDk; thshw; NghopYk;> jhspy; tzq;fpDk;> kde;jhpahJ mtw;iwr; rkkhff; nfhz;L epw;Fk; epiyikNa rhe;jk; vdg;gLk;. 22) Rit vd;gJ nka;ghL vd;W $wg;gLk;. 23) njhy;fhg;gpaH tPuk; vd;gjid ngUkpjk; vd;DQ; nrhy;yhw; Fwpf;fpd;wdh;? 24) ve;j nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg; gLfpwJ? ahtnuhLk; xg;g epy;yhJ Nkk;gl;L epw;wypd; ngUkpjk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 25) ngUkpjk; gpwf;Fk; ehd;F nray;fs; ahit? fy;tp> jWfz;> ,ir> nfhil 26) nfhil tPuj;ijAk;> gil tPuj;ijAk; vLj;J fhl;Lk; ghl;L nky;y te;njd; ey;yb nghUe;jp <nad ,uf;Ft uhapd;> rPUil KuRnfO jhaj;J muNrh jQ;rk; ,d;Dap uhapDk; nfhLf;Fntd;. vd;W eyq;fps;sp vd;w Nrho kd;dd; giftUld; Nghh; njhlq;F Kd; $Wjy;. 27) ghhpapd; MUapH ez;gH ahh;? fgpyH 28) gwk;ehL vj;jid CHfis cilaJ? Ke;EhW CHfis cilaJ 29) Ke;EhW CHfisAk; ahh; ngw;wdh;? ghprpyH ngw;Wtpl;ldH 30) cyfj;J NtW vk;nkhopapYk; fhzg;glhjJ vJ? nghUspyf;fzk; 31) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid gphpTfis cilaJ? ,U gphpTfis cilaJ. 1. mfg; nghUs;> 2. Gwg; nghUs; 32) mt;tpU tif ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq; fshYk; czHj;jg;gLtd ahit? mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; cWjpg; nghUs;fSf;F VJthfpafhjnyhOf;fk;> tPunthOf;fk; 33) tPuUf;F vJ Njhy;tpahf mikAk;vd;W jpUts;StH $Wfpwhh;? giftiu ntFz;L Nehf;fpa fz; mth; Nty; nfhz;L vwpAkplj;J ,ikj;J tpLkhapDk; tPuh;f;F mJ Nt Njhy;tpahFk;. $w;Wld;W Nky;thpDk; $b najpH epw;Fk; Mw;wyJNt gil vd;fpwhh; ts;StH 34) thNshL tlf;fpUe;J capH ePj;jtd; ahh;? fhpfhyNdhL Nghh; Ghpe;j ngUQ; Nruyhjd; vd;Dk; Nru kd;dd; 35) jkpo; kf;fspd; ,izaw;w tPuTzh;r;rpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ve;j Ehypy; cs;sd? GwehDhW 36) gifth; Nkw; nra;Ak; tz;fz;ikiag; Nguhz;ik vd;W nrhy;tH. 37) Nguhz;ik nad;g jWfz; xd;Ww;wf; fhy; Cuhz;ik kw;wjd; v/F vd;w Fws; ,uhtzd; Nghhpy; Njhy;tpAw;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,uhkd; ,d;W Ngha; ehis tUtha; vd mUs; Ghpe;jdd; vd;Dk; nra;jpia fk;gehlhh; njhptpf;Fk; 3. fhsj;jpNtlDk; fq;if NtlDk;- uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is


38) ahuhy; NtlH Fyk; ngUikAw;wJ? fhsj;jp Ntld; fz;zg;gd; kw;Wk; fq;if Ntld; Ffd; 39) fhsj;jp Ntld; ahh;? fz;zg;gd; 40) fq;if Ntld; ahh;? Ffd; 41) Njthuj;jpYk;> jpUthrfj;jpYk; ahUila ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ? fz;zg;gd; 42) irt rkaj;ij epiy epWj;jpa ehy;tUf;Fk; Ke;jpatd; ahh;? fz;zg;gd; 43) fhsj;jp ehjid tzq;fpatH? jpUQhd rk;ge;jH 44) ve;j Ntlid fUthff; nfhz;L fq;if Ntldhfpa Ffid fk;gH tbj;Js;shh;? fhsj;jpNtlid 45) Nfhriy ehl;L ,sturd; ahh;? ,uhkd; 46) tlnkhop fhtpaj;jpy; ,uhkid fhz Ffd; tUtJ vt;thW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ? XH murd; kw;Nwhh; murid fhz tUfpd;w jd;ikapy; 47) fk;gH Ffid vt;thW mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;? Mz;ltidf; fhzr; nry;Yk; mbatdhf Ffd; Nfhyj;ijj; jpUj;jp mikj;Js;shh;. Njth epd;foy; Nrtpf;f te;jndd; ehtha; Ntl;Ltd; ehabNad; 48) Ffd; vLj;J nrd;w nghUs;? NjDk;> kPDk; 49) ,iwtdplk; gad; fUjh gf;jp g+z;ltHfs;? Ffd; kw;Wk; fz;zg;gd; 50) fq;if fiuapNy ,uhkid NrHe;jtd; ahh;? Ffd; 51) fp\;fpe;ijapy; ,uhkid NrHe;jtd; ahh;? Rf;hPtd; 52) ,yq;ifapy; ,uhkid NrHe;jtd; ahh;? tpgP\zd; 53) ifk;khW fUjhj md;gpd; ePHikia ed;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;batd; ahh;? Ffd; 54) tpgP\zd; ,uhkid mile;J vijg; ngw;whh;? ,yq;ifauirg; ngw;whh; 55) Rf;hPtd; ,uhkid mile;J vijg; ngw;whh;? fp\;fpe;ij 56) rPijf;fhf fhl;by; ,uhtzDld; Nghh; Ghpe;j fOfpd; Nte;jd; ahh;? rlhA 57) “jd;DapH Gfo;f;F tpw;w rlhA" vd;W nrhy;ypa nrhy;ypd; nry;td; ahh;? mDkhd; 58) gujid vjpHj;J Nghhpl;ltd; ahh;? Ffd; 59) Ffidg; NghyTk;> rlhA NghyTk; ,uhkDf;fhf caph; Jwf;fTk; ,aytpy;iy vd tUe;jpatd;? Rf;hPtd; 60) md;gHfSf;F fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf mike;jtHfs; ahh;? fhsj;jp NtlDk; fq;if NtlDk; 61) y - s- o xyp NtWghL myF - gwitapd; %f;F msF - ngz; kapy; moF - ftpd;> tdg;G> vopy; miy - fly; miy mis - Gw;W mio - $g;gpL ,iy - kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspd;,iy ,is - (cly;) ,isj;jy; ,io - Ehy; fiy - ftpd; fiyfs; fis - ePf;F> gapHfis fio - %q;fpy; jiy - xh; cWg;G jis - tpyq;F jio - jioj;jy; typ - typik> typj;jy; tsp - fhw;W top – ghij 4. Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; - nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; 62) Kb kf;fs; fijfs; ahit? tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fij kjdfhkuhrd; fij jpUtpisahly;fs; esd; fij mhpre;jpud; fij JhpNahjdd; fij ,uhkH fij 63) tlnkhopapd; 'Mjp fhtpak;' vd;W Gfog; ngWtJ? thd;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazNk 64) fpNuf;fHfs; goq;fhg;gpak; vd ghuhl;LtJ? N`hkH ghba ,ypal; vd;gijahFk; 65) nkdy]; vd;w murh; ngUkhdpd; mofpa kidtpapd; ngah? n`yd; 66) n`yid rpiw vLj;jtd; ahh;? ghhp]; vd;w ,ypa ehl;L ,sturd; 67) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; goq;fhg;gpak; vJ? tH[py; vd;w ghthzh; ghba <dpl; 68) <dpl; ahUila tuyhw;wpid $WfpwJ? <dpa]; vd;w murH ngUkhdpd; tuyhw;wpid 69) jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Kjyhf fhg;gpak; vdr; rpwg;Gwj; Njhd;wpaJ vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk; 70) Fbkf;fs; fijahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nfhtyd; Fbkf;fSs; xUtd; khjtp - guj;ijahpy; xUj;jp ,tHfSila rpf;fy; tho;f;ifNa rpyg;gjpfhur; rpj;jpuk; 71) Fbkf;fs; tuyhNw Mjp fhg;gpakhf ve;j ehl;by; mike;J tpsq;FfpwJ?jkpo; ehl;by; 72) rq;f fhyNk Gul;rpfhyk; MFk;. 73) Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; fhjy; tho;it fhl;LtJ? Gfhh; fhz;lk; 74) fztid ,oe;j fz;zfpNa mtyr; Ritapd; Moj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ?kJiuf; fhz;lk; 75) fz;zfpf;fhf vLj;j fy;ypid tlmurH jiy kPJ Vw;wp te;j nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ij ghLtJ? tQ;rp fhz;lk; 76) u - w- xyp NtWghL mhp - jpUkhy;> rpq;fk;> fha;fis mhp mwp - mwpe;J nfhs; myhp - myhpg;g+ mywp – mOJ ,uj;jy; - gpr;irnaLj;jy; ,wj;jy; - rhjy; cuT – typik cwT - Rw;wk; ciu - nrhy; ciw - jiyaiz ciw vhp – jP vwp – tPR fhp – ahid fwp - fha;fwp> kpsF Fuq;F - thduk; Fwq;F – njhil $iu - tPl;Lf; $iu $iw - Jzp rPhpa - rpwe;j rPwpa - rpde;j guit - fly; gwit - gwg;githfpa caphpdk;


kiu - khd;> jhkiu kiw - Ntjk; 77) fz;zfpf;fhf gj;jpdp Nfhl;ltd; vLj;jtd; ahh;? fathF kd;dd; 78) Kbkf;fs; tho;tpy; fhZk; rpwg;Gf;fs; vy;yhk; Fbkf;fs; tho;tpy; fz;lhy; fhg;gpak ,dpf;Fk;. 79) rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;MFk;. 5. Xa;T - NguwpQH mz;zh 80) ahUf;F Xa;T Neuk; Ntz;Lk;? ghLgLgtDf;F Xa;T Neuk; Ntz;Lk; 81) NtiyNa ,y;iy> ehnsy;yhk; thshtpUf;fpwhd;? Xa;T my;y mJ nfhLik 82) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ – Ntiy nra;ahky; thshtpUf;fpwhd; mjw;F Nrhk;gy vd;W ngah;. 83) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ - Ntiy nra;j mYg;gpdhy; Ntiy Neuk; Kbe;jJk; fl;il Nghy fPNo tpOfpwhd; Jhq;fp tpLfpwhd; mjw;Fg; ngaH - Nrhh;T 84) xU NtiyAk; nra;a Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,y;iy vg;NghJk; Rk;kh ,Uf;fpwhd;. mjw;Fg; ngaH? xa;ahuk; 85) Nuhk; ehl;ltH Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH? kw;Nghh;> thl;Nghh;> kpUfq;fSld; Nghhpl;L mitfis nty;tJ Mfpatw;iw Xa;thf fUjpdh; 86) fpNuf;fHfs; Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH? fhg;gpak; vd;w juk; ngw;w Gjpa ehlfq;fis fhz;gJ 87) ];ngapd; ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk;? Kul;Lf; fhisAld; NghhpLtJ 88) goe;jkpoH jkJ Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH? VWjOTjy;> kw;Nghh; 89) ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk; vt;thW nrytplg;gl;lJ? Nfhopr; rz;il> fubr; rz;il 90) vOr;rp juj;jf;f nghOJ Nghf;fhff; vij nfhz;Ls;sJ mnkhpf;fh? Fj;Jr; rz;ilf;fhf ngUk; gzk; nrytplg;gl;L tUfpwJ 91) mz;zh xU rPhpa rpe;jidahsH vd;gjid ve;j fl;Liu njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ? Xa;T 6. rkaq;fspd; nghJ ePjp - Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; 92) rkak; vd;gJ ahJ? kdpj cs;sq;fis ,d;g md;gpd; tpis epykhfj; jFjpg;gLj;jpg; gf;Ftg;gLj;Jk; jj;Jtj;jpw;F tho;f;if Kiwf;F rkak; vd;W ngah; 93) kdpj tho;f;ifia gf;Ftg; gLj;JtJ vjdpd; Nehf;fk;? rkaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; 94) rka epajp kw;Wk; ePjp vJ? xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; 95) ghrg; gopKjy; gwpg;ghh; Nghy vd;W $wpatH? Nrf;fpohh; 96) Jd;g Neha;f;F kUe;jhf miktJ? md;G 97) md;G tpijia tpijg; Ngdhf vd;Wk; kf;fs; vd;dplk; md;G nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd; ehd; mth;fsplk; md;G fhl;LNtd; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahh;? mh;r; /gpuhd;]p]; vd;w nghpahh; 98) KfkJ rhNfgpd; mUs; thf;F vJ? “gpwH md;G ghuhl;lhkYk; gpwH md;Gf;F ghj;jpukhfhkYk; ,Ug;gtdplk; ew;Fzq;fs; ,uh" 99) Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; ahJ? khe;jH Fyk; xd;Nw vd;gJk; mtHfs; midtUk; xU Fykhf thof; flikgl;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gNj Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; 100) rPd Njrj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Qhdp ahh;? fd;g+\Pa]; 101) cdf;Fg; gpbf;fhj xd;iw eP gpwUf;Fg; gpbf;Fnkd;W epide;J nra;ahNj vd;W $wpatH ahh;? fd;g+\Pa]; 102) ,tH tw;GWj;jpa ew;Fzq;fs; vj;jid? Ie;J 103) Rd;[P vd;gJ vj;jidahtJ ew;Fzk;? Ie;jhtJ 104) rpj;jhh;j;jiug; Gj;juhf;fpaJ vJ? md;Gjhd; 105) ,e;J Ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; goikahd Ntjk;? Hpf; Ntjk; 106) jkpo; kiw je;jth; jpU%yH 107) jpUke;jpuk; tFj;J ciuf;Fk; nra;jpfs; rka tho;f;if epajpfs; xOf;fq;fs; 108) jpU%yH vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; rka topg;gl;l flikfs; vj;jid? ehd;F 109) irt cyfj;jpd; nrQ;QhapW? mg;gubfs; 110) e> z> -d xyp NtWghL mzy; - jhb mdy; - neUg;G Mzp - ,Uk;ghy; Md Mzp Mdp - jkpo; khjk; Cz; - czT Cd; - ,iwr;rp fzk; - $l;lk; fdk; - ghuk; Ngz; - fhg;ghw;W Ngd; - jiyapy; thOk; Ngd; kzk; - eWkzk; kdk; - cs;sk; kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif kid – tPL khd; - Gs;spkhd; Ke;ehs; - %d;W ehs; Kd;dhs; - Ke;ija ehs; NjePH - Njapiy ePh; NjdPH - Njd; Nghy ,dpa ePH jpiz - xOf;fk;> epyk; jpid – jhdpatif fid - Fjpiu fidf;fpwJ fiz - mk;G 111) kuk; - kwk; kdpjHf;F chpaJ kwk; (tPuk;) md;Nwy; mtH kuk;! 112) Cd; - Cz; Cz; - caphpfspd; czT Cd; - caphpfspd; cly; gFjp 113) fy; - kiyapy; ,Ug;gJ fy ;fs; - gidapy; ,Ug;gJ fs; 114) guit - gue;J ,Ug;gjhy; fliyg;guit vd;wdH.


gwit - gwe;J tUtjhy; Gs; ,dj;ijg; gwit vd;wdH 115) ,uj;jy; - ,wj;jy; gz;ila GyNthh; ,uj;jypDk; ,wj;jy; (capH tpLjy;) ed;nwd tho;e;jdH. 116) ghp – gwp mf;fhyf; fs;tHfs; ghp (Fjpiu apy;) te;J (topg;gwp) gwpj;jy; nra;jdh;. 117) fhp – fwp fhp mLg;gpy; fwp rikg;NghUk; cz;L 118) mhp - jpUkhy; mwp - epid 119) gdp - gdpf;fhyk; gzp - Ntiy 120) fsp – fyp esidg; gpbj;jpUe;j fyp ePq;fpaJ (rdp) esDk; fspg;gile;jhd; (kfpo;T) 121) tpiy - tpiy Fiwe;jJ tpis - tpisr;ry; kpFe;jJ 122) xyp - nrtpahy; Nfl;gJ xsp - fz;zhy; ghh;g;gJ 123) tpsp - miog;G tpop - fz;tpop 124) xU - xU &gha; xWg;G - jz;lid 125) kdk; - kzk; kyhpd; kzj;jpy; kdj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;Njd; 7.fy;ntl;Lfs; - jp.ig.rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhh; 126) rpw;Wsp nfhz;L fy;jr;rHfshy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? fy;ntl;Lfs; vdTk; rpyhrh rdq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ. 127) fy;ntl;Lfs; ek; jha; nkhopahfpa jkpopy; vOjg; ngw;witfNs vd;gij mwpTWj;jpatHfs; ahh;? Nky; ehl;L NguwpQHfs; uhgHl; rpnty;> lhf;lH fPy`hh;d;> lhf;lH gHdy;> lhf;lH g+yH> lhf;lH \Py;l;\; 128) eLfy; tpoh gw;wp $Wk; Ehy;? GwehD}W 129) eLfy;ypd; Nky; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,we;j tPudpd; ngaUk; ngUikAk; tiuag;gLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Fwpf;Fk; Ehy;fs; ahit? mfehD}W> GwehD}W> kiyg; gLflhk; 130) ,we;j tPuHfspd; eLfw;fspd; Nky; nghwpf;fg;gl;l mtHfSila ngaUk; gPLNk ek; ehl;by; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa ----------- MFk;. jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; 131) filr; rq;fj;jpYk; eLfy; tof;fk; ,Ue;jij tpsf;Fk; Ehy;? jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit 132) Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; ,aw;wpaJ? jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit 'gl;Nlhh; ngaUk; Mw;wYk; vOjpel;lfy;Yk; %JhH ej;jKk;' 133) mf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ? nrQ;rpf;fLj;j jpUehjH Fd;wpYk;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Miz kiyapYk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Fd;wpYk; 134) fp.gp.Vohk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy; xd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;L tiu jkpo; ehl;bd; Ml;rp Ghpe;jtHfs; ahh;? gy;ytH 135) ahh; Kjypy; fUq;fw; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;jdH? gy;yt murHfs; 136) nka;f;fPHj;jp mikj;J Ml;rpahz;L tUk; Kiw ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg; gl;lJ? Kjy; ,uhruhr Nrhodhy; fp.gp.893 Mk; Mz;L 137) nka;f;fPHj;jpfNshL mike;j fy;ntl;Lfs; vy;yhk; ve;j Muha;r;rpf;F rpwe;j Mjuq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd? tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F 138) fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; kq;fy thh;j;ij? ];t];jp = 8. jkpof kfspH - m.fhkhl;rp Fkhurhkp 139) kidf;F tpsf;fhf tpsq;Fgts; ngz; 140) tPl;L tho;f;ifapYk; ehl;L tho;f;ifapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatHfs;? xsitahh;> Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp> g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp> fz;zfp> kzpNkfiy 141) jkpof kfspH jk; fztd;khUf;Fg; ngUik Njbje;jijAk;> tPl;bYk; ehl;bYk; GfOld; nghypAk; kfspH jkf;F kidtpauha; tha;g;gjNa ngUk; Ngwhf fUjpdH MltH vd;W $Wk; Ehy; vJ? FWe;njhif ghly; (14) 142) JwTf;Fk; njhz;Lf;Fk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsq;FtJ ahh;? kzpNkfiy 143) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj; NjhNu vd;W czTf; nfhil Ghpe;jtH? kzpNkfiy 144) je;ij nfhLj;jDg;gpa nfhOQ; Nrhw;iwAk; nfhs;s tpUk;ghJ> jw;nfhz;lhd; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g> ehSf;F xU Ntis czNt cz;Zk; epiyia ve;jg; ghly; fhl;LfpwJ? ew;wpiz 10 145) ehLtpl;L ehL nrd;W eak;glj; JhJiuj;jtH xsitahh; 146) tPl;bYk; khiyapy; ky;ypif kyh;e;jJk; tpsf;fpidNa ney;Yk; kyUe;Jhtp topg;gl;ldH ngz;fs; vd;gjid ve;j Ehy; $WfpwJ? neLey;thil 147) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Fbirf; ifj; njhopy;fs; vdg; nghpJk; Ngrg;gLk; Ehy; Ehw;G> Xiy Ntiy Kjypad eilngw;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlHfs; ahJ? gUj;jpg; ngz;bh;> ,Uk; gdq;Fil vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlHfs; 148) khjtpapd; Mly; ghly; jpwikfis $Wk; ghl;L? mfehDhw;W ghly; 149) tpUe;Njhk;gypd; ngUe;jd;ikia tpsf;FgtH ahh;? xy;fhg; Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpah; 150) mf;fhyj;jpy; tpUe;J vd;w nrhy; GJik vdg; nghUs; gl;lJ.


12 Mk; tFg;G உரைநரடg;gFjp 1. caHjdpr; nrk;nkhopghpjpkhw; fiyQH tp.Nfh.#hpaehuhaz rhj;jphpahh; 1) jkpo; nkhop vj;jid gphpTfSilaJ? ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %d;W gphpTfisAilaJ 2) ,aw;wkpnod;gJ ahJ? nghJikapd; ,Utif tof;fpDk; ,aq;Ffpd;w trdKQ; nra;ASkhFk; 3) ,irj; jkpnod;gJ ahJ? gz;nzhL fye;Je; jhsj;njhL $baJ> ,jd;fz;> fPHj;jdq;fSk; thpg;ghl;LfSk;> rpe;J> Mde;jf;fspg;G> Fk;kp> njk;ghq;F Kjypait mlq;Fk; 4) vitnay;yhk; ,ir jkpohFk;? ,ir EZf;fk;> jhs tifNahj;J ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Njthuk; ,f;fhyj;J ntspg;gl;LyTfpd;w fe;j Guhzf; fPHj;jid> nghpa Guhz fPHj;jid> rq;fPj re;jphpif 5) ehlfj; jkpOf;F Kd;NdhLahf mike;jJ? ,irj; jkpo; 6) ehlfj; jkpOf;F rpwg;G tpsf;fk; je;jJ vJ? ,irj;jkpo; 7) ehlfj; jkpOf;F ,d;wpaikahJ vJ? ,irj; jkpo; 8) ehlfj; jkpo; ahUf;fhf tFf;fg; gl;lJ? ifapy; EhnyLj;Jg; gbj;jw;Fhpa mtfhrkpy;yhj Ntiyf;fhuHfSf;Fk; gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk; Nehf;NfhL GFj;jg;gl;lJ. 9) cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sijAs;sthNw Gide;J fhl;LtJ vJ? ehlfj; jkpo; 10) rh];jpuf; fy;tpAilahh;f;Fg; ghi\awpTk ,d;wpaikahNj; 11) jkpopd; topnkhopfs; vJ? njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS 12) cz;zhl;L nkhopfs; ahit? njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS 13) jdpnkhop vd;gJ ahJ? jhd; toq;Fk; ehl;bw; gapYk; kw;iwa nkhopfspd; cjtpapd;wp jdpj;J ,aq;Fty;yNj jdpnkhop vdg;gLk; 14) njd;dhl;LaH jdpr; nrk;nkhop vJ? jkpo; 15) jpirr; nrhw;fs; rhh;e;j nkhopfs; 1. Fy;yh - ghh;]p 2. hpf;\h - [g;ghdp 3. g[hh; - ghh;]p 4. mykhhp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak; 5. vf;fr;rf;fk; - njYq;F 6. egh; - mugp 7. Ngdh - Nghh;RfPrpak; 8. ,dhk; - cUJ 9. &gha; - ,e;J];jhdp 10. [h];jp – cUJ 11. Jl;L - lr;R 12. gPNuh - gpnuQ;R 13. fLjhrp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak; 16) kuGr; nrhw;fis mwpf: gyhg;gpQ;R - gyh%R thiog;gpQ;R - thiof;fr;ry; KUq;ifgpQ;R - KUq;ifr;ruL mtiug;gpQ;R - mtiug; nghl;L khk;gpQ;R – khtL ,se;Njq;fha; - tOf;if Kw;wpa Njq;fha; - new;W 2. rkurk; - jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 17) kdpjid vJ rkur Qhdpahf;Ftjpy;iy? mOf;fhW> mth> ntFsp Kjypad 18) mOf;fhW vd ftpQH Fwpg;gpLtJ vJ? ehL> nkhop> rkanewp> rhjp 19) ehL vd;Dk; gw;why; vij ,of;fpd;wdH? rkurk; (kw;w ehLfis jhf;Ftjd; %yk;) 20) rkurf; Nfhapiy tlYhhpy; mikj;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; 21) mUl; ngUQ; Nrhjpia mUspr; nra;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; 22) vJ cs;stiu rkurk; Qhdk; ngw KbahJ? Ntw;Wik czHT cs;stiu 23) epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:- 1. fhy; Gs;sp (>) 2. miug; Gs;sp (;) 3. Kf;fhy; Gs;sp (:) 4. Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.) 5. Kg;Gs;sp (…) 6. Nfs;tpf; Fwp (?) 7. czr;rp Fwp (!) 8. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp (“ ”) 9. xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘ ’) 10. jdp Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘) 11. Nkw;gb Fwp (“) 12. gpiw milg;G ( ) 13. rJu milg;G [ ] 14. ,izg;Gf; NfhL (-) 15. rha; NfhL (/) 16. mbf;NfhL (-) 17. cLf;Fwp (*) 3.ftpij - NguhrphpaH v];.itahGhpg; gps;is 24) trdj;jpw;Fk;> ftpijf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jtH? Nfhyhpl;[; 25) “nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ” vJ? trdk; 26) rpwe;j nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ vJ? ftpij 27) ftpijiag; gw;wp Nthh;l;]; nthh;j;jpd; fUj;J? Mw;wy; epuk;gpa nrhw;fs; jhkhfg; nghq;fp toptJ ftpij 28) fPl;]; vd;w ftpQH ftpijia gw;wp $WtJ? fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; nga;j xspkioNa ftpij vd;wdH 29) [hd; u];fpd; ftpijia gw;wp $WtJ? rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuzq; fisg; ghtdh rf;jpahy; Fwpg;gLtJ ftpijahFk; 30) Ehjd Mq;fpy Ngufuhjp ftpijia gw;wp vd;d $WfpwJ? nra;As; newpapy; ,aw;wg;gLtNj ftpij vd;W $WfpwJ 31) ftpijapd; KjyhtJ ,ay;G vJ? KjyhtJ ,ay;G nra;As; tbtpy; mike;jpUj;jy;


32) ftpijapd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ay;G vJ? cyf cz;ikia fhl;bYk; ghtdh rf;jpapd; ,ay;GfisNa Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; 33) ,uhgHl; gl;ld; vd;gtH $WtJ ahJ? vy;yhf; ftpQHfSk; igj;jpaf;fhuh;fNs 4. kf;fs; tho;f;if 34) mf;fhy kf;fspd; ey;ypay;GfshfTk; rpwe;j nfhs;iffshTk; tpsq;fpatd ahit? ,dpikahf NgRjy;> eLT epiyikahf ,Uj;jy;> ,ad;w tiug; gpwHf;F cjTjy;> gpwH nra;j cjtpia vf;fhuzq;nfhz;Lk; vd;Wk; kwthjpUj;jy; 35) mf;fhy kf;fspd; njhopy; tiffs;? coT> thzpfk;> nerT 36) mf;fhy kf;fspd; xw;Wikapy; jPh;khd nfhs;if vJ? “ahJk; CNu ahtUq; NfspH" 37) jk;NkhL gofpatHfs; jkf;F eQ;R Cl;bDk; mjid kwhty; cz;ghh;? mij ve;j Ehy; tpsf;FfpwJ? ew;wpiz “Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gH edpehfhpRH" 38) capH Neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhj tiu vd;W nrhy;tjw;F topapy;iy? ehfhpfH 39) fw;wtHfs; ve;j Ntw;WikAq; fUjhky; kjpf;fg;gl;L te;jdH vd;gij $Wk; Ehy;?GwehDhW 40) mf;fhy kf;fs; ,uj;jiy ,opthf fUjpdH. 41) ve;j Ehypd; %yk; mf;fhy kf;fs; gpwH nghUis tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy vd;gij czuyhk;? FWe;njhif 42) cyfk; ehlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk;: fhlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk; vq;Nf ey;ytHfspUf;fpd;whh;fNsh mq;Nf mJTk; ey;yjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fUj;J ,Uf;Fk; ghly; vJ? GwehDhW ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh vt;top ey;yt uhlyH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd 43) xw;iwg; gpiwf;NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs;:- 1. nkhop ngaHg;G: njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television) vd;gJ ,e;ehspy; Clfq;fspy; (Media) Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ 2. nghUs; $wy;: epiynkhop (mjhtJ Kjypy; epw;fpd;w nkhop) 3. nrhy;tU tpUj;jy;:- kyub (jhkiu) kyH Nghd;w ghjk; 44) ,ul;ilg; gpiwf; NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs;:- 1. gythpfSf;Fg; nghJthd nra;jp fz;zdJ fU epwk; fz;zdJ moF - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; jw;fpoik 2. fhy,lf; Fwpg;G: ,lk;: jQ;rht+H ehs;: 10.02.2004 gfu milg;G tUkplk; thpf;F kpQ;rpa gFjp xUikAld; epdJ jpUkyub epidf;fpd;w cj;jkH jk; cwT Ntz;Lk; NgR vd;gJ Vty; tpidKw;W NgRf vd;gJ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. Mq;fpyj;jpy; mUs; $He;J> jaT nra;J NgRf vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk; Please speak vd;W nrhy;tijg; NgRf vd;W $wpdhw; NghJk; mNj nghUisj; jUk; Please speak – NgRf Please bring - nfhzh;f Please type - jl;lr;R nra;f 45) jkpopirapy; ,Ue;j ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ahit? Maghiy> tl;lghiy> jphpNfhz ghiy> rJu ghiy 46) Vl;L Rtbfspy; --------- nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? rpj;j kUj;Jtk; 5.MTe; jkpoUk; 47) nkhop QhapW vd;W miof;fg; gl;ltH ahh;? NjtNeag; ghthzH 48) jkpo; ehl;by; jiy rpwg;ghf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ vJ? 'M” 49) kf;fs; ehfhpfj;Jf;F chpa ehd;F epiyfs; ahit? FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk; 50) ve;j epiyAilatUf;Nf 'M” njhlHG ,Ue;jpUf;f $Lk;? FwpQ;rp epiy 51) 'M” thdJ Kjd; Kjypy; ahh; epyj;jpw;Nf chpa tpyq;F? FwpQ;rp 52) Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; ngUthhpaha; tsHj;J mtw;wpd; CidAk; ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jtHfs; Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ,Ue;j MaHfs; 53) MaHfs; vij rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH? khl;il rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH 54) jw;fhyj;jpy; 'M” vd;Dk; ngaH ve;j ghiy Fwpj;jJ? ngz; ghiy Fwpj;jJ 55) ---- vd;gJ tpyq;Fg; nghJ ngah;> Fjpiug; ngaH kh 56) --- vd;Dk; ngaNu M vd;W jphpe;jpUf;fyhk; kh 57) khL vt;thW Kf;fhukpLk; khmm 58) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ? coT 59) coT ve;j epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ? kUj epyj;jpy; 60) “gfL ele;j $o;" vd;W $WtJ vJ? ehybahh; 61) khl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nghUs;fs; ahit? CDk; ghYk;> Njhy;> nfhk;G> curid (Nuhrid)> thy;kapH> rhzk; 62) tPl;ilj; Jg;GuT nra;aTk; mLg;nghpf;fTk; gapUf;FukplTk; rhzk cjTfpwJ. 63) rpwe;j czTk; kUe;Jk; vJ? japUk; NkhUk; ntz;nzAk; nea;Ak; ghypUe;J vLf;fg;gLtd 64) Kd;idj; jkpoH vij nry;tkhf fUjp te;jdH? khl;bdj;ijr; nry;tkhf fUjp te;jdH


65) ghy; Kjy; nea;aPwhfTs;s Ie;Jk; IaKjk; (gQ;rhkpUjk;) vdg;gLk;. 66) jpiz tOTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf:- 'vd; mk;ik te;jhs; mtSf;Fg; Gy;ypL” vd; mg;gd; te;jhd; mtDf;Fj; jz;zPH fhl;L 67) MTf;Fk; M Ntw;Wf;Fk; kf;fs; ,l;l ngaHfs; ahit? rhj;jd; rhj;jp> nfhw;wd; nfhw;wp> Kltd; Klj;jp> nfhLk;Gw kUjd;> nfhLk;Gw kUjp 68) khLNghYioj;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; tof;F vjdhy; vOe;jJ? fhis kf;fl;fhf kpf cioj;jypdhy; 69) fhis tpliy vd;Dk; ngaHfs; ahUf;F ctikahF ngauhf toq;fp te;jd? kwtHf;Fk;> FWk;gurHf;Fk; toq;fp te;jd 70) ,isQhpd; typikia mwptjw;F VW jOty msitahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 71) Mokhd Mw;iw vijg; gw;wp fle;jdH? Mtpd; thiyAk;> M NtWtpd; thiyAk; 72) MNtW vd;gJ fhisia Fwpf;Fk;. 73) tho;f me;jzH thdth; Mdpdk; vd;wth; jpUQhdrk;ge;jH 74) M tpw;F Nfh vd;Wk; ngah;. 75) vd; jh vd;Dk; tpid ,e;jpapy; -Njt vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ; 76) jh - vd;Dk; tpid ,yj;jPdpy; - Njh vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 77) Nfhtd; vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;? murid Fwpf;Fk; 78) fpwpj;jthpd; rka MrphpaH Mq;fpyj;jpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? Nka;g;gH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh; 79) Nfhtd; -- rptd; (Mad; Mepiuia fhg;gJ Nghy; flTs; kf;fis fhj;J tUjy;) 80) Mkh vd;Dk; jkpo; nrhy; fhl;Lg; gRit Fwpf;Fk;. 81) Nfh vd;Dk; Fiwr; nrhy; ahiu Fwpf;Fk;? muridAk;> je;ijiaAk; Fwpf;Fk; 82) "epd;Nfh thpD kpq;Nf" vd;D kplj;jpy; 'Nfh' vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;? je;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; 83) kpsF ePiur; (rhw;w KJ) rhj;jKJ vd;gJ ahUila kuG? itztH kuG 84) jPkpjpay; jpUtpohtpy; jPf;Fopiag; nrhy;Yjy jPkpjpaiy kuG vd;Wk; G+f;Fopnad;Wk;> g+kpjpay; 85) jpUkzk; Kjypa kq;fy epfo;r;rpfSf;F fPw;W Ntatjid nfhl;lif vd;gJ nrl;b ehl;L kuG 86) Mrphpaiu IaH vd;Nw miog;gJ NtYhh; Mk;g+H tl;lj;jhh kuG; 87) mkpo;jj;ij cg;Gr;rhW vd;W $WtJ rPuq;fk; Nfhtpy kuG; 88) “Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tp nahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait" vd;Dk; Fws; $Wk; fUj;J gz;ilAyfk; KOikAk; khNl> kf;fs; nry;tkhape;jJ mjdhy; nry;tk; khnldg;gl;lJ 89) czit tpistpg;gJk; jhDk; cztspg;gJk; vJ? khL 6. ePjp Ehy;fspy; ,yf;fpa eak; 90) ePjpfisf; $w vOe;jit? ePjpEhy;fs; 91) ,t;thW elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpj;Jk;> ,t;thW elf;ff; $lhJ vd;W tpyf;fpAk; nry;tJ Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G vd;w ePjp Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G 92) tho;f;ifiar; rPHgLj;j mike;j Ehy; ePjp Ehy;fs; 93) jkpopy; mwEhy;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ? jpUf;Fws; 94) ,ilf;fhldhh; Fwisg; gw;wp $wpa fUj;J ahJ? “fLifj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;bf; FWfj;jwpj;j Fws;" 95) rpwe;j eaq;fisj; jd;ghy; mlf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ vJ? jpUf;Fws; 96) jpUts;StH jhd; fz;l nghpa fdtpd; topahf kf;fSf;F FWfpa mbfspy; ve;j Fwis mUsr; nra;jhh;. ',ue;Jk; caph;tho;jy; Ntz;bw; gue;J nfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;” 97) ,uj;jy; nfhbaJ vd;w ePjpia fhl;l tpUk;Gk; Ehy;? jpUf;Fws; 98) fPo;kf;fis jk;gl;lk Mfpa giwf;F xg;ghfr; nrhd;dhh;; 99) fathplk; ,ufrpak; $wf; $lhJ vd;w ePjpia tpsf;Fk; Fws;? miwgiw ad;dH fath;jhq; Nfl;l kiwgpwh;f;F caj;Jiuf;f yhd; 100) ,uz;lbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;? jpUf;Fws; 101) ehd;F mbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy; ehybahh; 102) nry;tk; epiyNgWilajd;W mope;J NghFe; jd;ikaJ vd;w fUj;ij tpsf;Fk; ghl;L ehybg; ghl;L 103) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk; Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; 104) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk; Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; ghly; vJ? “Nghw;wpNa Nghw;wpNa nad;W GJr;nry;tk; Njhw;wpahh; fz;nzyhk; njhz;Nl Nghy; - Mw;wy; gapw;wpg; gapw;wpg; gyTiug;g njy;yhk;


tapw;Wg; ngUkhd; nghUl;L 105) yso NtWghL miy - fly; miy miye;J jphpjy; mio - $g;gpL mis - japH> gpir 106) ,iy - kuk;> nrb nfhbfspd; ,iy ,io - nra;> Ehy; ,io ,is - nkype;J Nghjy; 107) ciy - rikf;f ciy itj;jy;> ciyf;fsk; cio - ghLgLjy;> ciog;G cis - gplhpkaph;> NrW 108) xyp – xir xop - mopj;JtpL> njhiyj;J tpL xsp - ntspr;rk;> gJq;fpnfhs; 109) fiy - tpj;ij> fiye;JNghjy;/fio - %q;fpy;/fis - taypy; fisnaLj;jy; Kfj;jpd; xsp 110) fpyp - mr;rk;> gyk; fpop - Jz;lhf; fpopj;jy;> NfhL fpopj;jy; fpsp - xU gwit 111) jiy - Kjd;ik> rpuR jio - Gy;> ,iy jis - fl;Ljy; 112) jhyp - fztd; kidtpf;Ff; fl;Lk; rpd;dk; jhop - Flk; thafd;w ghz;lk; jhsp - xU tifg; ghid> Fok;G jhspj;jy; 113) tiy -kPd; gpbtiy tio - xUtif kuk;> RuGd;idkuk; tis -nghe;J>tisay;>tisT 114) thy; - tpyq;fpd; thy;gFjp ntz;ik tho; - capH tho;> gpioj;jpU ths; - ntl;Lk; fUtp> xsp nghUe;jpa 115) thiy - ,sk; ngz; thio – kutif this - kPd;tif 7. kdpjH tho;f - lhf;lHK.tujuhrdd; 116) rpWtd; vijg; Nghw;Wfpd;whd; gyifAk;> gy;g;gj;ijAk; 117) goq;fhyj;jpy; ele;j NjHjy; KiwahJ? ifia caHj;Jtjd; %yk;> FlXiy %yk; NjHjy; eilngw;wJ 118) ahh; tho;tjw;fhfNt kf;fs; fUtpahf gad;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ? fl;rpfs; 119) fl;rpfis fhg;ghw;w gad;gLtJ +NkilfSk;> gj;jphpf;iffSk; 120) kf;fs; goq;fhyj;jpy; gilfisAk;> gilfUtpfisAk fz;L kaq;fpdhh;fs; 121) ,d;iwa kf;fs; gj;jphpf;iffisAk;> Nkilg;Ngr;RfisAk Nfl;L kaq;fpwhh;fs; 122) vj;njspT Vw;gLk; fhyk; te;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwJ? vg;nghUs; ahh; ahh; tha;Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT vd;w fhyk; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ 123) fpuhk kf;fs; vij ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;? $l;LwitAk;> ciog;igAk;ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs; 124) kdpj tho;tpy; cz;ikahd mbg;gilahf cs;sit? ciog;G kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT 125) $l;LwTf;F ,ilAWfhf ,Ug;gitnty;ymwg;gil Ntz;Lk; 126) ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk; te;jhy;mjnty;y cOepyk; Ntz;Lk; 127) Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; miktjw;F vJ top Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp rkak; fl;rp ,tNa Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; cUthtjw;F topahFk; 128) mytYff; fiyr; nrhy; - mtw;wpd; jkpohf;fk;: 1. nuf;fhh;l; - Mtzk; 2. nrful;lhp – nrayH 3. NkNd[H – NkyhsH 4. igy; - Nfhg;G 5. GNuhNehl; - xg;Gr;rPl;L 6. ghy;fdp - Kfg;G khlk; 7. gh];Nghh;l; - flTr;rPl;L 8. bird; - tbtikg;G 9. tprh - EioT ,irT 10. nlypNfl; - NguhsH 11. ];ng\y; g]; - jdpg; NgUe;J 12. GuNghry; - fUj;JU 13. Ml;Nlhfpuhg; - tho; njhg;gk; 14. tprpl;bq; fhh;L - fhz;Gr;rPl;L 15. gphPg; Nf]; - FWk; ngl;b 16. yk;rk; - jpul;rpj; njhif 17.nkapd; NuhL - Kjd;ikr; rhiy 18. GNuhl;Nlhfhy; - kuGj;jfT 19.nrf; - fhNrhiy 20. urPJ - gw;Wr;rPl;L 21. rhk;gpad; - thif #b 8. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fiyr;nry;tq;fs; 129) “Mafiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F" vd;w KJ nkhopf; Nfw;g gy tifahd fiyfis ghq;Fw mikj;jtH? jkpoh;fs; 130) kpfkpfg; goq;fhyk; KjNy jkpofj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; fiyfs; ahit? fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> Xtpaf; fiy 131) g+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;? Gj;j tpfhuk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;Jthuf; fl;llKk; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;ld 132) fp.gp.11-12 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;j fl;llg; gFjpfs; ve;j mfo; tha;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld? nfhw;ifapy; ele;j mfo;tha;tpy; 133) jkpo; ehL muR njhy; nghUs;Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ vJ. Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; vLgpj;J tho;e;j muz;id gFjp fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 134) jkpo; ehl;by; fhzg;ngWk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSs; kpfTk; goikahdJ? ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;ij NrHe;j gps;isahh; gl;b vd;Dk; Chpd; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; (,J ghz;baHfsJ gilg;ghFk;) 135) ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp epd;W tpl;lJ? fp.gp;.9 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 136) Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;jtHfs; ahh;? gy;ytHfs;> ghz;baHfs;> mjpaH> Kj;jiuah;


137) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fp Nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw ahUila fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH 138) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfis nrJf;fp nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL epd;W tpl;lJ? fp.gp.8 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 139) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fp Nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;j Nfhapy;? khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Ie;J ujq;fSk;> fOFkiyapy; cs;s ntl;Lthd; NfhapYk; 140) fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; Nfhapw; gzp ahUila fhyj;jpYk; ,e;ehspYk; njhlHe;J epytp tUfpwJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH 141) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfshf fUjg;gl;lJ vJ? khky;yGuj;J flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rpGuj;J ifyhaehjH Nfhapy; 142) ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; rpwe;jJ? jpUg;gj;Jhh; jpUj; jspehjH 143) NrhoH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfs;? ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya NrhoPr;Ruk;> jQ;ir ,uhruhNrr;Ruk;> vd;Dk; jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk;> jhuhRuk;> IuhtNjRtuH Nfhapy;> jphpGtdk; jphpGtd tpNur;Ruk; 144) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy; ahUila fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ? gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; 145) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy; cd;djepiy mile;j fhyk;? tpraefu kd;dHfs fhyk;; 146) gy;ytH fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; vij nrJf;Ftjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;? ahidapd; cUtj;ij 147) rpw;g ,ay; ty;YeHfs; ahiu ghuhl;bg; NgRtH? gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfis ghuhl;bg; NgRtH 148) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfs; vjw;fhf ghuhl;lg; ngw;wdH? NfhapiyNa xU rpw;gkhf tbj;njLj;jjhy; 149) ahUila fhyj;jpy; kdpjj;jd;ikf;Fk; clw; $WfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;ld? tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy; 150) tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy; ahUila fyhr;rhuj; jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ? Kfk;kjpaH 151) Rkhh; 2800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpo; ehl;by; nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiy kpf cd;dj epiyapy; tsHr;rp mile;Js;sJ 152) nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiyf;F rhd;WahJ? Mjpr;r ey;Yhhpy; (jpUney;Ntypkhtl;lk;) fpilj;Js;s nja;tr;nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp 153) gy;ytH fhy nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L? $uk;> eluhrH> nfhLKb> jphpGuhe;jfH> jphpGuRe;jhp 154) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw; fhyk; vd;gJ ahUila fhyk;? NrhoH fhyk; 155) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;jjd; flik vd;W vz;zpatHfs;? nrk;gpad; khNjtp 156) NrhoH fhyj;J nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; vt;thW nra;ag;gl;ld? Mfk Ehy;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W mjw;Nfw;gr; nra;a ngw;wit 157) nrg;Gg; gbkf; fiy ahUila fhyj;jpy; rpwg;gpoe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ? tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy; 158) Xtpaj;ij ntWe; njhopyhff; fUjhJ xU NahfrhjdkhfNt fUjpdH. 159) ve;j Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w? Vwf;Fiwa fp.gp 7 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J 160) Xtpaf; fiyf;F mUk; gzpaw;wpa kd;dHfs;? gy;yt kd;dHfs; kw;Wk; Nrho kd;dHfs; 161) gy;yt kd;dHfspy; ahh; rpwe;j Xtpadhf tpsq;fpdh;? kNfe;jputHkd; 162) Xtpa fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;tpsq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs;? khkz;^Hf; Fiffspd; ntsp kz;lgj;jpYk;> fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhrehjH Nfhapy;> gdkiy Nfhapy;> jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; 163) ve;j Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpak; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ? gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vopyhh;e;j Mly; kfspd; Xtpak; 164) kur;rpw;gf;fiy ve;j Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ? fp.gp.16 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 165) je;jr; rpw;gf; fiy ahUila fhyj;jpy; jhd; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ? ehaf;f kd;dHfs; 166) ,tHfSila fhyj;jpy; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; ahit? flTsH cUtq;fSk;> mur murpaH cUtq;fSk; ngl;b> gy;ytHf;Fj; jz;L Nghd;w nghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;bUfpd;wd 167) ve;j Chpy; ehaf;f kd;dH mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJ cUtq;fs;> ehd;fb cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy; fk;gPukhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd? jpUtuq;fj;jpy; 168) rpwpa mstpy; cs;s je;j rpw;gq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?mofH Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd 169) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSf;Fhpa tpjp 1. <Wnfl;l vjpH kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk;. 2. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj;jphpG mLj;Jk; ve;j vd;Dk; tpdhj;jphpG mLj;Jk; xw;W kpFk;. (v.fh) me;jr;rpiy> ve;jf;fhyk;


3.nra;ntd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;WkpFk; (v.fh) Xlf; fz;lhh; 4.td; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk;(v.fh) Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd; ,fu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd;Dk; kpFk; (v.fh) vOjpg;ghh; 170) z> e> d NtWghL mwpf:- muz; - kjpy;> ghJfhg;G Nfhl;il mud;> rptd; 171) mz;zk; - Nky;tha; md;dk; - xU gwit 172) Mzp - $hpa ,Uk;Gj; Jz;L Mdp - xU khjk; 173) Miz - fl;lis Mid - ahid 174) cz;Z - rhg;gpL cd;D - epidj;Jg;ghh; 175) Cz; - czT Cd; - ,iwr;rp 176) vz;z - epidf;f> vz;zpg;ghh;f;f vd;d - Nfs;tp 177) fiz - mk;G fid - fidj;jy; 178) fzk; - Neuk; fdk; - gS> Rik 179) fhz; - ghh; fhd; - fhL 180) jzp - mlq;F jdp - jdpj;jpUj;jy; 181) Jzp – rPiy Jdp - Jd;gk;> Nfhgk;> mr;rk; 182) jpiz - epyk;> xOf;fk; jpiz - jhdpa tif 183) ehz; - fapW> ehzk; ehd; - jd;idf; Fwpg;gJ> jd;ik ,lg;ngaH 184) jpz;ik – typik jpd;ik - jPik 185) tz;ik - tsk;> toq;Fjy; td;ik - typik 186) flTs; ngaHfs; - tlnkhopapy; 1. mq;faw; fz;zp - kPdhl;rp 2.mwk; tsHj;jhs; - jHkrk;tHj;jpdp 3. vhprpdf;nfhw;wit - nusj;jpuJHf;if 4. Iahwg;gH - gQ;rejpRtuH 5. nrk;nghd; gs;spahh; - nrhh;zGhPr;RuH 6. ePs; neLq;fz;zp - tprhyhl;rp 7. ahopYk; ed; nkhopahs; - tPzhkJugh\pzp 8. Njd;nkhopg;ghit - kJu trdp 9. gokiyehjH - tpUj;jfphPr;RuH nkhoptsq; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:- 187) njhy;fhg;gpak;:- 3 mjpfhuk;> 27,ay;fs;> 1610 Ehw;ghf;fs; 188) ts;Stk;:- 3 ghy;fs;> 133mjpfhuq;fs;> 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs; 189) rpyg;gjpfhuk;:- 3 fhz;lk;> 30fhijfs;> 5001 thpfs; 190) kzpNkfiy:- 30 fhijfs;> 4755 thpfs; 191) rPtfrpe;jhkzp:- 13 ,yk;gfq;fs;>3145 ghly;fs; 192) nghpaGuhzk;:- 2 fhz;lk;> 13 rUf;fq;fs;> 4286 ghly;fs; 193) fk;guhkhazk;:- 6 fhz;lq;fs;> 118glyq;fs;> 10589 ghly;fs; 194) ey;yhgps;is ghujk;:- 18 gUtq;fs;>11000 ghly;fs; 195) fe;j Guhzk;:- MW fhz;lq;fs;>135 glyk;> 10345 ghly;fs; 196) jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;:- %d;Wfhz;lk;> 3363 ghly;fs; 197) Njk;ghtzp:- 3 fhz;lk;> 36 glyq;fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 198) rPwhg;Guhzk;:- 3 fhz;lq;fs;> 92 glyq;fs;> 5027 ghly;fs; 199) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;:- 5 gUtq;fs;>47 glyq;fs;> 3776 ghly;fs; 200) ,uhtz fhtpak;:- 5 fhz;lk;> 57glyq;fs;> 3100 tpUj;jq;fs; 201) VR fhtpak;:- Ie;J ghfk;> 149 mjpfhuk;> 810 tpUj;jq;fSk;> 2346 mftybfSk; nfhz;lJ 202) ve;j nkhopapYk; fhzf;fpilf;fhj msT gf;jp ghRuq;fs; epuk;gpa nkhop? jkpo; 203) irtKk; itztKk; topgLk;ke;jpuk; 1. gd;dpUjpU Kiw2. ehyhapu jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk; 204) Fwpg;ghf vOjg;gLk; nrhw;fSf;F tphpthd nrhy; 1.j.eh.kp.th - jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak; 2.j.eh.F.t.th -jkpo; ehL FbePH tbfhy;thhpak; 3. m/kp nrse;juty;ypj; jhahh; -mUs;kpF nrse;juty;yp jhahh; 4. m.ep.F.vz; - mQ;ry; (gpd;NfhL) epiyaf; FwpaPl;L vz; 5. njh.Ng.vz; - njhiy Ngrp vz; 6. M.fh.f - Mas; fhg;gPl;L fofk; 7.,.M.g - ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp 8. v];.v];.V - (rHtrpf;\h mgpahd;) midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; 9. ,.v];.V - njhopyhsH <l;LWjp fofk; 10.lal; - khtl;l MrphpaH gapw;rp epWtdk; 11.bgp.,.gp - khtl;lj; njhlf;ff; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; 12.ng.M.f - ngw;Nwhh; MrphpaH fofk; 13. bl;b < MHl;b - MrphpaH fy;tpMuha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;fk;(DTERT)

ககோர்ரை உதைி : பெ.மணிகண்டெிைபு

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12 STD Mwhk; tFg;G nra;As; - tho;j;J jpUtUl;ghJul 06, 2013 · N.Soundararajan @ NapooSounthar...

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