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04/21/23 1
Animal Nutrition and Feeds
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What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform
food into body tissues and energy.
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To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffsand convert them to desirable products such as meat,
milk, eggs, fiber and work.
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What is a Nutrient?
A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.
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Digestible NutrientThe portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.
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The Six Nutrients Needed
• Protein• Carbohydrates• Fats• Minerals• Vitamins• Water
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Protein is needed for the following
1. Developing and repairing body
organs
2. Producing milk, wool, and eggs
3. Generating enzymes and
hormones
4. Developing antibodies
5. Transmitting DNA
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Proteins
Needed for growth and repairHelps form muscles, internal organs,
skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Complex nutrients, composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen
Proteins
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Examples of Proteins
1. Meat and Bone Meal2. Fish Meal3. Soybean Meal4. Cottonseed Meal5. Dried Skim Milk6. Amino Acids
ProteinsWhat are proteins?
Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Most expensive part of animal ration
Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
1. Non-Essential Amino Acids
– Needed by animals
– Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided
Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?
2. Essential Amino Acids
– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s
– Must be provided in the diet
– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided
ProteinsWhat are the 2 sources of proteins?
1. Animal Proteins– Meat and Bone Scraps– Blood Meal– Fish Meal
2. Vegetable Proteins– Soybeans– Peanut Meal– Hay– Pastures
Proteins
Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source
Which is a better source?
Animal Proteins
Why?
They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids
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Carbohydrates
• Furnish energy for body functions, growth and reproduction• The largest part of the animal’s food supply and usually the fibrous part of the diet• Include sugars, starch and cellulose•Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Contain the chemical elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Made up of a group of chemicals
called sugars, starches and crude
fiber
Carbohydrates
Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
1. Simple Carbs– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)– Consist of sugars and starches– Supply immediate energy– Come from cereal grains
Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
2. Complex Carbs– Known as fiber– Consist of cellulose and lignin– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such
as hay and pasture plants.– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard
grass, and bluegrass.
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Fats• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds• Found in every cell in the body• Affect the condition of skin and hair• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but contain much larger proportions of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates do • They also provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs, and they insulate the body
Made up of the same chemical
elements as carbohydrates but in
different combinations
Fats
Fats are needed for:
1. Providing energy
2. Absorbing fat soluble vitamins
3. Providing fatty acids
Continued…
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Minerals Primarily found in bones and teeth Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium
Example: Calcium Formation Found in rocks
Like vitamins however they
support materials needed for
building the skeletal system
Also, producing body regulators
such as enzymes and hormones.
Minerals
Minerals
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts
Minerals contain no carbon
Minerals
What are some functions of minerals?
1. Provide material for growth of:– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue
2. Help with muscular activities
3. Reproduction
4. Digestion of feed
Minerals
Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
1. Major (macro) Minerals
2. Trace (micro) Minerals
Minerals- Major Needed in large amounts
7 Macro Minerals– Calcium
– Phosphorus
– Sodium
– Chlorine
– Potassium
– Sulfur
– Magnesium
Minerals- Major
What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?
Sodium
Calcium
Phosphorous
Minerals- Major
Sodium Functions:
– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells– Muscle and nerve activity
Deficiencies:– Reduced appetite– Rough hair coat– Cannibalism in chickens– Dirt eating
Minerals- Major
Calcium Functions:
– Bone development– Nerve and muscle function
Deficiencies:– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft,
bend easily, and are malformed
Minerals- Major
Phosphorus Functions:
– Bone and Teeth Development– Appetite
Deficiencies:– Rickets– Stiffness in joints– Loss of appetite
Minerals- Trace Needed in small amounts
– Sulfur– Magnesium– Iron– Iodine– Copper– Cobalt– Zinc– Manganese– Boron– Molybdenum– Fluorine– Selenium
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• Are only needed in small amounts • Are essential for life and health• Provide a defense against disease, promote growth and reproduction• Contribute to the general health of the animal
Are organic substances required in very small amounts
Are necessary for biochemical reactions within the body.
Vitamins
Vitamins
What are vitamins?
Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals
Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance
Vitamins
Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)
– Dissolved in fat
Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)
– Dissolved in water
This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT
What am I?
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Vitamin A Function:
– Vision– Conception Rates– Disease Resistance
Deficiencies:– Night Blindness– Blindness in calves– Reproductive problems
This Vitamin is associated with BONES
What am I?
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Vitamin D Function:
– Bone Development – Growth
Deficiencies:– Rickets (young animals)– Osteomalacia (older animals)
This Vitamin is associated with REPRODUCTION
What am I?
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Vitamin E Function:
– Reproduction– Muscle Development– E and Selenium together help immune
system
Deficiencies:– Reproduction failure– Muscular dystrophy
This Vitamin is associated with BLOOD
What am I?
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Vitamin K
Function:– Blood Clotting
Deficiencies:– Blood doesn’t clot fast
Vitamins
What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?
Green Leafy Hay
Yellow Corn
Cod Liver
Fish Oils
This Vitamin is associated with TEETH/BONES
What am I?
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Vitamin C
Function:
– Formation of teeth and bones
– Prevents infections
This Vitamin is associated with APPETITE
What am I?
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B- Complex
Function:– Appetite
– Growth
– Reproduction
Vitamins
What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?
Green Pastures and Hay
Cereal Grains
Milk
Water is in every cell of the animal
It is more important than any other
nutrient group
The composition of an animals
blood is 90-95 percent water
Water
1. Drinking Water
How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need?
Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day
Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day
Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day
Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day
2. Water Within The Feed
Grains can range from 8% to 30% water
Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass
3. Metabolic Water
Water produced by the body during chemical reactions
5-10% of total water intake
Water Loss
How is water lost from the animals body?1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Sweat
4. Milk production
Water DeficienciesWhat happens if animals are deprived of
water?1. Reduced feed consumption
– Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%– Reduces weight gain by 50%
2. Weight Loss
3. Water Intoxication– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to
50% of body weight in ½ hour4. Death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAUw9GO6tgE
Questions?
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FEED CLASSIFICATIONS
1.Roughages2.Concentrates3.Supplements
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ROUGHAGES•High in fiber and relatively low in digestible nutrients
Examples of roughages:1. Alfalfa2. Clover3. Soybean4. Oat hay5. Corn Silage
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Concentrates• Are low in fiber and high in digestible nutrients
Examples of concentrates:1. Corn2. Cottonseed3. Barley4. Oats5. Sorghum
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Supplements• Supplements are extras that supply the body with additional nutrients.
• Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper, iodine and iron• Vitamin A and D are also very important to ruminant animals
Salt Copper Iron