• 12/8 Focus:12/8 Focus:– Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought

political, economic, and social changes. Some leaders attempted reforms, but the republican government was unable to deal with the problems caused by these changes.

• Important Terms: Important Terms: – EmpireEmpire

• Do Now: Do Now: –What was one effect of the Roman victory in

the Punic Wars?

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion

From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire

Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion• Rome defeats

Carthage in the Punic Wars – Controls the

western Mediterranean

• conquered Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia – controls the

Eastern Mediterranean

Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion

• Rome gave many of the people it conquered citizenship and made them allies– Made it easier to

control large empire– increased the size of

the armyThe Emblem of the Roman Army SPQR= the Senate and People of Rome

The Roman MilitaryThe Roman Military

• All landowning men 17-46 had to serve in the army during wartime

• Roman army organized into legions– Legions divided into

centuries led by Centurions

– Highly disciplined and a well trained soldiers

•

The Roman MilitaryThe Roman Military

• Frequent warfare made the army stronger

• War increased the wealth of Rome

• rewarded successful generals by giving them power in the government

•

The highest honor for a general was a "triumph," a grand parade through the streets of Rome. The victorious general, dressed up to look like the supreme god Jupiter, rode in a chariot. Behind him marched the soldiers, carrying the many valuables taken from the enemy and leading the prisoners of war.

Expansion Creates Expansion Creates ProblemsProblems

• Conquest brings tremendous wealth to Rome–leads to corruption; gov’t leaders become greedy

Expansion Creates Expansion Creates ProblemsProblems

• The gap between wealthy and poor grows– Soldiers (legionnaires)

return to Rome and live in poverty

– Senate favors the wealthy and ignores the poor

– Tiberius And Gaius Gracchus attempt to reform Rome but are killed by mobs at the urging of senators

Expansion Creates Expansion Creates ProblemsProblems

• Soldiers in the army began to have loyalty to a particular general rather than Rome– Rome changes requirement of

landownership to join army– Lead to increased numbers of poor people

in the army hoping to gain riches from spoils of war

– Generals begin to develop their own “private” armies which they can use to increase their own power

– Generals begin to fight each other for control of government

ClosureClosure

• Why would it be helpful to Rome to give rights to people that it conquered?

• Identify one problem created by Roman expansion.

• 12/10 Focus:12/10 Focus:– Governmental and social problems

led to the end of the Roman Republic and creation of new form of government.

• Important Terms Important Terms – Triumvirate, Pax Romana

• Do Now: Do Now: –Why did Rome offer many of the

people that it conquered some of the benefits of being Roman citizenship?

The First Triumvirate• Three men take over the

Republic in 60 BC– Julius Caesar• General who had conquered

Gaul

– Pompey• General conquered Syria and

Asia Minor

– Crassus• Wealthy Roman citizen

Civil WarCivil War

• Crassus’s dies • Caesar and

Pompey fight for control of Rome

• Caesar wins civil war and is made dictator for life by the Senate

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• Reforms Rome which makes him popular with the public– Improves court

system– Gives property

to the poor and veterans

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• Senators feared his growing power– A group of

senators murder Caesar on March 15, 44 BC• Stabbed 23

times• E Tu Brute?

Octavian (Augustus Caesar)

• Adopted son of Julius Caesar – Shared power with Marc Anthony after

Caesar’s murder• Becomes the sole ruler of Rome in 31 BC– defeats Marc Anthony at the Battle of

Actium – Senate gives him the title “Augustus”

• Meant “respected one”; first citizen.

• Becomes the first Emperor of Rome– Had absolute power– Marks the end of the Roman Republic

Augustus CaesarAugustus Caesar

• Restores peace to Rome – Start of the Pax

Romana • The Roman Peace

• Expands the Roman Empire into Western Europe– Spain, northern Gaul,

Hungary, Croatia

•

Augustus CaesarAugustus Caesar• Massive public works projects– Bridges, roads, aqueducts

• Public entertainment– Coliseum, gladiators, and games– Bread and Circuses (fed and

entertained people)• Had support of the people–Was worshipped as a god by the people

• Dies in 41 AD

Pax Romana

• “The Roman Peace”• 200 years of peace and prosperity in

the Roman Empire • Characteristics of the Pax Romana– Stable government– Strong legal system–Widespread Trade due to the extensive

road networks in the Empire– Peace

•

•

•

Points for DiscussionPoints for Discussion

• Identify one factor that contributed to the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire.

• Identify one contribution that Augustus made as ruler of Rome.

ClosureClosure

• What was the Pax Romana?