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2543 2546
2547 2550
2548 2549 CKE Engineering Co., Ltd. 2553 2556 2550
30000
: 044-223926 : 044-223920 : [email protected] , [email protected]
Facebook: kiattisak batsungnoen
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618101
Basic Occupational Health and Safety
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618101 (Basic OccupationalHealth and Safety)
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1 The Denition and Scope of Occupational Health and Safety
1. 2 2. 2 3. 4 4. 10 5. 11 6. 13 7. 13
8. 14 14 15 16
2 Occupational Health and Safety Teamwork and Organization
1. 18
2. 18 3. 22 4. 27 5. 28 6. 32 37 38 40
3 Situation of Injuries and Occupational Disease in The Workplace
1. 42 2. 44 3. 45 4. 1,000 45 5. 46
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3 Situation of Injuries and Occupational Disease in The Workplace
6. 47 7. 47 8. 48 9. 2554 49 10. .. 2545 - 2551 53 11. .. 2544 - 2555 55 12. 100,000 55
57 58 59
4 Environmental Hazards in The Workplaces
1. 62 2. 62
2.1 Noise 62 2.2 Vibration 69 2.3 Heat 74
2.4 Cold 82 2.5 Radiation 84 2.6 Pressure 89 2.7 Light 90 3. 93
3.1 94 3.2 95 3.3 97 3.4 97 3.5 98 3.6 99
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4 Environmental Hazards in The Workplaces
4. 101 5. 103 105 106 108
5 Industrial Safety
1. 110 2. 110 3. Accident Ratio Study 111 4. Domino Theory 112 5. Loss Causation Model 114 6. 116 7. Accident loss 120
8. 122 129 130 131
6 Principle of Hazard Control in the Workplace
1. 134 2. 134 3. 136 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 140 4.1 141 4.2 141 4.3 143 4.4 145
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6 Principle of Hazard Control in the Workplace
4.5 149 4.6 152 4.7 154 4.8 155 4.9 157 5. 3 E 157 6. 158
6.1 158 6.2 159 6.3 160 6.4 160 6.5 161 6.6 162 6.7 162 6.8 163
6.9 164 6.10 165 6.11 166 6.12 167 6.13 169 171 172 173
7 Occupational Diseases
1. 176 2. 176 3. 177 4. 179 5. 183
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7 Occupational Diseases
- 183 - 184 - 185 - 186 - 187 - 188 - 189
- 190 - 191 - 192 - (Asbestosis) 193 - 194 6. 195 7. 196 198
199 200
8 Physical Examination for Occupational Health Risk Factor
1. 202 2. 202 3. 203 3.1 203 3.2 204 3.3 205 - 205 - 206 - 206 - 207
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8 Physical Examination for Occupational Health Risk Factor
- 207 - 207 - 207 - 208 - 209 3.4 209 4. 210
5. 211 212 213 214
9 Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Services in the Workplace
1. 216 2. 216 3. 217 4. 218 5. 225 1 225 2 226 3 227
4 227 5 227 6 228 7 229 8 230 9 230 6. 231 233
234 235
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618101 (Basic OccupationalHealth and Safety)
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. () 13. 12
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|.3 1
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//
1
1. 618 101 (Basic Occupational Health and Safety)
2. () 3 3 (3-0-6)3. 4. 5. / 3 / 1
6. (pre-requisite) () 7. (co-requisites) () 8. B 3101 1 9.
1 2554
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2
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4.
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4
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|.3 3
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4
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3. 3.1
|.3 4
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4
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(2) (3)
4. 4.1
4.2
4.3 (1) (2)
|.3 5
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4
5. 5.1
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(2)
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|.3 6
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1. 1. , .
. 2544 2. . Industrial Hygiene.
. , 2545 3. 1-73.. . 2552
4. . IndustrialSafety.
5. . 711201 (Introduction toOccupational Health). . . 2543
6. .
80 5 2550.
7. . . . 2542
8. . .12. .. . . 2551.
9. . 618 101 (Basic Occupational Health and Safety).
|.3 12
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6
2. - Microsoft Power Point
3. 1. Herbert William Heinrich. Industrial accident prevention: a scientic approach. McGraw-Hill.
1931. 2. Joseph LaDou. Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine. Third Edition. Lange
Medical Books. McGraw-Hill 3. U.S. Department of Labor, Informational Booklet on Industrial Hygiene, U.S. Department
of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 3143 1998 (Revised)4. . .. 2541. 12 .. 2541
53 . 115 8 5. . ..
2554. 12 .. 2554 66 . 5 128 4
6. . .. 2549. 5 123 65 21 2549
7. http://www.labour.go.th/th 8. http://www.oshthai.org/index.php 9. () http://www.shawpat.or.th 10. http://www.industry.go.th/page/index.aspx 11. http://www.pcd.go.th 12. http://msds.pcd.go.th 13. http://www.chemtrack.org 14. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
15. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154 16. Chemical and Laboratory Equipment http://www.sciencelab.com
|.3 13
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|.3 14
7
1. -
2. - -
3. -
- -
4. -
-
5.
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1
-
-
-
-
-
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.. 1750 .. 1850
1.
2.
400 Hippocrates .. 100 Pliny .. 200 Galen .. 1556 Agricola De Re Metallica
..1700 Bernardo Ramazzini (father of industrial medicine) De Morbis Articum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen) Bernardo Ramazzini
2 |
[1,2,3]
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.. 1743 Ulrich Ellenborg Pocketbook , ,
18
Percival Pott (Chimney-Sweepers Acts) .. 1978 .. 1983 (Factory Acts)
20 Alice Hamilton
.. 1908 .. 1911 (Workers Compensation Laws) .. 1913 (Department of Labor) (Department of Health) .. 1948 .. 1919 (International Labour Organization; ILO)
3 .. 1966 (The Metal and Nonmetallic Mines SafetyAct) .. 1969 (The FederalCoal Mine Safety and Health Act) .. 1970 (The Occupational Safety and Health Act)
| 3
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3.
3.1 24 2475 .. 2475 .. 2475
1 (.. 2504 2509) .. 2505 .. 2508 .. 2533 28 2535 2
23 .. 2536 3 2545 ( 5).. 2545 .. 2545
4 |
[4]
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| 5
3.2 .. 2477
[5]
1) .. 2477 2) .. 2484 3) .. 2495 4) .. 2497 5) .. 2505 6) .. 2527
7) .. 25358) (2) ..2550
.. 2510 2 .. 2516 29 .. 2535 10 [6]
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
9) 10)
.. 2512 [7] 2 2518 3 2522 2 2535
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6 |
.. 2515 15 2 (7) 103 16 2515
1) 2) 3) () 4) 5) () 6) 7)
8)
9) 10) 11) 12) 13)
14) 15)
.. 2536 3 1)
2)
3) .. 2515 18 18
12 .. 2541 2541 [8] 3 103 16 .. 2515 103 16 .. 2515 ( 1).. 2533
18
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| 7
166 2541 103 16 .. 2515 .. 2541 [8]
16
103
1) .. 2547
2) .. 2547
3)
.. 2547 4)
.. 2548 5)
.. 2549 6)
.. 2549
7) .. 2551
8) .. 2552
9) (2) ..2553
10) .. 2554
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8 |
12 2554 [9] 180 16 2554 3 (
.. 2549) 8 ( ) .. 2541
3 74 8 .. 2541 103 3 3
1) () 2)
3)
7 2555 2555 22 2556 1
.. 2556 1 ( 1 2557)
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| 9
3.3
8 .. 2512 [10] ()
29 [11]
1). 139 ( 185 ) 3 30 103 6
2). 3 (.) 3). 1. 6 -
22 12 2. 6
(.)
3. (.) 4. 2 3 22 12 4 60
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10 |
4. [1,2]
4). 20 1 5). 4
1. , 2. 3. 4.
29 38 [11] ( 2 2556) http://www.oshthai.org/index.php
Occupational Health and Safety 3 Occupational () Health () Safety ()
(Occupational)
(Health) (Physical Health) (Mental Health) (Social well-being) ()
(Safety) (Hazard) (Danger) (Risk) (Loss) (Acceptable Risk) (Hazard)
(Danger)
(Risk)
(Loss)
(Occupational Health and Safety)
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| 11
5. [12]
3 (Recognition) (Evaluation) (Control)
5.1 (Recognition) H.W. Heinrich 2 (Unsafe Action) (Unsafe Condition)
5.2 (Evaluation) 2
Checklist , What if analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Event Tree Analysis, FMEA HAZOP (Electromyography, EMG) Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) Pain Scale
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12 |
1 1
1 - 1
(Sound Level Meter) .. 2549 8 90 (dBA) 90 dBA
Audio Meter 25 - 40 dBA
5.3 (Control)
1) (Source)
2) (Part)
3) (Receiver)
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| 13
6. [1,2]
7.
(International Labor Organization; ILO) (World Health Organization; WHO) 5
1) (promotion and maintenance)
2) (prevention)
3) (protection)
4) (placing)
5) (adaptation)
3
1) (Worker)
2) (Working Environment) 4
3)
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14 |
8.
1) 2) 3)
4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
400 Hippocrates .. 1700 Bernardo Ramazzini (father ofindustrial medicine) De Morbis Articum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen)
20 .. 1970 (Occupational Health and Safety)
3 (Recognition) (Evaluation) (Control) 5 (promotion and maintenance) (prevention) (protection) (placing) (adaptation) 3
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16 |
1. 2. (Occupational Health
and Safety) 3. 4. ILO WHO 5.
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2
-
-
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1.
2. [1,2,3]
(OccupationalHealth and Safety Teamwork) 2.1 (Safety Ofcer Safety Professional)[1,3] .. 2549
5 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 5
2.1.1 [3]
12
1)
2)
18 |
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3) 4)
5)
6) 7) 8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
2.2 (Industrial Hygienist) [1,4]
(Industrial Hygiene Program) Threshold Limit Value(TLV) Biological Exposure Indices (BEI)
.. 1995 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH), AmercanBoard of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 4 (Hygienist) 6 1)
2)
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3)
4)
5)
6)
2.3 (Occupational Health Nurse)[1] 4
2.4 (Occupational Physician) [1]
2.5 (Ergonomist)
2.6 (Toxicologists)
20 |
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2.7 (Engineer)
2.8 (Employer) [3]
2.9 (Employee) [3] 1)
2)
3) 4)
5) 6)
7)
8)
| 21
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1). 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
2).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
22 |
3.
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2 1
4 1) 2)
3) 4)
11 2552 1) 2)
3)
3.1 Ministry of Labour [5,6]
2 - 1
|
23
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24 |
4) 5) 6)
7) 8)
[6] 12 1) 1 ( ) 2) 2 ()
3) 3 () 4) 4 () 5) 5 () 6) 6 () 7) 7 () 8) 8 () 9) 9 ()
10) 10 () 11) 11 () 12) 12 ()
(.) 3
3.2 Ministry of Industry [7] 8 3
1. 2.
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| 25
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
3.2.1 [9]
3.2.2 [10] 3.2.3 [11]
3.2.4 (Eastern Industrial EnvironmentMonitoring Center : EIMC) [12] 3.2.5 [13] . 3 1)
2)
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26 |
3) . 18001-2554 . 368-2554
. 1. . ISO 2. 3. 4.
(.17025-2543 ISO/IEC 17025) 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
3.2.6 (Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand) [14]
47
3.3 [8,15]
1) 2) 3)
4) / 5) 6) 12
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| 27
3.4 [16]
3.5. [17]
1) 2) 3)
4) 5)
6)
7) 8) 9) Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS)
1) () SHAWPAT(Safety and Health At Work Promotion Association Thailand )
2) (..)
4.
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28 |
3) (.) 4) 5) 6)
400
ACGIH , OSHA, NIOSH
5.1 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) [1,4,18] ACGIH .. 1938
1. 2. 3. ACGIH Threshold Limits .. 1941 Technical Standards
Industrial Ventilation Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) ACGIH TLV TLV ACGIH 1. (Industrial Hygiene) TLVs , BEIs 2. 3. 4.
5.
5.
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5.4 American National Standard Institute (ANSI) 19 .. 1918
5.5 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
American Board of Industrial Hygiene (certication)
5.6 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
EPA
5.7 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
5.8 World Health Organization (WHO) (United Nation)
5.9 International Labour Organization (ILO) ILO ILO-OSH 2001
5.10 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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1) ISO 9000 (Quality Management System : QMS) 2) ISO 14000 (Environment Management System : EMS) 3) ISO/IEC 17025
5.11 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA )
.. 1896
5.12 DeutschesInstitut fur Normung (DIN) [The German Industrial Standard]
.. 1917
(.) 5.13 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
.. 1922 JIS JIS
5.14 The British Standard Institution (BSI) British Standard (BS)
(.)
5.15 Commission Internationale De LEclairage (CIE) International Commission on Illumination .. 1931
5.16 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) .. 1894 UL
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5.17 Australia Standards / New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS)
..1922
(.) 5.18 European Standards (EN)
.. 1961 EN
2-2
2-2
6.1
CEO (Chief Executive Ofcer) (General Manager)
6.
CEO
1
HR
QC
Occ.Health Safety & Envi
2
3
32 |
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6.2
1) (Occupational HealthSafety and Environment Department)
2) (Human Resource Department: HR) 3) (Financial and Accounting Department)
4) (Purchasing Department) 5) (Marketing Department) 6) (Quality Control Department: QC)
7) (Store Department) 8) (Production Department)
9) (Maintenance Department)
(Preventative Maintenance)
| 33
6.3
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2-3
2-3
2-3 4 1) (Corporate Social Responsibility Division: CSR)
2) (Occupational Health and safety Division) 3) (Environmental Health Divis ion)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Health ImpactAssessment (HIA)
CSR
EIA/HIA
Occ.Health Safety Environmental Security & Emergency
Occ.Health Safety & Envi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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| 35
6.4
[3] 50 (.)
2- 1 (.)
50 - 99 5
100 - 499 7
500 11
80 . 5 . 1 1 2 1
10,000 20 30 . . . .
1) 30 50 2) 3) 4) 5) . .
1 6) . 1 7) . 2
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ACGIH , OSHA, NIOSH,
50 (.)
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38 |
1. . Industrial Hygiene. . , 2545
2. 1-7 3. . . 2552
3. .. 2549. 5 123 65 21 2549
4. Code of Ethics for the Professional Practice of Industrial Hygiene (1995). 3 2556. http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4275
5. Ministry of Labour. 10 2556. http://www.mol.go.th/
anonymouse/home 6. . 10 2556. http://www.oshthai.org/index.php
7. . 10 2556. http://www.industry.go.th8. .
(Basic Occupational Health and Safety). . 2547
9. Department of Industrial Works. 10 2556.
http://www.diw.go.th/hawk/default.php 10. . 10 2556. http://eis.diw.go.th/haz/Law.asp 11. . 10 2556. http://oaep.diw.go.th/cms 12. . 10 2556.
http://www.eimcdiw.com 13. . 10 2556. http://www.tisi.go.th/
index.php 14. . 10 2556. http://www.ieat.go.th/
15. . 10 2556. http://www.moph.go.th/ 16. . 10 2556. http://www.bangkok.go.th/
envsanitation/ 17. . . 10 2556.
http://www.pcd.go.th/ 18. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
10 2556. http://www.acgih.org/
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| 39
18. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 10 2556. http://www.acgih.org
19. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Labour,United State. 10 2556. https://www.osha.gov
20. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers forDisease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.10 2556. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
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1.
2. 3. 4. (.)
3 5. OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH
6. JIS, DIN, AS/NZS
7. 400 . .
40 |
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3
-
-
-
- 2554
- .. 2545 - 2551
- .. 2544 - 2555
- 100,000
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Situation of Injury and Occupational Disease in the Workplace
1. [1]
.. 2555 64 15 54.66 39.49 39.21 2.33 5.8 15.17 39.21 14.87 24.34 3 -1
3-1 15
.. 2555
15 54.62 54.66 26.54 28.12
1. 39.44 39.49 21.37 18.12
1.1 39.15 39.21 21.22 17.99
1.2 0.25 0.22 0.12 0.10
1.3 0.04 0.058 0.03 0.03
2. 15.18 15.17 5.17 10.00
:
.. 2555 39.21 14.87 24.34 5.72 2.56 3 2
42 |
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103 16 2515
3 2533 . .. 2533 1 338,270 .. 2535 .. 2554 .. 2535 3.02 .. 2554 8.22 3 - 1
2541 2540 .. 2541 .. 2544 .. 2545
1 : 1,000,000
3 - 1
44 |
2. [2,3,4,5,6]
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.. 2535 .. 2554 .. 2535 1.32 .. 2554 1.30
.. 2539 2.46 .. 2554 1.30 3 - 2
1 : 100,000
3 - 2
|
45
3.
4. 1,000
1,000 .. 2535 1,000 43.64 1,000 43.64 ..2554 1,000 15.76 3 - 3
.. 2535 .. 2540
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.. 2541 .. 2541 18 .. 2554
3 - 3
3 - 3 1,000
.. 2542 2554 .. 2548 1,444 .. 2554 590 3-4
3 4
46 |
5.
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.. 2542 2554
.. 2547 23 .. 2554 4 3 - 5
3 5
|
47
6.
.. 2546 3,821 .. 2554 1,630 3 6
3 6
7.
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48 |
3
2 3 3 3 3 .. 2547 3 157,982 .. 2554 91,699 3 3
.. 2548 3 53,641 .. 2554 35,709 3 3
3 3 3
8.
.. 3 3
2542 50,239 117,739
2543 48,338 127,076
2444 48,077 137,407
2545 49,102 137,879
2546 52,364 153,684
2547 52,893 157,982
2548 53,641 155,706
2549 51,901 148,114
2550 50,525 144,111
2551 45,719 127,059
2552 39,850 106,598
2553 39,919 103,813
2554 35,709 91,699
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|
49
2554 129,632 8,222,960
37,177 22,818 9,104 28.68, 17.60 7.02 10 3 - 7
10
1,000 34.90
1,000 25.31 1,000 23.30 1,000 3 - 8 1,000
x 1,000
3 7 10 : 2554
9. 2554 [6]
9.1 10 [6]
9.2 1,000 [6]
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50 |
1,000 () 1,000
1,000 10
3 8 1,000 : 2554
// 29,382 / 20,537
19,471 22.67, 15.84 15.02 3 9 10
3 9 10 : 2554
9.3 10 [6]
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|
51
29,157 23,087 8,851
22.49,17.81 6.83 3 11 10
59,326 16,946 16,591 45.76, 13.07 12.80 3 10
10
3 10 10 : 2554
3 11 10
: 2554
9.5 10 [6]
9.4 10 [6]
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25 - 29 24,971 30 - 34 24,831 20 - 24 20,023 19.26 ,19.15 15.45
1,000 15 - 19 28.69 20 - 24 19.08
35 - 39 15.28 3 12
9,275
7,373 6,978 7.15, 5.69 5.38 3 13
3 12 : 2554
9.6 [6]
9.7 10
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|
53
10
.. 2545 .. 2551
3 - 4
3 4 .. 2545 - 2551
.. /
2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551
1. 29 15 33 55 35 94 68
2. 1 - - - - - -
3. 3 4 - - - - -
4. 2 - - - - - -
5. 1 - - - - - -
3 13 10 : 2554
10. .. 2545 - 2551
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|
55
.. 2544 - 2555 .. 2547 70 .. 2547 12 3 - 14
.. 2544 - 2555
11. .. 2544 - 2555
3 - 14 .. 2544 - 2555
Jukka Takala 100,000
3 - 15
12. 100,000 [9,10]
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56 |
FI = Finland; SE = Sweden; NO = Norway; DK = Denmark; BE = Belgium; US = USA; CA = Canada;
AU = Australia; JP = Japan; MY = Myanmar; TH = Thailand; KR = Republic of Korea; ID = Indonesia; FJ = Fiji
3 - 15 100,000 : Jukka Takala.1992. Safety and health information system: Analysis of local, nationaland global methods (doctoral thesis). Tampere University of Technology, Tampele, Finland.
Annual incidence of fatal occupational
accidents per 100,000 workers in selected countries
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|
57
..2555 64 15
54.66 39.21
2.33 .. 2535 3.02 .. 2554 8.22 .. 2554 1.30
1,000 .. 2554 1,000 15.76
1,000 15 - 19 .. 2547 70 Jukka Takala 100,000
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1. ( .. 2555),
. 20 2555. http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/themes/les/lfs55/reportOct.pdf
2. . 20 2555. Available from: http://www.sso.go.th/wpr/home.jsp
3. 2551. 4. 2552. 5. 2553. 6. 2554. (Annual Report 2011) , 7. .. 2545 2551.
8. 2544-2555 . 20 2555. http://oaep.diw.go.th/cms/
9. Jukka Takala.1992. Safety and health information system: Analysis of local, nationaland global methods (doctoral thesis). Tampere University of Technology, Tampele,Finland.
10. . . .
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1. .. 2. .. 2554 3. 1,000
2 4. .. 2554 5. .. 2554 6.
|
59
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60 |
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4
-
-
-
-
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1.
2. Environmental Physical Hazards
5 4
7
1. Noise 2. Vibration
3. Heat 4. Cold 5. Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation 6. Pressure 7. Light
62 |
2.1 Noise [1,2,3]
2 (Noise) (Sound) Noise Sound
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4 1
3 (Malleus) (Incus) (Stapes) 3 (Hair Cells)
85 4 - 1
4 - 1
64 |
(/.)
(.)
200
63
140
130
30
20
6.3
2.0
0.63
120
110
100
90
-
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: , . . 2544
4 - 1 ()
| 65
(/.)
(.)
0.2
0.063
0.02
80
70
60
0.0063
0.002
0.00063
50
40
30
0.0002
0.0000630.00002
20
100
-
2.1.4 [1,2,3]
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
2.1.5 [2,3]
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2.1.5.1 Sound Level Meter 40-140
(Weighting Networks) 3 A B C (Sound level meter) 4 - 2
1) Weighting Networks A Weighting Networks A (dBA)
2) Weighting Networks B Weighting Networks B
(dBB) 3) Weighting Networks C
Weighting Networks C (dBC)
(Sound Level Meter) [3,4] (International ElectrotechnicalCommission: IEC) IEC 651 Type 2 ANSI S 1.4, BS EN 60651, AS/NZS 1259.1 IEC 60804, IEC 61672, BS EN 60804, AS/NZS 1259.2
4 - 2 Sound Level Meter
2.1.5.2 (Noise Dosimeter) (NoiseDosimeter) 4 - 3 (Noise Dosimeter) [3,4] IEC 61252
ANSI S1.25
66 |
External calibrator
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2.1.5.3 (Impulse or Impact Noise Meter) (Impact Noise Meter) [3,4] IEC 61672 IEC 60804 ANSI S 1.43
2.1.5.4 Octave band analyzer (Ear muffs) (Ear plugs) (Calibration)
(Noise Calibrator) IEC 60942
2.1.6 [5] .. 2549 1 4 2 OSHA [6]
|
67
4 - 3 (Noise Dosimeter)
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68 |
4 2
() (TWA)
()
12
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 30 1
30
15
87
90
91
92
93
95
97
100
102105
110
115
(TWA)
T () L ()
(time-weighted average; TWA)
(Peak) 140 4 2 8
90 ACGIH [7] 8 85 85
( L 90 ) / 5
8T
2 =
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2.2 Vibration [8,9]
(Vibration) (Oscillatory Motion)
2.2.1 2 1) (Whole Body Vibration :WBV) 1. (Forklift) (Tractor) 2.
3. 4.
2) (Hand Arm Vibration : HAV)
2.2.2 (Response) 2.2.2.1 [9] NIOSH (National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health)
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(Motion Sickness)
Hyperventilation Syndrome Vibration sickness
2.2.2.2 [9]
Vibration White Finger Deads Finger
Raynauds Phenomenon Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2.2.3 (Vibration Meter)
2 (Probe) (Meter) 4 -4
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2.2.4 [10] ACGIH TLV
1) TLV X, Y
Numerical values for vibration acceleration in the transverse, axor a
ydirection [back-to-chest or side-
to-side] . Values define the TLV in terms of rms value of pure (sinusoidal) single-frequency vibration orof RMS value in one-third-octave band for distributed vibration. (Adapted from ISO 2631)
: TLVs and BEIs 2013, Vibration, ACGIH
Frequency
Hz
Acceleration,m/s2
Exposure times
24 h 16 h 8 h 4 h 2.5 h 1 h 25 min 16 min 1 min
1.0
1.25
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.15
4.05.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
12.5
16.0
20.0
25.0
31.5
40.0
50.0
63.0
80.0
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.125
0.160
0.2000.250
0.315
0.40
0.50
0.63
0.80
1.00
1.25
1.60
2.00
2.50
3.15
4.00
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.171
0.212
0.2700.338
0.428
0.54
0.675
0.855
1.06
1.35
1.71
2.12
2.70
3.38
4.28
5.4
0.224
0.224
0.224
0.224
0.280
0.355
0.4500.560
0.710
0.900
1.12
1.40
1.80
2.24
2.80
3.55
4.50
5.60
7.10
9.00
0.355
0.355
0.355
0.355
0.450
0.560
0.7100.900
1.12
1.40
1.80
2.24
2.80
3.55
4.50
5.60
7.10
9.00
11.2
14.0
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.63
0.8
1.01.25
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.15
4.0
5.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
12.5
16.0
20.0
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.06
1.32
1.702.12
2.65
3.35
4.25
5.30
6.70
8.5
10.6
13.2
17.0
21.2
26.5
33.5
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.6
2.0
2.53.15
4.0
5.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
12.5
15.0
20.0
25.0
31.5
40.0
50.0
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.9
2.36
3.03.75
4.75
6.0
7.5
9.5
11.8
15.0
19.0
23.6
30.0
37.5
45.7
60.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
3.15
4.05.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
12.5
16.0
20.0
25.0
31.5
40.0
50.0
63.0
80.0
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X, Y 8 5 Hz 0.560 m/s2
TLV Z
Z 4 5 Hz
0.53 m/s2
Numerical values for vibration acceleration in the longitudital, az, direction [foot-to-head direction].
Values define the TLV in terms of RMS value of pure (sinusoidal) single-frequency vibration or of RMSvalue in one-third-octave band for distributed vibration.(Adapted from ISO 2631)
: TLVs and BEIs 2013, Vibration, ACGIH
Frequency
Hz
Acceleration,m/s2
Exposure times
24 h 16 h 8 h 4 h 2.5 h 1 h 25 min 16 min 1 min
1.0
1.25
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.15
4.0
5.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
12.5
16.0
20.0
25.0
31.5
40.050.0
63.0
80.0
0.280
0.250
0.224
0.200
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.180
0.224
0.280
0.355
0.450
0.560
0.7100.900
1.120
1.400
0.383
0.338
0.302
0.270
0.239
0.212
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.239
0.302
0.383
0.477
0.605
0.765
0.9551.19
1.53
1.91
0.63
0.56
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.355
0.315
0.315
0.315
0.315
0.40
0.50
0.63
0.80
1.0
1.25
1.602.0
2.5
3.15
1.06
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.67
0.60
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.67
0.85
1.06
1.32
1.70
2.12
2.653.35
4.25
5.30
1.40
1.26
1.12
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.90
1.12
1.40
1.80
2.24
2.80
3.554.50
5.60
7.10
2.36
2.12
1.90
1.70
1.50
1.32
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.50
1.90
2.36
3.00
3.75
4.75
6.007.50
9.50
11.8
3.55
3.15
2.80
2.50
2.24
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.24
2.80
3.55
4.50
5.60
7.10
9.0011.2
14.0
18.0
4.25
3.75
3.35
3.00
2.65
2.35
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.65
3.35
4.25
5.30
6.70
8.50
10.613.2
17.0
21.2
5.60
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.55
3.15
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
3.55
4.50
5.60
7.10
9.00
11.2
14.018.0
22.4
28.0
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2) (RMS) 4 - 3
4 - 3 TLV X, Y, Z
(Total Daily Exposure)
(RMS)
m/s2
4 8 4
2 4 6
1 2 8
1 12
: TLVs and BEIs 2010, Vibration, ACGIH
(TotalDaily Exposure) TLV
(Heat stress) 2 4 - 4
-
-
-
- -
-
-
1 3.96 1 0.252
2.3 Heat [2,11]
1 (1 Cal) 1 1
4 4
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| 75
45 (BasalMetabolism) 1
45
/
-
-
-
-
0.3
0.6
2.0 3.0
0.8 1
/
(/)
(/)
:
- ( )
- ( /)
0.4
0.90.2 1.2
:
- ( )
- ()
1.0
1.70.7 2.5
2 :
- ( )
- ()
1.5
2.51.0 3.5
:
- ()
- ( )
- ( )
- ( )
3.5
5.0
7.0
9.0
2.5 15.0
1.0
70 1.8 :U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA TechnicalManual Section III [11]
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76 |
1. (Evaporation) 22 %
(Heat Strain) (Fever) (Heat Stroke) (Heat Exhaustion) ( Heat Cramp) (Heat Rash)
2.3.1 [2,11] 37 1oC 97 % (Heat Strain) 4 - 7
Work at hot Environment
Hight Body Temperature
Must Rehydrate & Replace Body Salts
EvaporationRadiation
Convection
Conduction
Heat Strain
Increase Body Temperature
4 - 7
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2. (Radiation)
10 %3. (Convection)
12 %
4. (Conduction)
3 %
2.3.2 [2,11] (Hypothalamus)
37 1oC
H = (Body Heat Storage) M = (Metabolic Heat)
R = (Radiation) C = (Convection) E = (Evaporation) D = (Conduction)
H = M R C - E D
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(Acclimatization)
2.3.4 WBGT Wet Bulb GlobeTemperature 3 4 - 8
WBGT1. (Dry Bulb Thermometer : DB)
0.5 0.5
2. (Natural Wet Bulb Thermometer : NWB) 3. (Globe Thermometer : GT) -5 100 15
3 0.5 oC WBGT ISO 7243 DIN EN 27243
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80 |
4 - 8 WBGT
2) WBGT
2.3.5 [4,5] .. 2549 .. 2550
2.3.6 WBGT
1) WBGT
WBGT Manual WBGT
WBGT indoor = 0.7 WBT + 0.3 GT
WBGT outdoor = 0.7 WBT + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DT
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3) WBGT
DT (Dry Bulb Thermometer : DT) WBT (Natural Wet Bulb Thermometer : WBT) GT (Globe Thermometer : GT)
t
.. 2549
2 WBGT WBGT 4)
WBGT 2 4 5
M ( 4 - 5)
t
2.3.7 [5]
.. 2549
200 WBGT 34oC
WBGT Avg= (WBGT1t1)+(WBGT
2t2)++(WBGT
ntn)
t1+t
2+. +t
n
Metabolism Avg = M1t1+M
2t2++M
ntn
t1+t
2+. +t
n
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4) Chilblains Pernio chronic pernio blue toes
2.4.1
4 - 7
Cooling Power of Wind on Exposed Flesh Expressed as Equivalent Temperature (under calm conditions)
EstimatedWind Speed
(in mph)
Actual Temperature Reading (oF)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60
Equivalent Chill Temperature (oF)
Calm 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60
8 48 37 27 16 6 -5 -15 -26 -36 -47 -57 -68
16 40 28 16 4 -9 -24 -33 -46 -58 -70 -83 -95
24 36 22 9 -5 -18 -32 -45 -58- -72 -85 -99 -112
32 32 18 4 -10 -25 -39 -53 -67 -82 -96 -110 -121
40 30 16 0 -15 -29 -44 -59 -74 -88 -104 -118 -133
48 28 13 -2 -18 -33 -48 -63 -79 -94 -109 -125 -140
56 27 11 -4 -20 -35 -51 -67 -82 -98 -113 -129 -145
64 26 10 -6 -21 -37 -53 -69 -85 -100 -116 -132 -148
(wind speeds greater
than 40 mph have
little additional effect.)
LITTLE DANGER
In < hr with dry skin.
Maximum danger of false
sense of security.
INCREASING DANGER
danger from freezing of
exposed flesh within one
minute.
GREAT DANGER
Flesh may freeze within
30 seconds.
Trenchfoot and immersion foot may occur at any point on this chart.
:TLVs and BEIs 2013, Thermal stress (ACGIH) [12]
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4 - 7 [13]
: 80 5 2550
4 - 9 : Physical Principles of Ionizing Radiations, Online Radiography Continuing Education for
Radiologic X ray Technologist [14]
-1oC -17oC
-17o
C -34o
C
4 1
1 ( 1 1 )
-37oC -56oC
30 4
1
(1) 15 4
(2) 1 4 Low chill factor
-56oC -73oC 5 8
84 |
2.5 Radiation [2]
2
4 - 9
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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DNA, RNA, , Teratogen
4 - 9
4 - 9 [2]
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Rad)
0-25
25-50
50-150
150-300
300-500
500
: . Industrial Hygiene. ., 2545
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Survey Meter Alpha Survey Meter, Gamma Survey Meter Nuclear survey meter
2.5.5 [15] .. 2547
4 10 (Film Badge)
(Film Ring) (TLD Badge) (TLD Ring) (TLD Capsule) (Pocket Chamber)
(Pocket Dosimeter)
88 |
4 - 10
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4 10
: .. 2547
* :
[15,16] .. 2547 4 - 10
( mSv)
*
*
20 5
( 50 )
150
500
5
10%
2.6 Pressure [1]
760
1) 2)
Decompression Sickness
3) (Conned Space) [17]
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1. 19.5 % 23.5 % 2. 10 (Lower Flammable Limit Lower Explosive Limit) 3.
4.
90 |
2.7 Light [1,2,18]
(Retina) 380 770
2 (Natural Lighting) (Articial Lighting)
2.7.1 [18]
3 4 11 3
4 11
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(Iris) (Pupil)
(Retina Light Sensitive Layer) (Visual Receptors) (Rod Cells) (Cone Cells)
(ActionPotential) Rod Cells
Cone Cells Cerebral Cortex
2.7.2 [1,2,18] 2
1)
2) (glare) (Temporary Blindness)
2.7.3 [18] .. 2550 1 Lux Meter CIE 1931 (International Commission on Illumination) ISO/CIE 10527 (Photometer Zeroing)
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4 - 13 1) (Inhalation) Mucous 10 Alveoli
Macrophage Macrophage
3.1 [2]
(Metabolite)
3 4 - 13
, , , , ,
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| 97
3.3
3
1) (Acute Toxicity) 24 2) (Chronic Toxicity) 3 3) (Sub chronic Toxicity) 1-3
3.4 [2,19]
1) (Irritant) 2) (Asphyxiants) 21 19.5 16 2
(Simple Asphyxiants)[2,19] (Chemical Asphyxiants)[2,19] Carboxyhemoglobin 200
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98 |
3) (Effect to Target Organ) [19]
4) (Cancer)
5) (Teratogenic) [19] 6) (Mutagenic) [19] DNA
Ethylene Oxide,Hydrogen Peroxide
3.5
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3.6
() 2554 . . OSHA,NIOSH, ACGIH
OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH Center forDisease Control and Prevention [20]
1. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NIOSH Methods)
OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154
2. Find a Method: Chemical Name Chemical CAS Number Method Number Chemical Name (Particulates) Total dust P
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100 |
3. Particulates NIOSH Method 0500
4. OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH
8 4 12
4 12 8
OSHA NIOSH ACGIH
(Total dust) 15 mg/m3 15 mg/m3 - 10 mg/m3
(Respirable dust)5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 - 3 mg/m3
(Lead) 0.2 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3
(Cadmium dust) 0.2 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 - 0.01 mg/m3
(Benzene) 10 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 10 ppm
(Toluene) 200 ppm 200 ppm 100 ppm 50 ppm
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4 12 8 ()
Bacterial infections
Tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
AntraxBacillus anthracis
Leptospirosis
Leptospira
interrogans
TetanusClostridium tetani
OSHA NIOSH ACGIH
(Carbontetrachloride)10 ppm 10 ppm 2 ppm 5 ppm
(Chloroform) 50 ppm 50 ppm 2 ppm 10 ppm
(Ammonia) 50 ppm 50 ppm 25 ppm 25 ppm
(Chlorine) 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm
4. Environmental Biological Hazards [1,2,19]
5 1)
4 - 13
4 - 13
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Viral infections
Rabies
Rabies virus
Acute hepatitis BHepatitis B virus
AIDS
Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Avian influenza
Influenza virus
H5N1
2009
Influenza virus type
A H1N1
4 - 13 ()
2)
3) 4) 5) Lichen
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5. Environmental Ergonomics Hazards [2,21]
Ergonomics Ergo Nomous
(Anthropology) (Anatomy) (Physiology) (Medicine) (Psychology) (Engineering)
1) 2) 3)
4) (Shift Work)
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104 |
5) OT (Over Time)
6) (Low Back Pain) 7) 8)
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106 |
1. , . . 2544
2. . Industrial Hygiene. . . 2545 3. ( Noise Measurement).
.. 2549 4. .
.. 2550.
18 124 67 22 2550 5. . .. 2549. 13 123 23 6 2549
6. Occupational noise exposure, Standard Number: 1910.95, Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA), Department of Labour, United State.
7. TLVs and BEIs 2010, Noise, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)
8. . .2. . 2552. 9. Vibration Syndrome, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices.
10. TLVs and BEIs 2013, Vibration, American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH)
11. (Hot Environment Measurement) .
.. 2549
12. TLVs and BEIs 2013, Thermal stress, American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH)
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13. 80 5 2550 14. Physical Principles of Ionizing Radiations, Online Radiography Continuing Education
Education for Radiologic X ray Technologist, 20 2555. http://www.ceessentials.net/article2.html
15. . .. 2547. 16 121 42 20 2547
16. 80 5 2550
17. . .. 2547.
18 121 35 10 2547 18. (Illumination Measurement).
.. 2549
19. . Chemical Emergency Response. . 2545
20. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. 10 2556. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
21. . Ergonomics. . 2543
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1.
2.
3.
4. 3
5. 3
6. 2 7. 8. 3
9. 3
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1. [1]
2. [2,3]
3 [1]
7 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7.
2.1 (Accident)
2.2 (Near Miss) 2.3 (Incident)
3 (Accident) (Near Miss) (Incident) 5
(Accident)
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| 111
3. Accident Ratio Study [3,4] Frank E. Bird 1 : 10 : 30 : 600 5 - 1
1 (Serious or Major Injury) 10 (Minor Injury) 30 (Property Damage Accidents)
600 (Near Miss)
1 10 30 600
(Near Miss) (Incident) 5
Accident Ratio
Serious or Major Injury
Minor Injury
Property Damage Accidents
Near Miss
5 1
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4. Domino Theory [3,4,5]
Domino Theory H.W. Heinrich .. 1931 5 5 -2
5 - 1
5 2
* Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Conditions Unsafe Conditions
1. Social and Environment
2. Fault of Person
3. Unsafe Act & Unsafe Mechanical
or Physical Conditions*
4. Accident
5. Injury
5 1
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Domino Theory 5 4 3 2 1
5 3 5 - 2
3 1 2 3 4 5 5 3
5 3 3
1. Social and Environment
2. Fault of Person
3. Unsafe Act & Unsafe Condition
4. Accident
5. Injury 3
5 - 2
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5. Loss Causation Model [4]
Frank. E. bird H.W. Heinrich 5 5 - 45 - 3 Frank. E. bird
Domino H.W. Heinrich Frank. E. bird (Multiple Causes) (Sub-Standard Act or Practice) (Unsafe Act) (Sub-Standard Condition) (UnsafeCondition)
Lack ofControl
Inadequate System
Standards
Compliance
Factor Personal
Job
Substandard Act/Practice
Condition
(Event) Contact Substance
Energy
People
Property
Process
Environment
etc.
BasicCauses Immediate
Causes Incident Loss
Threshold
Limit
2 2
5 - 4 Loss Causation Model
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Loss Causation Model 5 (Loss)
4 (Incident) (Threshold Limit) ()
3 (Immediate Cause) (Sub-Standard Act) (Sub-Standard Condition) (Symptom)
2 (Basic Cause) (Personal Factor) (Job Factor) 1 (Lack of Control)
1.
(Lack of Control)
2.
(Basic Cause)
(Personal Factor)
(Job Factor)
3.
(Immediate Causes)
(Substandard Act/Practice)
(Substandard Condition)
4. (Incident)
5. (Loss)
:
: :
:
:
5-3
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9. 10. 11.
12. 13.
2) (Unsafe Conditions)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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6. 7. 8. (Phys ical Hazard)
9. (Chemical Hazard) 10. (Biological Hazard)
11. (Ergonomics)
H.W. Heinrich
(Unsafe Acts) (Unsafe Conditions) 4M + 1E Man Machines Materials
Methods
Environment
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8. [2,3]
1,000,000 IFR , ISR Safe-T-Score 1,000,000
200,000
OSHA 200,000 ANSI 1,000,000
Safe-T-Score
Safe-T-Score
2
+2.00 - 2.00
- 2.00
1. Injury Frequency Rate (IFR)
2. Injury Severity Rate (ISR)
3. Average Severity of the Injury
4. Safe-T-Score S.T.S.
I.F.R. =
I.S.R. =
S.T.S =
1,000,000
1,000,000
I.F.R. [] - I.F.R. []
I.F.R. []
/1,000,000
I.S.R.
I.F.R.
= x
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1 () .. 2551 2553 150,000 16,500 9,000 28,250 96,250 9 8 304
1.1 1
16,5008304 = 40,128,000 9,0008304 = 21,888,000 28,2508304 = 68,704,000 96,2509304 = 263,340,000 = 394,060,000
1.2 .. 2552 8,650 91,690
.. 2553 12,425 178,920 I.F.R., I.S.R. .. 2552 2553
2552
2552 1,000,000 21.95
2553
2553 1,000,000 31.53
I.F.R. =
I.F.R. =
I.F.R. =
= 21.95
= 31.53
1,000,000
8,650 1,000,000
394,060,00
12,425 1,000,000394,060,00
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1.3 ..2551 6,972 59,262 5
1 115 2 1 150 3 90 4 110 5 180
I.S.R. =
I.S.R. =
=
=
=
I.S.R. =
= 232.68
= 454.04
= 10.60
= 14.40
1,000,000
91,690 1,000,000394,060,00
I.S.R.I.F.R.
232.68
21.95
454.0431.53
178,920 1,000,000394,060,00
2552
2552
2553
2553
2552 1,000,000 232.68
2553 1,000,000 454.04
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5 (115+150+90+110+180) = 645 6,967 = 59,262 645 = 58,617
1 (600+3,000) = 3,600 2 (600+600) = 1,200 3 (600+1,250) = 1,850 4 (600+1,800) = 2,400 5 = 6,000 = 58,617 + 3,600 + 1,200 + 1,850 + 2,400 + 6,000
= 73,667
1.4 Safe T Score 2552 2553
Safe T Score Safe T Score 2 2553
1,000,000 186.94
I.S.R. = = 186.94
= 40.59
73,667 1,000,000394,060,00
S.T.S =
S.T.S =
I.F.R. [] - I.F.R. []I.F.R. []
/1,000,000
31.53- 21.9521.95
394,060,000/1,000,000
: 128
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2 () 450 .. 2550 6 1 30 36 300 1
2 30 48 1 52
2.2 (I.S.R)
2.1 (I.F.R)
1,000,000 64.1
= 450 x 48 x 26
= 561,600 = 36
= 450 x 48 x 26= 561,600
= 300
I.F.R. =
I.F.R. =
I.S.R. =
= 64.10
= 534.19
1,000,000
36 1,000,000561,600
300 1,000,000
561,600
I.S.R. = 1,000,000
1,000,000 534.19
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2.3 1 = 30 35 300 30 = 270
1 ( 2 ) = 750
270+750 = 1,020
2.4
3 104 8 6 48 6 1 30 10
400 48 6 17
(1 52 )
1,000,000 1,816.24
2.26
I.S.R. = = 1816.24
=
=
=
1,020 1,000,000561,600
I.F.R. =
I.F.R.=
= 77.05
= 2.26
= 34.05
10 1,000,000104 x 48 x 26
17 1,000,000400 x 48 x 26
=
=
= 8.33I.S.R.I.F.R.
300
36
77.0534.05
534.1964.10
I.F.R. = 1,000,000
I.F.R.
I.F.R.
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[3,4](American Standard of Industrial Injury Rate)
()
4,500
3,600
3,000
1
2
3
4 1
2
3
4
600
300
750
1,250
1,8001,200
1,500
2,000
2,400
4,500
3,000
2,400
600
2 600
1 1,800
2 6,000
1 600
3,000
6,000
6,000
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(Accidents)
(Near Miss) (Incident) Frank E. Bird 1 : 10 : 30 : 600
1 10 30 600 H.W. Heinrich 3 (Unsafe Acts) (Unsafe Conditions)
(Unpreventable) 88 H.W. Heinrich (Domino Theory) 5 3 2
(Direct loss)
(Indirect loss) (IFR) (ISR) Safety-T-Score 1,000,000 200,000
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1. . . 10 2556. http://www.oshthai.org
2. , . . 2544
3. . IndustrialSafety.
4. Herbert William Heinrich.Industrial accident prevention: a scientic approach .McGraw-Hill. 1931.
5. . Loss Control Management.
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1. (Near Miss) 2. 1 : 10 : 30 : 600 10 3. Domino Theory
4.
5 5. () .. 2555 2556
28,000 500 200 12,300 15,000 8 / 6 5.1 1
5.2 .. 2555 200 550 .. 2556 250 650 I.F.R., I.S.R. .. 2555 2556
6. (Unsafe Act) (Unsafe Condition)
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6
-
-
-
-
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1.
2. [1]
6-1
6-1
134 |
Control
Source
Path
Receivers
Engineering Control
Administrative Control
Personal Protective Equipment
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6-2 (Source Controls)
6-3 (Path Controls)
| 135
1) (Source Controls)
(Engineering Control) 6-2
2) (Path Controls)
(Administrative Control) 6-3
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6-4 (Receiver Controls)
136 |
3) (Receiver Controls)
(Personal Protective Equipment : PPE) 6-4
3. [2]
8
3
3.1 Engineering Controls [2]
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5) (Interlock Guard)
6)
7) 2 (Local Exhaust Ventilation) (General or Dilute Ventilation)
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6-5 (Local Exhaust Ventilation)
138 |
(Local Exhaust Ventilation) 6-5
5
1) (Hoods Inlet)
2) (Ducts)
3) (Exhaust Fan Blower)
4) (Air Cleaning Devices)
5) (Outlet Stack)
(General or Dilute Ventilation) 6-6
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6-6 (General or Dilute ventilation)
| 139
3.2 Administrative Control [2]
1)
2)
3) 90 8 4
4) 5
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5) 3
6)
3.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
7
4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) [1,2,3]
7
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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4.1 [4]
.. 2554
. (Thai Industrial Standards : TIS) (International Organization for Standardization : ISO)
(European Standards : EN) (Australia Standards/New Zealand Standards
: AS/NZS) (American National Standards Institute
: ANSI)
(Japanese Industrial Standards : JIS) (The national Institute forOccupational Safety and Health : NIOSH)
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration : OSHA) (National Fire Protection Association : NFPA)
4.2 Head Protection Devices [4]
(Safety Helmet)
4.2.1 ANSI Z89.1-2003 EN 397 - 1995 . 368-2554
4.2.2 [5]
. 368-2538 4 A B C D ..2554 . 368-2538 . 368-2554 3 1) E (Electrical) 20,000
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2) G (General) 2,200 3) C (Conductive)
4.2.3 6-7
6-7
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| 143
4.2.4 . 368-2554
4.2.4
2-3
6-8 (spectacles or Glasses)
4.3 Eyes and face Protection Devices
4.3.1 ANSI Z87.1-2003
EN 166-20014.3.2
4
1) (spectacles or Glasses) 6-8 2
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2) (Goggles) 6-9
3) (Face Shield) 6-10
4) (Welding Shields) 6-11
6-9 (Goggles)
6-10 (Face shield)
6-11 Welding Shields
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4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4 Respiratory protection devices [2]
(Immediately dangerous to life and health : IDLH)
4.4.1 NIOSH respiratory regulations 42 CFR Part 84
AS/NZS 1716:2012 ANSI Z88.2-1992 EN 137 , EN 145 SCBA self-contained breathing apparatus
EN149 Respiratory protective devices EN 405, EN 140 EN 141, EN 143, EN 371, EN 372 EN 136 (lters)
4.4.2 (Quarter Mask) (Half Mask) (Full-face mask) 6-12
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3 (Air-purifying) (Supplied-air)
(Combination) 1) (Air-purifying) (IDLH) N95 Chemical Cartridge Respirator
N95 0.3 95% 10% NIOSH 6-13
6-12 (* : Fire Engineering, http://www.reengineering.com)
6-13 N95
Quarter Mask Half Mask * Full-face mask [6]
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Chemical Cartridge Respirator Cartridge Cartridge 6-14
6-14 Chemical Cartridge Respirator
Cartridge
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2) (Supplied-air) 16 (IDLH)
SCBA (Self ContainedBreathing Apparatus) 6-15 SCBA
6-15 SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus) : Fire Engineering, http://www.reengineering.com [6]
4.4.3
(Air-purifying)
Cartridge
(Supplied-air) SCBA
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4.4.4
4.5 Hearing Protection
85 2 (Ear Plugs) (Ear Muffs)
4.5.1 ANSI S12.60-2002
ANSI S3.19-1974 EN 352-2002
4.5.2 1) (Ear plugs)
400 15 - 30 6-16 6-1
6-1
6-16 Ear plugs
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2) (Ear Muffs) 400 6-17 6-2
6-2
6-17 Ear Muffs
6-18
4.5.3
(Ear plugs) 6-18 1.
2. 3.
1 2 3
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4.6 Hand and Skin Protection
4.6.1 (gloves)
6-20 EN 420: 2003 General requirements for protective gloves EN 374: 2003 Gloves giving protection from chemicals and micro organisms
EN 388: 2003 Gloves giving protection from mechanical risks EN 407: 2004 Gloves giving protection from thermal hazards EN 511: 2006 Gloves giving protection from cold EN 421: 2010 Gloves giving protection from ionizing radiation EN 1149 Electrostatic properties EN 12477: 2001 Gloves giving protection from manual metal welding
4.6.2 1)
2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
7)
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6-20
6-21 Body Protection Devices
4.6.3 Body Protection Devices 6-21
1) (Plastic) (Vinyl) EN13982-1, EN13034, EN1149-1, EN1073-2, EN14605, EN 14126 2) (glass ber fabric)
nomex NFPA 1971-2007 3) 4)
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4.6.4
10-15
4.6.5
4.7 Foot Protection Devices [7]
(Lather Safety Footwear Safety Shoe) 6-22 EN 345-1, ANSI Z41.1-1991. 523-2554 . 523-2554
1. (Toecap) 15 ( 3,372.14 )
2. (Penetration Resistance insert) 3. 100 1,000,000
6-22 (Lather Safety Footwear Safety Shoe)
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4.7.1
6-23
4.8 Falling Protection Devices
6-23 EN-361, EN353, EN358, EN813 OSHA 1926.104
2 4
4.8.1 1) Safety Belt Safety Harness
Safety Harness Safety Belt
2) (Lanyards)
3. (Lifelines)
Safety Harness
Lanyards
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4.8.2 4
6-24
(Lanyards) 2 2 2 1
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6.1 Principles of Noise Control [1,2,9]
1)
2)
3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Ear plugs) (Ear Muffs)
6.
3
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6.2 Principles of Heat Control [1,2,10]
1) 2 1
1
(Spot Cooling) (Chiller)
(Roof Ventilator)
2) Acclimatization Program
3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Face shield 40
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6.3 [1,2]
Raynauds phenomenon
Heater
6.4
1)
(Shock Absorber)
2)
Acclimatization
3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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6.5 [1,2]
6-25
6-25
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6.6
(Work permit)
19.5
(Explosion Proof)
6.7 [2,11]
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6.9 [2]
(Containment) (Design of workplace)
Biological safety cabinet HEPA Filter (HighEfciency Particulate Air)
(Good work practice)
(Decontamination) SodiumHypochlorite (Autoclave)
Biosafety Program Management
3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Face Shield) (Glasses) (Goggle)
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6.11 [13]
2
1. 2.
6-3 1. 2. 3. 4.
(Safety Guard) (Grounding) Safety Guard
(Tag Out) (Lock Out) (Preventive Maintenance)
6-3 [13]
1
5
625 ()
930 ()
50150
166 |
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1) (Precision Work)
2) (Light Work) (Elbow Height)
3) (Heavy Work)
6-27 : Element of Ergonomics Program; NIOSH [14]
4) (Anthropometry)
5)
6) 1-2
7)
168 |
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1. 1 2.
3. 4. 5.
6-29
1 2 3
4 5
170 |
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1) (Source Controls)
2) (Path Controls)
3) (Receiver Controls)
| 171
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1. , . , 2544
2. . Industrial Hygiene. . , 2545 3. . Industrial
Safety. . 4. .
.. 2554. 36 128 112 27 2554
5. .
. 368-2554, 2554 6. Fire Engineering, SCBA: U.S. vs. International Standards and Procedures. 10 2556. http://www.reengineering.com
7. . . 523-2554, 2554 8. .
Industrial Safety. 9. ( Noise Measurement) .
.. 2549 10. ( Hot Environment Measurement).
.. 2549 11. (Illumination Measurement).
.. 2549 12. Basics of Machine Safeguarding, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
Department of Labour, United State. 13. Electrical Safety, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Department of Health and Human Service, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. 14. Element of Ergonomics Program. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services.
172 |
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174 |
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7
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176 |
1. [1]
Asbestosis
Byssinosis
Silicosis
7-1
2. [1,2]
(Disease)
(Occupational diseases) 7-1
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| 177
(Work-related diseases) (Multi-factorial disease)
7-2
3. [1,2]
4
1) (Noise) (Vibration) (Heat) (Cold) (Ionizing Radiation) (Non-Ionizing Radiation) (Pressure) (Light)
3.1
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2) (Dust) (Fume) (Smoke) (Mist) (Fiber) (Gas) (Vapor) (Heavy Metal) 3)
4)
1)
2) 3) 4) 5)
3.2 [1, 2]
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1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
3.3 [1, 2]
4. [3]
.. 2550 .. 2537 14 8
1 38 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
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7) 8) 9) 10)
11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18)
19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26)
27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38)
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2 10 1) 2) 3)
4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
3
4 10 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
7) 8) 9) 10)
5 3 1) 2) 3)
6
7 1) () 2) 3)
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4) 5)
6) - 7)
8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14)
15) 16)
8
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| 183
5.
5.1 [4, 5, 6]
-
- -
-
-
-
-
(Metal fume fever)
(ITAI ITAI)
= 0.1 mg/m3 (fume)
= 0.2 mg/m 3 (dust)
OSHA = 0.005 mg/m3
ACGIH = 0.002 mg/m3
NIOSH = 9 mg/m3 (IDLH)
VC FEV1
(X-ray)
3 /
5 /
beta 2 microglobulin
750 / 300
/
: ()
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5.2 [4, 5, 6]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- (Metal fume fever)
-
(Parkinsons
disease)
= 5 mg/m3
OSHA = 5 mg/m3
ACGIH = 0.2 mg/m3
NIOSH = 1 mg/m3
NIOSH = 500 mg/m3 (IDLH)
3 /
1 /
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| 185
5.3 [4, 5, 6]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- (Metal fume fever)
-
-
-
2-3
= 0.05 mg/m3
OSHA = 0.1 mg/m3 (Ceiling)
ACGIH = 0.025 mg/m3
NIOSH = 0.05 mg/m3
NIOSH = 10 mg/m3 (IDLH)
ACGIH
35 /
15 /
(EK G)
Occipi tal lobe
(blue line)
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186 |
5.4 [4, 5, 6]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lead Colic
= 0.2 mg/m3
OSHA = 0.05 mg/m3
NIOSH = 0.05 mg/m3
30 /10 / ( ACGIH)
( lead line)
: http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland
/sue-threat-over-lead-poisoning/story-e6freoof-1111116032592
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5.7 [4]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
= 0.2 mg/m3
OSHA = 1 ppm (Ceiling)
ACGIH = 0.5 ppm
NIOSH = 0.5 ppm (STEL)
NIOSH = 10 ppm (IDLH)
(X-ray)
(Lung function Test)
(obstructive
pattern)
: http://diarylove.com/forum_posts.asp?TID=14210&PID=120841&title=12#120841
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5.8 [4]
-
-
-
-
-
-
= 50 ppmOSHA = 50 ppm
ACGIH = 25 ppm
NIOSH = 25 ppm
NIOSH = 300 ppm (IDLH)
( X - r a y ) restrictive pattern
: http://vatchainan2.blogspot.com/2012/10/copd.html
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5.9 Noise Induce Hearing loss [4, 7]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Acoustic Trauma)
140 dBA
(Temporary hearing
loss Temporary Thresholds shift : TTS )
(Auditory fatigue)
(tinnitus)
70 dBA
48
(Permanent hearing loss)
(Hair Cells)
3,000 - 6,000 Hz
= 90 dBA
OSHA = 90 dBA
ACGIH = 85 dBA
NIOSH = 85 dBA
( A u d i o m e t e r T e s t )
500-8,000 Hz.
4,000 Hz. V-Shave
4,000 Hz.
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5.10 (Silicosis) [4, 7]
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Silica)
(Alveoli)
macrophage
(Pneumoconiosis)
ACGIH = 0.025 mg/m3
NIOSH = 6 mg/m3
NIOSH = 3,000 mg/m3 (IDLH)
OSHA = 20 mppcf (80 mg/m3
SiO2)
(CT scan)
: http://radiopaedia.org/cases/silicosis-with-progressive-massive-brosis
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5.11 (Asbestosis) [4, 7]
-
-
-
-
-
(Asbestos Fiber) 2-3
10
(Pneumoconiosis)
= 5 1 OSHA = 1 fiber / cc
ACGIH = 0.1 fiber / cc
(High Resolution Computed Tomography ; HRCT)
1 : http://jmmonitoring.com/indoorairquality.html 2 : http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos/health_effects
- (Byssinosis) - (Bagassosis) - (Siderosis)
1 2
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5.12 [4]
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
1 : http://www.thaiclinic.com/images/carpal_tunnel.jpg 2 : http://thaittips.com/health/?p=177
( L o w B a c k P a i n )
L1-L5 (lumbar spine: L1-L5)
1 : http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/07/06/128341490/glucosamine-doesn-t-ease-back-pain-study-says
1 2
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1) 2)
3)
4) (Inspection) (Palpation) (Percussion) (Auscultation) 5)
(hippuric acid) 6) OSHA NIOSH ACGIH
6. [1, 2]
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7)
1) 2)
3)
4) 5)
6) 10
1)
7. [1, 2]
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2)
3)
4)
5)
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(Occupational diseases)
(Work-related diseases) (Multi-factorial disease)
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1. 1-7 5.. . 2542
2. . 711201 (Introduction to
Occupational Health). . . 2543 3. . .. 2550. 9 124
97 15 2550 4. . 80 5 2550 .
5. . .
. 2542 6. Joseph LaDou. Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine.Third Edition. Lange
Medical Books. McGraw-Hill 7. , .
. 2544
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1. 3
2. 3
3. (Parkinsons disease)
4. 5. / 6. (Mees line) 7.
8. 9. 10.
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1.
202 |
2. [1, 2, 3]
[1,2] 3
2.1 (Pre-Placement Physical Examination) [1,3]
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(Post Injury or Post Illness Physical Examination)
2.2 (Periodic Physical Examination) [1,3]
2.3 (Pre retirement examination)
3.1 [1, 4, 5]
3. [3]
4
1) -
2)
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3)
4)
5)
204 |
3.2 [1]
(Inspection) (Palpation) (Percussion) (Auscultation) (Sign)
1) (Body Mass Index : BMI) BMI 8-1
(BMI)
18.50
18.5-22.90
23-24.90
25-29.90
30
(BMI) = () / ()2
8-1 BMI
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2) (Vital Signs) 8-2
| 205
36.7-37
60-100
16-20
systolic 140 mm. Hg.
diastolic 90 mm. Hg.
systolic 90 mm. Hg.
diastolic 60 mm. Hg
3) (Stethoscope) (Tuning Fork)
3.3 [6, 7, 8]
1) (Complete Blood Count: CBC) 8-3
(Red Blood Count) 4.6 6.2
4.2 5.4
(Hematocrit) 40 54
37 47
(Hemoglobin) 14 18
12 16
(White Blood Count) 5,000 10,000
8-2
8-3 [6]
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Neutrophils 40 75
Eosinophils 1 6
Basophils 0 1
Lymphocytes 20 50
Monocytes 2-10
(Platele t) 150,000 - 450,000
2) (Liver Function Test)
(Bilirubin) 8-4
(Bilirubin) 0.1 1.2
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 39 179 IU/L ()
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) 0 36 IU/L ()
Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) 0 48 IU/L ()
3) 8-5
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 8 20
Creatinine (Cr) 0.6 1.3
1.001 1.035
(pH) 4 8
8-3 [6] ()
8-4 [6]
8-5 [6]
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| 207
5) (Electrocardiography : ECG EKG) (Electrical activity)
6)
14x17 17x17
7) (Lung Function Test) Spirometer
(Fasting Blood Sugar) 70 120
(Cholesterol) 150 250
HDL High Density Lipoprotein () 32-68
LDL Low Density Lipoprotein () 150
(Triglyceride) 20 25 120
26 29 140
30 39 150
40 49 160
50 190
8-6 [6]
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Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 1
3
1. Obstructive FVC 80 % FEV1 80% FEV1 / FVC 70 % 8-7
2. Restrictive FVC FEV1 80 % FEV1 / FVC 70 %
3. Combine 2
(Obstruction)
(Restriction)
FVC
FEV1
FEV1/FVC
[1]
FVC FEV1 80
FEV1/FVC 70
8) (Audiometry)[1] 85 dBA (Audiometer) (Background Noise) 40 dBA 500-8,000 Hz.
8-7
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9) [1]
3
| 209
25 dBA
3.4 [9,10]
8-8
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8-8
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Creatine Phosphokinase
- Creatine
-
-
-
- Pain Scale
4. [2]
.. 2547
30 1
8-8 ()
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2 3
7
30
5.
1)
2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
12) 13)
14)
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3
4
(Inspection) (Palpation) (Percussion) (Auscultation)
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1. .
. 2547-2555, 2555 2. .
.. 2547. 19 122 4 13 2548
3. . 1-7 5.. . 2542
4. . / 280 . 3. . 2544
5. . (Introduction to Clinical
Medicine). . 2. 2546 6. . .12. .. . . 2551.
7. Anthony S. Fauci ed. al. Principles of International Medicine. Edition 17 th Harroson.McGraw-Hill
8. Stephen J. Mcphee and Maxin A. Papadakis. Current diagnosis & Treatment.McGraw-Hill. 2011
9. .
.. 2551 .
36 125 30 11 2551 10. .
80 5 2550 .
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1. 2.
3. (Body Mass Index : BMI) 4. 5. Obstructive 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
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1. [1, 2]
.. 2541 .. 2554
2.
1)
2)
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3. [3]
.. 2548 . .. 2541
1) 1 40 1 40 40 20 40 2) 3) 10 29 9-1
1.
2.
3. -
4. -
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
9-1
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200 1) 9-1 2) 1
3) 1
4) 1 2 6
1,000 1) 9-1 2) 2
3) 1 4) 1 3
12
24
4. [4, 5, 6]
(Occupational Health and Safety ManagementSystem: OHSMS) 8 9-1
9-1 (OHSMS)
OHSMS
Policy
Evaluation
Audlt
Improvement Implementation
Planning
OrganizingContinuous Improvement
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1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
4.1 (Policy)
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()
()
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
2 2555
.................................................................... ( )
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1.
4.2 (Organizing)
4.3 (Planning)
. . .
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: 5
2556
(Objective)
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 10,000 3
2 1,000,000
3 30,000
4 500,000
5 20,000
6 1,000,000
7 10,000
8 100,000
9 50,000
2,720,000
| 223
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KPI
2 (Internal Audit) (external Audit)
4.4 (Implementation)
4.5 (Evaluation)
4.6 (Improvement)
4.7 (Audit)
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4.8 (Continuous Improvement)
5.
1
9-2
9-2
1. . (.) 3 /
2.
1 /
3. (.1)
1 /
4.
(.2) 1 /
5. (.1) /
6.
(.2) 1 /
7. (.3)
6 /
8.
(.4) 1 /
9.
(.5) 6 /
10.
(.16) /
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9-2 ()
11.
( ./.7) 6
12. 1 /
13. 1 /
14. 1 /
2
On the job training Out the job training
(Basic Fire Fighting)
(Job safety Analysis : JSA) 5. BBS (Behavior Based Safety) KYT ( Kiken Yoshi Training )
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3
Safety Talk Morning Talk
4
1
5
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Smoke Detector
Heat detector Sprinkle
6
. 18001 , OHSAS 18001, ILO-OSH2001
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(Safety Sign) (Work Permit)
(Hot work Permit) (Conne Space Work Permit) (High Work Permit )
7
Zero Accident (Green and Clean Factory)
Safety Kaizen 5.
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8
9
(Near Miss Report) (Safety Suggestion) CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)
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6.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
8)
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| 233
2
8 9
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1. . .. 2541 . 12 .. 2541 53 . 115 8
2. . .. 2554. 12 .. 2554 66 . 5 128 4
3. . .. 2548. 14 122 29 29 2548
4. . 18001. . 2543
5. International Labour Organization.Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health
Management Systems ILO-OSH 2001. 2001 6. . . 8001-2553. . . 2553
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1. 2. 300 3. 5 4. 5 5. 3 6. 3 7.
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