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C o m p r e s s o r s :

S e l e c t i o n a n d S i z i n g

3 r d E d i t io n

R o y c e N .

B r o w n P . E .

R N B E n g i n e e r in g

H o u s t o n j e x a s

AMSTERDAM - BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD

PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

FT SFVTFR

J J I O J J

v

J- A^ Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier

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C o n t e n t s

Preface xi

cknowledgments xiii

bout the uthor xv

1

Overview

Introduction 1

Compression M ethods 2

Intermittent Mode Compressors 4

Continuous Compression Compressors 12

2

Basic Relationships 7

Introduction 17

GasandVapor 18

Compressibility 19

Partial Pressure

2

Gas Mixtures 21

Specific Gravity 22

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Vi

ontents

M ixture Com pressability 23

Humidity 23

Flow 24

Aco ustic Velocity 28

Eq uatio ns of State 29

Theo retical W ork 32

Intercooling 44

References 51

Bibliography 51

3 . R e c i p r o c a t i n g C o m p r e s s o r s 52

Introduction 52

Piston Co m pressors 53

Performance 58

M echanical Design 71

Diaph ragm Com pressors 96

Performance 97

Selection and Sizing 100

References 122

Bibliography 124

4 . R o t a r y C o m p r e s s o r s

125

Com mo n Fea tures 125

Helical Lobe Co mp ressors 127

Straight Lobe Co m pressors 156

Sliding Vane Co m pressors 159

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ontents Vii

Liquid Piston Com pressors 164

References 165

5 Ce ntr ifugal Com pressors 1 66

Introduction 166

Performance 182

M echanical Design 223

Shaft End Seals 249

References 260

Bibliography 261

6 A xial Com pressors

262

Historical Back groun d 262

Performance 264

M echanical Design 286

References 294

Bibliography 294

7 Dr ivers 295

Introduction 295

Com pressors and M otors 307

Variable Frequen cy Drives 317

Steam Turbines 323

Gas Engines 333

Gas Turbines 334

Expansion Turbine s 338

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ontents

References 342

Bibliography 343

8 . A c c e s s o r i e s

344

Introduction 344

Dry Gas Seal Systems 367

Gears 371

Couplings 377

Instrumentation 386

Vibration 395

Control 402

References 413

Bibliography 413

9 . D y n a m i c s 41 5

Introduction 415

Balance 416

Balance M ethods 421

Reciprocating Shaking Forces 427

Rotary Shaking Forces 432

Ro tor Dynam ics 432

References 451

1 0 .

T e s t i n g 453

Introduction 453

O perational Tests 457

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ontents IX

References 484

Bibliography 485

1 1 .

Ne go t iat ion and Purchasing 487

Introduction 487

Prelim inary Sizing 489

I nqu iry Specifications 490

W riting the Specification 492

Bid/Quotation 504

Bid Ev aluation 504

Pre Aw ard M eeting . 505

Purchase Specification 506

A w ard Co ntract 506

Co ordination M eeting 506

En gineering Reviews 507

Inspections 508

Tests 508

Shipment 510

Site A rrival 511

I nstallation and Startup 511

Successful O pera tion 513

Bibliography 513

12 Reliabi l i ty Issues 51 5

G eneral O verview 515

Th e I nstallation 518

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X ontents

Compressors 523

Drivers 527

Applications 529

Operations 532

System Components 535

Quality __ _ 536

References 543

Bibliography

543

p p e n d i x

545

p p e n d i x

B 547

p p e n d i x

C

58

p p e n d i x D 587

I n d e x

597