13: Wireless And Broadcast Harvard CSCI E-2a December 15, 2008.

13:

Wireless And

Broadcast

Harvard CSCI E-2a December 15, 2008

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and ampeg4 decompressor




internetinternetBroadcast radioBroadcast radioAnd TVAnd TVBooks and Books and newspapernewspaperss

sourcesource

destinationdestination

regulation

? ? ?

internetinternet Broadcast radioBroadcast radioand TVand TV

Books and Books and newspapernewspaperss

sourcesource


regulation

? ? ?

Less regulation

More regulation





April 15, 1912

Alignment ofMilitary interestsCommercial interests

Huge public catalyzing event

Result is …

Alignment ofMilitary interestsCommercial interests

Huge public catalyzing event

Result is …Congress acts

When the world weeps together over a common loss .. why should not the nations clear the sea of its conflicting idioms and wisely regulate this new servant of humanity [radio]?

Speech on US Senate floor, May 28, 1912

William Alden Smith

Radio Act of 1912Radio Act of 1912no one could broadcast without a license from the Secretary of Commerce

permissible frequencies were assigned by the Secretary of Commerce

Military got excellent frequencies, especially the navy

Commercial shipping and other commercial use

Amateursgot banned altogether from “useful” frequencies

relegated to what were called the "short wavelengths“ (above 1000KHz) which at that time considered technologically unusable

no one could broadcast without a license from the Secretary of Commerce

permissible frequencies were assigned by the Secretary of Commerce

Military got excellent frequencies, especially the navy

Commercial shipping and other commercial use

Amateursgot banned altogether from “useful” frequencies

relegated to what were called the "short wavelengths“ (above 1000KHz) which at that time considered technologically unusable

Commercial (wireless telegraphy)

Amateur (unusable)

Military

Herbert Hoover

This section [requiring licensing] does not give the head of that department [Commerce] discretionary power over the issue of licenses .. The license system proposed is substantially the same as that in use for the documenting upward of 25,000 merchant vessels.

-- Report of House committee that recommended passage of the Radio Act of 1912

This section [requiring licensing] does not give the head of that department [Commerce] discretionary power over the issue of licenses .. The license system proposed is substantially the same as that in use for the documenting upward of 25,000 merchant vessels.

-- Report of House committee that recommended passage of the Radio Act of 1912

Commercial (wireless telegraphy)

Military

Herbert Hoover

Broadcasting uses a “a great national asset,” i.e. the spectrum,

So it is “of primary public interest to say who is to do the broadcasting, under what circumstances, and with what type of material.”

Herbert Hoover, Speech to the First National Radio Conference, February 27, 1922

Herbert Hoover 1874-1964

United States v. Zenith Radio Corp. et al.

12 F.2d 614; 1926

United States v. Zenith Radio Corp. et al.

12 F.2d 614; 1926 The Secretary of Commerce is required to issue the license subject to the regulations in the [Radio Act of 1912]. The Congress has withheld from him the power to prescribe additional regulations.

and quoting the Supreme Court:“When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power.”

The Secretary of Commerce is required to issue the license subject to the regulations in the [Radio Act of 1912]. The Congress has withheld from him the power to prescribe additional regulations.

and quoting the Supreme Court:“When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power.”

Radio Act of 1927 Radio Act of 1927

There would be no private ownership in the spectrum So from 1927 on, the spectrum was public property

spectrum licensed by Federal Radio Commission: FRC

standard for licensing was public interest standard

Successor was the Communications Act of 1934. Combined regulation for wired and wireless. FRC became the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

There would be no private ownership in the spectrum So from 1927 on, the spectrum was public property

spectrum licensed by Federal Radio Commission: FRC

standard for licensing was public interest standard

Successor was the Communications Act of 1934. Combined regulation for wired and wireless. FRC became the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

Radio Act of 1927Radio Act of 1927SEC. 29. Nothing in this Act shall be understood or construed to give the licensing authority the power of censorship over the radio communications or signals transmitted by any radio station, and no regulation or condition shall be promulgated or fixed by the licensing authority which shall interfere with the right of free speech by means of radio communications.

No person within the jurisdiction of the United States shall utter any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communications.

SEC. 29. Nothing in this Act shall be understood or construed to give the licensing authority the power of censorship over the radio communications or signals transmitted by any radio station, and no regulation or condition shall be promulgated or fixed by the licensing authority which shall interfere with the right of free speech by means of radio communications.

No person within the jurisdiction of the United States shall utter any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communications.

Amendment IAmendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

John Romulus Brinkley (1885-1941)

The Goat Gland SurgeonRadio Station KFKB (Kansas First, Kansas

Best)

John Romulus Brinkley (1885-1941)

The Goat Gland SurgeonRadio Station KFKB (Kansas First, Kansas

Best)

KFKB Broadcasting Ass’n, Inc.,v.

Federal Radio Commission60 App. D.C. 79; 47 F.2d 670;1931

KFKB Broadcasting Ass’n, Inc.,v.

Federal Radio Commission60 App. D.C. 79; 47 F.2d 670;1931

It is apparent, we think, that the [broadcasting] business is impressed with a public interest and that, because the number of available broadcasting frequencies is limited, the commission is necessarily called upon to consider the character and quality of the service to be rendered.

It is apparent, we think, that the [broadcasting] business is impressed with a public interest and that, because the number of available broadcasting frequencies is limited, the commission is necessarily called upon to consider the character and quality of the service to be rendered.

National Broadcasting Co. v. U. S.,

319 U.S. 190 (1943)


319 U.S. 190 (1943)… the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another.

Unlike other modes of expression, radio inherently is not available to all. That is its unique characteristic, and that is why, unlike other modes of expression, it is subject to governmental regulation. …

- Justice Felix Frankfurter

… the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another.

Unlike other modes of expression, radio inherently is not available to all. That is its unique characteristic, and that is why, unlike other modes of expression, it is subject to governmental regulation. …

- Justice Felix Frankfurter

internetinternet Broadcast radioBroadcast radioand TVand TV

Books and Books and newspapernewspaperss

sourcesource


regulation

? ? ?

Less regulation

More regulation

bits


319 U.S. 190 (1943)


319 U.S. 190 (1943)

… the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody.

There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. - Justice Felix Frankfurter

… the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody.

There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. - Justice Felix Frankfurter

Spread Spectrum Tradeoff:Lower Power <==> Larger Bandwidth to Get Same

Channel Capacity (bits/sec)

Spread Spectrum Tradeoff:Lower Power <==> Larger Bandwidth to Get Same

Channel Capacity (bits/sec)

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor


http://sss-mag.com/primer.html#ds





Hedy LamarrHedy Lamarr

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor



~1914: Born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna

First woman to appear nude in a feature film, Ecstasy (1933), when she was age 19

~1914: Born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna

First woman to appear nude in a feature film, Ecstasy (1933), when she was age 19



QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor



are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

After release of film, married wealthy industrialist Fritz Mandl, who tried to buy up and burn all the prints

QuickTime™ and aDV/DVCPRO - NTSC decompressor



Hostess for Mandl’s parties in Vienna, where they entertained

his business friends

Hostess for Mandl’s parties in Vienna, where they entertained

his business friends





“Any girl can be glamorous.

All she has to do is stand still and look stupid.”

Louis Mayer and America

Louis Mayer and America

Kiesler became increasingly hostile both to the Nazis and to her husband Mandl

In 1937 she hired a maid who looked like her, then drugged the maid and escaped to Paris in the maid’s uniform

She met movie mogul Louis Mayer, who gave her a movie contract and the name Hedy Lamarr

Divorced Mandl on grounds of desertion Emigrated to America and settled in

Hollywood

Kiesler became increasingly hostile both to the Nazis and to her husband Mandl

In 1937 she hired a maid who looked like her, then drugged the maid and escaped to Paris in the maid’s uniform

She met movie mogul Louis Mayer, who gave her a movie contract and the name Hedy Lamarr

Divorced Mandl on grounds of desertion Emigrated to America and settled in

Hollywood



George AntheilGeorge Antheil

Born 1900 in New Jersey, of Prussian parents

Studied music in Philadelphia, became concert pianist in Berlin and Paris

Avant-garde composer of “mechanistic” pieces such as Airplane Sonata and Death of Machines

Ballet Mécanique was scored for 16 player pianos, xylophone, and percussion; one production had electric bells, airplane propellers, and siren

Born 1900 in New Jersey, of Prussian parents

Studied music in Philadelphia, became concert pianist in Berlin and Paris

Avant-garde composer of “mechanistic” pieces such as Airplane Sonata and Death of Machines

Ballet Mécanique was scored for 16 player pianos, xylophone, and percussion; one production had electric bells, airplane propellers, and siren





Antheil in the US

Antheil in the US



• By 1933, Antheil’s music was out of fashion and he was broke and moved to California• Invented the “See Note” system of musical notation, read down the page with each column representing one note, like a player piano roll - also a commercial failure

Man Ray photo

Antheil and EndocrinologyAntheil and

Endocrinology 1936, Esquire: Glandbook for

the Questing Male and The Glandbook for Practical Use

1936, Esquire: Glandbook for the Questing Male and The Glandbook for Practical Use

The Glandbook in Practical Use (Esquire, June 1936)

Lamarr and Antheil

Lamarr and Antheil

In 1940 Lamarr arranges to meet Antheil in Hollywood

She knows about Antheil’s applied endocrinology and wants to know how to enlarge her

The next night they talk again and Lamarr says she is thinking of quitting MGM and offering her services to the National Inventor’s Council

“They could just have me around, and ask me questions”

In 1940 Lamarr arranges to meet Antheil in Hollywood

She knows about Antheil’s applied endocrinology and wants to know how to enlarge her

The next night they talk again and Lamarr says she is thinking of quitting MGM and offering her services to the National Inventor’s Council

“They could just have me around, and ask me questions”





What Hedy Lamarr Knew

What Hedy Lamarr Knew

Lamarr learned a lot while standing around and looking stupid at parties

Lamarr learned a lot while standing around and looking stupid at parties



Fritz Mandl was a munitions maker and his regular dinner guests included:





The InventionThe Invention

Lamarr understands major problems in weapons design

She has some ideas about unjammable torpedo guidance systems

She explains to Antheil the idea of spread spectrum frequency hopping to prevent interception and jamming

She does not know how to control the sequencing of frequencies

Lamarr understands major problems in weapons design

She has some ideas about unjammable torpedo guidance systems

She explains to Antheil the idea of spread spectrum frequency hopping to prevent interception and jamming

She does not know how to control the sequencing of frequencies


are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Antheil:“With a Player Piano

Roll!”

Antheil:“With a Player Piano

Roll!”





Short transmissions at different frequencies = a kind of spectrum spreading

The Fate of the Invention

The Fate of the Invention

Out of patriotism, Lamarr and Antheil give the patent to the Navy and never receive any royalties

She helps the war effort by selling kisses at $50,000 each, raising $7M in War Bonds in one night

The Navy classifies but does not implement the invention, reluctant to put player pianos into torpedoes

In the 1950s electronic control became possible, and frequency hopping became the basis for all secret military communications

First heavily used for secret communications in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962

Out of patriotism, Lamarr and Antheil give the patent to the Navy and never receive any royalties

She helps the war effort by selling kisses at $50,000 each, raising $7M in War Bonds in one night

The Navy classifies but does not implement the invention, reluctant to put player pianos into torpedoes

In the 1950s electronic control became possible, and frequency hopping became the basis for all secret military communications

First heavily used for secret communications in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962





The Curious End of Hedy Lamarr

The Curious End of Hedy Lamarr

Antheil dies in 1959, never seeing the fruit of his labors

Lamarr runs through six husbands, several fortunes, and two shoplifting arrests

She develops a habit of suing almost anyone who mentions her name in public, but wins few of the lawsuits

In 1997, with spread spectrum technology now being used to secure millions of cell phone conversations, Lamarr, 84, is awarded the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneers Award

“It’s About Time”

Antheil dies in 1959, never seeing the fruit of his labors

Lamarr runs through six husbands, several fortunes, and two shoplifting arrests

She develops a habit of suing almost anyone who mentions her name in public, but wins few of the lawsuits

In 1997, with spread spectrum technology now being used to secure millions of cell phone conversations, Lamarr, 84, is awarded the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneers Award

“It’s About Time”

Lamarr on Telephone with her Son

at the EFF Award Ceremony

Lamarr on Telephone with her Son

at the EFF Award Ceremony

The Broadcast Spectrum is Not a Limited

Resource!

The Broadcast Spectrum is Not a Limited

Resource! Spread spectrum makes it possible to have

essentially unlimited numbers of cell phone calls

If radio stations can broadcast and rebroadcast at low power over limited areas using spread spectrum, there can be essentially unlimited numbers of stations

The legal justification for FCC control of content has been rendered irrelevant by technological advances that started with Lamarr and Antheil!

Spread spectrum makes it possible to have essentially unlimited numbers of cell phone calls

If radio stations can broadcast and rebroadcast at low power over limited areas using spread spectrum, there can be essentially unlimited numbers of stations

The legal justification for FCC control of content has been rendered irrelevant by technological advances that started with Lamarr and Antheil!



The most beautiful woman in the world - Louis Mayer

CodaCoda

In 1996, Corel Corporation, producer of drawing software Corel Draw8, awards a prize to the draftsman of this image of Lamarr as the best picture drawn using their program

Thinking Lamarr is dead, Corel puts the image on its box and startup screen

Lamarr sues Corel for $15M, eventually settles, and lives out her last years in comfort

1999: “Films have a certain place in a certain time period. Technology is forever.”

Hedy Lamarr died January 19, 2000, at the age of 86

In 1996, Corel Corporation, producer of drawing software Corel Draw8, awards a prize to the draftsman of this image of Lamarr as the best picture drawn using their program

Thinking Lamarr is dead, Corel puts the image on its box and startup screen

Lamarr sues Corel for $15M, eventually settles, and lives out her last years in comfort

1999: “Films have a certain place in a certain time period. Technology is forever.”

Hedy Lamarr died January 19, 2000, at the age of 86



Date post:	18-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	nathan-summers
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

13: Wireless And Broadcast Harvard CSCI E-2a December 15, 2008.

Documents