ROMAN PERIOD
A PRESENTATION BY :
04. Vaishnavi
09. Pralay
13. Narayan
42. Ishrat
Elective IIEvolution of Art, Culture and Technology
Structure of the presentation
• Overview and Location
• History of Roman Empire
• Architecture and City Planning
• Technology
• Occupation
• Trade and Commerce
• Art and Culture
> Rome was established near the Tiber river and Alban hills.
> This site offered many benefits asthe river was a natural border.
> The hills gave a safe defensive position.
> The site was also located on anintersection between two principal roads leading to the sea coming from Sabinum in the Northeast & Etruria in the Northwest.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
> According to Greek mythology, Romulus & Remus, twin sons of Rhea Silvia & Mars, the God of war were born in 771 BC.
> Due to prophecy, they were abandoned after birth on Tiber river.
> A she wolf took care of them.
> Faustulus and his wife AccaLarentia raised them further.
> Romulus killed Remus and founded the city of Rome.
ORIGIN
753 BC• Romulus founded Rome, became first ruler
753 BC –509 BC
• Rome ruled by kings
509 BC
• Rome becomes a republic
• Senators administered the city
218 BC
• Hannibal invades Italy
• Second Punic War
73 BC• Spartacus leads slaves
45 BC
• First dictator – Julius Caesar
• Civil war – end of Roman republic
44 BC
• Assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus
• Second civil war
HISTORY
27 BC
• Roman empire begins.
• Caesar Augustus – 1st Roman emperor
80 AD• Colosseum was built
121 AD• The Hadrian Wall was built
306 AD
• Constantine becomes emperor
• Spread of Christianity.
380 AD• Rome splits into two empires.
476 AD
• End of western Roman empire
• Romulus Augustus – Last Roman emperor
HISTORY
FATHER OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE – M. Vergilius Eurysaces
‘ All buildings must be executed
in such a way as to take account of
durability, utility & beauty. ‘
ARCHITECTURE
• Architectural ideals
• Building materials
• Structures - Walls- Bridges- Arches & Vault - Dome- Aqueducts- Theatres, Circuses & Arenas- Bath- Temples & Pantheons- Basilicas- Tomb
ARCHITECTURE
• ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- SPACE :
> To the Romans, the space inside a structure was just as important as the exterior.
> Interior space was the primary focus of Roman architecture and was shaped by vaults, arches and walls.
- EXTRAVAGANCY :
> Architecture for the powerful was gaudy and colourful, not like the ruins seen today.
ARCHITECTURE
• BUILDING MATERIALS USED
- STONES :> Volcanic tufa - walls> Limestone - sculptures> Travertine - aqueducts and tiling> White marble - sculptures
- BRICK
- CEMENT> Made from pozzolanic ash / pozzolana
- CONCRETE
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- Walls :
> For defense purpose> Minimum height of 3.5m> Width ranged from 1.8m to 6m
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- BRIDGES :
> Generally lower in height and broader than aqueducts
> Two important Roman bridges :1. Pons Fabricus2. Pons Milvius
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- ARCHES :
> More intricate than a simple post-and-lintel system.
> Formed by a multitude of small elements that curve over space by resting against each other in a delicate balance.
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- VAULTS :
> Created by extending an arch along its axis (merely an extended arch).
> Supports and provides a roof for a given area.
> Types of vaults :1. Barrel / Tunnel vaults2. Cross / Groin vaults
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- AQUEDUCTS :
> Used to supply the civilization with water from afar.
> Utilized an arch to create a continuous line of decent of water.
> Built using stone, brick or concrete.
> Aqua Claudia :~ Brought water over solid masonry from some ten
miles into Rome
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- Basilicas :
> Pure Roman style of architecture
> Means, a roofed hall rectangular in plan,sometimes with an apse.
> Basilica Ulpia~ Finest example of the columner basilica
> Basilica in Trier, Germany~ Built by Constantine~ Served as an important model in the
Roman period of architecture
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- THEATRES :
> Roman theatres were closed while Greeks had open,outside theatre.
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- ARENAS :
> Emperors fought gladiators and wild animals> Deadly sports like Chariot racing, etc.
ARCHITECTURE
• STRUCTURES
- BATHS :
> Strenuous daily life promoted the Romans to construct large public baths.
> Wealthy citizens also constructed private baths intheir domiciles.
> Featured elaborate heating systems ~ Furnaces beneath floors ~ Heat was transmitted to rooms by tile ducts,
warming the floors and the walls.
ARCHITECTURE
• ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- Temples :
> Earliest Roman temples resembled Etruscan templesand Greek temples ~ Axial plan~ Deep porch~ Widely spaced columns~ High podiums
> Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
> Pantheon :~ Immense, domed cella~ Deep, octastyle Corinthian porch~ Block-like intermediate structure
ARCHITECTURE
> Lower classes in meagre, cramped apartments
> Middle classes on the lower floors. Their housingwas called as INSULAS.
> Upper classes usually owned a house known as DOMUS.
Housing
Ancient Insulas
> The basic city plan consisted of a central forum with other city services.
> It was surrounded by a wall for defense purpose.
> The wall also marked city limits & was covered by a PORTCULLIS.
> Streets were laid at right angles, in a square grid.
> All roads were equal in length & width.
> Each squared marked by 4 roads was called an INSULA.
City Planning
> Most Roman cities had a population between between5,000 & 15,000 people.
> Cities were more important to the Roman Empire because they were where the empire collected taxes.
> The Ancient Roman city planning still is very clear in modern Rome & it has influenced many towns across Europe & the world.
City Planning
> Romans technologically excelled in :
- Civil Engineering- Engineering construction materials - Transport technology- Inventions such as the mechanical reaper.
- Rome was also medically advanced.~ GALEN (129 to 217 AD.) was the first physician ~ Father of Medicine in Rome~ excelled in both surgery & herbal medicines.~ He served as a physician of the Roman Emperor
Marcus Aurelius.
- Roman Arenas
Technology
• Types of jobs :
- Farmer
- Soldier
- Merchant
- Craftsmen
- Entertainers
- Lawyers, teachers & engineers
- Government
Occupation
> City served as a central point for commerce.
> Farmers brought produce into the city for good coins.
> Cheating was prevented.
Trade & Commerce
RELIGION
Ancient Roman deity Role Ancient Greek deity
Jupiter King of the Gods Zeus
Juno Wife of the king, Goddess of women & childbirth
Hera
Neptune God of the sea Poseidon
Mars God of war Ares
Venus Goddess of love & beauty Aphrodite
Bacchus God of wine & pleasure Dionysus
Vesta Goddess of the hearth Hestia
1. DERIVED FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY
2. CHRISTIANITY
LANGUAGE : Greek & Latin
Culture & Tradition
LITERATURE
> Philosophy :
INDUSTRIA- to
work hard,
diligence
CLEMENTIA-
equity of rights
VIRTUS- courage,
honour, desire
to excel
FIDES- honesty,
believability,
dependability
GRAVITAS- self
control, dignity,
seriousness,
responsibility
PIETAS- respect,
dutifulness, good
living,
VALUES
Culture & Tradition
~ Virgil (70 BC to 19 BC) : History poems
~ Horace (65 BC to 8 BC) : Satires
~ Ovid (43 BC to 117 AD) : Love poems
> Poetry :
> Speeches : Rhetorics
LITERATURE
Ovid Horace
Culture & Tradition