PROJECT REPORT

ON

SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL

&

WATERING SYSTEM

Submitted by:

HEMLATA

SURBHI JOSHI

SHIKHA SHARMA

VANDANA FARSWAN

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The project bears the imprints of the efforts extended by many people to whom we are deeply indebted.

We would like to thank my mentor………….. under whose guidance we gained the insights and ideas without which the project could not have seen the light of the day. His suggestions have been valuable and his teachings during the course of our discussion would continue to be a guiding principle in our works in the future as well.

Finally, I would like to thank the our college for providing us an opportunity to apply our technical knowledge and see it materialize in the form of this project.

CERTIFICA TE

This is to certify that the project work on “MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL AND WATERING SYSTEM” submitted to “GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PITHUWALA DEHRADUN”, by Shikha Sharma, Hemlata, Surbhi Joshi, Vandana Farswan a major project in Diploma Of Electronics Engineering Academic session 2013-2014 is a bonafide work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance.

Submitted to:

REKHA ASWAL

(H.O.D. ELECTRONICS ENGG.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS:1. Introduction

2. Objective

3. Block Diagram

4. Circuit Diagram

5. Component List

6. Hardware Description

7. References

INTRODUCTIONAn soil moisture control and watering system detects a moisture level within the soil. The soil moisture control and watering system may be implemented in combination with a conventional automatic watering system

to accurately control a moisture content of a plot of soil. Since a plant draws water directly from the soil, the soil moisture control and watering system is adapted for controlling the moisture content of the soil itself, by measuring the moisture content within the soil. The watering period of an automatic watering system may be changed, based upon a detected moisture content within a plot of soil.

The soil moisture control and watering system of the present invention detects a moisture level within the soil. The soil moisture control and watering system is relatively unaffected by soil salinity, and the materials of the automatic moisture sensing and watering system do not deteriorate in soil. The automatic moisture sensing and watering system of the present invention may be implemented in combination with a conventional automatic watering system to accurately control a moisture content of a plot of soil.

Since a plant draws water directly from the soil, the automatic moisture sensing and watering system is adapted for controlling the moisture content of the soil itself, by measuring the moisture content within the soil. The watering period of an automatic watering system may be changed, based upon a detected moisture content within a plot of soil. Alternatively, an amount of water to be applied at a next watering period may be changed, based upon a detected moisture content within the plot of soil.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of soil moisture control and watering system is to significantly to reduce the unnecessary use of water. It automatically detect a moisture level of soil and apply sufficient water. According to one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for controlling the level of moisture in a plot of soil includes a radiation path adapted for receiving radiation and transmitting radiation there through, a radiation source adapted for emitting radiation into the radiation path, and a radiation receiver adapted for receiving radiation from the radiation path.

The apparatus further includes a determiner adapted for determining a treatment of water to be applied to the plot of soil, based upon an amount of radiation received by the radiation receiver.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to lawn sprinkler systems and, more particularly, to lawn sprinkler systems which can be automatically controlled to vary the amount of water applied to the lawn.

2. Description of Related Art

The growth and maintenance of many plants, trees, and crops is often dependent upon an adequate or regular supply of water. Indoor plants can be watered by hand at predetermined intervals. Similarly, many crops are automatically watered with sprinkler systems at regular intervals.

Most lawns or cultivated fields are too large to water all at once with an automatic watering system. The flow capacity and associated pressure of a typical watering system is inadequate to accomplish a single watering of the entire area. Automatic lawn sprinkler systems are thus typically divided into sections, zones, or stations, with each station being automatically watered consecutively during a given watering period. A typical watering period for a lawn, for example, might range between several times a day to once in several weeks.

In addition to the low-pressure problems associated with many municipal watering distribution systems, water shortages are often encountered, as well. Many municipalities have imposed watering restrictions, based upon either the municipal water distribution system's inadequate ability to keep up with demand, water shortages, or a combination of both. A typical watering restriction imposes a maximum number of permissible waterings per week, for example. Although watering can be scheduled at any time during a given day, it is generally desirably to water in the early morning hours when there is less wind and consequently less evaporation.

A typical automatic lawn sprinkler system can be programmed to deliver a predetermined amount of water at each pre-set watering period, per watering zone.

PROGRAM CODING

#include<avr/io.h>

#include<util/delay.h>

void main()

{

DDRB=ob11111111;

DDRA&=~(1<<0);

PORTA!=(1<<0);

While(1);

{

If(PINA&1)

{

PORTB=0b00000000;

}

Else if (!PINA&1)

{

PORTB=0b00000001;

}

}

Soil Moisture Sensor

This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it. It's a low tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water level. This

is a must have tool for a connected garden!

This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through the soil, & then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. More water makes the soil conduct electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil conducts electricity poorly more resistance.

It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to monitor the soil moisture in your garden. The IO Expansion Shield is the perfect shield to connect this senor to any microcontroller.

FEATURE OF SOIL MIOSTURE SENSOR

•Easy to use . •Power supply: 3.3v or 5v•Output voltage signal: 0~4.2v •Current: 35mA •Pins Digital output, Vcc & Gnd • Size: 60x20x5cm

COMPONENT LIST1. Diode IN4007.

2. Atmega 16.

3. Regulator LM7812.

4. Regulator LM7805.

5. Resistance 330 ohm.

6. LED's.

7. LCD (16x2 MATRIX).

8. 22pf Capacitor.

9. Crystal Oscillator 16 Mghrt.

10. Electronic Opening Wall.

11. Soil Moisture Sensor.

12. Reset Switch.

13. AC Motor.

14. Relay 6V/220V.

15. PCB Plate.

16. Eatching Solution.

17. 6 Pin Male-Female Connectors.

18.Male-Female Brd Strip.

Introduction to the Atmel ATmega16 MicrocontrollerObjective:• Identify the Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller, STK500

Development Board, and associated hardware.

• Create a new project in AVR Studio, and populate the project with pre-existing code.

• Use AVR Studio to compile code in ANSI C. • Use AVR Studio to program the ATmega16

microcontroller.

Components: Qty. Item 1 Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller mounted to an STK500 development board 1 Serial programming cable 1 12 VDC power supply 1 6-pin ribbon cable 1 2-wire female-female jumper

2 10-wire female-female jumper

ATmega16 General Description

The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

ATmega16 Feature

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel® AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller• Advanced RISC Architecture– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers– Fully Static Operation– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments– 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory– 512 Bytes EEPROM– 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock BitsIn-System Programming by On-chip Boot ProgramTrue Read-While-Write Operation– Programming Lock for Software Security• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard– Extensive On-chip Debug Support– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface• Peripheral Features– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and CaptureMode– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator– Four PWM Channels– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC8 Single-ended Channels7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only

2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface– Programmable Serial USART– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator– On-chip Analog Comparator• Special Microcontroller Features– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator– External and Internal Interrupt Sources– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standbyand Extended Standby• I/O and Packages– 32 Programmable I/O Lines– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF• Operating Voltages– 2.7V – 5.5V for ATmega16L– 4.5V – 5.5V for ATmega16• Speed Grades– 0 – 8 MHz for ATmega16L– 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega16• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L

PIN DIAGRAM

 

 ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family with low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing, Know more about RISC and CISC Architecture) architecture with 131 powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz. ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of 512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000, respectively. ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.

Printed circuit board.

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes calledvias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as component are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated.When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[1] for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled board.[2]

     

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO PCB LAYOUT 1V. Ryan © 2002

 

Circuit DiagramThis could be drawn using software such as Crocodile Clips or by hand.  

PCB LayoutThe transistor circuit has been converted to a PCB layout. It can now be manufactured and the components soldered in position.

      Draw a circuit diagram that represents a circuit you have designed in the past. Work out the PCB version and draw it alongside.

ResistorResistor

A typical axial-lead resistor

Type Passive

Working principle Electric resistance

Electronic symbol

1. US standard

2. IEC standard

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistancecircuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those

Diode.

Closeup of a diode, showing the square-shaped semiconductor crystal(black object on left).

Various semiconductor diodes. Bottom: A bridge rectifier. In most diodes, a white or black painted band identifies

the cathode terminal, that is, the terminal that positive charge (conventional current) will flow out of when the diode is

conducting.[1][2][3][4]

Structure of a vacuum tube diode..

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally zero) resistance to currentin one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystallinepiece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5] A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, aplate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals'rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used.[6]

Light-emitting diodeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"LED" redirects here. For other uses, see LED (disambiguation).

Light-emitting diode

Blue, pure green, and red LEDs in 5mm diffused cases

Type Passive, optoelectronic

Working principle Electroluminescence

Invented Oleg Losev (1927)[1][2][3]

James R. Biard (1961)[4]

Nick Holonyak (1962)[5]

First production 1968[6]

Pin configuration anode and cathode

Electronic symbol

Dual in-line package"PDIP" redirects here. PDIP may also refer to Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle.

Three 14-pin (DIP14) plastic dual in-line packages containing IC chips.

Sockets for 16-, 14-, and 8-pin packages.

In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL[1]) is an electronic device package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board or inserted in a socket. Dual-in-line packages were developed in the 1960s when the restricted number of leads available on transistor-style packages became a limitation in the use of integrated circuits.[2] Increasingly complex circuits required more signal and power supply leads (as observed in Rent's rule); eventually microprocessors and similar complex devices required more leads than could be put on a DIP package, leading to development of higher-density packages.

A DIP is usually referred to as a DIPn, where n is the total number of pins. For example, a microcircuit package with two rows of seven vertical leads would be a DIP14. The photograph at the upper right shows three DIP14 ICs. Common packages have as few as four and as many as 64 leads. Many analog and digital integrated circuit types are available in DIP packages, as are arrays of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes, and resistors. DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used with standard IC sockets.

DIP packages are usually made from an opaque molded epoxy plastic pressed around a tin-, silver-, or gold-plated lead frame that supports the device die and provides connection pins. Some types of IC are made in ceramic DIP packages, where high temperature or high reliability is required, or where the device has an optical window to the interior of the package. Most DIP packages are secured to aprinted circuit board by inserting the pins through holes in the board and soldering them in place. Where frequent replacement of the parts is desired, such as in test fixtures or where

programmable devices must be removed for changes, a DIP socket is used. Some sockets include a zero insertion force mechanism.

Variations of the DIP package include those with only a single row of pins, possibly including a heat sink tab in place of the second row of pins, and types with four rows of pins, two rows, staggered, on each side of the package. DIP packages have been mostly displaced by surface-mount package types, which avoid the expense of drilling holes in a printed circuit board and which allow higher density of interconnections.

Connecting Wire.

A connecting wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity andtelecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.

Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coilsin loudspeakers. Edge-wound[1] coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.

L293DCP034Image: 

DataSheet: L293D.pdf

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be

driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled

by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10

will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable

input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their

inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-

impedance state.

 Pin Diagram: 

Pin Description: 

 Pin No  Function  Name1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,22 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 13 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 14 Ground (0V) Ground5 Ground (0V) Ground6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 27 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 28 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V)  Vcc 2

9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,410 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 311 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 312 Ground (0V) Ground13 Ground (0V) Ground14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 415 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 416 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) Vcc 1

 

CapacitorCapacitor

Miniature low-voltage capacitors (next to a cm ruler)

Electronic symbol

A typical electrolytic capacitor

4 electrolytic capacitors of different voltages and capacitance

Solid-body, resin-dipped 10 μF 35 Vtantalum capacitors. The + sign indicates the positive lead.

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically  in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike aresistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge (+Q) to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if an accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of theelectric charge (Q) on each conductor to the potential difference (V) between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F).

The capacitance is greater when there is a narrower separation between conductors and when the conductors have a larger surface area. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant

circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems they stabilize voltage and power flow.

REFERENCES

http://www.circuit today.com

http://www.led-ind.com

http://www.led-signs.com

http://dr.indiamart.com/impact/soil-moisture-sensor.html/

http://www.bing.com/search?q=Moisture+sensor&FORM=QSRE2

http://www.google.com/PATANTS/US6079433