- 1. The Church Wields Power
2.
- Know why and how the Church wielded secular/political
power.
- Know about the conflict between Emperor Otto I and Pope John
XII and how this led to the Holy Roman Emperor exercising authority
over the papacy and Church.
- Know what lay investiture is, why nobles like it, and what
happens during the Investiture Controversy between Emperor Henry IV
and Pope Gregory VII.
- How does the Concordat of Worms help settle the lay investiture
issue?
- How does Emperor Frederick I help ensure the Germanic state
will stay divided?
- You dont need to know any other names than those mentioned
above.
3.
- Youll recall that Pope Gregory I greatly expands the papacys
political power by acting politically independently of the secular
authorities.
- Youll also recall that Pope Leo III exerts political authority
over Charlemagne by crowning him emperor.
- These are both instances of the religious/spiritual authority
of the Roman Catholic Church becoming more politically
oriented.
- While some figures, such as Popes Gregory I and Gelasius I,
advocated what we would call the separation of church and state,
both the religious and secular authorities wielded so much general
power, that they unavoidably stepped on each others toes.
4.
- Since the Church was so important to the lives of the common
people, it could often wield political power through the
religion.
-
- The Churchs canon law covered a lot of daily, moral, and
religious life.
-
- King rebelling against the Church and the pope?Just
excommunicate him, i.e. banish him from the Church.
-
-
- Since salvation came through the Church and dogma said that
whatever the pope bound or loosed on earth was also bound or loosed
in heaven, exiling someone from the faith meant they were damned
for eternity.
-
-
- Were also shunned by the community.
-
-
- Meant to be medicinal and compel the person to repent (get back
into line) and rejoin the Church.
5. 6.
- If the ole excommunication wasnt working, the pope could resort
to the interdict in which a population wasnt getting the usual
religious rites.
-
- They werent banned from the Church like in excommunication, but
the populace would be understandably in fear of their souls
futures.
-
- It put further political pressure on rulers to repent or on a
population to repent.
-
- It was sometimes used just as a temporary punishment rather
than as a corrective measure.
7.
- So, if you remember Charlemagne (and you should), he was
crowned emperor by Pope Leo III.His empire later becomes known as
the Holy Roman Empire and the imperial title becomes much more
German than French.
- Otto I, seen here, is the first real Holy Roman Emperor and the
HRE exists in various forms until 1802.
8.
- Otto, through some clever political maneuvering, marriage, and
warring, comes to dominate northern Italy and gains Pope John XIIs
favor.
- John XII crowns Otto as HRE and a decree is issued making the
HRE the official protector of the independence of the papal
states.
9.
- Oddly enough, John quickly organizes tries to organize an
alliance to attack Otto because he feared Ottos power.
-
- Otto deposes John and puts Leo VIII on the papal throne; John
comes back and violently reclaims the papacy (those who revolted
against him were excommunicated; one was scourged, one lost his
hand, one lost his nose and ears), and then John dies before Otto
can get back to Rome.
10.
-
- Otto then deposes the new pope, Benedict V.Otto forces the
Romans not to elect a new pope without his consent and so he
approves of Pope John XIII.
-
-
- You cant make this stuff up, folks.
-
- So this is all a case of the secular authority asserting
control over the religious authority, with the emperor putting
church officials in place a case oflay investiture .
11.
- Side-note on Pope John XII
- John XII had a quite a reputation.
- He was put into the papacy when he was around 16-18 through the
political maneuvering of his father.
- He was known to be a notorious womanizer (and maybe not just
women) and the papal palace was derisively referred to as a brothel
(because it may have been one).
-
- There are strong rumors that his niece and possibly his mother
and sister were among the women.
- He used Church money to pay off gambling debts.
- He died at the age of 24 apparently at the hands of a man who
caught John XII in bed with his wife.
12. John XII not so holy
- And he had nothing on Pope Benedict IX (1032-1044, 1045,
1047-1048) yes, he was pope on three different occasions, the first
time he was 12-16.
-
- Ben IX engaged in, well various and creative forms of sexual
debauchery.
-
- He also sold the papacy in 1045 for a bunch of gold because he
wanted to marry.Later reneged on the deal and came back in
1047.
Ben IX less holy yet 13.
- Anyway the lay investiture issue comes to a head with the
Investiture Controversy in 1075.
- The Emperor and other nobles like being able to appoint
bishops.Being a bishop could be a wealthy endeavor with a lot of
land, so the nobles could make good money by selling the
office.
-
- Since the literate bishop also played a role in the secular
government, the nobles wanted to appoint people who would be loyal
to them.
14.
- The HREmperor at the time of the controversy, Henry IV, didnt
like Pope Gregory VII (a very good and morally upright pope)
banning lay investiture.
- So, Henry IV sends a letter to Greg VII informing him hes no
longer pope.It nicely ended with, I, Henry, king by the grace of
God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and
be damned throughout the ages.
15.
- Greg VII naturally responded with excommunicating Henry
IV.
- Henry IV now had a little problem.Many of his German nobles
didnt like him and they seized this opportunity to depose him and
break away from the empire by siding with the pope.Theirs was a
political move, not religious.
16.
- In order to retain his throne, Henry had to back down and
grovel before Greg VII so that he could gain time to regroup his
forces.
-
- So Henry IV spends three days standing barefoot outside the
popes residence in Conossa, Italy in the winter pleading
forgiveness.
-
-
- This was a political move.He knew the pope would be forced to
absolve him and his excommunication.Gregory did just that because
his spiritual obligations overrode his political interests.
17.
- Gregory VII won the battle but lost the war.Henry IV proceeded
to punish those German princes who had opposed him.He then
redeposed Gregory VII (and GVII re-excommunicated Henry), but Henry
was now too powerful for Gregory.
-
- Gregory fled Rome and Henry put Pope Clement III on the papal
throne.
- Henry IV wasnt being presumptuous when he tried to depose the
pope.He thought it was his right.Since the emperor decided who was
to be pope, he could decide who could be pope no longer.
-
- Otto I did it, and Henry IVs father, Henry III, deposed three
different popes.
18. SUNDAY, SUNDAY, SUNDAY!! ITS POPE GREGORY VII EMPEROR HENRY
IV VS IN A WINNER-TAKES-ALL CAGE MATCH!!! BE THERE! BE THERE!
19.
- Reached in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II and HREmperor Henry
V
- H5 had continued his fathers feud with the popes, imprisoning
one and even setting up a competing pope.
- All of this investiture business, though, was becoming a big
distraction and weakening his power so he and Calixtus II came to a
compromise.
-
- In the Concordat, the pope gets to choose who the bishops will
be and give them religious authority.
-
- The emperor gets to grant secular authority and can veto bishop
nominations within his realm.
-
- So they both got something they wanted.
20.
- The problem with the Holy Roman Empire is that it was neither
holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.
- The empire consisted of seven German principalities that didnt
always get along with each other or the emperor.
- Fred spent too much time invading Italy instead of getting the
empire in shape and under his control.
-
- First, it allowed the princes back in Germany to feud and cause
disorder.
-
- Second, the Italian merchants got fed up with Freds raiding and
the merchant cities joined against him in the Lombard League.
21.
-
- Fred loses at the Battle of Legnano and makes peace with the
pope.
- Fred eventually dies while fighting the Third Crusade.
- The result, though, is that the weakening of the central
authority ensures that the Germanic states remain separate instead
of gradually unifying like the feudal states were in France and
England.
-
- In fact, they remain independent until around 1817 and dont
form a real nation-state until 1871.
22. Ok, now give me sassy! There you go!Work it!