Date post: | 19-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | trevor-sims |
View: | 213 times |
Download: | 0 times |
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
1
Anomaly Detection Using Data Anomaly Detection Using Data Mining TechniquesMining Techniques
Margaret H. Dunham, Yu Meng, Donya Margaret H. Dunham, Yu Meng, Donya Quick, Jie Huang, Charlie IsakssonQuick, Jie Huang, Charlie Isaksson
CSE DepartmentCSE Department
Southern Methodist UniversitySouthern Methodist University
Dallas, Texas 75275Dallas, Texas 75275
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. Foundation under Grant No. IIS-0208741 IIS-0208741
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
2
Objectives/Outline
Develop modeling techniques which can “learn/forget” past behavior of spatiotemporal stream events. Apply to prediction of anomalous events.
Introduction EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly Detection EMM Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
3
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
4
Outline
Introduction Motivation What is an anomaly? Spatiotemporal Data Modeling Spatiotemporal Data
EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly Detection Emm Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
5
Motivation
A growing number of applications generate streams of data.
Computer network monitoring data Call detail records in telecommunications Highway transportation traffic data Online web purchase log records Sensor network data Stock exchange, transactions in retail chains, ATM operations in
banks, credit card transactions.
Data mining techniques play a key role in modeling and analyzing this data.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
6
What is Anomaly?
Event that is unusual Event that doesn’t occur frequently Predefined event What is unusual? What is deviation?
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
7
What is Anomaly in Stream Data?
Rare - Anomalous – Surprising Out of the ordinary Not outlier detection
No knowledge of data distribution Data is not static Must take temporal and spatial values into account May be interested in sequence of events
Ex: Snow in upstate New York is not an anomaly Snow in upstate New York in June is rare
Rare events may change over time
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
8
Statistical View of Anomaly
Outlier Data item that is outside the normal distribution of
the data Identify by Box Plot
Image from Image from Data Mining, Introductory and Advanced TopicsData Mining, Introductory and Advanced Topics, Prentice Hall, 2002., Prentice Hall, 2002.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
9
Statistical View of Anomaly
Image from Image from www.wikipedia.org, Normal distribution..
Identify by looking at distribution
THIS DOES NOT WORK with stream data
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
10
Data Mining View of Anomaly Classification Problem
Build classifier from training data Problem is that training data shows what is NOT an
anomaly Thus an anomaly is anything that is not viewed as
normal by the classification technique MUST build dynamic classifier
Identify anomalous behavior Signatures of what anomalous behavior looks like Input data is identified as anomaly if it is similar
enough to one of these signatures Mixed – Classification and Signature
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
11
Visualizing Anomalies Temporal Heat Map (THM) is a visualization technique for streaming
data derived from multiple sensors. Two dimensional structure similar to an infiniteinfinite table. Each row of the table is associated with one sensor value. Each column of the table is associated with a point in time. Each cell within the THM is a color representation of the sensor
value Colors normalized (in our examples)
0 – While 0.5 – Blue 1.0 - Red
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
12
THM of VoIP Data
VoIP traffic data was provided by Cisco Systems and represents logged VoIP traffic in their Richardson, Texas facility from Mon Sep 22 12:17:32 2003 to Mon Nov 17 11:29:11 2003.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
13
Spatiotemporal Stream Data
Records may arrive at a rapid rateHigh volume (possibly infinite) of continuous dataConcept drifts: Data distribution changes on the flyData does not necessarily fit any distribution patternMultidimensionalTemporalSpatialData are collected in discrete time intervals,Data are in structured format, <a1, a2, …>Data hold an approximation of the Markov property.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
14
Spatiotemporal Environment
Events arriving in a stream At any time, t, we can view the state
of the problem as represented by a vector of n numeric values:
Vt = <S1t, S2t, ..., Snt>
V1 V2 … VqS1 S11 S12 … S1q
S2 S21 S22 … S2q
… … … … …Sn Sn1 Sn2 … SnqTime
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
15
Data Stream Modeling
Single pass: Each record is examined at most once Bounded storage: Limited Memory for storing synopsis Real-time: Per record processing time must be low Summarization (Synopsis )of data Use data NOT SAMPLE Temporal and Spatial Dynamic Continuous (infinite stream) Learn Forget Sublinear growth rate - Clustering
15
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
16
MM
A first order Markov Chain is a finite or countably infinite sequence of events {E1, E2, … } over discrete time points, where Pij = P(Ej | Ei), and at any time the future behavior of the process is based solely on the current state
A Markov Model (MM) is a graph with m vertices or states, S, and directed arcs, A, such that:
S ={N1,N2, …, Nm}, and A = {Lij | i 1, 2, …, m, j 1, 2, …, m} and Each arc,
Lij = <Ni,Nj> is labeled with a transition probability
Pij = P(Nj | Ni).
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
17
Problem with Markov Chains
The required structure of the MC may not be certain at the model construction time.
As the real world being modeled by the MC changes, so should the structure of the MC.
Not scalable – grows linearly as number of events. Our solution:
Extensible Markov Model (EMM) Cluster real world events Allow Markov chain to grow and shrink dynamically
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
18
Outline
Introduction EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly
Detection EMM Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
19
Extensible Markov Model (EMM)
Time Varying Discrete First Order Markov Model Nodes are clusters of real world states. Learning continues during application phase. Learning:
Transition probabilities between nodes Node labels (centroid/medoid of cluster) Nodes are added and removed as data arrives
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
20
Related Work Splitting Nodes in HMMs
Create new states by splitting an existing state M.J. Black and Y. Yacoob,”Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local
parameterized models of image motion”, Int. Journal of Computer Vision, 25(1), 1997, 23-48. Dynamic Markov Modeling
States and transitions are cloned G. V. Cormack, R. N. S. Horspool. “Data compression using dynamic Markov Modeling,” The
Computer Journal, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1987.
Augmented Markov Model (AMM) Creates new states if the input data has never been seen in the model, and
transition probabilities are adjusted Dani Goldberg, Maja J Mataric. “Coordinating mobile robot group behavior using a model of
interaction dynamics,” Proceedings, the Third International Conference on Autonomous Agents (agents ’99), Seattle, Washington
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
21
EMM vs AMM
Our proposed EMM model is similar to AMM, but is more flexible: EMM continues to learn during the application phase. State matching is determined using a clustering technique. EMM not only allows the creation of new nodes, but deletion
(or merging) of existing nodes. This allows the EMM model to “forget” old information which may not be relevant in the future. It also allows the EMM to adapt to any main memory constraints for large scale datasets.
EMM performs one scan of data and therefore is suitable for online data processing.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
22
EMM
Extensible Markov Model (EMM): at any time t, EMM consists of an MM and algorithms to modify it, where algorithms include:
EMMSim, which defines a technique for matching between input data at time t + 1 and existing states in the MM at time t.
EMMIncrement algorithm, which updates MM at time t + 1 given the MM at time t and classification measure result at time t + 1.
Additional algorithms may be added to modify the model or for applications.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
23
EMMSim
Find closest node to incoming event. If none “close” create new node Labeling of cluster is centroid/medoid of
members in cluster Problem
Nearest Neighbhor O(n) BIRCH O(lg n)
• Requires second phase to recluster initial
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
24
EMMIncrement
<18,10,3,3,1,0,0><18,10,3,3,1,0,0>
<17,10,2,3,1,0,0><17,10,2,3,1,0,0>
<16,9,2,3,1,0,0><16,9,2,3,1,0,0>
<14,8,2,3,1,0,0><14,8,2,3,1,0,0>
<14,8,2,3,0,0,0><14,8,2,3,0,0,0>
<18,10,3,3,1,1,0.><18,10,3,3,1,1,0.>
1/3
N1
N2
2/3
N3
1/11/3
N1
N2
2/3
1/1
N3
1/1
1/2
1/3
N1
N2
2/31/2
1/2
N3
1/1
2/3
1/3
N1
N2
N1
2/21/1
N1
1
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
25
EMMDecrement
N2
N1 N3
N5 N6
2/2
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/2
N1 N3
N5 N6
1/61/6
1/6
1/31/3
1/3Delete N2
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
26
EMM Advantages
Dynamic Adaptable Use of clustering Learns rare event Scalable:
Growth of EMM is not linear on size of data. Hierarchical feature of EMM
Creation/evaluation quasi-real time Distributed / Hierarchical extensions
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
27
Growth of EMM
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 80 159
238
317
396
475
554
633
712
791
870
949
1028
1107
1186
1265
1344
1423
1502
number of input data (total 1574)
num
ber o
f st
ate
in m
ode
l
threshold 0.994
threshold 0.995
threshold 0.996
threshold 0.997
threshold 0.998
Servent Data
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
28
EMM Performance – Growth Rate
Data SimThreshold
0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998
Serwent
Jaccrd 156 190 268 389 667Dice 72 92 123 191 389
Cosine 11 14 19 31 61Ovrlap 2 2 3 3 4
Ouse
Jaccrd 56 66 81 105 162Dice 40 43 52 66 105
Cosine 6 8 10 13 24Ovrlap 1 1 1 1 1
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
29
EMM Performance – Growth Rate
Minnesota Traffic Data
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
30
Outline
Introduction EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly
Detection EMM Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
31
Datasets/Anomalies MnDot – Minnesota Department of Transportation
Automobile Accident
Ouse and Serwent – River flow data from England Flood Drought
KDD Cup’99http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/kddcup99.html
Intrusion
Cisco VoIP – VoIP traffic data obtained at Cisco Unusual Phone Call
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
32
Rare Event Detection
Weekdays Weekend
Minnesota DOT Traffic Data
Detected unusual weekend traffic pattern
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
33
Our Approach to Detect Anomalies
By learning what is normal, the model can predict what is not
Normal is based on likelihood of occurrence Use EMM to build model of behavior We view a rare event as:
Unusual event Transition between events states which does
not frequently occur. Base rare event detection on determining events
or transitions between events that do not frequently occur.
Continue learning
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
34
EMMRare
EMMRare algorithm indicates if the current input event is rare. Using a threshold occurrence percentage, the input event is determined to be rare if either of the following occurs: The frequency of the node at time t+1 is
below this threshold The updated transition probability of the MC
transition from node at time t to the node at t+1 is below the threshold
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
36
Determining Rare
Occurrence Frequency (OFc) of a node Nc :
OFc =
Normalized Transition Probability (NTPmn),
from one state, Nm, to another, Nn :
NTPmn =
c ii
CN CN
mn ii
CL CN
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
37
EMMRareGiven:
• Rule#1: CNi <= thCN
• Rule#2: CLij <= thCL
• Rule#3: OFc <= thOF
• Rule#4: NTPmn <= thNTP
Input: Gt: EMM at time t
i: Current state at time t
R= {R1, R2,…,RN}: A set of rules
Output: At: Boolean alarm at time t
Algorithm:
At =
1 Ri = True
0 Ri = False
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
38
Rare Event in Cisco Data
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
39
Problem: Mitigate false alarm rate while maintaining a high detection rate.
Methodology: Historic feedbacks can be used as a free resource to take out
some possibly safe anomalies Combine anomaly detection model and user’s feedbacks. Risk level index
Evaluation metrics: Detection rate, false alarm rate. Detection rate False alarm rate Operational Curve
Risk assessment
Detection rate = TP/(TP+TN)False alarm rate = FP/(TP+FP)
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
40
Reducing False Alarms
•Calculate Risk using historical feedback
•Historical Feedback:
•Count of true alarms:
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
41
Detection Rate Experiments
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 320
0.5
1
(a) EUCLIDEAN THRESHOLD FOR CLUSTERING (th)
DETECTION RATE OF ANOMALY DETECTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.5
1
(b) RISK ASSESSMENT WEIGHT FACTOR (alpha)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
0.5
1
(c) EMM STATE CARDINALITY THRESHOLD (thNode)
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
0.5
1
(d) EMM TRANSITION CARDINALITY THRESHOLD (thLink)
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
42
False Alarm Rate
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 320
0.5
1
(a) EUCLIDEAN THRESHOLD FOR CUSTERING (th)
FALSE ALARM RATE OF ANOMALY DETECTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.5
1
(b) RISK ASSESSMENT WEIGHT FACTOR (alpha)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
0.5
1
(c) EMM STATE CARDINALITY THRESHOLD (thNode)
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
0.5
1
(d) EMM TRANSITION CARDINALITY THRESHOLD (thLink)
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
ANOMALY DETECTIONRISK ASSESSMENT
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
43
Outline
Introduction EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly
Detection EMM Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
44
Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives
Apply proven spatiotemporal modeling technique to seismic Apply proven spatiotemporal modeling technique to seismic datadata
Construct EMM to model sensor dataConstruct EMM to model sensor data Local EMM at location or areaLocal EMM at location or area Hierarchical EMM to summarize lower level modelsHierarchical EMM to summarize lower level models Represent all data in one vector of valuesRepresent all data in one vector of values EMM learns normal behaviorEMM learns normal behavior
Develop new similarity metrics to include all sensor data types Develop new similarity metrics to include all sensor data types (Fusion)(Fusion)
Apply anomaly detection algorithmsApply anomaly detection algorithms
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
45
Input Data RepresentationInput Data Representation
•Vector of sensor values (numeric) at Vector of sensor values (numeric) at precise time points or aggregated over precise time points or aggregated over time intervals.time intervals.•Need not come from same sensor Need not come from same sensor types.types.•Similarity/distance between vectors Similarity/distance between vectors used to determine creation of new nodes used to determine creation of new nodes in EMM.in EMM.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
46
EMM with Seismic DataEMM with Seismic Data
Input – Wave arrivals (all or one per sensor)Input – Wave arrivals (all or one per sensor) Identify states and changes of states in seismic dataIdentify states and changes of states in seismic data Wave form would first have to be converted into a series of vectors representing Wave form would first have to be converted into a series of vectors representing
the activity at various points in time.the activity at various points in time. Initial Testing with RDG dataInitial Testing with RDG data Use amplitude, period, and wave typeUse amplitude, period, and wave type
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
47
New Distance MeasureNew Distance Measure
Data = <amplitude, period, wave type>Data = <amplitude, period, wave type> Different wave type = 100% differenceDifferent wave type = 100% difference For events of same wave type:For events of same wave type:
50% weight given to the difference in amplitude.50% weight given to the difference in amplitude. 50% weight given to the difference in period.50% weight given to the difference in period.
If the distance is greater than the threshold, a state change If the distance is greater than the threshold, a state change is required.is required.
amplitude =amplitude =
| amplitude| amplitudenewnew – amplitude – amplitudeaverageaverage | / amplitude | / amplitudeaverageaverage
period = period =
| period| periodnewnew – period – periodaverageaverage | / period | / periodaverage average
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
48
EMM with Seismic DataEMM with Seismic Data
States 1, 2, and 3 correspond to Noise, Wave A, and Wave B respectively.
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
49
Preliminary TestingPreliminary Testing
RDG data February 1, 1981 – 6 RDG data February 1, 1981 – 6 earthquakesearthquakes
Find transition times close to known Find transition times close to known earthquakesearthquakes
9 total nodes9 total nodes 652 total transitions652 total transitions Found all quakesFound all quakes
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
50
Outline
Introduction EMM Overview EMM Applications to Anomaly
Detection EMM Applications to Nuclear Testing Future Work
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
51
Ongoing/Future Work
Extend to Emerging Patterns Extend to Hierarchical/Distributed
Yu Su Test with more data – KDD Cup Compare to other approaches
Charlie Isaksson Apply to nuclear testing
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
52
Hierarchical EMMHierarchical EMM
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
53
12/9/08, Sandia National Labs
54
ReferencesReferences
Zhigang Li and Margaret H. Dunham, “ STIFF: A Forecasting Framework for Spatio-Temporal Zhigang Li and Margaret H. Dunham, “ STIFF: A Forecasting Framework for Spatio-Temporal Data”, Data”, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Multimedia Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Multimedia and Complex Dataand Complex Data, May 2002, pp 1-9., May 2002, pp 1-9.
Zhigang Li, Liangang Liu, and Margaret H. Dunham, “ Considering Correlation Between Variables Zhigang Li, Liangang Liu, and Margaret H. Dunham, “ Considering Correlation Between Variables to Improve Spatiotemporal Forecasting,” Proceedings of the PAKDD Conference, May 2003, pp to Improve Spatiotemporal Forecasting,” Proceedings of the PAKDD Conference, May 2003, pp 519-531.519-531.
Jie Huang, Yu Meng, and Margaret H. Dunham, “Extensible Markov Model,” Jie Huang, Yu Meng, and Margaret H. Dunham, “Extensible Markov Model,” Proceedings IEEE Proceedings IEEE ICDM ConferenceICDM Conference, November 2004, pp 371-374., November 2004, pp 371-374.
Yu Meng and Margaret H. Dunham, “Efficient Mining of Emerging Events in a Dynamic Yu Meng and Margaret H. Dunham, “Efficient Mining of Emerging Events in a Dynamic Spatiotemporal,” Spatiotemporal,” Proceedings of the IEEE PAKDD ConferenceProceedings of the IEEE PAKDD Conference, April 2006, Singapore. (Also in , April 2006, Singapore. (Also in Lecture Notes in Computer ScienceLecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 3918, 2006, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 750-754.), Vol 3918, 2006, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 750-754.)
Yu Meng and Margaret H. Dunham, “Mining Developing Trends of Dynamic Spatiotemporal Data Yu Meng and Margaret H. Dunham, “Mining Developing Trends of Dynamic Spatiotemporal Data Streams,” Streams,” Journal of ComputersJournal of Computers, Vol 1, No 3, June 2006, pp 43-50., Vol 1, No 3, June 2006, pp 43-50.
Charlie Isaksson, Yu Meng, and Margaret H. Dunham, “Risk Leveling of Network Traffic Charlie Isaksson, Yu Meng, and Margaret H. Dunham, “Risk Leveling of Network Traffic Anomalies,” Anomalies,” International Journal of Computer Science and Network SecurityInternational Journal of Computer Science and Network Security , Vol 6, No 6, June , Vol 6, No 6, June 2006, pp 258-265.2006, pp 258-265.
Margaret H. Dunham and Vijay Kumar, “Stream Hierarchy Data Mining for Sensor Data,” Margaret H. Dunham and Vijay Kumar, “Stream Hierarchy Data Mining for Sensor Data,” Innovations and Real-Time Applications of Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) SymposiumInnovations and Real-Time Applications of Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) Symposium , , November 26, 2007, Shreveport Louisiana.November 26, 2007, Shreveport Louisiana.