13.2 Solutions and Their Properties

Lorena María Wheelock Gutiérrez

Steps at the Dissolving Process

*The Dissolving Process:

The submicroscopic interactions that occur between water molecules & various solute

particles determine the extend to which water is able to dissolve

solutes.

Solute, Solvent & Solution

The substance that is being dissolved when

you’re making a solution.

The substance that dissolves the solute when you’re making

a solution. A mixture that is the same throughout, or

homogeneous.

When water is added to a glass filled with sodium, water surrounds the sodium & chloride ions, and the ionic compounds

dissociates. Because water is polar, has – and + end, and they are attracted both.

Water Dissolves Many Ionic Substances

When water is added to a solid sucrose, each O – H bonds on the

sucrose is a possible site of hydrogen bonding with water.

Water Dissolves Many Covalent Substances

When you mix oil and water, and then you shake it, at the beginning they seem to be mix, but then the substances separate in two layer.

Oil and Water don’t Mix

+

Safflower oil + Olive oil

Different Oils Mix Together

In contrast of water and oil, two different oils, in this case safflower oil and Olive oil mix readily and remain mixed.

When tea is strong, it’s concentrated. If you like weak tea, you prefer a dilute

solution. When you have strong tea, you need to add water to dilute it. Color would

vary in relation of its concentration.

Solution’s Concentration & Dilute

A supersaturated solution is a solution containing more solute than

the usual maximum; they are unstable. For example: fudge.

A saturated solution is a solution that holds the maximum amount

of solute under the given conditions.

Supersaturated & Saturated Solutions

The amount of solute required to achieve a saturated solution in

water depends upon the temperature.

A heat solution is the heat taken in or released in the dissolving process.

Some examples that uses this method is the hot & cold packs.

Heats of Solutions (example)

Molarity: Is the moles of the solute

divided by the volume of it

measured in liters.

Molarity

Steps to Prepare a Solution

A solution always has a freezing point than the

corresponding pure solvent, so if you’re interested just in the aqueous solutions, and it will have a freezing point lower

than 0°C

Freezing-Point Depression

Boiling-Point Depression

The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, so the boiling

point of an aqueous solution will be greater than 100°C.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the flow of molecules through a

selectively permeable membrane driven by

concentration difference.

Soda has carbon dioxide in water, when you open a

soda, the gas is dissolved under pressure in water.So the solution is now a

supersaturated in carbon dioxide.

Solutions of Gases in Water

A colloid is a mixture that contains particles that are evenly

distributed through a dispersing medium.

Colloids

Colloid

Tyndall Effect

Notice how the light beam becomes easily visible in the colloid because of the light scattering. It’s the same at

fog.