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Health risks from the airHealth risks from the air

Opportunities & Problems

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Air is LifeAir is Life

Death occurs after a few minutes without oxygen

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Indoor AirIndoor Air

• Perishable Commodity (< 24 Hours)

• Remove and replenish constantly

• Intelligent Control (Smart Buildings / Domotics /

Ambient Intelligence)

• Bio-film development on Surfaces (commonly also inhabited by mites and insects)

• Beware of Biowar!

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COCO22 as a pollution marker as a pollution marker

Pollutants in the Indoor AirPollutants in the Indoor Air

340 ppm Outdoor value340 ppm Outdoor value

700 ppm Airway irritation in Chronic Lung Patients700 ppm Airway irritation in Chronic Lung Patients

1000 ppm Airway irritation in most persons1000 ppm Airway irritation in most persons

1200 ppm Hygienic limit in Netherlands Schools1200 ppm Hygienic limit in Netherlands Schools

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ATOPIC ECZEMA

RHINO-CONJUNCTIVITIS

ASTHMA

SOME ATOPIC DISEASES

JEMH van Bronswijk 18 augustus 1992

(300 diagnoses of 196 patients = 40% overlap in each combination)

: 108 persons have one disease (36 x eczeema, 36 x hay fever, 36 x asthma); 72 persons have two diseases (24 x eczema + asthma; 24 x eczema + Hay fever; 24 x hay fever + asthma); 16 persons have three diseases (eczema + hay fever + eczema)

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Ventilation & Loss of HealthVentilation & Loss of Health

Source: LGH Koren, CEE Pernot, JEMH van Bronswijk. Gezondheidsrisico’s van ventilatiesystemen in woningen.

TU/e, NOVEM, July 30, 2001

Loss of Healthy Years in the Netherlands / Million Inhabitants in 1994

TotalAttributable to Indoor Air Quality

n %

Atopic Diseases 1,9811,981 1,5851,585 8080

Chronic bronchitis & Lung Emphysema 9,2049,204 2,7612,761 3030

Lung Cancer 8,0378,037 922922 1212

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House Dust MitesHouse Dust Mites

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Source: JEMH van Bronswijk, G Pauli (eds) 1996. An update on long-lasting mite

avoidance. GuT, Aachen. ISBN 3-00-000896-9

-11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 90

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Mean outdoor January temperature in C

Noxious house-dust mite (allergen) concentrationsin 1193 carpet dust samples from 28 European locations

(logistic regression analysis; 73% of data predicted by model; p<0.00005)

0.2

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The 6 Global The 6 Global Risk AreasRisk Areas

for mite growth and survival for mite growth and survival in carpeting of well in carpeting of well ventilated and heated roomsventilated and heated rooms

1. No survival

2. Survival on poorly insulated ground floors

3. Survival on all floors

4. Growth on poorly insulated ground floors

5. Growth on most floors

6. Growth on all floors

1.2.3.4.5.6.

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JEMH van Bronswijk, 17-04-94

Distribution of West-European Climate over the Globe

Source: JEMH van Bronswijk, HSM Kort, LGH Koren, AMT van Nes, MCL Snijders1994. Allergen Avoidance in the Dwelling Environment. Blz. 83-98, in: Eczema and the Environment. JEMH van Bronswijk, H Baart de la Faille, CAFM Bruijn- zeel-Koomen (red). Department of Dermatology, Utrecht University, Utrecht.

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Healthy and Sustainable BuildingHealthy and Sustainable Building

Healthy Indoor AirHealthy Indoor Air

Disease Risks:- Asthma & other allergic disease

- COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

- Lung Cancer

- Veteran’s Disease / SARS (aerosols)

Prevention:- Keep CO2-concentration below 700 ppm

- Harmonize pollutant production with ventilation intensity

- Keep RH below 55% for at least 3 consecutive months/year

- Use emission-low finishing materials

- Prevent aerosol-formation and beware of fibres floating in the air

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Anthrax at WorkAnthrax at Work

Purple chain of APurple chain of Anthrax bacterianthrax bacteria © C. James Webb, 1994© C. James Webb, 1994

http://www.accessexcellence.com/WN/SUA12/anthrax298.htmlhttp://www.accessexcellence.com/WN/SUA12/anthrax298.html

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Safety PlanSafety Plan

- Safety analysis of potable water supply, air Safety analysis of potable water supply, air exchange, and sewage disposalexchange, and sewage disposal

- Attack safety leaks (Design & Maintenance)Attack safety leaks (Design & Maintenance)- Fast Biosensors with 24-Hour monitoringFast Biosensors with 24-Hour monitoring- Double SystemsDouble Systems

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Anti-Bioterrorism ActivitiesAnti-Bioterrorism Activities(near Future)(near Future)

- Design for safetyDesign for safety

- Security analysis of designSecurity analysis of design

- ‘ ‘Embedded’ safety systems Embedded’ safety systems - Biosensor-update Biosensor-update

SubscriptionSubscription Biochip with built-in Biochip with built-in

telemetric facilitiestelemetric facilities

http://ws351.uncc.edu/tpw/bio/bchip.htm